DATASHEET

ISL6218
®
Data Sheet
August 6, 2007
Precision Single-Phase Buck PWM
Controller for Intel Mobile Voltage
Positioning IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™
FN9101.6
Features
• IMVP-IV™ Compliant CORE Regulator
The ISL6218 Single-Phase Buck PWM control IC, with
integrated half bridge gate driver, provides a precision
voltage regulation system for advanced Pentium-M
microprocessors in notebook computers. This control IC also
features both input voltage feed-forward and average current
mode control for excellent dynamic response, “Loss-less”
current sensing using MOSFET rDS(ON), and user selectable
switching frequencies from 250kHz to 500kHz per phase.
The ISL6218 includes a 6-bit digital-to-analog converter
(DAC) that dynamically adjusts the CORE PWM output
voltage from 0.700V to 1.708V in 16mV steps, and conforms
to the Intel IMVP-IV™ mobile VID specification. The ISL6218
also has logic inputs to select Active, Deep Sleep and
Deeper Sleep modes of operation. A precision reference,
remote sensing and proprietary architecture with integrated
processor-mode compensated “Droop” provides excellent
static and dynamic CORE voltage regulation.
Another feature of the ISL6218 IC controller is the internal
PGOOD delay circuit that holds the PGOOD pin low for
3ms to 12ms after the VCCP and VCC_MCH regulators are
within regulation. This PGOOD signal is masked during VID
changes. Output overvoltage and undervoltage are
monitored and result in the converter latching off and
PGOOD signal being held low.
The overvoltage and undervoltage thresholds are 112% and
84% of the VID, Deep or Deeper Sleep setpoint. Overcurrent
protection features a 32 cycle overcurrent shutdown.
PGOOD, Overvoltage, Undervoltage and Overcurrent
provide monitoring and protection for the microprocessor
and power system. The ISL6218 IC is available in a
38 Ld TSSOP and 40 Ld QFN package.
• Single-Phase Power Conversion
• “Loss-less” Current Sensing for Improved Efficiency and
Reduced Board Area
- Optional Discrete Precision Current Sense Resistor
• Internal Gate Drive and Boot-Strap Diode
• Precision CORE Voltage Regulation
- 0.8% System Accuracy Over-temperature
• 6-Bit Microprocessor Voltage Identification Input
• Programmable “Droop” and CORE Voltage Slew Rate to
Comply with IMVP-IV™ Specification
• Discontinuous Mode Of Operation for Increased Light
Load Efficiency in Deep and Deeper Sleep Mode
• Direct Interface with System Logic (STP_CPU and
DPRSLPVR) for Deep and Deeper Sleep Modes of
Operation
• Easily Programmable Voltage Setpoints for Initial “Boot”,
Deep Sleep and Deeper Sleep Modes
• Excellent Dynamic Response
- Combined Voltage Feed-Forward and Average Current
Mode Control
• Overvoltage, Undervoltage and Overcurrent Protection
• Power-good Output with Internal Blanking During VID and
Mode Changes
• User Programmable Switching Frequency of 250kHz to
500kHz
• Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant)
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER
PART MARKING
TEMP. RANGE (°C)
PACKAGE
PKG. DWG #
ISL6218CV*
ISL 6218CV
-10 to +85
38 Ld TSSOP
M38.173
ISL6218CVZ* (Note)
ISL 6218CVZ
-10 to +85
38 Ld TSSOP (Pb-free)
M38.173
ISL6218CVZA* (Note)
ISL 6218CVZ
-10 to +85
38 Ld TSSOP (Pb-free)
M38.173
ISL6218CRZ* (Note)
ISL62 18CRZ
-10 to +85
40 Ld 6x6 QFN (Pb-free)
L40.6x6
*Add “-T” suffix for tape and reel. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications.
NOTE: Intersil Pb-free plus anneal products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin
plate termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are
MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2006, 2007. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL6218
Pinouts
ISL6218
(38 LD TSSOP)
TOP VIEW
VDD
1
38 VBAT
DACOUT
2
37 ISEN
DSV
3
36 PHASE
FSET
4
35 UG
NC
5
34 BOOT
EN
6
33 VSSP
DRSEN
7
32 LG1
DSEN
8
31 VDDP
30 NC
VID0
9
VID1
10
VID2
11
28 NC
VID3
12
27 NC
VID4
13
26 NC
VID5
14
25 NC
PGOOD
15
24 VSEN
EA+
16
23 DRSV
COMP
17
22 STV
FB
18
21 OCSET
SOFT
19
20 VSS
ISL6218
29 NC
2
NC
FSET
DSV
DACOUT
VDD
VBAT
ISEN
PHASE
UG
BOOT
ISL6218
(40 LD QFN)
TOP VIEW
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
4
27 NC
VID1
5
26 NC
VID2
6
25 NC
VID3
7
24 NC
VID4
8
23 NC
VID5
9
22 NC
PGOOD
10
21 NC
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
VSEN
VID0
DRSV
28 VDDP
STV
3
OCSET
DSEN
VSS
29 LG
SOFT
2
NC
DRSEN
FB
30 VSSP
COMP
1
EA+
EN
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
Supply Voltage VDD, VDDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3 to +7V
Battery Voltage, VBAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+25V
Boot1 and UGATE1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+33V
Phase1 and ISEN1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+28V
Boot1 with respect to Phase1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +6.5V
UGATE1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Phase1 - 0.3V) to (Boot1 + 0.3V)
All other pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V)
TSSOP Package (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
N/A
QFN Package (Notes 2, 3) . . . . . . . . . . .
32
4.5
Maximum Operating Junction Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . +125°C
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C
Pb-free reflow profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .see link below
http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp
θJA (°C/W)
Thermal Resistance (Typical)
θJC (°C/W)
Recommended Operating Conditions
Supply Voltage, VDD, VDDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5V ±5%
Battery Voltage, VBAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5.6V to 21V
Ambient Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10°C to +85°C
Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10°C to +125°C
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and
result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTE:
1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
2. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See Tech
Brief TB379.
3. For θJC, the “case temp” location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside.
4. Limits established by characterization and are not production tested.
Operating Conditions: VDD = 5V, TA = -10°C to +85°C, Unless Otherwise Specified.
Electrical Specifications
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
EN = 3.3V, DSEN = 0, DRSEN = 0
-
1.4
-
mA
EN = 0V
-
1
-
µA
VDD Rising
4.39
4.45
4.5
V
VDD Falling
4.10
4.20
4.37
V
System Accuracy
Percent system deviation from programmed VID Codes @ 1.356
-0.8
-
0.8
%
DAC (VID0 to VID5) Input Low
Voltage
DAC Programming Input Low Threshold Voltage
-
-
0.3
V
DAC (VID0 to VID5) Input High
Voltage
DAC Programming Input High Threshold Voltage
0.7
-
-
V
Maximum Output Voltage
-
1.708
-
V
Minimum Output Voltage
-
0.70
-
V
225
250
275
kHz
250
-
500
kHz
-
100
-
dB
INPUT SUPPLY POWER
Input Supply Current, I(VDD)
POR (Power-On Reset) Threshold
REFERENCE AND DAC
CHANNEL GENERATOR
Frequency, fSW
RFset = 243k, ±1%
Adjustment Range
ERROR AMPLIFIER
DC Gain
Gain-Bandwidth Product
CL = 20pF
-
18
-
MHz
Slew Rate
CL = 20pF
-
4.0
-
V/µs
3
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
Operating Conditions: VDD = 5V, TA = -10°C to +85°C, Unless Otherwise Specified. (Continued)
Electrical Specifications
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
-
32
-
µA
ISEN
Full Scale Input Current
Overcurrent Threshold
ROCSET = 110k (see Figure 10)
-
54
-
µA
Soft-Start Current
SOFT = 0V
-
31
-
µA
Droop Current
ISEN = 32µA
12.0
14
16.0
µA
GATE DRIVER
UGATE Source Resistance
500mA Source Current
-
1
1.5
Ω
UGATE Source Current (Note 4)
VUGATE-PHASE = 2.5V
-
2
-
A
UGATE Sink Resistance
500mA Sink Current
-
1
1.5
Ω
UGATE Sink Current (Note 4)
VUGATE-PHASE = 2.5V
-
2
-
A
LGATE Source Resistance
500mA Source Current
-
1
1.5
Ω
LGATE Source Current (Note 4)
VLGATE = 2.5V
-
2
-
A
LGATE Sink Resistance
500mA Sink Current
-
0.5
0.8
Ω
LGATE Sink Current (Note 4)
VLGATE = 2.5V
-
4
-
A
0.57
0.68
0.74
V
2.43
-
-
mA
56
63
82
Ω
BOOTSTRAP DIODE
Forward Voltage
VDDP = 5V, Forward Bias Current = 10mA
POWER GOOD MONITOR
PGOOD Sense Current
PGOOD Pull-Down MOSFET rDS(ON)
Undervoltage Threshold
(VSEN/VREF)
VSEN Rising
-
85.0
-
%
Undervoltage Threshold
(VSEN/VREF)
VSEN Falling
-
84.0
-
%
PGOOD Low Output Voltage
IPGOOD = 4mA
-
0.26
0.4
V
EN, DSEN, DRSEN Low
-
-
1
V
EN, DSEN, DRSEN High
2
-
-
V
-
112.0
-
%
LOGIC THRESHOLD
PROTECTION
Overvoltage Threshold (VSEN/VREF)
VSEN Rising
DELAY TIME
Delay Time from LGATE Falling to
UGATE Rising
VDDP = 5V, BOOT to PHASE = 5V, UGATE - PHASE = 1V,
LGATE = 1V
10
18
30
ns
Delay Time from UGATE Falling to
LGATE Rising
VDDP = 5V, BOOT to PHASE = 5V, UGATE - PHASE = 1V,
LGATE = 1V
10
18
30
ns
4
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
Functional Pin Description 38 Ld TSSOP
VSEN
This pin is used for remote sensing of the microprocessor
CORE voltage.
VDD
1
38 VBAT
DACOUT
2
37 ISEN
DSV
3
36 PHASE
FSET
4
35 UG
This pin provides connection to the error amplifier output.
NC
5
34 BOOT
FB
EN
6
33 VSSP
DRSEN
7
32 LG
This pin is connected to the inverting input of the error
amplifier.
DSEN
8
31 VDDP
VID0
9
30 NC
VID1
10
VID2
11
28 NC
This pin is connected to the non-inverting input of the error
amplifier and is used for setting the “Droop” voltage.
VID3
12
27 NC
STV
VID4
13
26 NC
VID5
14
25 NC
The voltage on this pin sets the initial start-up or “Boot”
voltage.
PGOOD
15
24 VSEN
EA+
16
23 DRSV
COMP
17
22 STV
FB
18
21 OCSET
SOFT
19
20 VSS
ISL6218
29 NC
COMP
EA+
SOFT
This pin programs the slew rate of VID changes, Deep Sleep
and Deeper Sleep transitions, and soft-start after initializing.
This pin is connected to ground via a capacitor, and to EA+
through an external “Droop” resistor.
VDD
DSEN
This pin is used to connect +5V to the IC to supply all power
necessary to operate the chip. The IC starts to operate when
the voltage on this pin exceeds the rising POR threshold and
shuts down when the voltage on this pin drops below the
falling POR threshold.
This pin connects to system logic “STP_CPU” and enables
Deep Sleep mode of operation. Deep Sleep is enabled when
a logic LOW signal is detected on this pin.
VDDP
This pin provides a low ESR bypass connection to the
internal gate drivers for the +5V source.
DRSEN
This pin connects to system logic “DPRSLPVR” and enables
Deeper Sleep mode of operation when a logic HIGH is
detected on this pin.
VBAT
PGOOD
This pin is used as an input and an output and is tied to the
Vccp and Vcc_mch PGOOD signals. During start-up, this pin
is recognized as an input, and prevents further slewing of the
output voltage from the “Boot” level until PGOOD from Vccp
and Vcc_mch is enabled High. After start-up, this pin has an
open drain output used to indicate the status of the CORE
output voltage. This pin is pulled low when the system output
is outside of the regulation limits. PGOOD includes a timer
for power-on delay.
Voltage on this pin provides feed-forward battery information
that adjusts the oscillator ramp amplitude.
FSET
A resistor from this pin to ground programs the switching
frequency.
ISEN
This pin is used as current sense input from the converter
channel phase node.
EN
DACOUT
This pin is connected to the system signal VR_ON and
provides the enable/disable function for the PWM controller.
This pin provides access to the output of the Digital-toAnalog Converter.
OCSET
DSV
A resistor from this pin to ground sets the overcurrent
protection threshold. The current from this pin should be
between 10µA and 25µA (70kΩ to 175kΩ equivalent
pull-down resistance).
The voltage on this pin provides the setpoint for output
voltage during Deep Sleep Mode of operation.
5
DRSV
The voltage on this pin provides the setpoint for output
voltage during Deeper Sleep Mode of operation.
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
VID0, VID1, VID2, VID3, VID4, VID5
VSSP
These pins are used as inputs to the 6-bit Digital-to-Analog
converter (DAC). VID0 is the least significant bit and VID5 is
the most significant bit.
This pin is the return for the lower gate drive and is
connected to power ground.
UG
This pin provides connection for signal ground.
This pin is the gate drive output to the high side MOSFETs.
LG
This pin is the gate drive output to the low side MOSFETs.
BOOT
This pin is connected to the Bootstrap capacitor for upper
gate drive.
PHASE
VSS
Typical Application
Figure 1 shows a Single-Phase Synchronous Buck
Converter circuit used to provide “CORE” voltage regulation
for the Intel Pentium-M mobile processor using IMVP-IV™
voltage positioning.
The circuit shows pin connections for the ISL6218 PWM
controller in the 38 Ld TSSOP package.
This pin is connected to the phase node of the power
channel.
VBATTERY
+5VDC
+5VDC
+VCC_CORE
VBAT
VDD
ISEN
DACOUT
PHASE
DSV
UG
FSET
BOOT
NC
VSSP
EN
LG
DRSEN
VDDP
DSEN
VID0
NC
ISL6218
VID1
NC
TSSOP
VID2
NC
VID3
NC
VID4
NC
VID5
NC
PGOOD
VSEN
DRSV
EA+
STV
COMP
OCSET
FB
SOFT
VSS
VR_ON
DPRSLPVR
STP_CPU
VID
PWRGD
FIGURE 1. TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT FOR ISL6218 SINGLE-PHASE PWM CONTROLLER
6
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
Block Diagram
VSEN
PGOOD
VDD
EN
1.3V
+
POWER-ON
-
RESET (POR)
+
CONTROL
AND
FAULT LOGIC
OVP
-
VBAT
CLOCK AND
SAWTOOTH
GENERATOR
1.75V
FSET
THREE-STATE
112% RISING
102% FALLING
+
PWM
PWM
-
88% RISING
84% FALLING
+
UV
VDDP
32 COUNT
CLOCK
CYCLE
BOOT
UG
DACOUT
VSOFT
SOFT
PHASE
PHASE
LOGIC
SOFTSTART
VDDP
EA+
LG
VID0
VSSP
VID1
VID2
+
VID
D/A
VID3
E/A
-
VID4
VID5
COMP
FB
IDROOP
ISEN
OCSET
IOCSET
1.75V
ISEN
Σ
0.435
SAMPLE
AND
HOLD
CHANNEL
CURRENT
SENSE
ISEN
0.5
+ OC
STV
2µA
DSV
MUX
DRSV
VCORE
REF
DSEN DRSEN
32 COUNT
CLOCK
CYCLE
VSS
7
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
CAPTURE VID CODE
VID
<3ms
VR_ON/EN
VBOOT
VVID
-12%
>10µs
VCC-CORE
t2
t1
PGOOD VCCP/VCC-MCH
3ms TO 12ms
PGOOD VCC-CORE
FIGURE 2. TIMING DIAGRAM SHOWING VR_ON, VCC_CORE AND PGOOD FOR VCC_CORE, VCCP AND VCC_MCH
Theory of Operation
Soft-Start Interval
Initialization
Once the +5VDC supply voltage (as connected to the
ISL6218 VDD pin) reaches the Power-On Reset (POR)
rising threshold, the PWM drive signals are held in
“Three-State” or high impedance mode. This results in both
the high side and low side MOSFETs being held off. Once
the supply voltage exceeds the POR rising threshold, the
controller will respond to a logic level high on the EN pin and
initiate the soft-start interval. If the supply voltage drops
below the POR falling threshold, POR shutdown is triggered
and the PWM outputs are again driven to “Three-State”.
The system signal, VR_ON is directly connected to the EN
pin of the ISL6218. Once the voltage on the EN pin rises
above 2.0V, the chip is enabled and soft-start begins. The
EN pin of the ISL6218 is also used to reset the ISL6218 for
cases when an undervoltage or overcurrent fault condition
has latched the IC off. Toggling the state of this pin to a level
below 1.0V will re-enable the IC. For the case of an
overvoltage fault, the VDD pin must be reset.
During start-up, the ISL6218 regulates to the voltage on the
STV pin. This is referred to as the “Boot” voltage and is
labeled VBOOT in Figure 2. Once power good signals are
received from the Vccp and Vcc_mch regulators, the
ISL6218 will capture the VID code and regulate, within 3ms
to 12ms, to this command voltage. The PGOOD pin of the
ISL6218 is both an input and an output and is further
described in “Fault Protection” on page 13.
8
Refer to Figure 2 and Figure 4. Once VDD rises above the
POR rising threshold and the EN pin voltage is above the
threshold of 2.0V, a soft-start interval is initiated. The voltage
on the EA+ pin is the reference voltage for the regulator. The
voltage on the EA+ pin is equal to the voltage on the SOFT
pin minus the “Droop” resistor voltage, VDROOP. During
start-up, when the voltage on SOFT is less than the “Boot”
voltage VBOOT, a 130µA current source I1, is used to slowly
ramp up the voltage on the soft-start capacitor CSOFT. This
slowly ramps up the reference voltage for the controller, and
controls the slew rate of the output voltage. The STV pin is
externally programmable and sets the start-up or “Boot”
voltage VBOOT. The programming of this voltage level is
explained in “STV, DSV and DRSV” on page 12.
The ISL6218 PGOOD pin is both an input and an output.
The system signal IMVP4_PWRGD is connected to power
good signals from the Vccp and Vcc_mch supplies. The
Intersil ISL6225 Dual Voltage Regulator is an ideal choice for
the Vccp and Vcc_mch supplies.
Refer to Figure 2 and Figure 4. Once the output voltage is
within the “Boot” level regulation limits and a logic high
PGOOD signal from the Vccp and Vccp_mch regulators is
received, the ISL6218 is enabled to capture the VID code
and regulate to that command voltage.
The “Droop” current source IDROOP, is proportional to load
current. This current source is used to reduce the reference
voltage on EA+ by the voltage drop across the “Droop”
resistor. A more in-depth explanation of “Droop” and the
sizing of this resistor can be found in “Droop Compensation”
on page 14.
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
The choice of value for soft-start capacitor is determined by
the maximum slew rate required for the application. An
example calculation is shown in Equation 1. Using the I1
current source on the SOFT pin as 130µA, and the slew rate
of (10mV/μs), the SOFT capacitor is calculated in Equation 1:
I
1µs
≈ 0.012µF
CSOFT = SOURCE = 130µA ⋅
SlewRate
10mV
ISL6218
(EQ. 1)
ERROR
AMPLIFIER
Gate Drive Signals
IDROOP
The ISL6218 provides internal gate drive for a single
channel, Synchronous Buck, Core Regulator.
+
The ISL6218 was designed with a 4A, low side gate current
sink ability, and a 2A, low-side gate current source ability to
efficiently drive the latest, high performance MOSFETs. This
feature will provide the system designer with flexibility in
MOSFET selection as well as optimum efficiency during all
modes of operation.
EA+
SOFT
RDROOP
+ VDROOP
CSOFT
Frequency Setting
The power channel switching frequency is set up by a
resistor from the FSET pin to ground. The choice of FSET
resistance for a desired switching frequency can be
approximated using Figure 3. The switching frequency is
designed to operate between 250kHz and 500kHz per
phase.
FIGURE 4. SOFT-START TRACKING CIRCUITRY SHOWING
INTERNAL CURRENT SOURCES AND “DROOP”
FOR ACTIVE, DEEP AND DEEPER SLEEP
MODES OF OPERATION
CORE Voltage Programming
TABLE 1. INTEL IMPV-IV VID CODES
The voltage identification pins (VID0, VID1, VID2, VID3,
VID4 and VID5) set the DAC output voltage. These pins do
not have internal pull-up or pull-down capability. These pins
will recognize 1.0V, 3.3V or 5.0V CMOS logic. Table 1 shows
the command voltage, VDAC for the 6 bit VID codes.
The IC responds to VID code changes as shown in Figure 5.
PGOOD is masked between these transitions.
FSET RESISTOR VALUE (kΩ)
250
200
150
100
50
0
250k
500k
750k
1M
CHANNEL SWITCHING FREQUENCY, fSW (Hz)
FIGURE 3. CHANNEL SWITCHING FREQUENCY vs RFSET
9
VID5
VID4
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
VDAC
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.708
0
0
0
0
0
1
1.692
0
0
0
0
1
0
1.676
0
0
0
0
1
1
1.660
0
0
0
1
0
0
1.644
0
0
0
1
0
1
1.628
0
0
0
1
1
0
1.612
0
0
0
1
1
1
1.596
0
0
1
0
0
0
1.580
0
0
1
0
0
1
1.564
0
0
1
0
1
0
1.548
0
0
1
0
1
1
1.532
0
0
1
1
0
0
1.516
0
0
1
1
0
1
1.500
0
0
1
1
1
0
1.484
0
0
1
1
1
1
1.468
0
1
0
0
0
0
1.452
0
1
0
0
0
1
1.436
0
1
0
0
1
0
1.420
0
1
0
0
1
1
1.404
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
TABLE 1. INTEL IMPV-IV VID CODES (Continued)
TABLE 1. INTEL IMPV-IV VID CODES (Continued)
VID5
VID4
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
VDAC
VID5
VID4
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
VDAC
0
1
0
1
0
0
1.388
1
1
1
1
0
0
0.748
0
1
0
1
0
1
1.372
1
1
1
1
0
1
0.732
0
1
0
1
1
0
1.356
1
1
1
1
1
0
0.716
0
1
0
1
1
1
1.340
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.700
0
1
1
0
0
0
1.324
0
1
1
0
0
1
1.308
0
1
1
0
1
0
1.292
0
1
1
0
1
1
1.276
0
1
1
1
0
0
1.260
0
1
1
1
0
1
1.244
0
1
1
1
1
0
1.228
0
1
1
1
1
1
1.212
1
0
0
0
0
0
1.196
1
0
0
0
0
1
1.180
1
0
0
0
1
0
1.164
1
0
0
0
1
1
1.148
1
0
0
1
0
0
1.132
1
0
0
1
0
1
1.116
1
0
0
1
1
0
1.100
1
0
0
1
1
1
1.084
1
0
1
0
0
0
1.068
1
0
1
0
0
1
1.052
1
0
1
0
1
0
1.036
1
0
1
0
1
1
1.020
1
0
1
1
0
0
1.004
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.988
1
0
1
1
1
0
0.972
1
0
1
1
1
1
0.956
1
1
0
0
0
0
0.940
1
1
0
0
0
1
0.924
1
1
0
0
1
0
0.908
1
1
0
0
1
1
0.892
1
1
0
1
0
0
0.876
1
1
0
1
0
1
0.860
1
1
0
1
1
0
0.844
1
1
0
1
1
1
0.828
1
1
1
0
0
0
0.812
1
1
1
0
0
1
0.796
1
1
1
0
1
0
0.780
1
1
1
0
1
1
0.764
10
Active, Deep Sleep and Deeper Sleep Modes
The ISL6218 Single-Phase Controller is designed to control
the CORE output voltage as per the IMVP-IV™ specifications
for Active, Deep Sleep, and Deeper Sleep Modes of
Operation.
After initial start-up, a logic high signal on DSEN and a logic
low signal on DRSEN signals the ISL6218 to operate in
Active mode (refer to Table 2). This mode will recognize VID
code changes and regulate the output voltage to these
command voltages.
A logic low signal present on STPCPU (pin DSEN), with a
logic low signal on DPRSLPVR (pin DRSEN) signals the
ISL6218 to reduce the CORE output voltage to the Deep
Sleep level, the voltage on the DSV pin.
A logic high on DPRSLPVR (pin DRSEN), with a logic low
signal on STPCPU (pin DSEN), signals the ISL6218
controller to further reduce the CORE output voltage to the
Deeper Sleep level, which is the voltage on the DRSV pin.
Deep Sleep and Deeper Sleep voltage levels are
programmable and are explained in “STV, DSV and DRSV”
on page 12.
TABLE 2. OUTPUT VOLTAGE AS A FUNCTION OF DSEN
AND DRSEN LOGIC STATES
DSEN -
DRSEN -
MODE OF
OUTPUT
STP_CPU
DPRSLPVR
OPERATION
VOLTAGE
1
0
Active
VID
0
0
Deep Sleep
DSV
0
1
Deeper Sleep
DRSV
1
1
Deeper Sleep
DRSV
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
VID[0..5]
NEW VID CODE
CURRENT VID CODE
<600ns
NEW VOLTAGE LEVEL
CURRENT VOLTAGE LEVEL
VCC_CORE
PGOOD
HIGH
FIGURE 5. PLOT SHOWING TIMING OF VID CODE CHANGES AND CORE VOLTAGE SLEWING AS WELL AS PGOOD MASKING
VID[0..5]
VID CODE REMAINS THE SAME
STP_CPU
(DSEN)
<3µs
VID COMMAND VOLTAGE
VCC_CORE
VDEEP SLEEP
FIGURE 6. CORE VOLTAGE SLEWING TO 98.8% OF PROGRAMMED VID VOLTAGE FOR A LOGIC LEVEL LOW ON DSEN
VID[0..5]
VID CODE REMAINS THE SAME
STP_CPU
(DSEN)
DEEPER SLEEP
DPRSLPVR
(DRSEN)
SHORT DPRSLP CAUSES VCC_CORE TO RAMP-UP
VCC_CORE
VDEEP
VDEEPER
FIGURE 7. VCORE RESPONSE FOR DEEPER SLEEP COMMAND
Deep Sleep Enable (DSEN) and Deeper Sleep
Enable (DRSEN)
Table 2 shows logic states controlling modes of operation
Figure 6 and Figure 5 show the timing for transitions entering
and exiting Deep Sleep Mode and Deeper Sleep Mode,
controlled by the system signals STPCPU and DPRSLPVR.
Pins DSEN (Deep Sleep Enable) and DRSEN (Deeper
Sleep Enable) of the ISL6218 are connected to these 2
signals, respectively.
For the case when DSEN is logic high, and DRSEN is logic
low, the controller will operate in Active Mode and regulate
the output voltage to the VID commanded DAC voltage
minus the voltage “Droop” as determined by the load current.
Voltage “Droop” is the reduction of output voltage
proportional to output current.
11
When a logic low is seen on the DSEN and DRSEN is logic
low the controller will then regulate the output voltage to the
voltage seen on the DSV pin minus “Droop”.
When DSEN is logic low and DRSEN is logic high the
controller will operate in Deeper Sleep mode. The ISL6218
will then regulate to the voltage seen on the DRSV pin minus
“Droop”.
Deep and Deeper Sleep voltage levels are programmable
and explained in “STV, DSV and DRSV” on page 12.
DISCONTINUOUS OPERATION - PSI
The ISL6218 Single-Phase PWM controller is a
Synchronous Buck Regulator. However, in Deep and Deeper
Sleep modes where the load current is low, the controller
operates as a standard buck regulator. This mode of
operation acts to eliminate negative inductor current by
truncating the low side MOSFET gate drive pulse, and
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
shutting off the low side MOSFET. This “Three-State” mode
will hold both upper and low side MOSFETs off during the
time that the Low Side MOSFET would normally be on.
This “Diode Emulation” is initiated when the current, as
sensed through the low side MOSFET, is negative. This event
triggers the “Three-State” mode until the next PWM cycle.
This Discontinuous operation improves efficiency by preventing
the reverse conduction of current through the low side
MOSFET. This eliminates conduction loss and output
discharge. Discontinuous operation is enabled in Deep and
Deeper Sleep modes and is based solely on current feedback.
Due to this ISL6218’s ability to sense zero current and
prevent discharging through the low side MOSFETs during
light loads, the ISL6218 meets the requirements for PSI
without requiring any external signals.
BATTERY
V REF = 1.75V
ISL6218
I OCSET
OCSET
VBAT
R1
36.5k
1.200V
STV
DACOUT
R2
VID COMMAND
VOLTAGE
30.1k
0.750V
1.21k
DRSV
SOFT
R3
49.9k
DSV
GND
0.012µF
98.8%
DACOUT
98.8k
STV, DSV and DRSV
START-UP “BOOT” VOLTAGE - STV
The Start-up, or “Boot,” voltage is programmed by an
external resistor divider network from the OCSET pin (refer
to Figure 8). Internally, a 1.75V reference voltage is output
on the OCSET pin. The start-up voltage is set through a
voltage divider from the 1.75V reference at the OCSET pin.
The voltage on the STV pin will be the controller regulating
voltage during the start-up sequence.
Once the PGOOD pin of the ISL6218 controller is externally
enabled high by the Vccp and Vcc_mch controllers, the
ISL6218 will then ramp, after a 10µs delay, to the voltage
commanded by the VID setting minus “Droop”.
DEEP SLEEP VOLTAGE- DSV
The Deep Sleep voltage is programmed by an external
voltage divider network from the DACOUT pin (Refer to
Figure 8). The DACOUT pin is the output of the VID digitalto-analog converter. By having the Deep Sleep voltage setup
from a resistor divider from DAC, the Deep Sleep voltage will
be a constant percentage of the VID. Through the voltage
divider network, Deep Sleep voltage is set to 98.8% of the
programmed VID voltage, as per the IMVP-IV™ specification.
The IC enters the Deep Sleep mode when the DSEN is low
and the DRSEN pin is low as shown in Figure 6 and
Figure 5. Once in Deep Sleep Mode, the controller will
regulate to the voltage seen on the DSV pin minus “Droop”.
DEEPER SLEEP VOLTAGE - DRSV
The Deeper Sleep voltage, DRSV, is programmed by an
external voltage divider network from the 1.75V reference on
the OCSET pin (Refer to Figure 8). In Deeper Sleep mode
the ISL6218 controller will regulate the output voltage to the
voltage present on the DRSV pin minus “Droop”.
The IC enters Deeper Sleep mode when DRSEN is high and
DSEN is low, as shown in Figure 5.
12
FIGURE 8. CONFIGURATIONS FOR BATTERY INPUT,
OVERCURRENT SETTING AND START, DEEP
SLEEP AND DEEPER SLEEP VOLTAGE
OVERCURRENT SETTING - OCSET
The ISL6218 overcurrent protection essentially compares a
user-selectable overcurrent threshold to the scaled and
sampled output current. An overcurrent condition is defined
when the sampled current is equal to or greater than the
threshold current. A step by step process to the user-desired
overcurrent set point is detailed next.
Step 1: Setting the Overcurrent Threshold
The overcurrent threshold is represented by the DC current
flowing out of the OCSET pin (See Figure 8). Since the
OCSET pin is held at a constant 1.75V, the user need only
populate a resistor from this pin to ground to set the desired
overcurrent threshold, IOCSET. The user should pick a value
of IOCSET between 10µA and 15µA. Once this is done, use
Ohm’s Law to determine the necessary resistor to place from
OCSET to ground:
ROCSET =
1.75 V
= R1 + R 2 + R 3
IOCSET
(EQ. 2)
For example, if the desired overcurrent threshold is 15µA,
the total resistance from OCSET must equal 117kΩ.
Step 2: Selecting ISEN Resistance for Desired
Overcurrent Level
After choosing the IOCSET level, the user must then decide
what level of total output current is desired for overcurrent.
Typically, this number is between 150% and 200% of the
maximum operating current of the application. For example,
if the max operating current is 27A, and the user chooses
150% overcurrent, the ISL6218 will shut down if the output
current exceeds 27A*1.5 or 40A. According to the “Block
Diagram” on page 7, Equation 3 should be used to
determine RISEN once the overcurrent level, IOC, is chosen.
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
RISEN =
IOC ⋅
r(DSON)
M
⋅ 0.2175
IOCSET − 2μA
− 130
S SET Q
(EQ. 3)
In Equation 3, M represents the number of Low-Side
MOSFETs. Using the examples above (IOC = 40A,
IOCSET = 15µA) and substituting the values M = 2,
rDS(ON) = 4.5mΩ, RISEN is calculated to be 1370Ω.
Step 3: Thermal Compensation for rDS(ON) (if desired)
If PTCs are used for thermal compensation, then RISEN is
found using the room temperature value of rDS(ON). If
standard resistors are used for RISEN, then the “HOT” value
of rDS(ON) should be used for this calculation.
MOSFET rDS(ON) sensing provides advantages in cost,
efficiency, and board area. However, if more precise current
feedback is desired, a discrete Precision Current Sense
Resistor RPOWER may be inserted between the SOURCE of
each channel’s lower MOSFET and ground. The small RISEN
resistor, as previously described, is then replaced with a
standard 1% resistor and connected from the ISEN pin of the
ISL6218 controller to the SOURCE of the lower MOSFET.
BATTERY FEED-FORWARD COMPENSATION - VBAT
As shown in Figure 8, the ISL6218 incorporates Battery
Voltage Feed-Forward Compensation. This compensation
provides a constant Pulse Width Modulator Gain independent
of battery voltage. An understanding of this gain is required for
proper loop compensation. The Battery Voltage is connected
directly to the ISL6218 by the VBAT pin, and the gain of the
system ramp modulator is a constant 6.0.
FAULT PROTECTION
The ISL6218 protects the CPU from damaging stress levels.
The overcurrent trip point is integral in preventing output
shorts of varying degrees from causing current spikes that
would damage a CPU. The output overvoltage and
undervoltage detection features insure a safe window of
operation for the CPU.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE MONITORING
VSEN is connected to the local CORE Output Voltage and is
used for PGOOD, undervoltage and overvoltage sensing
only. (Refer to the “Block Diagram” on page 7).
The VSEN voltage is compared with two voltage levels that
indicate an overvoltage or undervoltage condition of the
output. Violating either of these conditions results in the
PGOOD pin toggling low to indicate a problem with the
output voltage.
RST
R
IPGT
START
Q
CLR
START
ISL6225
PGOOD VCCP
1.2k
PGOOD
10k
3.3V
10k
t
PGOOD
~100ns
VCCP_MC
t
3ms TO 12ms
CPU-UP = UV AND OV
CLK_ENABLE
IMVP4_PWRGD
FIGURE 9. INTERNAL PGOOD CIRCUITRY FOR THE ISL6218
CORE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
PGOOD
As previously described, the ISL6218 PGOOD pin operates
as both an input and an output. During start-up, the PGOOD
pin operates as an input. Refer to Figure 9.
As per the IMVP-IV™ specification, once the ISL6218 CORE
regulator regulates to the “Boot” voltage, it waits for the
PGOOD logic HIGH signals from the Vccp and Vcc_mch
regulators. The Intersil ISL6225 is a perfect choice for these
two supplies as it is a dual regulator and has independent
PGOOD functions for each supply. Once these two supplies
are within regulation, PGOODVccp and PGOODVcc_mch will
be high impedance, and will allow the PGOOD of the
ISL6218 to sink approximately 2.6mA to ground through the
internal MOSFET, shown in Figure 9. The ISL6218 detects
this current and starts an internal PGOOD timer.
The current sourced into the PGOOD pin is critical for proper
start-up operation. The pullup resistor, Rpull-up is sized to
give a minimum of 2.6mA of current sourced into the
PGOOD pin from 3.3V supply.
As given in the “Electrical Specifications” table on page 4,
the PGOOD MOSFET rDS(ON) is given as 82Ω maximum. If
a 3.3V source is used as the Pull-up, then the Pull-up
resistor is given Equation 4:
RPullup =
VSOURCE
3.3 − 0.05 (3.3 )
− rDSON (max ) =
− 82 = 1.2kΩ
2.6mA
2.6mA
(EQ. 4)
where VSOURCE is the supply minus 5% for tolerance. This
will insure that the required PGOOD current will be sourced
into the PGOOD pin for worst case conditions of low supply
and largest MOSFET rDS(ON).
Once the proper level of PGOOD current is detected, the
ISL6218 then captures the VID and regulates to this value.
The PGOOD timer is a function of the internal clock and
switching frequency. The internal PGOOD delay can be
calculated in Equation 5:
PGOOD Timer Delay = 3072 / fSW
13
3.3V
3.3V
ISL6218
(EQ. 5)
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
The ISL6218 controller regulates the CORE output voltage
to the VID command and once the timer has expired, the
PGOOD output is allowed to go high.
Note, the PGOOD functions of the VCC_CORE, Vccp and
Vcc_mch regulators are wire OR’d together to create the
system signal “IMVP4_PWRGD”. If any of the supplies fall
outside the regulation window, their respective PGOOD pins
are pulled low, which forces IMVP4_PWRGD low. PGOOD
of the ISL6218 is internally disabled during all VID and Mode
transitions.
OVERVOLTAGE
The VSEN voltage is compared with an internal overvoltage
protection (OVP) reference set to 112% of the VID voltage. If
the VSEN voltage exceeds the OVP reference, a comparator
simultaneously sets the OV latch and triggers the PWM
output low. The drivers turn on the lower MOSFETs,
shunting the converter output to ground. Once the output
voltage falls below 102% of the set point, the high side and
low side PWM outputs are held in “Three-State”.
This prevents dumping of the output capacitors back through
the output inductors and lower MOSFETs, which would
cause a negative voltage on the CORE output.
This architecture eliminates the need of a high current,
Schottky diode on the output. If the overvoltage conditions
persist, the PWM outputs are cycled between output low and
output “off”, similar to a hysteretic regulator. The OV latch is
reset by cycling the VDD supply voltage to initiate a POR.
Depending on the mode of operation, the overvoltage
setpoint is 112% of the VID, Deep or Deeper Sleep setpoint.
UNDERVOLTAGE
The VSEN pin is also compared to an Undervoltage (UV)
reference, which is set to 84% of the VID, Deep or Deeper
Sleep setpoint, depending on the mode of operation. If the
VSEN voltage is below the UV reference for more than 32
consecutive phase clock cycles, the power good monitor
triggers the PGOOD pin to go low and latches the chip off
until power is reset to the chip or the EN pin is toggled.
OVERCURRENT
The RISEN resistor scales the voltage sampled across the
lower MOSFET and provides current feedback ISEN, which is
proportional to the output current (refer to Figure 10). After
current sensing function, ISEN is obtained (refer to the “Block
Diagram” on page 7 and Figure 10). ISEN is compared with
an internally generated overcurrent trip threshold that is
propotional to the current sourced from the OCSET pin,
IOCSET. The overcurrent trip current source is programmable
and described in “Overcurrent Setting - OCSET” on page 12.
If ISEN exceeds the IOCSET level, an up/down counter is
enabled. If ISEN’ does not fall below IOCSET within 32 phase
cycle counts, the PGOOD pin transitions low and latches the
chip off. If normal operation resumes within the 32 phase
14
cycle count window, the controller will continue to operate
normally.
NOTE: Due to “DROOP”, there is inherent Current limit since
load current cannot exceed the amount that would command
an output voltage lower than 84% of the VID voltage. This
would result in an undervoltage shutdown and would also
cause the PGOOD pin to transition low and latch the chip off.
CONTROL LOOPS
Figure 10 shows a simplified diagram of the voltage
regulation and current control loops for a Single-Phase
converter. Both voltage and current feedback are used to
precisely regulate voltage and tightly control output current
IL1. The voltage loop is comprised of the Error Amplifier,
Comparators, Internal Gate Drivers and MOSFETs. The
Error Amplifier drives the modulator to force the FB pin to the
IMVP-IV™ reference minus “Droop”.
VOLTAGE LOOP
The output CORE voltage feedback is applied to the Error
Amplifier through the compensation network. The signal
seen on the FB pin will drive the Error Amplifier output either
high or low, depending upon the CORE voltage. A CORE
voltage level that is lower than the IMVP-IV™ reference, as
output from the 6-bit DAC, causes the amplifier output to
move towards a higher output voltage level. The amplifier
output voltage is applied to the positive input of the
comparator. Increasing Error Amplifier voltage results in
increased Comparator output duty cycle. This increased duty
cycle signal is passed through the PWM circuit to the internal
gate drive circuitry. The output of the internal gate drive is
directly connected to the gate of the MOSFETs. Increased
duty cycle, or ON-time, for the high side MOSFET
transistors, results in increased output voltage (VCORE) to
compensate for the low output voltage sensed.
DROOP COMPENSATION
Microprocessors and other peripherals tend to change their
load current demands from near no-load to full load, often
during operation. These same devices require minimal
output voltage deviation during a load step.
A high di/dt load step will cause an output voltage spike. The
amplitude of the spike is dictated by the output capacitor
ESR multiplied by the load step magnitude plus the output
capacitor ESL times the load step di/dt. A positive load step
produces a negative output voltage spike and vice versa. A
large number of low-series-impedance capacitors are often
used to prevent the output voltage deviation from exceeding
the tolerance of some devices. One widely accepted solution
to this problem is output voltage “Droop”, or active voltage
positioning.
As shown in the block diagram, the sensed current (ISEN) is
used to control the “Droop” current source, IDROOP. The
“Droop” current source is a controlled current source and is
proportional to output current. This current source is
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
C2
R2
FB
C1
R1
CDCPL
COMP
ERROR
AMPLIFIER
EA+
+
_
VDROOP
+
RDROOP
SOFT
VERROR1
Q1
OVER-UNDER
VOLTAGE
-
-
RISEN
V
+ rDS(ON)PHASE
VIN
VSEN
+
UG1
Q2
PWM
CIRCUIT
COMPARATOR
IDROOP
L01
VCORE
IL1
VrDS(ON)
+
COUT
RLOAD
LG1
IMVP IV
REFERENCE
IOCSET
CSOFT
OVER
CURRENT
ISEN’
ISEN
CURRENT
SENSING
ISEN1
ISEN1
ISL6218
FIGURE 10. SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE ISL6218 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONTROL LOOPS FOR THE SINGLE CHANNEL
REGULATOR.
approximately ½ of the ISEN, as shown in the “Block
Diagram” on page 7. The Droop current is sourced out of the
SOFT pin through the Droop resistor and returns through the
EA+ pin. This creates a “Droop” voltage VDROOP, that
subtracts from the IMVP-IV™ reference voltage on SOFT to
generate the voltage setpoint for the CORE regulator.
Full load current for the Intel IMVP-IV™ Thin and Light
specification is 25A. Knowing that the Droop Current,
sourced out of the SOFT pin will be ½ of the ISEN, a “Droop”
resistor, RDROOP, can be selected to provide the amount of
voltage “Droop” required at full load. The selection of this
resistor is explained “Selection of RDROOP” on page 15.
(25A, 1.431V)
(25A, 1.409V)
(25A, 1.387V)
-3m
LOAD LINE
I OUT, NL
IOUT, MID
IOUT, MAX
STATIC TOLERANCE BANDS
NOMINAL "DROOP" LOAD LINE
FIGURE 11. IMVP-IV™ ACTIVE MODE STATIC LOAD LINE
SELECTION OF RDROOP
Figure 11 shows a static “Droop” load line for the 1.484V
Active Mode. The ISL6218, as previously mentioned, allows
the programming of the load line slope by the selection of
the RDROOP resistor.
As per the Intel IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™ specification,
Droop = 0.003 (Ω). Therefore, 25A of full load current
equates to a 0.075V Droop output voltage from the VID
setpoint. RDROOP can be selected based on RISEN which is
calculated through Equation 3, r(DS(ON) and Droop, as per
the “Block Diagram” on page 7 or Equation 6:
RDROOP = 2.3 ⋅ (Droop ) ⋅
VOUT, HI
VOUT, NOM
VOUT, LO
(0A, 1.506V)
(0A, 1.484V)
(0A, 1.462V)
RISEN
(Ω)
r(DSON)
M
15
(EQ. 6)
Component Selection Guidelines
Output Capacitor Selection
Output capacitors are required to filter the output inductor
current ripple, and supply the transient load current. The
filtering requirements are a function of the channel switching
frequency and the output ripple current. The load transient
requirements are a function of the slew rate (di/dt) and the
magnitude of the transient load current.
The microprocessor used for IMVP-IV™ will produce transient
load rates as high as 30A/ns. High frequency ceramic
capacitors are used to supply the initial transient current, and
slow the rate-of-change seen by the bulk capacitors. Bulk filter
capacitor values are generally determined by the ESR
(Effective Series Resistance) and voltage rating requirements,
rather than actual capacitance requirements. To meet the
stringent requirements of IMVP-IV™, (15) 2.2µF, 0612 “Flip
Chip” high frequency, ceramic capacitors are placed very close
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
to the Processor power pins; they are placed carefully so they
do not to add inductance in the circuit board traces, which could
cancel the usefulness of these low inductance components.
Specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for switching
regulator applications are recommended for the bulk
capacitors. The bulk capacitors ESR and ESL determine the
output ripple voltage and the initial voltage drop following a
high slew-rate transient edge. Recommended are at least (4)
4V, 220µF Sanyo Sp-Cap capacitors in parallel, or (5) 330µF
SP-Cap style capacitors. These capacitors provide an
equivalent ESR of less than 3mΩ. These components
should be laid out very close to the load.
As the sense trace for VSEN may be long and routed close
to switching nodes, a 1.0µF ceramic decoupling capacitor is
located between VSEN and ground at the ISL6218 package.
Output Inductor Selection
The output inductor is selected to meet the voltage ripple
requirements and minimize the converter response time to a
load transient.
The inductor selected for the power channel determines the
channel ripple current. Increasing the value of inductance
reduces the total output ripple current and total output
voltage ripple, but will slow the converter response time to a
load transient.
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response time to
a load transient is the time required to slew the inductor current
from its initial current level to the transient current level. During
this interval, the difference between the two levels must be
supplied by the output capacitance. Minimizing the response
time can minimize the output capacitance required.
MOSFET Selection and Considerations
For the Intel IMVP-IV™ application that requires up to 20A of
current, it is suggested that Single-Phase channel operation,
with a minimum of (4) MOSFETs per channel, be
implemented. This configuration would be: (2) High
Switching Frequency, Low Gate Charge MOSFET for the
Upper; and (2) Low rDS(ON) MOSFETs for the Lowers.
In high-current PWM applications, the MOSFET power
dissipation, package selection and heatsink are the
dominant design factors. The power dissipation includes two
loss components: conduction loss and switching loss. These
losses are distributed between the upper and lower
MOSFETs according to duty cycle of the converter. Refer to
Equations 8 and 9. The conduction losses are the main
component of power dissipation for the lower MOSFETs.
Only the upper MOSFETs have significant switching losses,
since the lower devices turn on and off into near zero
voltage. The following equations assume linear voltagecurrent transitions and do not model power loss due to the
reverse-recovery of the lower MOSFET’s body diode. The
gate-charge losses are dissipated in the ISL6218 drivers and
do not heat the MOSFETs; however, large gate-charge
increases the switching time tSW, which increases the upper
MOSFET switching losses. Ensure that both MOSFETs are
within their maximum junction temperature at high ambient
temperature by calculating the temperature rise according to
package thermal-resistance specifications.
PUPPER =
The channel ripple current is approximated by Equation 7:
PLOWER =
V − VOUT VOUT
ΔICH = IN
•
FSW • L
VIN
(EQ. 7)
Input Capacitor Selection
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use ceramic capacitors for
the high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors to supply
the RMS current. Small ceramic capacitors must be placed
very close to the upper MOSFET to suppress the voltage
induced in the parasitic circuit impedances.
Two important parameters to consider when selecting the
bulk input capacitor are the voltage rating and the RMS
current rating. For reliable operation, select a bulk capacitor
with voltage and current ratings above the maximum input
voltage and largest RMS current required by the circuit. The
capacitor voltage rating should be at least 1.25 times greater
than the maximum input voltage and a voltage rating of 1.5
times is a conservative guideline.
16
IO 2 ×rDS (ON ) × VOUT
VIN
I × VIN × t SW × FSW
+ O
2
(EQ. 8)
IO 2 × rDS (ON ) × (VIN − VOUT )
VIN
(EQ. 9)
Typical Application - Single Phase
Converter Using ISL6218 PWM Controller
Figure 12 shows the ISL6218, Synchronous Buck Converter
circuit, which is used to provide the CORE voltage regulation
for the Intel IMVP-IV™ application. The circuit uses a single
power channel to deliver up to 20A steady state current, and
has a 330kHz channel switching frequency. For thermal
compensation, a PTC resistor is used as sense resistors.
The Output capacitance is less than 3mΩ of ESR and is (4)
220µF, 4V Sp-Cap parts in parallel with (35) high frequency,
10µF ceramic capacitors.
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
VBATTERY
+5VDC
+5VDC
8 x 10µF
2 x IRF7811W
1µF
98.8k__1%
BAT54
10_1%
0.8µH
0.027µF
1.5k_1%PTC
+VCC_CORE
ETQ-P3H0R8BA
174k_1%
1.2k__1%
VDD
DACOUT
DSV
FSET
NC
EN
DRSEN
VR_ON
DPSLP
DSEN
VID0 ISL6218
VID1
TSSOP
VID2
VID3
VID4
VID5
PGOOD
EA+
VID
COMP
FB
SOFT
4.64k_1%
2 x SI4362DY
VBAT
ISEN
PHASE
UG
BOOT
VSSP
LG
VDDP
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
0.33µF
4 x 220µF
AND
35 x 10µF
1R5_5%
4.7µF
VSEN
DRSV
STV
OCSET
VSS
3300pF
0.012µF
14k_1%
36.5k_1%
30.1k_1%
1800pF
No-POP
560pF
No-POP
49.9k_1%
3.57k_1%
ANALOG
POWER
FIGURE 12. TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT FOR THE ISL6218, IMVP-IV™ CORE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
17
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
Package Outline Drawing
L40.6x6
40 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
Rev 3, 10/06
4X 4.5
6.00
36X 0.50
A
B
6
PIN 1
INDEX AREA
6
PIN #1 INDEX AREA
40
31
30
1
6.00
4 . 10 ± 0 . 15
21
10
0.15
(4X)
11
20
TOP VIEW
0.10 M C A B
40X 0 . 4 ± 0 . 1
4 0 . 23 +0 . 07 / -0 . 05
BOTTOM VIEW
SEE DETAIL "X"
0.10 C
0 . 90 ± 0 . 1
(
C
BASE PLANE
( 5 . 8 TYP )
SEATING PLANE
0.08 C
SIDE VIEW
4 . 10 )
( 36X 0 . 5 )
C
0 . 2 REF
5
( 40X 0 . 23 )
0 . 00 MIN.
0 . 05 MAX.
( 40X 0 . 6 )
DETAIL "X"
TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN
NOTES:
1. Dimensions are in millimeters.
Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only.
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994.
3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal ± 0.05
4. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature.
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 indentifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
18
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007
ISL6218
Thin Shrink Small Outline Plastic Packages (TSSOP)
M38.173
N
INDEX
AREA
E
0.25(0.010) M
E1
2
SYMBOL
A
3
0.05(0.002)
-A-
INCHES
GAUGE
PLANE
-B1
38 LEAD THIN SHRINK SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC PACKAGE
(COMPLIANT TO JEDEC MO-153-BD-1 ISSUE F)
B M
0.25
0.010
SEATING PLANE
L
A
D
-C-
α
e
A1
b
A2
c
0.10(0.004)
0.10(0.004) M
C A M
B S
MIN
-
1. These package dimensions are within allowable dimensions of
JEDEC MO-153-BD-1, Issue F.
MIN
MAX
NOTES
0.047
-
1.20
-
A1
0.002
0.006
0.05
0.15
-
A2
0.031
0.051
0.80
1.05
-
b
0.0075
0.0106
0.17
0.27
9
c
0.0035
0.0079
0.09
0.20
-
D
0.378
0.386
9.60
9.80
3
E1
0.169
0.177
4.30
4.50
4
e
0.0197 BSC
0.500 BSC
-
E
0.246
0.256
6.25
6.50
-
L
0.0177
0.0295
0.45
0.75
6
8o
0o
N
NOTES:
MILLIMETERS
MAX
α
38
0o
38
7
8o
Rev. 0 1/03
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs.
Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm
(0.006 inch) per side.
4. Dimension “E1” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006 inch) per
side.
5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index
feature must be located within the crosshatched area.
6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate.
7. “N” is the number of terminal positions.
8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only.
9. Dimension “b” does not include dambar protrusion. Allowable dambar
protrusion shall be 0.08mm (0.003 inch) total in excess of “b” dimension at maximum material condition. Minimum space between protrusion and adjacent lead is 0.07mm (0.0027 inch).
10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions
are not necessarily exact. (Angles in degrees)
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Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
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19
FN9101.6
August 6, 2007