ANP013

ANP013
Application Note
AP1509 150KHz, 2A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
Preliminary
Contents
1.
Features
2.
Introduction
3.
Regulator Design Procedure
4.
Design Example
This application note contains new product information. Diodes, Inc. reserves the rights to modify the product specification without notice. No liability is
assumed as a result of the use of this product. No rights under any patent accompany the sale of the product.
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ANP013
Application Note
AP1509 150KHz, 2A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
1.0
Preliminary
Features
◆
Small Board Size
- Entire circuit can fit in less than 1 square inch of PCB space
◆
Low Implementation Cost
- Fewer than 4 discrete components required
◆
ON /OFF Control
- Be controlled by external logic level signal
◆
Thermal Shut-down and Current Limit
- Built-in function
◆
Simple Feedback Compensation
- Lead compensation using external capacitor
◆
Immediate Implementation
- Schematic, board-of-materials and board layout available from Anachip
2.0
Introduction
This application note discusses simple ways to select all necessary components to implement a
step-down (BUCK) regulator and gives a design example. In this example, the AP1509 monolithic IC is used
to design a cost-effective and high-efficiency miniature switching buck regulator. Please refer to the
datasheet for more complete information, pin descriptions and specifications for the AP1509 will not be
repeated here.
This demonstration board allows the designer to evaluate the performance of the AP1509 series buck
regulator in a typical application circuit. The user needs only to supply an input voltage and a load. The
demonstration board can be configured to evaluate fixed output voltages of 3.3V, 5V, 12V, and an adjustable
output version of the AP1509 series. Operation at other voltages and currents may be accomplished by
proper component selection and replacement.
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ANP013
Application Note
AP1509 150KHz, 2A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
3.0
Preliminary
Regulator Design Procedure
3.0.1 Given Power Specification
V
V
V
V
I
I
IN (max)
IN (min)
OUT
= Maximum Input Voltage
= Minimum Input Voltage
= Regulated Output Voltage
RIPPLE
= Ripple Voltage (peak to peak), typical value is 1% of the Output Voltage
LOAD(max)
LOAD(min)
= Maximum Load Current
= Minimum Load Current before the circuit becomes discontinuous, typical value is 10% of the
Maximum Load Current
F = Switching Frequency (fixed at a nominal 150kHz)
3.0.2 Programming Output Voltage (refer to 4.0.4 Demo Board Schematic P7)
The Output Voltage is programmed by selection of the divider R1 and R2. The designer should use
resistors R1 and R2 with ±1% tolerance in order to obtain best accuracy of the Output Voltage. The Output
Voltage can be calculated from the following formula:
Vout = 1.23 x (1 + R1 / R2)
Select a value for R2 between 240Ω and 1.5KΩ. The lower resistor values minimize noise pickup in the
sensitive feedback pin.
If the designer selects a fixed output version of the AP1509, the resistor R1 shall be short and R2 shall
be open.
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ANP013
Application Note
AP1509 150KHz, 2A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
Preliminary
3.0.3 Inductor Selection
A. The minimum inductor
L
(min)
can be calculated from the following design formula table:
Calculation
T
T
L
Step-down (buck) regulator
(V
ON
OFF
[V
(min)
V
IN (min)
IN (min)
OUT
+V F )
− V SAT − V OUT
]
− V SAT − V OUT × T ON (max)
2 × I LOAD (min)
V
V
SAT
F
= Internal switch saturation voltage of the AP1509 = 1.25V
= Forward voltage drop of output rectifier D1 = 0.5V
B. The inductor must be designed so that it does not saturate or significantly saturate at DC current bias of
. ( PK = Peak inductor or switch current =
− LOAD (min) )
LOAD (max)
PK
I
I
I
I
3.0.4 Output Capacitor Selection
A. The output capacitor is required to filter the output and provide regulator loop stability. When selecting
an output capacitor, the important capacitor parameters are; the 100kHz Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR),
the RMS ripples current rating, voltage rating, and capacitance value. For the output capacitor, the ESR
value is the most important parameter. The ESR can be calculated from the following formula:
⎞
⎛
ESR = ⎜ V RIPPLE ⎟ ------------------------ (3)
⎟
⎜ 2× I
LOAD (min) ⎠
⎝
An aluminum electrolytic capacitor's ESR value is related to the capacitance and its voltage rating. In
most cases, higher voltage electrolytic capacitors have lower ESR values. Most of the time, capacitors with
much higher voltage ratings may be needed to provide the low ESR values required for low output ripple
voltage. If the selected capacitor's ESR is extremely low, it results in an oscillation at the output. It is
recommended to replace this low ESR capacitor by using two general standard capacitors in parallel.
B. The capacitor voltage rating should be at least 1.5 times greater than the output voltage, and often
much higher voltage ratings are needed to satisfy the low ESR requirements needed for low output ripple
voltage.
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ANP013
Application Note
AP1509 150KHz, 2A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
Preliminary
3.0.5 Output Rectifier Selection
A. The Output Rectifier D1 current rating must be greater than the peak switch current IPK. The reverse
voltage rating of the output rectifier D1 should be at least 1.25 times the maximum input voltage.
B. The output rectifier D1 must be fast (short reverse recovery time) and must be located close to the
AP1509 using short leads and short printed circuit traces. Because of their fast switching speed and low
forward voltage drop, Schottky diodes provide the best performance and efficiency, and should be the
first choice, especially in low output voltage applications.
3.0.6 Input Capacitor Selection
A. The RMS current rating of the input capacitor can be calculated from the following formula table. The
capacitor manufacturers datasheet must be checked to assure that this current rating is not
exceeded.
Calculation
Step-down (buck) regulator
Ton/(Ton+Toff)
I LOAD (max) + I LOAD (min)
δ
I
I
ΔI
I
PK
I
m
LOAD (max)
− I LOAD (min)
2 × I LOAD(min)
L
δ × ⎢(I PK × I m ) +
⎡
⎣
IN ( rms )
1
(Δ I L )2 ⎤⎥
3
⎦
B. This capacitor should be located close to the IC using short leads and the voltage rating should be
approximately 1.5 times the maximum input voltage.
3.0
Design Example
4.0.1 Summary of Target Specifications
Input Power
Regulated Output Power
Output Ripple Voltage
Output Voltage Load Regulation
Efficiency
Switching Frequency
V
V
V
IN (max)
OUT
= +12V;
= + 3.3V;
RIPPLE
V
I
IN (min)
= +12V
LOAD (max)
= 2A;
I
LOAD (min)
= 0.2A
≤ 50 mV peak-to-peak
1% (1/2 full load to full load)
75% minimum at full load
f = 150kHz ± 15 %
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Application Note
AP1509 150KHz, 2A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
Preliminary
4.0.2 Calculating and Components Selection
Calculation Formula
Vout = Vref x ((R1/R2) + 1)
L(min) ≥
I
PK
=
I
[V
IN (min)
Select Condition
240Ω ≤ R2 ≤ 1.5KΩ
]
− V SAT − V OUT × T ON (max)
2 × I LOAD (min)
LOAD (max)
− I LOAD (min)
RRM
PK
I
LOAD (max)
≥
I
PK
Select L1 = 39uH
= 1.8A
ESR ≤ 125mΩ
V
≥ 1.25 ×V IN (max)
=
≥ 38uH
(min)
rms
⎞
⎛
ESR = ⎜ V RIPPLE ⎟
⎟
⎜ 2× I
LOAD (min) ⎠
⎝
V WVDC ≥ 1.5 ×V OUT
V
I
L
I
+ I LOAD (min)
V
I
I
RRM
PK
1
2⎤
⎡
I IN ( rms ) = δ × ⎢⎣(I PK × I m ) + 3 (Δ I L ) ⎥⎦
V WVDC ≥ 1.5 ×V IN (max)
Select D1:
20V/2A
≥ 15V
= 1.8A
ripple
V
Select C3:
1000uF/10V*1pcs
≥ 7.5V
WVDC
≥
I
Component spec.
R1 = 560Ω; R2 = 330Ω
IN ( rms )
= 1A
Select C1:
330uF/35V*1pcs
≥ 18V
WVDC
4.0.3 Parts List (Board of Materials)
Item
Part Number
C1
C2
0805 cap
C3
C4
0805 cap
D1
220
MFG/Dist.
Description
Value
Quantity
OST
Aluminum Electrolytic
330uF, 35V
1
Viking
Ceramic Capacitor
0.1uF, 25V
1
OST
Aluminum Electrolytic
1000uF, 10V
1
Viking
Ceramic Capacitor
0.1uF, 25V
1
Schottky Diode
20V, 2A
1
Pitch = 2.54mm, 3pin
1
J1
Jumper
J2,J3
Pin
L1
Inductor
39uH, 1.8A
1
2
U1
AP1509
Anachip
PWM Buck Converter
150kHz, 2A
1
R1
0805 reg
Viking
Film Chip Resistor
560Ω
1
R2
0805 reg
Viking
Film Chip Resistor
330Ω
1
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ANP013
Application Note
AP1509 150KHz, 2A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
Preliminary
4.0.4 Demo Board Schematic
4.0.5
Demo Board Efficiency and Temperature
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ANP013
Application Note
AP1509 150KHz, 2A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
4.0.6
Preliminary
Typical PC Board Layout
(1). Component Placement Guide
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ANP013
Application Note
AP1509 150KHz, 2A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
Preliminary
(2). Component Side PC Board Layout
(3). Solder Side PC Board Layout
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