NSC LM48411TL

LM48411 Ultra-Low EMI, Filterless, 2.5W, Stereo, Class D Audio
Power Amplifier with E2S
General Description
Key Specifications
The LM48411 is a single supply, high efficiency, 2.5W/channel Class D audio amplifier. The LM48411 features National's
Enhanced Emissions Suppression (E2S) system, that features a unique patent-pending ultra low EMI, spread spectrum, PWM architecture, that significantly reduces RF emissions while preserving audio quality and efficiency. The E2S
system improves battery life, reduces external component
count, board area consumption, system cost, and simplifying
design.
The LM48411 is designed to meet the demands of mobile
phones and other portable communication devices. Operating on a single 5V supply, it is capable of delivering 2.5W/
channel of continuous output power to a 4Ω load with less
than 10% THD+N. Its flexible power supply requirements allow operation from 2.4V to 5.5V. The wide band spread
spectrum architecture of the LM48411 reduces EMI-radiated
emissions due to the modulator frequency.
The LM48411 features high efficiency compared to a conventional Class AB amplifier. The E2S system includes an
advanced, patent-pending edge rate control (ERC) architecture that further reduce emissions by minimizing the high
frequency component of the device output, while maintaining
high quality audio reproduction and high efficiency (η = 87%
at VDD = 3.6V, PO = 500mW). Four gain options are pin selectable through GAIN0 and GAIN1 pins.
The LM48411 features a low-power consumption shutdown
mode. Shutdown may be enabled by driving the Shutdown
pin to a logic low (GND).
Output short circuit protection prevents the device from being
damaged during fault conditions. Superior click and pop suppression eliminates audible transients on power up/down and
during shutdown. Independent left/right shutdown control
maximizes power savings in mixed mono/stereo applications.
■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 500mW into 8Ω
speaker
87% (typ)
■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 100mW into 8Ω
speaker
80% (typ)
■ Efficiency at 5V, 1W into 8Ω
speaker
■ Quiescent current, 3.6V supply
88% (typ)
4.2mA (typ)
■ Power Output at VDD = 5V
RL = 4Ω, THD ≤ 10%
2.5W (typ)
■ Power Output at VDD = 5V
RL = 8Ω, THD ≤ 10%
1.5W (typ)
■ Total shutdown power supply
current
■ Single supply range
0.01µA (typ)
2.4V to 5.5V
Features
■ E2S system reduces EMI preserving Audio Quality and
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Efficiency
Output short circuit protection
Stereo Class D Operation
No output filter required for inductive loads
Logic selectable gain
Independent shutdown control
Minimum external components
"Click and pop" suppression circuitry
Micro-power shutdown mode
Available in space-saving 0.5mm pitch micro SMD
package
Applications
■ Mobile phones
■ PDAs
■ Portable electronic devices
Boomer® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.
© 2007 National Semiconductor Corporation
300095
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LM48411 Ultra-Low EMI, Filterless, 2.5W, Stereo, Class D Audio Power Amplifier with E2S
October 2007
LM48411
LM48411 Rf Emissions
30009586
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LM48411
Typical Application
30009501
FIGURE 1. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit
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LM48411
Connection Diagrams
16 Bump micro SMD Package
micro SMD Marking
30009557
Top View
X — Date Code
T— Die Traceability
G — Boomer Family
J2 — LM48411TL
30009502
Top View
Order Number LM48411TL
See NS Package Number TLA16ACA
Pin Descriptions
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Bump
Name
A1
OUTLB
Left Channel output B
Function
A2
OUTLA
Left Channel output A
A3
PVDD
Power VDD
A4
INL+
Non-inverting left channel input
B1
SDL
Left channel active low shutodwn
B2
SDR
Right channel active low shutdown
B3
G1
Gain setting input 1
B4
INL-
Inverting left channel input
C1
PGND
C2
GND
C3
G0
C4
INR-
D1
OUTRB
Right channel output B
D2
OUTRA
Right channel output A
D3
VDD
Power Supply
D4
INR+
Non-inverting right channel input
Power ground
Ground
Gain setting input 0
Inverting right channel input
4
63.6°C/W
θJA (micro SMD)
Soldering Information
See AN-1112 "microSMD Wafers Level Chip Scale
Package."
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage (Note 1)
Storage Temperature
Voltage at Any Input Pin
6.0V
−65°C to +150°C
Operating Ratings
VDD + 0.3V ≥ V ≥ GND - 0.3V
Power Dissipation (Note 3)
Internally Limited
ESD Rating, all other pins (Note 4)
2.0kV
ESD Rating (Note 5)
200V
Junction Temperature (TJMAX)
150°C
(Notes 1, 2)
Temperature Range
TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX
Supply Voltage
−40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C
2.4V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V
Electrical Characteristics The following specifications apply for AV = 6dB, RL = 15μH+8Ω, f = 1kHz, unless
otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25°C. VDD = 3.6V.
LM48411
Symbol
|VOS|
IDD
Parameter
Differential Output Offset Voltage
Quiescent Power Supply Current
Conditions
VI = 0V, AV = 2V/V,
VDD = 2.4V to 5.0V
Typical
Limit
(Note 6)
(Notes 7, 8)
5
Units
(Limits)
mV
VIN = 0V, No Load, VDD = 5.0V
5.1
7.5
mA (max)
VIN = 0V, No Load, VDD = 3.6V
4.2
6.0
mA (max)
VIN = 0V, No Load, VDD = 2.4V
3.0
4.5
mA (max)
VIN = 0V, RL = 8Ω, VDD = 5.0V
5.2
mA
VIN = 0V, RL = 8Ω, VDD = 3.6V
4.2
mA
VIN = 0V, RL = 8Ω, VDD = 2.4V
3.0
mA
0.01
μA (max)
ISD
Shutdown Current
VSDR = VSDL= GND
VSDIH
Shutdown voltage input high
For SDR, SDL
1.4
V (min)
VSDIL
Shutdown voltage input low
For SDR, SDL
0.4
V (max)
6
6±0.5
dB
12
12±0.5
dB
18
18±0.5
dB
RL = ∞
24
24±0.5
dB
AV = 6dB
56
kΩ
AV = 12dB
37.5
kΩ
AV = 18dB
22.5
kΩ
AV = 24dB
12.5
kΩ
GAIN0, GAIN1 = GND
RL = ∞
GAIN0 = VDD, GAIN1 = GND
AV
Gain
RL = ∞
GAIN0 = GND, GAIN1 = VDD
RL = ∞
GAIN0, GAIN1 = VDD
RIN
Input Resistance
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LM48411
Thermal Resistance
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, 2)
LM48411
LM48411
Symbol
PO
Parameter
Output Power
Conditions
Typical
Limit
(Note 6)
(Notes 7, 8)
Units
(Limits)
RL = 15μH + 4Ω + 15μH
THD = 10% (max)
f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW
VDD = 5V
VDD = 3.6V
VDD = 2.5V
2.5
1.2
530
W
W
mW
RL = 15μH + 4Ω + 15μH
THD = 1% (max)
f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW
VDD = 5V
VDD = 3.6V
VDD = 2.5V
2.0
1.0
430
W
W
mW
VDD = 5V
1.5
W
VDD = 3.6V
760
VDD = 2.5V
330
RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH
THD = 10% (max)
f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW
PO
THD+N
Output Power
Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise
Power Supply Rejection Ratio
(Input Referred)
mW (min)
mW
RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH
THD = 1% (max)
f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW
VDD = 5V
1.25
W
VDD = 3.6V
615
mW
VDD = 2.5V
270
mW
PO = 500mW, f = 1kHz, RL = 8Ω
0.05
%
PO = 300mW, f = 1kHz, RL = 8Ω
0.03
%
78
dB
77
dB
VRipple = 200mVPP Sine,
fRipple = 217Hz, VDD = 3.6, 5V
PSRR
600
Inputs to AC GND, CI = 2μF
VRipple = 200mVPP Sine,
fRipple = 1kHz, VDD = 3.6, 5V
Inputs to AC GND, CI = 2μF
SNR
Signal to Noise Ratio
VDD = 5V, PO = 1WRMS
96
dB
εOUT
Output Noise
(Input Referred)
VDD = 3.6V, A Weighted
22
μVRMS
CMRR
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
(Input Referred)
VDD = 3.6V, VRipple = 1VPP Sine
fRipple = 217Hz
64
dB
η
Efficiency
RL = 8Ω
88
%
Xtalk
Crosstalk
PO = 500mW, f = kHz
84
dB
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VDD = 5V, POUT = 1W
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Note 2: The Electrical Characteristics tables list guaranteed specifications under the listed Recommended Operating Conditions except as otherwise modified
or specified by the Electrical Characteristics Conditions and/or Notes. Typical specifications are estimations only and are not guaranteed.
Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, θJA, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum
allowable power dissipation is PDMAX = (TJMAX - TA) / θJA or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. For the LMxxxxx, see Power
Derating curves for additional information.
Note 4: Human body model, applicable std. JESD22-A114C.
Note 5: Machine model, applicable std. JESD22-A115-A.
Note 6: Typical values represent most likely parametric norms at TA = +25ºC, and at the Recommended Operation Conditions at the time of product
characterization and are not guaranteed.
Note 7: Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by test or statistical analysis.
Note 8: Shutdown current is measured in a normal room environment. Exposure to direct sunlight will increase ISD by a maximum of 2µA. The Shutdown pin
should be driven as close as possible to GND for minimal shutdown current and to VDD for the best THD performance in PLAY mode. See the Application
Information section under SHUTDOWN FUNCTION for more information.
Note 9: The performance graphs were taken using the Audio Precision AUX-0025 Switching Amplifier measurement Filter in series with the LC filter on the demo
board.
Typical Performance Characteristics
THD+N vs Frequency
VDD = 2.5V, RL = 8Ω, PO = 100mW/channel
THD+N vs Frequency
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω, PO = 250mW/channel
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THD+N vs Frequency
VDD = 5.0V, RL = 8Ω, PO = 375mW/channel
THD+N vs Frequency
VDD = 2.5V, RL = 4Ω, PO = 100mW/channel
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LM48411
Note 1: “Absolute Maximum Ratings” indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur, including inoperability and degradation of device reliability
and/or performance. Functional operation of the device and/or non-degradation at the Absolute Absolute Maximum Ratings or other conditions beyond those
indicated in the Recommended Operating Conditions is not implied. The Recommended Operating Conditions indicate conditions at which the device is functional
and the device should not be operated beyond such conditions. All voltages are measured with respect to the ground pin, unless otherwise specified
LM48411
THD+N vs Frequency
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 4Ω, PO = 250mW/channel
THD+N vs Frequency
VDD = 5.0V, RL = 4Ω, PO = 375mW/channel
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THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 2.5V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 6dB
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 2.5V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 24dB
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THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 6dB
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 24dB
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LM48411
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 5V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 6dB
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 5V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 24dB
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THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 2.5V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 6dB
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 2.5V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 24dB
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THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 6dB
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 24dB
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LM48411
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 5.0V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 6dB
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 5.0V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 24dB
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PSRR vs Frequency
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω
CMRR vs Frequency
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω
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Quiescent Current vs Power Supply
RL = ∞
Output Power vs Supply Voltage
RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz
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LM48411
Output Power vs Supply Voltage
RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz
Efficiency vs Output Power
RL = 4Ω
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Efficiency vs Output Power
RL = 8Ω
Crosstalk vs Frequency
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω
30009563
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Power Dissipation vs Output Power
RL = 4Ω
Power Dissipation vs Output Power
RL = 8Ω
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LM48411
External Components Description
(Figure 1)
Components
Functional Description
1.
CS
Supply bypass capacitor which provides power supply filtering. Refer to the Power Supply Bypassing section
for information concerning proper placement and selection of the supply bypass capacitor.
2.
CI
Input AC coupling capacitor which blocks the DC voltage at the amplifier's input terminals.
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GENERAL AMPLIFIER FUNCTION
The LM48411 features a filterless modulation scheme. The
differential outputs of the device switch at 300kHz from VDD
to GND. When there is no input signal applied, the two outputs
(VO1 and VO2) switch with a 50% duty cycle, with both outputs
in phase. Because the outputs of the LM48411 are differential, the two signals cancel each other. This results in no net
voltage across the speaker, thus there is no load current during an idle state, conserving power.
With an input signal applied, the duty cycle (pulse width) of
the LM48411 outputs changes. For increasing output voltages, the duty cycle of VO1 increases, while the duty cycle of
VO2 decreases. For decreasing output voltages, the converse
occurs, the duty cycle of VO2 increases while the duty cycle
of VO1 decreases. The difference between the two pulse
widths yields the differential output voltage.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER EXPLANATION
As logic supply voltages continue to shrink, designers are increasingly turning to differential analog signal handling to
preserve signal to noise ratios with restricted voltage swing.
The LM48411 is a fully differential amplifier that features differential input and output stages. A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between the two input signals. Traditional audio power amplifiers have typically offered only singleended inputs resulting in a 6dB reduction in signal to noise
ratio relative to differential inputs. The LM48411 also offers
the possibility of DC input coupling which eliminates the two
external AC coupling, DC blocking capacitors. The LM48411
can be used, however, as a single ended input amplifier while
still retaining it's fully differential benefits. In fact, completely
unrelated signals may be placed on the input pins. The
LM48411 simply amplifies the difference between the signals.
A major benefit of a differential amplifier is the improved common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) over single input amplifiers.
The common-mode rejection characteristic of the differential
amplifier reduces sensitivity to ground offset related noise injection, especially important in high noise applications.
SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION
The LM48411 features a fitlerless spread spectrum modulation scheme that eliminates the need for output filters, ferrite
beads or chokes. The switching frequency varies by ±30%
about a 300kHz center frequency, reducing the wideband
spectral contend, improving EMI emissions radiated by the
speaker and associated cables and traces. Where a fixed frequency class D exhibits large amounts of spectral energy at
multiples of the switching frequency, the spread spectrum architecture of the LM48411 spreads that energy over a larger
bandwidth. The cycle-to-cycle variation of the switching period does not affect the audio reproduction of efficiency.
PCB LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
As output power increases, interconnect resistance (PCB
traces and wires) between the amplifier, load and power supply create a voltage drop. The voltage loss on the traces
between the LM48411 and the load results is lower output
power and decreased efficiency. Higher trace resistance between the supply and the LM48411 has the same effect as a
poorly regulated supply, increased ripple on the supply line
also reducing the peak output power. The effects of residual
trace resistance increases as output current increases due to
higher output power, decreased load impedance or both. To
maintain the highest output voltage swing and corresponding
peak output power, the PCB traces that connect the output
pins to the load and the supply pins to the power supply
should be as wide as possible to minimize trace resistance.
The use of power and ground planes will give the best THD
+N performance. While reducing trace resistance, the use of
power planes also creates parasite capacitors that help to filter the power supply line.
The inductive nature of the transducer load can also result in
overshoot on one or both edges, clamped by the parasitic
diodes to GND and VDD in each case. From an EMI standpoint, this is an aggressive waveform that can radiate or
conduct to other components in the system and cause interference. It is essential to keep the power and output traces
short and well shielded if possible. Use of ground planes,
beads, and micro-strip layout techniques are all useful in preventing unwanted interference.
As the distance from the LM48411 and the speaker increase,
the amount of EMI radiation will increase since the output
wires or traces acting as antenna become more efficient with
length. What is acceptable EMI is highly application specific.
Ferrite chip inductors placed close to the LM48411 may be
needed to reduce EMI radiation. The value of the ferrite chip
is very application specific.
ENHANCED EMISSIONS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (E2S)
The LM48411 features National’s patent-pending E2S system
that reduces EMI, while maintaining high quality audio reproduction and efficiency. The E2S system features a synchronizable oscillator with selectable spread spectrum, and
advanced edge rate control (ERC). The LM48411 ERC greatly reduces the high frequency components of the output
square waves by controlling the output rise and fall times,
slowing the transitions to reduce RF emissions, while maximizing THD+N and efficiency performance.
POWER DISSIPATION AND EFFICIENCY
In general terms, efficiency is considered to be the ratio of
useful work output divided by the total energy required to produce it with the difference being the power dissipated, typically, in the IC. The key here is “useful” work. For audio
systems, the energy delivered in the audible bands is considered useful including the distortion products of the input
signal. Sub-sonic (DC) and super-sonic components
(>22kHz) are not useful. The difference between the power
flowing from the power supply and the audio band power being transduced is dissipated in the LM48411 and in the transducer load. The amount of power dissipation in the LM48411
is very low. This is because the ON resistance of the switches
used to form the output waveforms is typically less than
0.25Ω. This leaves only the transducer load as a potential
"sink" for the small excess of input power over audio band
output power. The LM48411 dissipates only a fraction of the
excess power requiring no additional PCB area or copper
plane to act as a heat sink.
POWER SUPPLY BYPASSING
As with any power amplifier, proper supply bypassing is critical for low noise performance and high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR). The capacitor (CS) location should be as
close as possible to the LM48411. Typical applications employ a voltage regulator with a 10µF and a 0.1µF bypass
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LM48411
Application Information
LM48411
capacitors that increase supply stability. These capacitors do
not eliminate the need for bypassing on the supply pin of the
LM48411. A 4.7µF tantalum capacitor is recommended.
The input capacitors may also be used to remove low audio
frequencies. Small speakers cannot reproduce low bass frequencies so filtering may be desired . When the LM48411 is
using a single-ended source, power supply noise on the
ground is seen as an input signal by the +IN input pin that is
capacitor coupled to ground (See Figures 5 – 7). Setting the
high-pass filter point above the power supply noise frequencies, 217Hz in a GSM phone, for example, will filter out this
noise so it is not amplified and heard on the output. Capacitors
with a tolerance of 10% or better are recommended for
impedance matching.
SHUTDOWN FUNCTION
In order to reduce power consumption while not in use, the
LM48411 contains shutdown circuitry that reduces current
draw to less than 0.01µA. The trigger point for shutdown is
shown as a typical value in the Electrical Characteristics Tables and in the Shutdown Hysteresis Voltage graphs found in
the Typical Performance Characteristics section. It is best
to switch between ground and supply for minimum current
usage while in the shutdown state. While the LM48411 may
be disabled with shutdown voltages in between ground and
supply, the idle current will be greater than the typical 0.01µA
value. Increased THD may also be observed with voltages
less than VDD on the Shutdown pin when in PLAY mode.
The LM48411 has an internal resistor connected between
GND and Shutdown pins. The purpose of this resistor is to
eliminate any unwanted state changes when the Shutdown
pin is floating. The LM48411 will enter the shutdown state
when the Shutdown pin is left floating or if not floating, when
the shutdown voltage has crossed the threshold. To minimize
the supply current while in the shutdown state, the Shutdown
pin should be driven to GND or left floating. If the Shutdown
pin is not driven to GND, the amount of additional resistor
current due to the internal shutdown resistor can be found by
Equation (1) below.
(VSD - GND) / 300kΩ
DIFFERENTIAL CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS
The LM48411 can be used in many different circuit configurations. The simplest and best performing is the DC coupled,
differential input configuration shown in Figure 2. Equation (2)
above is used to determine the value of the Ri resistors for a
desired gain.
Input capacitors can be used in a differential configuration as
shown in Figure 3. Equation (3) above is used to determine
the value of the Ci capacitors for a desired frequency response due to the high-pass filter created by Ci and Ri.
Equation (2) above is used to determine the value of the Ri
resistors for a desired gain.
The LM48411 can be used to amplify more than one audio
source. Figure 4 shows a dual differential input configuration.
The gain for each input can be independently set for maximum design flexibility using the Ri resistors for each input and
Equation (2). Input capacitors can be used with one or more
sources as well to have different frequency responses depending on the source or if a DC voltage needs to be blocked
from a source.
(1)
With only a 0.5V difference, an additional 1.7µA of current will
be drawn while in the shutdown state.
SINGLE-ENDED CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS
The LM48411 can also be used with single-ended sources
but input capacitors will be needed to block any DC at the
input terminals. Figure 5 shows the typical single-ended application configuration. The equations for Gain, Equation (2),
and frequency response, Equation (3), hold for the singleended configuration as shown in Figure 5.
When using more than one single-ended source as shown in
Figure 6, the impedance seen from each input terminal should
be equal. To find the correct values for Ci3 and Ri3 connected
to the +IN input pin the equivalent impedance of all the singleended sources are calculated. The single-ended sources are
in parallel to each other. The equivalent capacitor and resistor, Ci3 and Ri3, are found by calculating the parallel combination of all Civalues and then all Ri values. Equations (4) and
(5) below are for any number of single-ended sources.
PROPER SELECTION OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS
The gain of the LM48411 is set by the external resistors, Ri
in Figure 1, The Gain is given by Equation (2) below. Best
THD+N performance is achieved with a gain of 2V/V (6dB).
AV = 2 * 150 kΩ / Ri (V/V)
(2)
It is recommended that resistors with 1% tolerance or better
be used to set the gain of the LM48411. The Ri resistors
should be placed close to the input pins of the LM48411.
Keeping the input traces close to each other and of the same
length in a high noise environment will aid in noise rejection
due to the good CMRR of the LM48411. Noise coupled onto
input traces which are physically close to each other will be
common mode and easily rejected by the LM48411.
Input capacitors may be needed for some applications or
when the source is single-ended (see Figures 3, 5). Input capacitors are needed to block any DC voltage at the source so
that the DC voltage seen between the input terminals of the
LM48411 is 0V. Input capacitors create a high-pass filter with
the input resistors, Ri. The –3dB point of the high-pass filter
is found using Equation (3) below.
fC = 1 / (2πRi Ci ) (Hz)
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Ci3 = Ci1 + Ci2 + Cin ... (F)
(4)
Ri3 = 1 / (1/Ri1 + 1/Ri2 + 1/Rin ...) (Ω)
(5)
The LM48411 may also use a combination of single-ended
and differential sources. A typical application with one singleended source and one differential source is shown in Figure
7. Using the principle of superposition, the external component values can be determined with the above equations
corresponding to the configuration.
(3)
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LM48411
Revision History
Rev
Date
1.0
09/21/07
Initial release.
Description
1.1
10/01/07
Fixed few typos.
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LM48411
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
16 Bump micro SMD
Order Number LM48411TL
NS Package Number TLA16ACA
X1 = 1.996mm X2 = 2.047mm X3 = 0.6mm
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LM48411
Notes
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LM48411 Ultra-Low EMI, Filterless, 2.5W, Stereo, Class D Audio Power Amplifier with E2S
Notes
THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
(“NATIONAL”) PRODUCTS. NATIONAL MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY
OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS PUBLICATION AND RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES TO
SPECIFICATIONS AND PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. NO LICENSE, WHETHER EXPRESS,
IMPLIED, ARISING BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS
DOCUMENT.
TESTING AND OTHER QUALITY CONTROLS ARE USED TO THE EXTENT NATIONAL DEEMS NECESSARY TO SUPPORT
NATIONAL’S PRODUCT WARRANTY. EXCEPT WHERE MANDATED BY GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS, TESTING OF ALL
PARAMETERS OF EACH PRODUCT IS NOT NECESSARILY PERFORMED. NATIONAL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR
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