ATMEL AT90CAN128-16AU

Features
• High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
– 133 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers + Peripheral Control Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
Non volatile Program and Data Memories
– 128K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
Selectable Boot Size: 1K Bytes, 2K Bytes, 4K Bytes or 8K Bytes
In-System Programming by On-Chip Boot Program (CAN, UART)
True Read-While-Write Operation
– 4K Bytes EEPROM (Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles)
– 4K Bytes Internal SRAM
– Up to 64K Bytes Optional External Memory Space
– Programming Lock for Software Security
JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
– Programming Flash (Hardware ISP), EEPROM, Lock & Fuse Bits
– Extensive On-chip Debug Support
CAN Controller 2.0A & 2.0B
– 15 Full Message Objects with Separate Identifier Tags and Masks
– Transmit, Receive, Automatic Reply and Frame Buffer Receive Modes
– 1Mbits/s Maximum Transfer Rate at 8 MHz
– Time stamping, TTC & Listening Mode (Spying or Autobaud)
Peripheral Features
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with On-chip Oscillator
– 8-bit Synchronous Timer/Counter-0
10-bit Prescaler
External Event Counter
Output Compare or 8-bit PWM Output
– 8-bit Asynchronous Timer/Counter-2
10-bit Prescaler
External Event Counter
Output Compare or 8-Bit PWM Output
32Khz Oscillator for RTC Operation
– Dual 16-bit Synchronous Timer/Counters-1 & 3
10-bit Prescaler
Input Capture with Noise Canceler
External Event Counter
3-Output Compare or 16-Bit PWM Output
Output Compare Modulation
– 8-channel, 10-bit SAR ADC
8 Single-ended channels
7 Differential Channels
2 Differential Channels With Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
– Dual Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programming Flash (Hardware ISP)
Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
– 8 External Interrupt Sources
– 5 Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down & Standby
– Software Selectable Clock Frequency
– Global Pull-up Disable
I/O and Packages
– 53 Programmable I/O Lines
– 64-lead TQFP and 64-lead QFN
Operating Voltages
– 2.7 - 5.5V
Operating temperature
– Industrial (-40°C to +85°C)
Maximum Frequency
– 8 MHz at 2.7V - Industrial range
– 16 MHz at 4.5V - Industrial range
8-bit
Microcontroller
with
128K Bytes of
ISP Flash
and
CAN Controller
AT90CAN128
Rev. 4250E–CAN–12/04
1
Description
The AT90CAN128 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle,
the AT90CAN128 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.
All 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock
cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to
ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
The AT90CAN128 provides the following features: 128K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 4K bytes EEPROM, 4K bytes SRAM,
53 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, a CAN controller,
Real Time Counter (RTC), four flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes and PWM,
2 USARTs, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, an 8-channel 10-bit ADC with
optional differential input stage with programmable gain, a programmable Watchdog
Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, IEEE std. 1149.1 compliant JTAG test
interface, also used for accessing the On-chip Debug system and programming and five
software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI/CAN ports
and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register
contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run,
allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The
ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except Asynchronous
Timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode,
the Crystal/Resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This
allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology.
The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system
through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer, or
by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any
interface to download the application program in the application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application Flash section is
updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU
with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT90CAN128
is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to
many embedded control applications.
The AT90CAN128 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, incircuit emulators, and evaluation kits.
Applications that use the ATmega128 AVR microcontroller can be made compatible to
use the AT90CAN128, refer to Application Note AVR 096, on the Atmel web site.
Disclaimer
2
Typical values contained in this datasheet are based on simulations and characterization of other AVR microcontrollers manufactured on the same process technology. Min
and Max values will be available after the device is characterized.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Block Diagram
VCC
PORTA DRIVERS
RESET
PC7 - PC0
PA7 - PA0
PORTF DRIVERS
XTAL1
PF7 - PF0
XTAL2
Figure 1. Block Diagram
PORTC DRIVERS
GND
DATA DIR.
REG. PORTF
DATA REGISTER
PORTF
DATA DIR.
REG. PORTA
DATA REGISTER
PORTA
DATA REGISTER
PORTC
DATA DIR.
REG. PORTC
8-BIT DATA BUS
POR - BOD
RESET
AVCC
INTERNAL
OSCILLATOR
CALIB. OSC
ADC
AGND
AREF
PROGRAM
COUNTER
STACK
POINTER
ON-CHIP DEBUG
PROGRAM
FLASH
SRAM
BOUNDARYSCAN
INSTRUCTION
REGISTER
JTAG TAP
OSCILLATOR
WATCHDOG
TIMER
OSCILLATOR
TIMING AND
CONTROL
MCU CONTROL
REGISTER
CAN
CONTROLLER
TIMER/
COUNTERS
GENERAL
PURPOSE
REGISTERS
X
PROGRAMMING
LOGIC
INSTRUCTION
DECODER
CONTROL
LINES
Z
INTERRUPT
UNIT
ALU
EEPROM
Y
STATUS
REGISTER
+
-
ANALOG
COMPARATOR
USART0
SPI
DATA REGISTER
PORTE
DATA DIR.
REG. PORTE
PORTE DRIVERS
PE7 - PE0
DATA REGISTER
PORTB
DATA DIR.
REG. PORTB
PORTB DRIVERS
PB7 - PB0
USART1
DATA REGISTER
PORTD
TWO-WIRE SERIAL
INTERFACE
DATA DIR.
REG. PORTD
DATA REG.
PORTG
DATA DIR.
REG. PORTG
PORTD DRIVERS
PORTG DRIVERS
PD7 - PD0
PG4 - PG0
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Pin Configurations
AVCC
GND
AREF
PF0 (ADC0)
PF1 (ADC1)
PF2 (ADC2)
PF3 (ADC3)
PF4 (ADC4 / TCK)
PF5 (ADC5 / TMS)
PF6 (ADC6 / TDO)
PF7 (ADC7 / TDI)
GND
VCC
PA0 (AD0)
PA1 (AD1)
PA2 (AD2)
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
Figure 2. Pinout AT90CAN128- TQFP
NC (1)
1
48
PA3 (AD3)
(RXD0 / PDI) PE0
2
47
PA4 (AD4)
(TXD0 / PDO) PE1
3
46
PA5 (AD5)
(XCK0 / AIN0) PE2
4
45
PA6 (AD6)
(OC3A / AIN1) PE3
5
44
PA7 (AD7)
(OC3B / INT4) PE4
6
43
PG2 (ALE)
(OC3C / INT5) PE5
7
42
PC7 (A15 / CLKO)
(T3 / INT6) PE6
8
41
PC6 (A14)
(ICP3 / INT7) PE7
9
40
PC5 (A13)
39
PC4 (A12)
(SCK) PB1 11
38
PC3 (A11)
12
37
PC2 (A10)
(MISO) PB3 13
36
PC1 (A9)
(OC2A) PB4 14
35
PC0 (A8)
(OC1A) PB5
15
34
PG1 (RD)
(OC1B) PB6
16
33
PG0 (WR)
INDEX CORNER
AT90CAN128
4
(1)
NC = Do not connect (May be used in future devices)
(2)
Timer2 Oscillator
(T0) PD7 32
(RXCAN / T1) PD6 31
(TXCAN / XCK1) PD5 30
(ICP1) PD4 29
(TXD1 / INT3) PD3 28
(RXD1 / INT2) PD2 27
(SDA / INT1) PD1 26
(SCL / INT0) PD0 25
XTAL1 24
GND 22
VCC 21
XTAL2 23
(2)
(TOSC1 ) PG4 19
(2)
(OC0A / OC1C) PB7 17
(MOSI) PB2
(TOSC2 ) PG3 18
(SS) PB0 10
RESET 20
(64-lead TQFP top view)
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
AVCC
GND
AREF
PF0 (ADC0)
PF1 (ADC1)
PF2 (ADC2)
PF3 (ADC3)
PF4 (ADC4 / TCK)
PF5 (ADC5 / TMS)
PF6 (ADC6 / TDO)
PF7 (ADC7 / TDI)
GND
VCC
PA0 (AD0)
PA1 (AD1)
PA2 (AD2)
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
Figure 3. Pinout AT90CAN128- QFN
(1)
1
48
PA3 (AD3)
(RXD0 / PDI) PE0
2
47
PA4 (AD4)
46
PA5 (AD5)
45
PA6 (AD6)
NC
(TXD0 / PDO) PE1
3
(XCK0 / AIN0) PE2
4
(OC3A / AIN1) PE3
5
44
PA7 (AD7)
(OC3B / INT4) PE4
6
43
PG2 (ALE)
(OC3C / INT5) PE5
7
42
PC7 (A15 / CLKO)
(T3 / INT6) PE6
8
41
PC6 (A14)
(ICP3 / INT7) PE7
9
40
PC5 (A13)
(SS) PB0
10
39
PC4 (A12)
(SCK) PB1
11
38
PC3 (A11)
(MOSI) PB2
12
37
PC2 (A10)
INDEX CORNER
AT90CAN128
(64-lead QFN top view)
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
XTAL2
XTAL1
(SCL / INT0) PD0
(SDA / INT1) PD1
(RXD1 / INT2) PD2
(TXD1 / INT3) PD3
(ICP1) PD4
(TXCAN / XCK1) PD5
(RXCAN / T1) PD6
(T0) PD7
(2)
(2)
GND
PG0 (WR)
21
33
VCC
16
20
PG1 (RD)
(OC1B) PB6
RESET
34
19
15
(TOSC1 ) PG4
PC0 (A8)
(OC1A) PB5
18
PC1 (A9)
35
17
36
14
(TOSC2 ) PG3
13
(OC0A / OC1C) PB7
(MISO) PB3
(OC2A) PB4
(1)
NC = Do not connect (May be used in future devices)
(2)
Timer2 Oscillator
5
4250E–CAN–12/04
Pin Descriptions
VCC
Digital supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port A (PA7..PA0)
Port A is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port A pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port A also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90CAN128 as
listed on page 69.
Port B (PB7..PB0)
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90CAN128 as
listed on page 71.
Port C (PC7..PC0)
Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port C also serves the functions of special features of the AT90CAN128 as listed on
page 73.
Port D (PD7..PD0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90CAN128 as
listed on page 75.
Port E (PE7..PE0)
Port E is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port E output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port E pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port E pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port E also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90CAN128 as
listed on page 78.
Port F (PF7..PF0)
Port F serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.
Port F also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used.
Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port F output
buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.
As inputs, Port F pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
6
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
resistors are activated. The Port F pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running.
Port F also serves the functions of the JTAG interface. If the JTAG interface is enabled,
the pull-up resistors on pins PF7(TDI), PF5(TMS), and PF4(TCK) will be activated even
if a reset occurs.
Port G (PG4..PG0)
Port G is a 5-bit I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port G
output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port G pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the
pull-up resistors are activated. The Port G pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port G also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90CAN128 as
listed on page 83.
RESET
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset. The minimum pulse length is given in caracteristics. Shorter pulses are not
guaranteed to generate a reset. The I/O ports of the AVR are immediately reset to their
initial state even if the clock is not running. The clock is needed to reset the rest of the
AT90CAN128.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter on Port F. It should be externally
connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF
This is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
About Code Examples
This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use various
parts of the device. These code examples assume that the part specific header file is
included before compilation. Be aware that not all C compiler vendors include bit definitions in the header files and interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent. Please
confirm with the C compiler documentation for more details.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
AVR CPU Core
Introduction
This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the
CPU core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to
access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts.
Architectural Overview
Figure 4. Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture
Data Bus 8-bit
Flash
Program
Memory
Program
Counter
Status
and Control
32 x 8
General
Purpose
Registrers
Control Lines
Direct Addressing
Instruction
Decoder
Indirect Addressing
Instruction
Register
Interrupt
Unit
SPI
Unit
Watchdog
Timer
ALU
Analog
Comparator
I/O Module1
Data
SRAM
I/O Module 2
I/O Module n
EEPROM
I/O Lines
In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture
– with separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program
memory are executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept
enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is InSystem Reprogrammable Flash memory.
The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with
a single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
operation. In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File,
8
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register File – in one
clock cycle.
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for
Data Space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the these
address pointers can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash program memory. These added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register,
described later in this section.
The ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a register. Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After
an arithmetic operation, the Status Register is updated to reflect information about the
result of the operation.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions,
able to directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single
16-bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction.
Program Flash memory space is divided in two sections, the Boot Program section and
the Application Program section. Both sections have dedicated Lock bits for write and
read/write protection. The SPM (Store Program Memory) instruction that writes into the
Application Flash memory section must reside in the Boot Program section.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is
stored on the Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and
consequently the Stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the
SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the Reset routine (before subroutines
or interrupts are executed). The Stack Pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the I/O
space. The data SRAM can easily be accessed through the five different addressing
modes supported in the AVR architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.
A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional
Global Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate Interrupt
Vector in the Interrupt Vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their
Interrupt Vector position. The lower the Interrupt Vector address, the higher is the
priority.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control
Registers, SPI, and other I/O functions. The I/O Memory can be accessed directly, or as
the Data Space locations following those of the Register File, 0x20 - 0x5F. In addition,
the AT90CAN128 has Extended I/O space from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM where only the
ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used.
ALU – Arithmetic Logic
Unit
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general
purpose working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between
general purpose registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The
ALU operations are divided into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations of the architecture also provide a powerful multiplier
supporting both signed/unsigned multiplication and fractional format. See the “Instruction Set” section for a detailed description.
9
4250E–CAN–12/04
Status Register
The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed
arithmetic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to
perform conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated after all ALU
operations, as specified in the Instruction Set Reference. This will in many cases
remove the need for using the dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and
more compact code.
The Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and
restored when returning from an interrupt. This must be handled by software.
The AVR Status Register – SREG – is defined as:
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
I
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SREG
• Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable
The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set to enabled the interrupts. The individual
interrupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the Global
Interrupt Enable Register is cleared, none of the interrupts are enabled independent of
the individual interrupt enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt
has occurred, and is set by the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts. The Ibit can also be set and cleared by the application with the SEI and CLI instructions, as
described in the instruction set reference.
• Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage
The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source or
destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the Register File can be copied
into T by the BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the
Register File by the BLD instruction.
• Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag
The Half Carry Flag H indicates a Half Carry in some arithmetic operations. Half Carry Is
useful in BCD arithmetic. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N
⊕V
The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the negative flag N and the Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See
the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag
The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See
the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag
The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the
“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
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AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
• Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag
The Carry Flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
General Purpose
Register File
The Register File is optimized for the AVR Enhanced RISC instruction set. In order to
achieve the required performance and flexibility, the following input/output schemes are
supported by the Register File:
•
One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input
•
Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input
•
Two 8-bit output operands and one 16-bit result input
•
One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input
Figure 5 shows the structure of the 32 general purpose working registers in the CPU.
Figure 5. AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers
7
0
Addr.
R0
0x00
R1
0x01
R2
0x02
…
R13
0x0D
General
R14
0x0E
Purpose
R15
0x0F
Working
R16
0x10
Registers
R17
0x11
…
R26
0x1A
X-register Low Byte
R27
0x1B
X-register High Byte
R28
0x1C
Y-register Low Byte
R29
0x1D
Y-register High Byte
R30
0x1E
Z-register Low Byte
R31
0x1F
Z-register High Byte
Most of the instructions operating on the Register File have direct access to all registers,
and most of them are single cycle instructions.
As shown in Figure 5, each register is also assigned a data memory address, mapping
them directly into the first 32 locations of the user Data Space. Although not being physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great
flexibility in access of the registers, as the X-, Y- and Z-pointer registers can be set to
index any register in the file.
The X-register, Y-register, and
Z-register
The registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage.
These registers are 16-bit address pointers for indirect addressing of the data space.
The three indirect address registers X, Y, and Z are defined as described in Figure 6.
Figure 6. The X-, Y-, and Z-registers
15
X-register
7
R27 (0x1B)
XH
XL
0
7
0
0
R26 (0x1A)
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4250E–CAN–12/04
15
Y-register
YH
YL
7
0
R29 (0x1D)
Z-register
0
7
0
R28 (0x1C)
15
ZH
7
0
ZL
7
R31 (0x1F)
0
0
R30 (0x1E)
In the different addressing modes these address registers have functions as fixed displacement, automatic increment, and automatic decrement (see the instruction set
reference for details).
RAM Page Z Select Register –
RAMPZ
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
RAMPZ0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
RAMPZ
• Bits 7..2 – Res: Reserved Bits
These are reserved bits and will always read as zero. When writing to this address location, write these bits to zero for compatibility with future devices.
• Bit 1 – RAMPZ0: Extended RAM Page Z-pointer
The RAMPZ Register is normally used to select which 64K RAM Page is accessed by
the Z-pointer. As the AT90CAN128 does not support more than 64K of SRAM memory,
this register is used only to select which page in the program memory is accessed when
the ELPM/SPM instruction is used. The different settings of the RAMPZ0 bit have the
following effects:
RAMPZ0 = 0:
Program memory address 0x0000 - 0x7FFF (lower 64K bytes) is
accessed by ELPM/SPM
RAMPZ0 = 1:
Program memory address 0x8000 - 0xFFFF (higher 64K bytes) is
accessed by ELPM/SPM
Note that LPM is not affected by the RAMPZ setting.
Stack Pointer
The Stack is mainly used for storing temporary data, for storing local variables and for
storing return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. The Stack Pointer Register always points to the top of the Stack. Note that the Stack is implemented as growing
from higher memory locations to lower memory locations. This implies that a Stack
PUSH command decreases the Stack Pointer.
The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM Stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt Stacks are located. This Stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the
program before any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. The Stack
Pointer must be set to point above 0x60. The Stack Pointer is decremented by one
when data is pushed onto the Stack with the PUSH instruction, and it is decremented by
two when the return address is pushed onto the Stack with subroutine call or interrupt.
The Stack Pointer is incremented by one when data is popped from the Stack with the
POP instruction, and it is incremented by two when data is popped from the Stack with
return from subroutine RET or return from interrupt RETI.
The AVR Stack Pointer is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space. The number of bits actually used is implementation dependent. Note that the data space in some
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AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
implementations of the AVR architecture is so small that only SPL is needed. In this
case, the SPH Register will not be present.
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value
Instruction Execution
Timing
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
SP15
SP14
SP13
SP12
SP11
SP10
SP9
SP8
SPH
SP7
SP6
SP5
SP4
SP3
SP2
SP1
SP0
SPL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution. The
AVR CPU is driven by the CPU clock clkCPU, directly generated from the selected clock
source for the chip. No internal clock division is used.
Figure 7 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by the
Harvard architecture and the fast-access Register File concept. This is the basic pipelining concept to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results for
functions per cost, functions per clocks, and functions per power-unit.
Figure 7. The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions
T1
T2
T3
T4
clkCPU
1st Instruction Fetch
1st Instruction Execute
2nd Instruction Fetch
2nd Instruction Execute
3rd Instruction Fetch
3rd Instruction Execute
4th Instruction Fetch
Figure 8 shows the internal timing concept for the Register File. In a single clock cycle
an ALU operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back
to the destination register.
Figure 8. Single Cycle ALU Operation
T1
T2
T3
T4
clkCPU
Total Execution Time
Register Operands Fetch
ALU Operation Execute
Result Write Back
Reset and Interrupt
Handling
The AVR provides several different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate
Reset Vector each have a separate program vector in the program memory space. All
interrupts are assigned individual enable bits which must be written logic one together
13
4250E–CAN–12/04
with the Global Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt.
Depending on the Program Counter value, interrupts may be automatically disabled
when Boot Lock bits BLB02 or BLB12 are programmed. This feature improves software
security. See the section “Memory Programming” on page 325 for details.
The lowest addresses in the program memory space are by default defined as the Reset
and Interrupt Vectors. The complete list of vectors is shown in “Interrupts” on page 56.
The list also determines the priority levels of the different interrupts. The lower the
address the higher is the priority level. RESET has the highest priority, and next is INT0
– the External Interrupt Request 0. The Interrupt Vectors can be moved to the start of
the Boot Flash section by setting the IVSEL bit in the MCU Control Register (MCUCR).
Refer to “Interrupts” on page 56 for more information. The Reset Vector can also be
moved to the start of the Boot Flash section by programming the BOOTRST Fuse, see
“Boot Loader Support – Read-While-Write Self-Programming” on page 311.
Interrupt Behavior
When an interrupt occurs, the Global Interrupt Enable I-bit is cleared and all interrupts
are disabled. The user software can write logic one to the I-bit to enable nested interrupts. All enabled interrupts can then interrupt the current interrupt routine. The I-bit is
automatically set when a Return from Interrupt instruction – RETI – is executed.
There are basically two types of interrupts. The first type is triggered by an event that
sets the interrupt flag. For these interrupts, the Program Counter is vectored to the
actual Interrupt Vector in order to execute the interrupt handling routine, and hardware
clears the corresponding interrupt flag. Interrupt flags can also be cleared by writing a
logic one to the flag bit position(s) to be cleared. If an interrupt condition occurs while the
corresponding interrupt enable bit is cleared, the interrupt flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled, or the flag is cleared by software. Similarly, if one or
more interrupt conditions occur while the Global Interrupt Enable bit is cleared, the corresponding interrupt flag(s) will be set and remembered until the Global Interrupt Enable
bit is set, and will then be executed by order of priority.
The second type of interrupts will trigger as long as the interrupt condition is present.
These interrupts do not necessarily have interrupt flags. If the interrupt condition disappears before the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt will not be triggered.
When the AVR exits from an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and execute one more instruction before any pending interrupt is served.
Note that the Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine, nor restored when returning from an interrupt routine. This must be handled by
software.
When using the CLI instruction to disable interrupts, the interrupts will be immediately
disabled. No interrupt will be executed after the CLI instruction, even if it occurs simultaneously with the CLI instruction. The following example shows how this can be used to
avoid interrupts during the timed EEPROM write sequence.
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AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
Assembly Code Example
in
r16, SREG
; store SREG value
cli
; disable interrupts during timed sequence
sbi EECR, EEMWE
; start EEPROM write
sbi EECR, EEWE
out SREG, r16
; restore SREG value (I-bit)
C Code Example
char cSREG;
cSREG = SREG;
/* store SREG value */
/* disable interrupts during timed sequence */
_CLI();
EECR |= (1<<EEMWE); /* start EEPROM write */
EECR |= (1<<EEWE);
SREG = cSREG;
/* restore SREG value (I-bit) */
When using the SEI instruction to enable interrupts, the instruction following SEI will be
executed before any pending interrupts, as shown in this example.
Assembly Code Example
sei
; set Global Interrupt Enable
sleep ; enter sleep, waiting for interrupt
; note: will enter sleep before any pending
; interrupt(s)
C Code Example
_SEI(); /* set Global Interrupt Enable */
_SLEEP(); /* enter sleep, waiting for interrupt */
/* note: will enter sleep before any pending interrupt(s) */
Interrupt Response Time
The interrupt execution response for all the enabled AVR interrupts is four clock cycles
minimum. After four clock cycles the program vector address for the actual interrupt
handling routine is executed. During this four clock cycle period, the Program Counter is
pushed onto the Stack. The vector is normally a jump to the interrupt routine, and this
jump takes three clock cycles. If an interrupt occurs during execution of a multi-cycle
instruction, this instruction is completed before the interrupt is served. If an interrupt
occurs when the MCU is in sleep mode, the interrupt execution response time is
increased by four clock cycles. This increase comes in addition to the start-up time from
the selected sleep mode.
A return from an interrupt handling routine takes four clock cycles. During these four
clock cycles, the Program Counter (two bytes) is popped back from the Stack, the Stack
Pointer is incremented by two, and the I-bit in SREG is set.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Memories
This section describes the different memories in the AT90CAN128. The AVR architecture has two main memory spaces, the Data Memory and the Program Memory space.
In addition, the AT90CAN128 features an EEPROM Memory for data storage. All three
memory spaces are linear and regular.
In-System
Reprogrammable Flash
Program Memory
The AT90CAN128 contains 128K bytes On-chip In-System Reprogrammable Flash
memory for program storage. Since all AVR instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, the
Flash is organized as 64K x 16. For software security, the Flash Program memory
space is divided into two sections, Boot Program section and Application Program
section.
The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. The
AT90CAN128 Program Counter (PC) is 16 bits wide, thus addressing the 64K program
memory locations. The operation of Boot Program section and associated Boot Lock
bits for software protection are described in detail in “Boot Loader Support – ReadWhile-Write Self-Programming” on page 311. “Memory Programming” on page 325 contains a detailed description on Flash data serial downloading using the SPI pins or the
JTAG interface.
Constant tables can be allocated within the entire program memory address space (see
the LPM – Load Program Memory and ELPM – Extended Load Program Memory
instruction description).
Timing diagrams for instruction fetch and execution are presented in “Instruction Execution Timing” on page 13.
Figure 9. Program Memory Map
Program Memory
0x0000
Application Flash Section
Boot Flash Section
0xFFFF
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AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
SRAM Data Memory
Figure 10 shows how the AT90CAN128 SRAM Memory is organized.
The AT90CAN128 is a complex microcontroller with more peripheral units than can be
supported within the 64 locations reserved in the Opcode for the IN and OUT instructions. For the Extended I/O space from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM, only the ST/STS/STD and
LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used.
The lower 1,280 data memory locations address both the Register File, the I/O memory,
Extended I/O memory, and the internal data SRAM. The first 32 locations address the
Register File, the next 64 location the standard I/O memory, then 160 locations of
Extended I/O memory, and the next 4096 locations address the internal data SRAM.
An optional external data SRAM can be used with the AT90CAN128. This SRAM will
occupy an area in the remaining address locations in the 64K address space. This area
starts at the address following the internal SRAM. The Register file, I/O, Extended I/O
and Internal SRAM occupies the lowest 4352 bytes, so when using 64 KB (65,536
bytes) of External Memory, 61,184 bytes of External Memory are available. See “External Memory Interface” on page 24 for details on how to take advantage of the external
memory map.
SRAM Data Access
When the addresses accessing the SRAM memory space exceeds the internal data
memory locations, the external data SRAM is accessed using the same instructions as
for the internal data memory access. When the internal data memories are accessed,
the read and write strobe pins (PG0 and PG1) are inactive during the whole access
cycle. External SRAM operation is enabled by setting the SRE bit in the XMCRA
Register.
Accessing external SRAM takes one additional clock cycle per byte compared to access
of the internal SRAM. This means that the commands LD, ST, LDS, STS, LDD, STD,
PUSH, and POP take one additional clock cycle. If the Stack is placed in external
SRAM, interrupts, subroutine calls and returns take three clock cycles extra because the
two-byte program counter is pushed and popped, and external memory access does not
take advantage of the internal pipe-line memory access. When external SRAM interface
is used with wait-state, one-byte external access takes two, three, or four additional
clock cycles for one, two, and three wait-states respectively. Interrupts, subroutine calls
and returns will need five, seven, or nine clock cycles more than specified in the instruction set manual for one, two, and three wait-states.
The five different addressing modes for the data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with Pre-decrement, and Indirect with Post-increment. In
the Register File, registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect addressing pointer registers.
The direct addressing reaches the entire data space.
The Indirect with Displacement mode reaches 63 address locations from the base
address given by the Y- or Z-register.
When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and postincrement, the address registers X, Y, and Z are decremented or incremented.
The 32 general purpose working registers, 64 I/O Registers, 160 Extended I/O Registers, and the 1,024 bytes of internal data SRAM in the AT90CAN128 are all accessible
through all these addressing modes. The Register File is described in “General Purpose
Register File” on page 11.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 10. Data Memory Map
Data Memory
32 Registers
64 I/O Registers
160 Ext I/O Reg.
0x0000 - 0x001F
0x0020 - 0x005F
0x0060 - 0x00FF
0x0100
Internal SRAM
(4096 x 8)
0x10FF
0x1100
External SRAM
(0 - 64K x 8)
0xFFFF
SRAM Data Access Times
This section describes the general access timing concepts for internal memory access.
The internal data SRAM access is performed in two clkCPU cycles as described in Figure
11.
Figure 11. On-chip Data SRAM Access Cycles
T1
T2
T3
clkCPU
Address
Compute Address
Address valid
Write
Data
WR
Read
Data
RD
Memory Access Instruction
18
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AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
EEPROM Data Memory
The AT90CAN128 contains 4-Kbytes of data EEPROM memory. It is organized as a
separate data space, in which single bytes can be read and written. The EEPROM has
an endurance of at least 100,000 write/erase cycles. The access between the EEPROM
and the CPU is described in the following, specifying the EEPROM Address Registers,
the EEPROM Data Register, and the EEPROM Control Register.
For a detailed description of SPI, JTAG and Parallel data downloading to the EEPROM,
see “SPI Serial Programming Overview” on page 337, “JTAG Programming Overview”
on page 342, and “Parallel Programming Overview” on page 329 respectively.
EEPROM Read/Write Access
The EEPROM Access Registers are accessible in the I/O space.
The write access time for the EEPROM is given in Table 1. A self-timing function, however, lets the user software detect when the next byte can be written. If the user code
contains instructions that write the EEPROM, some precautions must be taken. In
heavily filtered power supplies, VCC is likely to rise or fall slowly on power-up/down. This
causes the device for some period of time to run at a voltage lower than specified as
minimum for the clock frequency used. See “Preventing EEPROM Corruption” on page
23 for details on how to avoid problems in these situations.
In order to prevent unintentional EEPROM writes, a specific write procedure must be followed. Refer to the description of the EEPROM Control Register for details on this.
When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four clock cycles before the next
instruction is executed. When the EEPROM is written, the CPU is halted for two clock
cycles before the next instruction is executed.
The EEPROM Address
Registers – EEARH and
EEARL
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
EEAR11
EEAR10
EEAR9
EEAR8
EEARH
EEAR7
EEAR6
EEAR5
EEAR4
EEAR3
EEAR2
EEAR1
EEAR0
EEARL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
• Bits 15..12 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the AT90CAN128 and will always read as zero.
• Bits 11..0 – EEAR11..0: EEPROM Address
The EEPROM Address Registers – EEARH and EEARL specify the EEPROM address
in the 4-Kbytes EEPROM space. The EEPROM data bytes are addressed linearly
between 0 and 4,095. The initial value of EEAR is undefined. A proper value must be
written before the EEPROM may be accessed.
The EEPROM Data Register –
EEDR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EEDR7
EEDR6
EEDR5
EEDR4
EEDR3
EEDR2
EEDR1
EEDR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EEDR
19
4250E–CAN–12/04
• Bits 7..0 – EEDR7.0: EEPROM Data
For the EEPROM write operation, the EEDR Register contains the data to be written to
the EEPROM in the address given by the EEAR Register. For the EEPROM read operation, the EEDR contains the data read out from the EEPROM at the address given by
EEAR.
The EEPROM Control
Register – EECR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
EERIE
EEMWE
EEWE
EERE
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
0
EECR
• Bits 7..4 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the AT90CAN128 and will always read as zero.
• Bit 3 – EERIE: EEPROM Ready Interrupt Enable
Writing EERIE to one enables the EEPROM Ready Interrupt if the I bit in SREG is set.
Writing EERIE to zero disables the interrupt. The EEPROM Ready interrupt generates a
constant interrupt when EEWE is cleared.
• Bit 2 – EEMWE: EEPROM Master Write Enable
The EEMWE bit determines whether setting EEWE to one causes the EEPROM to be
written. When EEMWE is set, setting EEWE within four clock cycles will write data to the
EEPROM at the selected address If EEMWE is zero, setting EEWE will have no effect.
When EEMWE has been written to one by software, hardware clears the bit to zero after
four clock cycles. See the description of the EEWE bit for an EEPROM write procedure.
• Bit 1 – EEWE: EEPROM Write Enable
The EEPROM Write Enable Signal EEWE is the write strobe to the EEPROM. When
address and data are correctly set up, the EEWE bit must be written to one to write the
value into the EEPROM. The EEMWE bit must be written to one before a logical one is
written to EEWE, otherwise no EEPROM write takes place. The following procedure
should be followed when writing the EEPROM (the order of steps 3 and 4 is not
essential):
1. Wait until EEWE becomes zero.
2. Wait until SPMEN (Store Program Memory Enable) in SPMCSR (Store Program
Memory Control and Status Register) becomes zero.
3. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR (optional).
4. Write new EEPROM data to EEDR (optional).
5. Write a logical one to the EEMWE bit while writing a zero to EEWE in EECR.
6. Within four clock cycles after setting EEMWE, write a logical one to EEWE.
The EEPROM can not be programmed during a CPU write to the Flash memory. The
software must check that the Flash programming is completed before initiating a new
EEPROM write. Step 2 is only relevant if the software contains a Boot Loader allowing
the CPU to program the Flash. If the Flash is never being updated by the CPU, step 2
can be omitted. See “Boot Loader Support – Read-While-Write Self-Programming” on
page 311 for details about Boot programming.
Caution: An interrupt between step 5 and step 6 will make the write cycle fail, since the
EEPROM Master Write Enable will time-out. If an interrupt routine accessing the
20
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
EEPROM is interrupting another EEPROM access, the EEAR or EEDR Register will be
modified, causing the interrupted EEPROM access to fail. It is recommended to have
the Global Interrupt Flag cleared during all the steps to avoid these problems.
When the write access time has elapsed, the EEWE bit is cleared by hardware. The
user software can poll this bit and wait for a zero before writing the next byte. When
EEWE has been set, the CPU is halted for two cycles before the next instruction is
executed.
• Bit 0 – EERE: EEPROM Read Enable
The EEPROM Read Enable Signal EERE is the read strobe to the EEPROM. When the
correct address is set up in the EEAR Register, the EERE bit must be written to a logic
one to trigger the EEPROM read. The EEPROM read access takes one instruction, and
the requested data is available immediately. When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is
halted for four cycles before the next instruction is executed.
The user should poll the EEWE bit before starting the read operation. If a write operation
is in progress, it is neither possible to read the EEPROM, nor to change the EEAR
Register.
The calibrated Oscillator is used to time the EEPROM accesses. Table 1 lists the typical
programming time for EEPROM access from the CPU.
Table 1. EEPROM Programming Time.
Symbol
EEPROM write
(from CPU)
Note:
Number of Calibrated RC Oscillator Cycles
Typ Programming Time
67 584
8.5 ms
1. Uses 1 MHz clock, independent of CKSEL Fuse settings.
21
4250E–CAN–12/04
The following code examples show one assembly and one C function for writing to the
EEPROM. The examples assume that interrupts are controlled (e.g. by disabling interrupts globally) so that no interrupts will occur during execution of these functions. The
examples also assume that no Flash Boot Loader is present in the software. If such
code is present, the EEPROM write function must also wait for any ongoing SPM command to finish.
Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_write:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEWE
rjmp EEPROM_write
; Set up address (r18:r17) in address register
out
EEARH, r18
out
EEARL, r17
; Write data (r16) to data register
out
EEDR,r16
; Write logical one to EEMWE
sbi
EECR,EEMWE
; Start eeprom write by setting EEWE
sbi
EECR,EEWE
ret
C Code Example
void EEPROM_write (unsigned int uiAddress, unsigned char ucData)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEWE))
;
/* Set up address and data registers */
EEAR = uiAddress;
EEDR = ucData;
/* Write logical one to EEMWE */
EECR |= (1<<EEMWE);
/* Start eeprom write by setting EEWE */
EECR |= (1<<EEWE);
}
22
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
The next code examples show assembly and C functions for reading the EEPROM. The
examples assume that interrupts are controlled so that no interrupts will occur during
execution of these functions.
Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_read:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEWE
rjmp EEPROM_read
; Set up address (r18:r17) in address register
out
EEARH, r18
out
EEARL, r17
; Start eeprom read by writing EERE
sbi
EECR,EERE
; Read data from data register
in
r16,EEDR
ret
C Code Example
unsigned char EEPROM_read(unsigned int uiAddress)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEWE))
;
/* Set up address register */
EEAR = uiAddress;
/* Start eeprom read by writing EERE */
EECR |= (1<<EERE);
/* Return data from data register */
return EEDR;
}
Preventing EEPROM
Corruption
During periods of low VCC, the EEPROM data can be corrupted because the supply voltage is too low for the CPU and the EEPROM to operate properly. These issues are the
same as for board level systems using EEPROM, and the same design solutions should
be applied.
An EEPROM data corruption can be caused by two situations when the voltage is too
low. First, a regular write sequence to the EEPROM requires a minimum voltage to
operate correctly. Secondly, the CPU itself can execute instructions incorrectly, if the
supply voltage is too low.
E EP R O M da ta c o r r up ti on ca n e as i l y b e av o id ed by fo ll o wi ng t hi s de si g n
recommendation:
Keep the AVR RESET active (low) during periods of insufficient power supply voltage.
This can be done by enabling the internal Brown-out Detector (BOD). If the detection
level of the internal BOD does not match the needed detection level, an external low
VCC reset Protection circuit can be used. If a reset occurs while a write operation is in
progress, the write operation will be completed provided that the power supply voltage is
sufficient.
23
4250E–CAN–12/04
I/O Memory
The I/O space definition of the AT90CAN128 is shown in “Register Summary” on page
394.
All AT90CAN128 I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. All I/O locations may
be accessed by the LD/LDS/LDD and ST/STS/STD instructions, transferring data
between the 32 general purpose working registers and the I/O space. I/O registers
within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI
instructions. In these registers, the value of single bits can be checked by using the
SBIS and SBIC instructions. Refer to the instruction set section for more details. When
using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT, the I/O addresses 0x00 - 0x3F must be
used. When addressing I/O registers as data space using LD and ST instructions, 0x20
must be added to these addresses. The AT90CAN128 is a complex microcontroller with
more peripheral units than can be supported within the 64 location reserved in Opcode
for the IN and OUT instructions. For the Extended I/O space from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM,
only the ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used.
For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed.
Reserved I/O memory addresses should never be written.
Some of the status flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that, unlike
most other AVR’s, the CBI and SBI instructions will only operate on the specified bit, and
can therefore be used on registers containing such status flags. The CBI and SBI
instructions work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only.
The I/O and peripherals control registers are explained in later sections.
External Memory
Interface
Overview
24
With all the features the External Memory Interface provides, it is well suited to operate
as an interface to memory devices such as External SRAM and Flash, and peripherals
such as LCD-display, A/D, and D/A. The main features are:
•
Four different wait-state settings (including no wait-state).
•
Independent wait-state setting for different extErnal Memory sectors (configurable
sector size).
•
The number of bits dedicated to address high byte is selectable.
•
Bus keepers on data lines to minimize current consumption (optional).
When the eXternal MEMory (XMEM) is enabled, address space outside the internal
SRAM becomes available using the dedicated External Memory pins (see Figure 2 on
page 4, Table 29 on page 69, Table 35 on page 73, and Table 47 on page 83). The
memory configuration is shown in Figure 12.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 12. External Memory with Sector Select
0x0000
Internal memory
0x10FF
0x1100
Lower sector
SRW01
SRW00
SRL[2..0]
External Memory
(0-60K x 8)
Upper sector
SRW11
SRW10
0xFFFF
Using the External Memory
Interface
The interface consists of:
•
AD7:0: Multiplexed low-order address bus and data bus.
•
A15:8: High-order address bus (configurable number of bits).
•
ALE: Address latch enable.
•
RD: Read strobe.
•
WR: Write strobe.
The control bits for the External Memory Interface are located in two registers, the External Memory Control Register A – XMCRA, and the External Memory Control Register B
– XMCRB.
When the XMEM interface is enabled, the XMEM interface will override the setting in the
data direction registers that corresponds to the ports dedicated to the XMEM interface.
For details about the port override, see the alternate functions in section “I/O-Ports” on
page 61. The XMEM interface will auto-detect whether an access is internal or external.
If the access is external, the XMEM interface will output address, data, and the control
signals on the ports according to Figure 14 (this figure shows the wave forms without
wait-states). When ALE goes from high-to-low, there is a valid address on AD7:0. ALE is
low during a data transfer. When the XMEM interface is enabled, also an internal access
will cause activity on address, data and ALE ports, but the RD and WR strobes will not
toggle during internal access. When the External Memory Interface is disabled, the normal pin and data direction settings are used. Note that when the XMEM interface is
disabled, the address space above the internal SRAM boundary is not mapped into the
internal SRAM. Figure 13 illustrates how to connect an external SRAM to the AVR using
an octal latch (typically “74 x 573” or equivalent) which is transparent when G is high.
25
4250E–CAN–12/04
Address Latch Requirements
Due to the high-speed operation of the XRAM interface, the address latch must be
selected with care for system frequencies above 8 MHz @ 4V and 4 MHz @ 2.7V.
When operating at conditions above these frequencies, the typical old style 74HC series
latch becomes inadequate. The External Memory Interface is designed in compliance to
the 74AHC series latch. However, most latches can be used as long they comply with
the main timing parameters. The main parameters for the address latch are:
•
D to Q propagation delay (tPD).
•
Data setup time before G low (tSU).
•
Data (address) hold time after G low (TH).
The External Memory Interface is designed to guaranty minimum address hold time
after G is asserted low of th = 5 ns. Refer to tLAXX_LD/tLLAXX_ST in “Memory Programming”
Tables 142 through Tables 149. The D-to-Q propagation delay (tPD) must be taken into
consideration when calculating the access time requirement of the external component.
The data setup time before G low (tSU) must not exceed address valid to ALE low (tAVLLC) minus PCB wiring delay (dependent on the capacitive load).
Figure 13. External SRAM Connected to the AVR
D[7:0]
AD7:0
D
ALE
G
AVR
A15:8
RD
WR
Pull-up and Bus-keeper
Q
A[7:0]
SRAM
A[15:8]
RD
WR
The pull-ups on the AD7:0 ports may be activated if the corresponding Port register is
written to one. To reduce power consumption in sleep mode, it is recommended to disable the pull-ups by writing the Port register to zero before entering sleep.
The XMEM interface also provides a bus-keeper on the AD7:0 lines. The bus-keeper
can be disabled and enabled in software as described in “External Memory Control Register B – XMCRB” on page 30. When enabled, the bus-keeper will ensure a defined logic
level (zero or one) on the AD7:0 bus when these lines would otherwise be tri-stated by
the XMEM interface.
Timing
26
External Memory devices have different timing requirements. To meet these requirements, the AT90CAN128 XMEM interface provides four different wait-states as shown
in Table 3. It is important to consider the timing specification of the External Memory
device before selecting the wait-state. The most important parameters are the access
time for the external memory compared to the set-up requirement of the AT90CAN128.
The access time for the External Memory is defined to be the time from receiving the
chip select/address until the data of this address actually is driven on the bus. The
access time cannot exceed the time from the ALE pulse must be asserted low until data
is stable during a read sequence (See tLLRL+ tRLRH - tDVRH in Tables 142 through Tables
149). The different wait-states are set up in software. As an additional feature, it is possible to divide the external memory space in two sectors with individual wait-state
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
settings. This makes it possible to connect two different memory devices with different
timing requirements to the same XMEM interface. For XMEM interface timing details,
please refer to Tables 142 through Tables 149 and Figure 173 to Figure 176 in the
“External Data Memory Characteristics” on page 365.
Note that the XMEM interface is asynchronous and that the waveforms in the following
figures are related to the internal system clock. The skew between the internal and
external clock (XTAL1) is not guarantied (varies between devices temperature, and supply voltage). Consequently, the XMEM interface is not suited for synchronous operation.
Figure 14. External Data Memory Cycles no Wait-state (SRWn1=0 and SRWn0=0)(1)
T1
T2
T3
T4
System Clock (CLKCPU )
ALE
A15:8
Prev. addr.
DA7:0
Prev. data
Address
DA7:0 (XMBK = 0)
Prev. data
Address
DA7:0 (XMBK = 1)
Prev. data
Address
XX
Write
Address
Data
WR
XXXXX
Data
Read
Data
XXXXXXXX
RD
Note:
1. SRWn1 = SRW11 (upper sector) or SRW01 (lower sector), SRWn0 = SRW10 (upper
sector) or SRW00 (lower sector). The ALE pulse in period T4 is only present if the
next instruction accesses the RAM (internal or external).
Figure 15. External Data Memory Cycles with SRWn1 = 0 and SRWn0 = 1(1)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
System Clock (CLKCPU )
ALE
A15:8
Prev. addr.
DA7:0
Prev. data
Address
DA7:0 (XMBK = 0)
Prev. data
Address
DA7:0 (XMBK = 1)
Prev. data
XX
Data
Write
Address
WR
Data
Read
Address
Data
RD
Note:
1. SRWn1 = SRW11 (upper sector) or SRW01 (lower sector), SRWn0 = SRW10 (upper
sector) or SRW00 (lower sector).
The ALE pulse in period T5 is only present if the next instruction accesses the RAM
(internal or external).
27
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 16. External Data Memory Cycles with SRWn1 = 1 and SRWn0 = 0(1)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
System Clock (CLKCPU )
ALE
A15:8
Prev. addr.
DA7:0
Prev. data
Address
DA7:0 (XMBK = 0)
Prev. data
Address
DA7:0 (XMBK = 1)
Prev. data
XX
Write
Address
Data
WR
Address
Read
Data
Data
RD
Note:
1. SRWn1 = SRW11 (upper sector) or SRW01 (lower sector), SRWn0 = SRW10 (upper
sector) or SRW00 (lower sector).
The ALE pulse in period T6 is only present if the next instruction accesses the RAM
(internal or external).
Figure 17. External Data Memory Cycles with SRWn1 = 1 and SRWn0 = 1(1)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
System Clock (CLKCPU )
ALE
A15:8
Prev. addr.
DA7:0
Prev. data
Address
DA7:0 (XMBK = 0)
Prev. data
Address
DA7:0 (XMBK = 1)
Prev. data
XX
Write
Address
Data
WR
Address
Read
Data
Data
RD
Note:
1. SRWn1 = SRW11 (upper sector) or SRW01 (lower sector), SRWn0 = SRW10 (upper
sector) or SRW00 (lower sector).
The ALE pulse in period T7 is only present if the next instruction accesses the RAM
(internal or external).
XMEM Register Description
External Memory Control
Register A – XMCRA
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SRE
SRL2
SRL1
SRL0
SRW11
SRW10
SRW01
SRW00
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
XMCRA
• Bit 7 – SRE: External SRAM/XMEM Enable
Writing SRE to one enables the External Memory Interface.The pin functions AD7:0,
A15:8, ALE, WR, and RD are activated as the alternate pin functions. The SRE bit over-
28
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
rides any pin direction settings in the respective data direction registers. Writing SRE to
zero, disables the External Memory Interface and the normal pin and data direction settings are used. Note that when the XMEM interface is disabled, the address space
above the internal SRAM boundary is not mapped into the internal SRAM.
• Bit 6..4 – SRL2, SRL1, SRL0: Wait-state Sector Limit
It is possible to configure different wait-states for different External Memory addresses.
The external memory address space can be divided in two sectors that have separate
wait-state bits. The SRL2, SRL1, and SRL0 bits select the split of the sectors, see Table
2 and Figure 12. By default, the SRL2, SRL1, and SRL0 bits are set to zero and the
entire external memory address space is treated as one sector. When the entire SRAM
address space is configured as one sector, the wait-states are configured by the
SRW11 and SRW10 bits.
Table 2. Sector limits with different settings of SRL2..0
SRL2
SRL1
SRL0
Sector Limits
0
0
0
Lower sector = N/A
Upper sector = 0x1100 - 0xFFFF
0
0
1
Lower sector = 0x1100 - 0x1FFF
Upper sector = 0x2000 - 0xFFFF
0
1
0
Lower sector = 0x1100 - 0x3FFF
Upper sector = 0x4000 - 0xFFFF
0
1
1
Lower sector = 0x1100 - 0x5FFF
Upper sector = 0x6000 - 0xFFFF
1
0
0
Lower sector = 0x1100 - 0x7FFF
Upper sector = 0x8000 - 0xFFFF
1
0
1
Lower sector = 0x1100 - 0x9FFF
Upper sector = 0xA000 - 0xFFFF
1
1
0
Lower sector = 0x1100 - 0xBFFF
Upper sector = 0xC000 - 0xFFFF
1
1
1
Lower sector = 0x1100 - 0xDFFF
Upper sector = 0xE000 - 0xFFFF
• Bit 3..2 – SRW11, SRW10: Wait-state Select Bits for Upper Sector
The SRW11 and SRW10 bits control the number of wait-states for the upper sector of
the external memory address space, see Table 3.
• Bit 1..0 – SRW01, SRW00: Wait-state Select Bits for Lower Sector
The SRW01 and SRW00 bits control the number of wait-states for the lower sector of
the external memory address space, see Table 3.
Table 3. Wait States(1)
SRWn1
SRWn0
Wait States
0
0
No wait-states
0
1
Wait one cycle during read/write strobe
1
0
Wait two cycles during read/write strobe
1
1
Wait two cycles during read/write and wait one cycle before driving out
new address
29
4250E–CAN–12/04
Note:
External Memory Control
Register B – XMCRB
1. n = 0 or 1 (lower/upper sector).
For further details of the timing and wait-states of the External Memory Interface, see
Figures 14 through Figures 17 for how the setting of the SRW bits affects the timing.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
XMBK
–
–
–
–
XMM2
XMM1
XMM0
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
XMCRB
• Bit 7– XMBK: External Memory Bus-keeper Enable
Writing XMBK to one enables the bus keeper on the AD7:0 lines. When the bus keeper
is enabled, it will ensure a defined logic level (zero or one) on AD7:0 when they would
otherwise be tri-stated. Writing XMBK to zero disables the bus keeper. XMBK is not
qualified with SRE, so even if the XMEM interface is disabled, the bus keepers are still
activated as long as XMBK is one.
• Bit 6..4 – Reserved Bits
These are reserved bits and will always read as zero. When writing to this address location, write these bits to zero for compatibility with future devices.
• Bit 2..0 – XMM2, XMM1, XMM0: External Memory High Mask
When the External Memory is enabled, all Port C pins are default used for the high
address byte. If the full 60KB address space is not required to access the External Memory, some, or all, Port C pins can be released for normal Port Pin function as described
in Table 4. As described in “Using all 64KB Locations of External Memory” on page 31,
it is possible to use the XMMn bits to access all 64KB locations of the External Memory.
Table 4. Port C Pins Released as Normal Port Pins when the External Memory is
Enabled
30
XMM2
XMM1
XMM0
# Bits for External Memory Address
Released Port Pins
0
0
0
8 (Full 60 KB space)
None
0
0
1
7
PC7
0
1
0
6
PC7 .. PC6
0
1
1
5
PC7 .. PC5
1
0
0
4
PC7 .. PC4
1
0
1
3
PC7 .. PC3
1
1
0
2
PC7 .. PC2
1
1
1
No Address high bits
Full Port C
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Using all Locations of
External Memory Smaller than
64 KB
Since the external memory is mapped after the internal memory as shown in Figure 12,
the external memory is not addressed when addressing the first 4,352 bytes of data
space. It may appear that the first 4,352 bytes of the external memory are inaccessible
(external memory addresses 0x0000 to 0x10FF). However, when connecting an external memory smaller than 64 KB, for example 32 KB, these locations are easily accessed
simply by addressing from address 0x8000 to 0x90FF. Since the External Memory
Address bit A15 is not connected to the external memory, addresses 0x8000 to 0x90FF
will appear as addresses 0x0000 to 0x10FF for the external memory. Addressing above
address 0x90FF is not recommended, since this will address an external memory location that is already accessed by another (lower) address. To the Application software,
the external 32 KB memory will appear as one linear 32 KB address space from 0x1100
to 0x90FF. This is illustrated in Figure 18.
Figure 18. Address Map with 32 KB External Memory
AVR Memory Map
0x0000
External 32K SRAM
0x0000
Internal Memory
0x10FF
0x1100
0x10FF
0x1100
External Memory
0x7FFF
0x8000
0x7FFF
0x90FF
0x9100
(Unused)
0xFFFF
Using all 64KB Locations of
External Memory
Since the External Memory is mapped after the Internal Memory as shown in Figure 12,
only 60KB of External Memory is available by default (address space 0x0000 to 0x10FF
is reserved for internal memory). However, it is possible to take advantage of the entire
External Memory by masking the higher address bits to zero. This can be done by using
the XMMn bits and control by software the most significant bits of the address. By setting Port C to output 0x00, and releasing the most significant bits for normal Port Pin
operation, the Memory Interface will address 0x0000 - 0x1FFF. See the following code
examples.
31
4250E–CAN–12/04
Assembly Code Example(1)
;
;
;
;
;
OFFSET is defined to 0x2000 to ensure
external memory access
Configure Port C (address high byte) to
output 0x00 when the pins are released
for normal Port Pin operation
ldi
r16, 0xFF
out
DDRC, r16
ldi
r16, 0x00
out
PORTC, r16
; release PC7:5
ldi
r16, (1<<XMM1)|(1<<XMM0)
sts
XMCRB, r16
; write 0xAA to address 0x0001 of external
; memory
ldi
r16, 0xaa
sts
0x0001+OFFSET, r16
; re-enable PC7:5 for external memory
ldi
r16, (0<<XMM1)|(0<<XMM0)
sts
XMCRB, r16
; store 0x55 to address (OFFSET + 1) of
; external memory
ldi
r16, 0x55
sts
0x0001+OFFSET, r16
C Code Example(1)
#define OFFSET 0x2000
void XRAM_example(void)
{
unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *) (OFFSET + 1);
DDRC = 0xFF;
PORTC = 0x00;
XMCRB = (1<<XMM1) | (1<<XMM0);
*p = 0xaa;
XMCRB = 0x00;
*p = 0x55;
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
Care must be exercised using this option as most of the memory is masked away.
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AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
General Purpose I/O
Registers
The AT90CAN128 contains three General Purpose I/O Registers. These registers can
be used for storing any information, and they are particularly useful for storing global
variables and status flags.
The General Purpose I/O Register 0, within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F, is directly
bit-accessible using the SBI, CBI, SBIS, and SBIC instructions.
General Purpose I/O Register
2 – GPIOR2
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
GPIOR07 GPIOR06 GPIOR05 GPIOR04 GPIOR03 GPIOR02 GPIOR01 GPIOR00
General Purpose I/O Register
1 – GPIOR1
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Bit
GPIOR17 GPIOR16 GPIOR15 GPIOR14 GPIOR13 GPIOR12 GPIOR11 GPIOR10
General Purpose I/O Register
0 – GPIOR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Bit
GPIOR27 GPIOR26 GPIOR25 GPIOR24 GPIOR23 GPIOR22 GPIOR21 GPIOR20
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GPIOR2
GPIOR1
GPIOR0
33
4250E–CAN–12/04
System Clock
Clock Systems and
their Distribution
Figure 19 presents the principal clock systems in the AVR and their distribution. All of
the clocks need not be active at a given time. In order to reduce power consumption, the
clocks to unused modules can be halted by using different sleep modes, as described in
“Power Management and Sleep Modes” on page 43. The clock systems are detailed
below.
Figure 19. Clock Distribution
Asynchronous
Timer/Counter2
CAN
Controller
General I/O
Modules
ADC
CPU Core
Flash and
EEPROM
RAM
clkADC
clkI/O
CLKO
clkCPU
AVR Clock
Control Unit
clkASY
clkFLASH
CKOUT Fuse
Reset Logic
Source clock
Watchdog Timer
Watchdog clock
Prescaler
Multiplexer
Timer/Counter2
External Clock
Watchdog
Oscillator
Clock
Multiplexer
Timer/Counter2
Oscillator
TOSC1
TOSC2
External Clock
Crystal
Oscillator
XTAL1
Low-frequency
Crystal Oscillator
Calibrated RC
Oscillator
XTAL2
CPU Clock – clkCPU
The CPU clock is routed to parts of the system concerned with operation of the AVR
core. Examples of such modules are the General Purpose Register File, the Status Register and the data memory holding the Stack Pointer. Halting the CPU clock inhibits the
core from performing general operations and calculations.
I/O Clock – clkI/O
The I/O clock is used by the majority of the I/O modules, like Timer/Counters, SPI, CAN,
USART. The I/O clock is also used by the External Interrupt module, but note that some
external interrupts are detected by asynchronous logic, allowing such interrupts to be
detected even if the I/O clock is halted. Also note that address recognition in the TWI
module is carried out asynchronously when clkI/O is halted, enabling TWI address reception in all sleep modes.
Flash Clock – clkFLASH
The Flash clock controls operation of the Flash interface. The Flash clock is usually
active simultaneously with the CPU clock.
Asynchronous Timer Clock –
clkASY
The Asynchronous Timer clock allows the Asynchronous Timer/Counter to be clocked
directly from an external clock or an external 32 kHz clock crystal. The dedicated clock
34
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
domain allows using this Timer/Counter as a real-time counter even when the device is
in sleep mode.
ADC Clock – clkADC
The ADC is provided with a dedicated clock domain. This allows halting the CPU and
I/O clocks in order to reduce noise generated by digital circuitry. This gives more accurate ADC conversion results.
Clock Sources
The device has the following clock source options, selectable by Flash Fuse bits as
shown below. The clock from the selected source is input to the AVR clock generator,
and routed to the appropriate modules.
Table 5. Device Clocking Options Select(1)
Device Clocking Option
CKSEL3..0
External Crystal/Ceramic Resonator
1111 - 1000
External Low-frequency Crystal
0111 - 0100
Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator
0010
External Clock
0000
Reserved
Note:
0011, 0001
1. For all fuses “1” means unprogrammed while “0” means programmed.
The various choices for each clocking option is given in the following sections. When the
CPU wakes up from Power-down or Power-save, the selected clock source is used to
time the start-up, ensuring stable Oscillator operation before instruction execution starts.
When the CPU starts from reset, there is an additional delay allowing the power to reach
a stable level before starting normal operation. The Watchdog Oscillator is used for timing this real-time part of the start-up time. The number of WDT Oscillator cycles used for
each time-out is shown in Table 6. The frequency of the Watchdog Oscillator is voltage
dependent as shown in “AT90CAN128 Typical Characteristics” on page 374.
Table 6. Number of Watchdog Oscillator Cycles
Default Clock Source
Typ Time-out (VCC = 5.0V)
Typ Time-out (VCC = 3.0V)
Number of Cycles
4.1 ms
4.3 ms
4K (4,096)
65 ms
69 ms
64K (65,536)
The device is shipped with CKSEL = “0010”, SUT = “10”, and CKDIV8 programmed.
The default clock source setting is the Internal RC Oscillator with longest start-up time
and an initial system clock prescaling of 8. This default setting ensures that all users can
make their desired clock source setting using an In-System or Parallel programmer.
35
4250E–CAN–12/04
Crystal Oscillator
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can
be configured for use as an On-chip Oscillator, as shown in Figure 20. Either a quartz
crystal or a ceramic resonator may be used.
C1 and C2 should always be equal for both crystals and resonators. The optimal value
of the capacitors depends on the crystal or resonator in use, the amount of stray capacitance, and the electromagnetic noise of the environment. Some initial guidelines for
choosing capacitors for use with crystals are given in Table 7. For ceramic resonators,
the capacitor values given by the manufacturer should be used. For more information on
how to choose capacitors and other details on Oscillator operation, refer to the Multipurpose Oscillator Application Note.
Figure 20. Crystal Oscillator Connections
C2
C1
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
The Oscillator can operate in three different modes, each optimized for a specific frequency range. The operating mode is selected by the fuses CKSEL3..1 as shown in
Table 7.
Table 7. Crystal Oscillator Operating Modes
CKSEL3..1
Frequency Range (MHz)
Recommended Range for Capacitors C1
and C2 for Use with Crystals (pF)
100(1)
0.4 - 0.9
12 - 22
101
0.9 - 3.0
12 - 22
110
3.0 - 8.0
12 - 22
111
8.0 - 16.0
12 - 22
Notes:
1. This option should not be used with crystals, only with ceramic resonators.
The CKSEL0 Fuse together with the SUT1..0 Fuses select the start-up times as shown
in Table 8.
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AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 8. Start-up Times for the Oscillator Clock Selection
CKSEL0
Additional Delay
from Reset
(VCC = 5.0V)
Recommended Usage
(1)
14CK + 4.1 ms
Ceramic resonator, fast
rising power
0
00
258 CK
0
01
258 CK(1)
14CK + 65 ms
Ceramic resonator,
slowly rising power
0
10
1K CK(2)
14CK
Ceramic resonator,
BOD enabled
0
11
1K CK(2)
14CK + 4.1 ms
Ceramic resonator, fast
rising power
1
00
1K CK(2)
14CK + 65 ms
Ceramic resonator,
slowly rising power
01
16K CK
14CK
Crystal Oscillator, BOD
enabled
10
16K CK
14CK + 4.1 ms
Crystal Oscillator, fast
rising power
11
16K CK
14CK + 65 ms
Crystal Oscillator,
slowly rising power
1
1
1
Notes:
Low-frequency
Crystal Oscillator
SUT1..0
Start-up Time from
Power-down and
Power-save
1. These options should only be used when not operating close to the maximum frequency of the device, and only if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the
application. These options are not suitable for crystals.
2. These options are intended for use with ceramic resonators and will ensure frequency stability at start-up. They can also be used with crystals when not operating
close to the maximum frequency of the device, and if frequency stability at start-up is
not important for the application.
To use a 32.768 kHz watch crystal as the clock source for the device, the low-frequency
crystal Oscillator must be selected by setting the CKSEL Fuses to “0100”, “0101”,
“0110”, or “0111”. The crystal should be connected as shown in Figure 21.
Figure 21. Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator Connections
12 - 22 pF
XTAL2
32.768 KHz
XTAL1
12 - 22 pF
GND
12-22 pF capacitors may be necessary if the parasitic impedance (pads, wires & PCB)
is very low.
37
4250E–CAN–12/04
When this Oscillator is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT1..0 fuses as
shown in Table 9 and CKSEL1..0 fuses as shown in Table 10.
Table 9. Start-up Times for the Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator Clock Selection
SUT1..0
Additional Delay from Reset (VCC = 5.0V)
00
14CK
01
14CK + 4.1 ms
Slowly rising power
10
14CK + 65 ms
Stable frequency at start-up
11
Recommended Usage
Fast rising power or BOD enabled
Reserved
Table 10. Start-up Times for the Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator Clock Selection
CKSEL3..0
Start-up Time from
Power-down and Power-save
0100(1)
1K CK
0101
32K CK
0110
(1)
Calibrated Internal
RC Oscillator
Stable frequency at start-up
1K CK
0111
Note:
Recommended Usage
32K CK
Stable frequency at start-up
1. These options should only be used if frequency stability at start-up is not important for
the application
The calibrated internal RC Oscillator provides a fixed 8.0 MHz clock. The frequency is
nominal value at 3V and 25°C. If 8 MHz frequency exceeds the specification of the
device (depends on VCC), the CKDIV8 Fuse must be programmed in order to divide the
internal frequency by 8 during start-up. The device is shipped with the CKDIV8 Fuse
programmed. See “System Clock Prescaler” on page 41 for more details. This clock
may be selected as the system clock by programming the CKSEL Fuses as shown in
Table 11. If selected, it will operate with no external components. During reset, hardware loads the calibration byte into the OSCCAL Register and thereby automatically
calibrates the RC Oscillator. At 5V and 25°C, this calibration gives a frequency within ±
10% of the nominal frequency. Using calibration methods as described in application
notes available at www.atmel.com/avr it is possible to achieve ± 2% accuracy at any
given VCC and temperature. When this Oscillator is used as the chip clock, the Watchdog Oscillator will still be used for the Watchdog Timer and for the Reset Time-out. For
more information on the pre-programmed calibration value, see the section “Calibration
Byte” on page 328.
Table 11. Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator Operating Modes(1)
Note:
38
CKSEL3..0
Nominal Frequency
0010
8.0 MHz
1. The device is shipped with this option selected.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
When this Oscillator is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as
shown in Table 12.
Table 12. Start-up times for the internal calibrated RC Oscillator clock selection
SUT1..0
Start-up Time from Powerdown and Power-save
Additional Delay from
Reset (VCC = 5.0V)
00
6 CK
14CK
01
6 CK
14CK + 4.1 ms
Fast rising power
6 CK
14CK + 65 ms
Slowly rising power
10
(1)
11
Note:
Oscillator Calibration Register
– OSCCAL
Recommended Usage
BOD enabled
Reserved
1. The device is shipped with this option selected.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
CAL6
CAL5
CAL4
CAL3
CAL2
CAL1
CAL0
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
<----- ------
Device Specific Calibration Value
OSCCAL
------ ----->
• Bit 7 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use.
• Bits 6..0 – CAL6..0: Oscillator Calibration Value
Writing the calibration byte to this address will trim the internal Oscillator to remove process variations from the Oscillator frequency. This is done automatically during Chip
Reset. When OSCCAL is zero, the lowest available frequency is chosen. Writing nonzero values to this register will increase the frequency of the internal Oscillator. Writing
0x7F to the register gives the highest available frequency. The calibrated Oscillator is
used to time EEPROM and Flash access. If EEPROM or Flash is written, do not calibrate to more than 10% above the nominal frequency. Otherwise, the EEPROM or Flash
write may fail. Note that the Oscillator is intended for calibration to 8.0 MHz. Tuning to
other values is not guaranteed, as indicated in Table 13.
Table 13. Internal RC Oscillator Frequency Range.
External Clock
OSCCAL Value
Min Frequency in Percentage of
Nominal Frequency
Max Frequency in Percentage of
Nominal Frequency
0x00
50%
100%
0x3F
75%
150%
0x7F
100%
200%
To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL1 should be driven as shown in
Figure 22. To run the device on an external clock, the CKSEL Fuses must be programmed to “0000”.
39
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 22. External Clock Drive Configuration
NC
XTAL2
External
Clock
Signal
XTAL1
GND
Table 14. External Clock Frequency
CKSEL3..0
Frequency Range
0000
0 - 16 MHz
When this clock source is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as
shown in Table 15.
Table 15. Start-up Times for the External Clock Selection
SUT1..0
Start-up Time from Powerdown and Power-save
Additional Delay from
Reset (VCC = 5.0V)
00
6 CK
14CK
01
6 CK
14CK + 4.1 ms
Fast rising power
10
6 CK
14CK + 65 ms
Slowly rising power
11
Recommended Usage
BOD enabled
Reserved
When applying an external clock, it is required to avoid sudden changes in the applied
clock frequency to ensure stable operation of the MCU. A variation in frequency of more
than 2% from one clock cycle to the next can lead to unpredictable behavior. It is
required to ensure that the MCU is kept in Reset during such changes in the clock
frequency.
Note that the System Clock Prescaler can be used to implement run-time changes of
the internal clock frequency while still ensuring stable operation. Refer to “System Clock
Prescaler” on page 41 for details.
Clock Output Buffer
When the CKOUT Fuse is programmed, the system Clock will be output on CLKO. This
mode is suitable when chip clock is used to drive other circuits on the system. The clock
will be output also during reset and the normal operation of I/O pin will be overridden
when the fuse is programmed. Any clock source, including internal RC Oscillator, can be
selected when CLKO serves as clock output. If the System Clock Prescaler is used, it is
the divided system clock that is output (CKOUT Fuse programmed).
Timer/Counter2
Oscillator
For AVR microcontrollers with Timer/Counter2 Oscillator pins (TOSC1 and TOSC2), the
crystal is connected directly between the pins. The Oscillator is optimized for use with a
32.768 kHz watch crystal. 12-22 pF capacitors may be necessary if the parasitic impedance (pads, wires & PCB) is very low.
40
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
AT90CAN128 share the Timer/Counter2 Oscillator Pins (TOSC1 and TOSC2) with PG4
and PG3. This means that both PG4 and PG3 can only be used when the
Timer/Counter2 Oscillator is not enable.
Applying an external clock source to TOSC1 can be done in asynchronous operation if
EXTCLK in the ASSR Register is written to logic one. See “Asynchronous operation of
the Timer/Counter2” on page 154 for further description on selecting external clock as
input instead of a 32 kHz crystal. In this configuration, PG4 cannot be used but PG3 is
available.
System Clock Prescaler
Clock Prescaler Register –
CLKPR
The AT90CAN128 system clock can be divided by setting the Clock Prescaler Register
– CLKPR. This feature can be used to decrease power consumption when the requirement for processing power is low. This can be used with all clock source options, and it
will affect the clock frequency of the CPU and all synchronous peripherals. clkI/O, clkADC,
clkCPU, and clkFLASH are divided by a factor as shown in Table 16.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CLKPCE
–
–
–
CLKPS3
CLKPS2
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
CLKPR
See Bit Description
• Bit 7 – CLKPCE: Clock Prescaler Change Enable
The CLKPCE bit must be written to logic one to enable change of the CLKPS bits. The
CLKPCE bit is only updated when the other bits in CLKPR are simultaneously written to
zero. CLKPCE is cleared by hardware four cycles after it is written or when CLKPS bits
are written. Rewriting the CLKPCE bit within this time-out period does neither extend the
time-out period, nor clear the CLKPCE bit.
• Bit 6..0 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use.
• Bits 3..0 – CLKPS3..0: Clock Prescaler Select Bits 3 - 0
These bits define the division factor between the selected clock source and the internal
system clock. These bits can be written run-time to vary the clock frequency to suit the
application requirements. As the divider divides the master clock input to the MCU, the
speed of all synchronous peripherals is reduced when a division factor is used. The division factors are given in Table 16.
To avoid unintentional changes of clock frequency, a special write procedure must be
followed to change the CLKPS bits:
1. Write the Clock Prescaler Change Enable (CLKPCE) bit to one and all other bits
in CLKPR to zero.
2. Within four cycles, write the desired value to CLKPS while writing a zero to
CLKPCE.
Interrupts must be disabled when changing prescaler setting to make sure the write procedure is not interrupted.
The CKDIV8 Fuse determines the initial value of the CLKPS bits. If CKDIV8 is unprogrammed, the CLKPS bits will be reset to “0000”. If CKDIV8 is programmed, CLKPS bits
are reset to “0011”, giving a division factor of 8 at start up. This feature should be used if
the selected clock source has a higher frequency than the maximum frequency of the
device at the present operating conditions. Note that any value can be written to the
41
4250E–CAN–12/04
CLKPS bits regardless of the CKDIV8 Fuse setting. The Application software must
ensure that a sufficient division factor is chosen if the selected clock source has a higher
frequency than the maximum frequency of the device at the present operating conditions. The device is shipped with the CKDIV8 Fuse programmed.
Table 16. Clock Prescaler Select
CLKPS3
CLKPS2
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Clock Division Factor
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
4
0
0
1
1
8
0
1
0
0
16
0
1
0
1
32
0
1
1
0
64
0
1
1
1
128
1
0
0
0
256
1
0
0
1
Reserved
1
0
1
0
Reserved
1
0
1
1
Reserved
1
1
0
0
Reserved
1
1
0
1
Reserved
1
1
1
0
Reserved
1
1
1
1
Reserved
Note:
42
When the system clock is divided, Timer/Counter0 can be used with Asynchronous clock
only. The frequency of the asynchronous clock must be lower than 1/4th of the frequency
of the scaled down Source clock. Otherwise, interrupts may be lost, and accessing the
Timer/Counter0 registers may fail.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Power Management and Sleep Modes
Sleep modes enable the application to shut down unused modules in the MCU, thereby
saving power. The AVR provides various sleep modes allowing the user to tailor the
power consumption to the application’s requirements.
To enter any of the five sleep modes, the SE bit in SMCR must be written to logic one
and a SLEEP instruction must be executed. The SM2, SM1, and SM0 bits in the SMCR
Register select which sleep mode (Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-down,
Power-save, or Standby) will be activated by the SLEEP instruction. See Table 17 for a
summary. If an enabled interrupt occurs while the MCU is in a sleep mode, the MCU
wakes up. The MCU is then halted for four cycles in addition to the start-up time, executes the interrupt routine, and resumes execution from the instruction following SLEEP.
The contents of the register file and SRAM are unaltered when the device wakes up
from sleep. If a reset occurs during sleep mode, the MCU wakes up and executes from
the Reset Vector.
Figure 19 on page 34 presents the different clock systems in the AT90CAN128, and
their distribution. The figure is helpful in selecting an appropriate sleep mode.
Sleep Mode Control Register –
SMCR
The Sleep Mode Control Register contains control bits for power management.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
SM2
SM1
SM0
SE
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SMCR
• Bit 7..4 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use.
• Bits 3..1 – SM2..0: Sleep Mode Select Bits 2, 1, and 0
These bits select between the five available sleep modes as shown in Table 17.
Table 17. Sleep Mode Select
Note:
SM2
SM1
SM0
Sleep Mode
0
0
0
Idle
0
0
1
ADC Noise Reduction
0
1
0
Power-down
0
1
1
Power-save
1
0
0
Reserved
1
0
1
Reserved
1
1
0
Standby(1)
1
1
1
Reserved
1. Standby mode is only recommended for use with external crystals or resonators.
• Bit 1 – SE: Sleep Enable
The SE bit must be written to logic one to make the MCU enter the sleep mode when the
SLEEP instruction is executed. To avoid the MCU entering the sleep mode unless it is
the programmer’s purpose, it is recommended to write the Sleep Enable (SE) bit to one
43
4250E–CAN–12/04
just before the execution of the SLEEP instruction and to clear it immediately after waking up.
Idle Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 000, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter
Idle mode, stopping the CPU but allowing SPI, CAN, USART, Analog Comparator, ADC,
Two-wire Serial Interface, Timer/Counters, Watchdog, and the interrupt system to continue operating. This sleep mode basically halts clkCPU and clkFLASH, while allowing the
other clocks to run.
Idle mode enables the MCU to wake up from external triggered interrupts as well as
internal ones like the Timer Overflow and USART Transmit Complete interrupts. If
wake-up from the Analog Comparator interrupt is not required, the Analog Comparator
can be powered down by setting the ACD bit in the Analog Comparator Control and Status Register – ACSR. This will reduce power consumption in Idle mode. If the ADC is
enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is entered.
ADC Noise Reduction
Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 001, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter
ADC Noise Reduction mode, stopping the CPU but allowing the ADC, the External
Interrupts, the Two-wire Serial Interface address watch, Timer/Counter2, CAN and the
Watchdog to continue operating (if enabled). This sleep mode basically halts clk I/O,
clkCPU, and clkFLASH, while allowing the other clocks to run.
This improves the noise environment for the ADC, enabling higher resolution measurements. If the ADC is enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is
entered. Apart from the ADC Conversion Complete interrupt, only an External Reset, a
Watchdog Reset, a Brown-out Reset, a Two-wire Serial Interface address match interrupt, a Timer/Counter2 interrupt, an SPM/EEPROM ready interrupt, an External Level
Interrupt on INT7:4, or an External Interrupt on INT3:0 can wake up the MCU from ADC
Noise Reduction mode.
Power-down Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 010, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter
Power-down mode. In this mode, the External Oscillator is stopped, while the External
Interrupts, the Two-wire Serial Interface address watch, and the Watchdog continue
operating (if enabled). Only an External Reset, a Watchdog Reset, a Brown-out Reset, a
Two-wire Serial Interface address match interrupt, an External Level Interrupt on
INT7:4, or an External Interrupt on INT3:0 can wake up the MCU. This sleep mode basically halts all generated clocks, allowing operation of asynchronous modules only.
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-down mode, the
changed level must be held for some time to wake up the MCU. Refer to “External Interrupts” on page 88 for details.
When waking up from Power-down mode, there is a delay from the wake-up condition
occurs until the wake-up becomes effective. This allows the clock to restart and become
stable after having been stopped. The wake-up period is defined by the same CKSEL
fuses that define the Reset Time-out period, as described in “Clock Sources” on page
35.
Power-save Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 011, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter
Power-save mode. This mode is identical to Power-down, with one exception:
If Timer/Counter2 is clocked asynchronously, i.e., the AS2 bit in ASSR is set,
Timer/Counter2 will run during sleep. The device can wake up from either Timer Overfl ow or O u tput Co mp ar e ev ent fr om Ti me r/ Coun ter 2 i f th e co r re sp ond in g
44
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Timer/Counter2 interrupt enable bits are set in TIMSK2, and the global interrupt enable
bit in SREG is set.
If the Asynchronous Timer is NOT clocked asynchronously, Power-down mode is recommended instead of Power-save mode because the contents of the registers in the
asynchronous timer should be considered undefined after wake-up in Power-save mode
if AS2 is 0.
This sleep mode basically halts all clocks except clkASY, allowing operation only of asynchronous modules, including Timer/Counter2 if clocked asynchronously.
Standby Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are 110 and an External Crystal/Resonator clock option is
selected, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Standby mode. This mode is
identical to Power-down with the exception that the Oscillator is kept running. From
Standby mode, the device wakes up in 6 clock cycles.
Table 18. Active Clock Domains and Wake-up Sources in the Different Sleep Modes.
Active Clock Domains
Sleep Mode
clkCPU
clkFLASH
Idle
ADC Noise
Reduction
Oscillators
Wake-up Sources
Main Clock
Source
Timer Osc
Enabled
Enabled
Standby(1)
Notes:
Timer2
SPM/
EEPROM
Ready
ADC
Other
I/O
X
clkIO
clkADC
clkASY
X
X
X
X
X(2)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X(2)
X(3)
X
X(2)
X
X
X(3)
X
(3)
X
X
X(3)
X
Power-down
Power-save
INT7:0
TWI
Address
Match
(2)
(2)
X
X
X
X(2)
1. Only recommended with external crystal or resonator selected as clock source.
2. If AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
3. Only INT3:0 or level interrupt INT7:4.
Minimizing Power
Consumption
There are several issues to consider when trying to minimize the power consumption in
an AVR controlled system. In general, sleep modes should be used as much as possible, and the sleep mode should be selected so that as few as possible of the device’s
functions are operating. All functions not needed should be disabled. In particular, the
following modules may need special consideration when trying to achieve the lowest
possible power consumption.
Analog to Digital Converter
If enabled, the ADC will be enabled in all sleep modes. To save power, the ADC should
be disabled before entering any sleep mode. When the ADC is turned off and on again,
the next conversion will be an extended conversion. Refer to “Analog to Digital Converter - ADC” on page 265 for details on ADC operation.
Analog Comparator
When entering Idle mode, the Analog Comparator should be disabled if not used. When
entering ADC Noise Reduction mode, the Analog Comparator should be disabled. In
other sleep modes, the Analog Comparator is automatically disabled. However, if the
Analog Comparator is set up to use the Internal Voltage Reference as input, the Analog
Comparator should be disabled in all sleep modes. Otherwise, the Internal Voltage Reference will be enabled, independent of sleep mode. Refer to “Analog Comparator” on
page 262 for details on how to configure the Analog Comparator.
45
4250E–CAN–12/04
Brown-out Detector
If the Brown-out Detector is not needed by the application, this module should be turned
off. If the Brown-out Detector is enabled by the BODLEVEL Fuses, it will be enabled in
all sleep modes, and hence, always consume power. In the deeper sleep modes, this
will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. Refer to “Brown-out Detection” on page 50 for details on how to configure the Brown-out Detector.
Internal Voltage Reference
The Internal Voltage Reference will be enabled when needed by the Brown-out Detection, the Analog Comparator or the ADC. If these modules are disabled as described in
the sections above, the internal voltage reference will be disabled and it will not be consuming power. When turned on again, the user must allow the reference to start up
before the output is used. If the reference is kept on in sleep mode, the output can be
used immediately. Refer to “Internal Voltage Reference” on page 52 for details on the
start-up time.
Watchdog Timer
If the Watchdog Timer is not needed in the application, the module should be turned off.
If the Watchdog Timer is enabled, it will be enabled in all sleep modes, and hence,
always consume power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to
the total current consumption. Refer to “Watchdog Timer” on page 53 for details on how
to configure the Watchdog Timer.
Port Pins
When entering a sleep mode, all port pins should be configured to use minimum power.
The most important is then to ensure that no pins drive resistive loads. In sleep modes
where both the I/O clock (clkI/O) and the ADC clock (clkADC) are stopped, the input buffers of the device will be disabled. This ensures that no power is consumed by the input
logic when not needed. In some cases, the input logic is needed for detecting wake-up
conditions, and it will then be enabled. Refer to the section “Digital Input Enable and
Sleep Modes” on page 65 for details on which pins are enabled. If the input buffer is
enabled and the input signal is left floating or have an analog signal level close to VCC/2,
the input buffer will use excessive power.
For analog input pins, the digital input buffer should be disabled at all times. An analog
signal level close to VCC/2 on an input pin can cause significant current even in active
mode. Digital input buffers can be disabled by writing to the Digital Input Disable Registers (DIDR1 and DIDR0). Refer to “Digital Input Disable Register 1 – DIDR1” on page
264 and “Digital Input Disable Register 0 – DIDR0” on page 283 for details.
JTAG Interface and
On-chip Debug System
If the On-chip debug system is enabled by OCDEN Fuse and the chip enter sleep mode,
the main clock source is enabled, and hence, always consumes power. In the deeper
sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. There are
three alternative ways to avoid this:
•
Disable OCDEN Fuse.
•
Disable JTAGEN Fuse.
•
Write one to the JTD bit in MCUCSR.
The TDO pin is left floating when the JTAG interface is enabled while the JTAG TAP
controller is not shifting data. If the hardware connected to the TDO pin does not pull up
the logic level, power consumption will increase. Note that the TDI pin for the next
device in the scan chain contains a pull-up that avoids this problem. Writing the JTD bit
in the MCUCSR register to one or leaving the JTAG fuse unprogrammed disables the
JTAG interface.
46
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
System Control and Reset
Resetting the AVR
During reset, all I/O Registers are set to their initial values, and the program starts execution from the Reset Vector. The instruction placed at the Reset Vector must be a JMP
– Absolute Jump – instruction to the reset handling routine. If the program never
enables an interrupt source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program
code can be placed at these locations. This is also the case if the Reset Vector is in the
Application section while the Interrupt Vectors are in the Boot section or vice versa. The
circuit diagram in Figure 23 shows the reset logic. Table 19 defines the electrical parameters of the reset circuitry.
The I/O ports of the AVR are immediately reset to their initial state when a reset source
goes active. This does not require any clock source to be running.
After all reset sources have gone inactive, a delay counter is invoked, stretching the
internal reset. This allows the power to reach a stable level before normal operation
starts. The time-out period of the delay counter is defined by the user through the SUT
and CKSEL Fuses. The different selections for the delay period are presented in “Clock
Sources” on page 35.
Reset Sources
The AT90CAN128 has five sources of reset:
•
Power-on Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage is below the Power-on
Reset threshold (VPOT).
•
External Reset. The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET pin for
longer than the minimum pulse length.
•
Watchdog Reset. The MCU is reset when the Watchdog Timer period expires and
the Watchdog is enabled.
•
Brown-out Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage VCC is below the
Brown-out Reset threshold (VBOT) and the Brown-out Detector is enabled.
•
JTAG AVR Reset. The MCU is reset as long as there is a logic one in the Reset
Register, one of the scan chains of the JTAG system. Refer to the section
“Boundary-scan IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG)” on page 290 for details.
47
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 23. Reset Logic
DATA BUS
PORF
BORF
EXTRF
WDRF
JTRF
MCU Status
Register (MCUSR)
Power-on Reset
Circuit
Brown-out
Reset Circuit
BODLEVEL [2..0]
Pull-up Resistor
Spike
Filter
JTAG Reset
Register
Watchdog
Oscillator
Clock
Generator
CK
Delay Counters
TIMEOUT
CKSEL[3:0]
SUT[1:0]
Table 19. Reset Characteristics
Symbol Parameter
VPOT
Condition
Typ.
Max.
Units
Power-on Reset Threshold Voltage (rising)
1.4
2.3
V
Power-on Reset Threshold Voltage (falling)(1)
1.3
2.3
V
0.85 VCC
V
VRST
RESET Pin Threshold Voltage
tRST
Minimum pulse width on RESET Pin
Notes:
48
Min.
0.2 VCC
Vcc = 5 V, temperature = 25 °C
400
ns
1. The Power-on Reset will not work unless the supply voltage has been below VPOT
(falling)
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Power-on Reset
A Power-on Reset (POR) pulse is generated by an On-chip detection circuit. The detection level is defined in Table 19. The POR is activated whenever VCC is below the
detection level. The POR circuit can be used to trigger the start-up Reset, as well as to
detect a failure in supply voltage.
A Power-on Reset (POR) circuit ensures that the device is reset from Power-on. Reaching the Power-on Reset threshold voltage invokes the delay counter, which determines
how long the device is kept in RESET after VCC rise. The RESET signal is activated
again, without any delay, when VCC decreases below the detection level.
Figure 24. MCU Start-up, RESET Tied to VCC
VCC
RESET
VPOT
VRST
tTOUT
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
Figure 25. MCU Start-up, RESET Extended Externally
VCC
RESET
TIME-OUT
VPOT
VRST
tTOUT
INTERNAL
RESET
External Reset
An External Reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin. Reset pulses longer
than the minimum pulse width (see Table 19) will generate a reset, even if the clock is
not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. When the applied
signal reaches the Reset Threshold Voltage – VRST – on its positive edge, the delay
counter starts the MCU after the Time-out period – tTOUT – has expired.
49
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 26. External Reset During Operation
CC
Brown-out Detection
AT90CAN128 has an On-chip Brown-out Detection (BOD) circuit for monitoring the VCC
level during operation by comparing it to a fixed trigger level. The trigger level for the
BOD can be selected by the BODLEVEL Fuses. The trigger level has a hysteresis to
ensure spike free Brown-out Detection. The hysteresis on the detection level should be
interpreted as VBOT+ = VBOT + VHYST/2 and VBOT- = VBOT - VHYST/2.
Table 20. BODLEVEL Fuse Coding(1)
BODLEVEL 2..0 Fuses
Notes:
Min VBOT
Typ VBOT
Max VBOT
Units
111
BOD Disabled
110
4.1
V
101
4.0
V
100
3.9
V
011
3.8
V
010
2.7
V
001
2.6
V
000
2.5
V
1. VBOT may be below nominal minimum operating voltage for some devices. For
devices where this is the case, the device is tested down to VCC = VBOT during the
production test. This guarantees that a Brown-Out Reset will occur before VCC drops
to a voltage where correct operation of the microcontroller is no longer guaranteed.
The test is performed using BODLEVEL = 010 for Low Operating Voltage and
BODLEVEL = 101 for High Operating Voltage .
Table 21. Brown-out Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
VHYST
Brown-out Detector Hysteresis
70
mV
tBOD
Min Pulse Width on Brown-out Reset
2
µs
When the BOD is enabled, and VCC decreases to a value below the trigger level (VBOTin Figure 27), the Brown-out Reset is immediately activated. When VCC increases above
the trigger level (VBOT+ in Figure 27), the delay counter starts the MCU after the Timeout period tTOUT has expired.
50
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
The BOD circuit will only detect a drop in VCC if the voltage stays below the trigger level
for longer than tBOD given in Table 19.
Figure 27. Brown-out Reset During Operation
VCC
VBOT+
VBOT-
RESET
tTOUT
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
Watchdog Reset
When the Watchdog times out, it will generate a short reset pulse of one CK cycle duration. On the falling edge of this pulse, the delay timer starts counting the Time-out period
tTOUT. Refer to page 53 for details on operation of the Watchdog Timer.
Figure 28. Watchdog Reset During Operation
CC
CK
MCU Status Register –
MCUSR
The MCU Status Register provides information on which reset source caused an MCU
reset.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
JTRF
WDRF
BORF
EXTRF
PORF
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
MCUSR
See Bit Description
• Bit 7..5 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use.
51
4250E–CAN–12/04
• Bit 4 – JTRF: JTAG Reset Flag
This bit is set if a reset is being caused by a logic one in the JTAG Reset Register
selected by the JTAG instruction AVR_RESET. This bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or
by writing a logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 3 – WDRF: Watchdog Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Watchdog Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by
writing a logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 2 – BORF: Brown-out Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Brown-out Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by
writing a logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 1 – EXTRF: External Reset Flag
This bit is set if an External Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by
writing a logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 0 – PORF: Power-on Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Power-on Reset occurs. The bit is reset only by writing a logic zero to
the flag.
To make use of the Reset flags to identify a reset condition, the user should read and
then reset the MCUSR as early as possible in the program. If the register is cleared
before another reset occurs, the source of the reset can be found by examining the reset
flags.
Internal Voltage
Reference
AT90CAN128 features an internal bandgap reference. This reference is used for Brownout Detection, and it can be used as an input to the Analog Comparator or the ADC.
Voltage Reference Enable
Signals and Start-up Time
The voltage reference has a start-up time that may influence the way it should be used.
The start-up time is given in Table 22. To save power, the reference is not always turned
on. The reference is on during the following situations:
1. When the BOD is enabled (by programming the BODLEVEL [2..0] Fuse).
2. When the bandgap reference is connected to the Analog Comparator (by setting
the ACBG bit in ACSR).
3. When the ADC is enabled.
Thus, when the BOD is not enabled, after setting the ACBG bit or enabling the ADC, the
user must always allow the reference to start up before the output from the Analog Comparator or ADC is used. To reduce power consumption in Power-down mode, the user
can avoid the three conditions above to ensure that the reference is turned off before
entering Power-down mode.
52
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Voltage Reference
Characteristics
Table 22. Internal Voltage Reference Characteristics
Symbol
Watchdog Timer
Parameter
Condition
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
1.0
1.1
1.2
V
70
µs
VBG
Bandgap reference voltage
tBG
Bandgap reference start-up time
40
IBG
Bandgap reference current
consumption
15
µA
The Watchdog Timer is clocked from a separate On-chip Oscillator which runs at
1 MHz. This is the typical value at VCC = 5V. See characterization data for typical values
at other VCC levels. By controlling the Watchdog Timer prescaler, the Watchdog Reset
interval can be adjusted as shown in Table 24 on page 54. The WDR – Watchdog Reset
– instruction resets the Watchdog Timer. The Watchdog Timer is also reset when it is
disabled and when a Chip Reset occurs. Eight different clock cycle periods can be
selected to determine the reset period. If the reset period expires without another
Watchdog Reset, the AT90CAN128 resets and executes from the Reset Vector. For timing details on the Watchdog Reset, refer to Table 24 on page 54.
To prevent unintentional disabling of the Watchdog or unintentional change of time-out
period, two different safety levels are selected by the fuse WDTON as shown in Table
23. Refer to “Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the Watchdog Timer”
on page 55 for details.
Table 23. WDT Configuration as a Function of the Fuse Settings of WDTON
WDTON
Safety
Level
WDT Initial
State
How to Disable the
WDT
How to Change
Time-out
Unprogrammed
1
Disabled
Timed sequence
Timed sequence
Programmed
2
Enabled
Always enabled
Timed sequence
Figure 29. Watchdog Timer
WATCHDOG
OSCILLATOR
~1 MHz
53
4250E–CAN–12/04
Watchdog Timer Control
Register – WDTCR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
WDCE
WDE
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
WDTCR
• Bits 7..5 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits for future use.
• Bit 4 – WDCE: Watchdog Change Enable
This bit must be set when the WDE bit is written to logic zero. Otherwise, the Watchdog
will not be disabled. Once written to one, hardware will clear this bit after four clock
cycles. Refer to the description of the WDE bit for a Watchdog disable procedure. This
bit must also be set when changing the prescaler bits. See “Timed Sequences for
Changing the Configuration of the Watchdog Timer” on page 55
• Bit 3 – WDE: Watchdog Enable
When the WDE is written to logic one, the Watchdog Timer is enabled, and if the WDE is
written to logic zero, the Watchdog Timer function is disabled. WDE can only be cleared
if the WDCE bit has logic level one. To disable an enabled Watchdog Timer, the following procedure must be followed:
1. In the same operation, write a logic one to WDCE and WDE. A logic one must be
written to WDE even though it is set to one before the disable operation starts.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, write a logic 0 to WDE. This disables the
Watchdog.
In safety level 2, it is not possible to disable the Watchdog Timer, even with the algorithm described above. See “Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the
Watchdog Timer” on page 55
• Bits 2..0 – WDP2, WDP1, WDP0: Watchdog Timer Prescaler 2, 1, and 0
The WDP2, WDP1, and WDP0 bits determine the Watchdog Timer prescaling when the
Watchdog Timer is enabled. The different prescaling values and their corresponding
Timeout Periods are shown in Table 24.
Table 24. Watchdog Timer Prescale Select
54
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Number of WDT
Oscillator Cycles
Typical Time-out
at VCC = 3.0V
Typical Time-out
at VCC = 5.0V
0
0
0
16K cycles
17.1 ms
16.3 ms
0
0
1
32K cycles
34.3 ms
32.5 ms
0
1
0
64K cycles
68.5 ms
65 ms
0
1
1
128K cycles
0.14 s
0.13 s
1
0
0
256K cycles
0.27 s
0.26 s
1
0
1
512K cycles
0.55 s
0.52 s
1
1
0
1,024K cycles
1.1 s
1.0 s
1
1
1
2,048K cycles
2.2 s
2.1 s
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
The following code example shows one assembly and one C function for turning off the
WDT. The example assumes that interrupts are controlled (e.g. by disabling interrupts
globally) so that no interrupts will occur during execution of these functions.
Assembly Code Example(1)
WDT_off:
; Write logical one to WDCE and WDE
ldi
r16, (1<<WDCE)|(1<<WDE)
sts
WDTCR, r16
; Turn off WDT
ldi
r16, (0<<WDE)
sts
WDTCR, r16
ret
C Code Example(1)
void WDT_off(void)
{
/* Write logical one to WDCE and WDE */
WDTCR = (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE);
/* Turn off WDT */
WDTCR = 0x00;
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
Timed Sequences for
Changing the
Configuration of the
Watchdog Timer
The sequence for changing configuration differs slightly between the two safety levels.
Separate procedures are described for each level.
Safety Level 1
In this mode, the Watchdog Timer is initially disabled, but can be enabled by writing the
WDE bit to 1 without any restriction. A timed sequence is needed when changing the
Watchdog Time-out period or disabling an enabled Watchdog Timer. To disable an
enabled Watchdog Timer, and/or changing the Watchdog Time-out, the following procedure must be followed:
1. In the same operation, write a logic one to WDCE and WDE. A logic one must be
written to WDE regardless of the previous value of the WDE bit.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, in the same operation, write the WDE and
WDP bits as desired, but with the WDCE bit cleared.
Safety Level 2
In this mode, the Watchdog Timer is always enabled, and the WDE bit will always read
as one. A timed sequence is needed when changing the Watchdog Time-out period. To
change the Watchdog Time-out, the following procedure must be followed:
1. In the same operation, write a logical one to WDCE and WDE. Even though the
WDE always is set, the WDE must be written to one to start the timed sequence.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, in the same operation, write the WDP bits as
desired, but with the WDCE bit cleared. The value written to the WDE bit is
irrelevant.
55
4250E–CAN–12/04
Interrupts
This section describes the specifics of the interrupt handling as performed in
AT90CAN128. For a general explanation of the AVR interrupt handling, refer to “Reset
and Interrupt Handling” on page 13.
Interrupt Vectors in
AT90CAN128
56
Table 25. Reset and Interrupt Vectors
Vector
No.
Program
Address(2)
Source
Interrupt Definition
1
0x0000(1)
RESET
External Pin, Power-on Reset, Brown-out Reset,
Watchdog Reset, and JTAG AVR Reset
2
0x0002
INT0
External Interrupt Request 0
3
0x0004
INT1
External Interrupt Request 1
4
0x0006
INT2
External Interrupt Request 2
5
0x0008
INT3
External Interrupt Request 3
6
0x000A
INT4
External Interrupt Request 4
7
0x000C
INT5
External Interrupt Request 5
8
0x000E
INT6
External Interrupt Request 6
9
0x0010
INT7
External Interrupt Request 7
10
0x0012
TIMER2 COMP
Timer/Counter2 Compare Match
11
0x0014
TIMER2 OVF
Timer/Counter2 Overflow
12
0x0016
TIMER1 CAPT
Timer/Counter1 Capture Event
13
0x0018
TIMER1 COMPA
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A
14
0x001A
TIMER1 COMPB
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B
15
0x001C
TIMER1 COMPC
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match C
16
0x001E
TIMER1 OVF
Timer/Counter1 Overflow
17
0x0020
TIMER0 COMP
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match
18
0x0022
TIMER0 OVF
Timer/Counter0 Overflow
19
0x0024
CANIT
CAN Transfer Complete or Error
20
0x0026
OVRIT
CAN Timer Overrun
21
0x0028
SPI, STC
SPI Serial Transfer Complete
22
0x002A
USART0, RX
USART0, Rx Complete
23
0x002C
USART0, UDRE
USART0 Data Register Empty
24
0x002E
USART0, TX
USART0, Tx Complete
25
0x0030
ANALOG COMP
Analog Comparator
26
0x0032
ADC
ADC Conversion Complete
27
0x0034
EE READY
EEPROM Ready
28
0x0036
TIMER3 CAPT
Timer/Counter3 Capture Event
29
0x0038
TIMER3 COMPA
Timer/Counter3 Compare Match A
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 25. Reset and Interrupt Vectors (Continued)
Vector
No.
Program
Address(2)
30
Source
Interrupt Definition
0x003A
TIMER3 COMPB
Timer/Counter3 Compare Match B
31
0x003C
TIMER3 COMPC
Timer/Counter3 Compare Match C
32
0x003E
TIMER3 OVF
Timer/Counter3 Overflow
33
0x0040
USART1, RX
USART1, Rx Complete
34
0x0042
USART1, UDRE
USART1 Data Register Empty
35
0x0044
USART1, TX
USART1, Tx Complete
36
0x0046
TWI
Two-wire Serial Interface
37
0x0048
SPM READY
Store Program Memory Ready
Notes:
1. When the BOOTRST Fuse is programmed, the device will jump to the Boot Loader
address at reset, see “Boot Loader Support – Read-While-Write Self-Programming”
on page 311.
2. When the IVSEL bit in MCUCR is set, Interrupt Vectors will be moved to the start of
the Boot Flash Section. The address of each Interrupt Vector will then be the address
in this table added to the start address of the Boot Flash Section.
Table 26 shows reset and Interrupt Vectors placement for the various combinations of
BOOTRST and IVSEL settings. If the program never enables an interrupt source, the
Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program code can be placed at these locations. This is also the case if the Reset Vector is in the Application section while the
Interrupt Vectors are in the Boot section or vice versa.
Table 26. Reset and Interrupt Vectors Placement(Note:)
BOOTRST
IVSEL
1
Note:
Reset Address
Interrupt Vectors Start Address
0
0x0000
0x0002
1
1
0x0000
Boot Reset Address + 0x0002
0
0
Boot Reset Address
0x0002
0
1
Boot Reset Address
Boot Reset Address + 0x0002
The Boot Reset Address is shown in Table 119 on page 323. For the BOOTRST Fuse
“1” means unprogrammed while “0” means programmed.
The most typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector
Addresses in AT90CAN128 is:
;AddressLabels Code
Comments
0x0000
jmp
RESET
; Reset Handler
0x0002
jmp
EXT_INT0
; IRQ0 Handler
0x0004
jmp
EXT_INT1
; IRQ1 Handler
0x0006
jmp
EXT_INT2
; IRQ2 Handler
0x0008
jmp
EXT_INT3
; IRQ3 Handler
0x000A
jmp
EXT_INT4
; IRQ4 Handler
0x000C
jmp
EXT_INT5
; IRQ5 Handler
0x000E
jmp
EXT_INT6
; IRQ6 Handler
0x0010
jmp
EXT_INT7
; IRQ7 Handler
0x0012
jmp
TIM2_COMP
; Timer2 Compare Handler
0x0014
jmp
TIM2_OVF
; Timer2 Overflow Handler
57
4250E–CAN–12/04
0x0016
jmp
TIM1_CAPT
0x0018
jmp
TIM1_COMPA ; Timer1 CompareA Handler
; Timer1 Capture Handler
0x001A
jmp
TIM1_COMPB ; Timer1 CompareB Handler
0x001C
jmp
TIM1_OVF
; Timer1 CompareC Handler
0x001E
jmp
TIM1_OVF
; Timer1 Overflow Handler
0x0020
jmp
TIM0_COMP
; Timer0 Compare Handler
0x0022
jmp
TIM0_OVF
; Timer0 Overflow Handler
0x0024
jmp
CAN_IT
; CAN Handler
0x0026
jmp
CTIM_OVF
; CAN Timer Overflow Handler
0x0028
jmp
SPI_STC
; SPI Transfer Complete Handler
0x002A
jmp
USART0_RXC ; USART0 RX Complete Handler
0x002C
jmp
USART0_DRE ; USART0,UDR Empty Handler
0x002E
jmp
USART0_TXC ; USART0 TX Complete Handler
0x0030
jmp
ANA_COMP
; Analog Comparator Handler
0x0032
jmp
ADC
; ADC Conversion Complete Handler
0x0034
jmp
EE_RDY
; EEPROM Ready Handler
0x0036
jmp
TIM3_CAPT
; Timer3 Capture Handler
0x0038
jmp
TIM3_COMPA ; Timer3 CompareA Handler
0x003A
jmp
TIM3_COMPB ; Timer3 CompareB Handler
0x003C
jmp
TIM3_COMPC ; Timer3 CompareC Handler
0x003E
jmp
TIM3_OVF
0x0040
jmp
USART1_RXC ; USART1 RX Complete Handler
0x0042
jmp
USART1_DRE ; USART1,UDR Empty Handler
0x0044
jmp
USART1_TXC ; USART1 TX Complete Handler
0x0046
jmp
TWI
; TWI Interrupt Handler
0x0048
jmp
SPM_RDY
; SPM Ready Handler
; Timer3 Overflow Handler
;
0x0049
RESET: ldi
0x004A
out
SPH,r16
0x004B
ldi
r16, low(RAMEND)
0x004C
0x004D
out
sei
SPL,r16
0x004E
<instr>
...
...
...
r16, high(RAMEND); Main program start
;Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
; Enable interrupts
xxx
...
When the BOOTRST Fuse is unprogrammed, the Boot section size set to 8K bytes and
the IVSEL bit in the MCUCR Register is set before any interrupts are enabled, the most
typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses is:
;Address Labels Code
Comments
0x0000
RESET: ldi
0x0001
out
r16,high(RAMEND) ; Main program start
SPH,r16
0x0002
ldi
r16,low(RAMEND)
0x0003
0x0004
out
sei
SPL,r16
0x0005
<instr>
; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
; Enable interrupts
xxx
;
.org 0xF002
58
0xF002
jmp
EXT_INT0
; IRQ0 Handler
0xF004
jmp
PCINT0
; PCINT0 Handler
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
...
...
...
;
0xF00C
jmp
SPM_RDY
; Store Program Memory Ready Handler
When the BOOTRST Fuse is programmed and the Boot section size set to 8K bytes, the
most typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses is:
;Address Labels Code
Comments
.org 0x0002
0x0002
jmp
EXT_INT0
; IRQ0 Handler
0x0004
jmp
PCINT0
; PCINT0 Handler
...
...
...
;
0x002C
jmp
SPM_RDY
; Store Program Memory Ready Handler
;
.org 0xF000
0xF000
RESET: ldi
r16,high(RAMEND) ; Main program start
0xF001
out
SPH,r16
0xF002
ldi
r16,low(RAMEND)
0xF003
0xF004
out
sei
SPL,r16
0xF005
<instr>
; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
; Enable interrupts
xxx
When the BOOTRST Fuse is programmed, the Boot section size set to 8K bytes and the
IVSEL bit in the MCUCR Register is set before any interrupts are enabled, the most typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses is:
;Address Labels Code
Comments
;
.org 0xF000
0xF000
0xF002
jmp
jmp
RESET
EXT_INT0
; Reset handler
; IRQ0 Handler
0xF004
jmp
PCINT0
; PCINT0 Handler
...
...
...
;
0xF044
jmp
SPM_RDY
; Store Program Memory Ready Handler
;
0xF046
RESET: ldi
0xF047
out
r16,high(RAMEND) ; Main program start
SPH,r16
0xF048
ldi
r16,low(RAMEND)
0xF049
0xF04A
out
sei
SPL,r16
0xF04B
<instr>
; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
; Enable interrupts
xxx
Moving Interrupts
The General Interrupt Control Register controls the placement of the Interrupt Vector
Between Application and table.
Boot Space
MCU Control Register –
MCUCR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
JTD
–
–
PUD
–
–
IVSEL
IVCE
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
59
4250E–CAN–12/04
• Bit 1 – IVSEL: Interrupt Vector Select
When the IVSEL bit is cleared (zero), the Interrupt Vectors are placed at the start of the
Flash memory. When this bit is set (one), the Interrupt Vectors are moved to the beginning of the Boot Loader section of the Flash. The actual address of the start of the Boot
Flash Section is determined by the BOOTSZ Fuses. Refer to the section “Boot Loader
Support – Read-While-Write Self-Programming” on page 311 for details. To avoid unintentional changes of Interrupt Vector tables, a special write procedure must be followed
to change the IVSEL bit:
1. Write the Interrupt Vector Change Enable (IVCE) bit to one.
2. Within four cycles, write the desired value to IVSEL while writing a zero to
IVCE.
Interrupts will automatically be disabled while this sequence is executed. Interrupts are
disabled in the cycle IVCE is set, and they remain disabled until after the instruction following the write to IVSEL. If IVSEL is not written, interrupts remain disabled for four
cycles. The I-bit in the Status Register is unaffected by the automatic disabling.
Note:
If Interrupt Vectors are placed in the Boot Loader section and Boot Lock bit BLB02 is programmed, interrupts are disabled while executing from the Application section. If
Interrupt Vectors are placed in the Application section and Boot Lock bit BLB12 is programed, interrupts are disabled while executing from the Boot Loader section. Refer to
the section “Boot Loader Support – Read-While-Write Self-Programming” on page 311
for details on Boot Lock bits.
• Bit 0 – IVCE: Interrupt Vector Change Enable
The IVCE bit must be written to logic one to enable change of the IVSEL bit. IVCE is
cleared by hardware four cycles after it is written or when IVSEL is written. Setting the
IVCE bit will disable interrupts, as explained in the IVSEL description above. See Code
Example below.
Assembly Code Example
Move_interrupts:
; Enable change of Interrupt Vectors
ldi
r16, (1<<IVCE)
out
MCUCR, r16
; Move interrupts to Boot Flash section
ldi
r16, (1<<IVSEL)
out
MCUCR, r16
ret
C Code Example
void Move_interrupts(void)
{
/* Enable change of Interrupt Vectors */
MCUCR = (1<<IVCE);
/* Move interrupts to Boot Flash section */
MCUCR = (1<<IVSEL);
}
60
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
I/O-Ports
Introduction
All AVR ports have true Read-Modify-Write functionality when used as general digital
I/O ports. This means that the direction of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally changing the direction of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. The
same applies when changing drive value (if configured as output) or enabling/disabling
of pull-up resistors (if configured as input). Each output buffer has symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. All port pins have individually
selectable pull-up resistors with a supply-voltage invariant resistance. All I/O pins have
protection diodes to both VCC and Ground as indicated in Figure 30. Refer to “Electrical
Characteristics(1)” on page 355 for a complete list of parameters.
Figure 30. I/O Pin Equivalent Schematic
Rpu
Pxn
Logic
Cpin
See Figure
"General Digital I/O" for
Details
All registers and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case
“x” represents the numbering letter for the port, and a lower case “n” represents the bit
number. However, when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form
must be used. For example, PORTB3 for bit no. 3 in Port B, here documented generally
as PORTxn. The physical I/O Registers and bit locations are listed in “Register Description for I/O-Ports”.
Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for each port, one each for the Data
Register – PORTx, Data Direction Register – DDRx, and the Port Input Pins – PINx. The
Port Input Pins I/O location is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction
Register are read/write. However, writing a logic one to a bit in the PINx Register, will
result in a toggle in the corresponding bit in the Data Register. In addition, the Pull-up
Disable – PUD bit in MCUCR disables the pull-up function for all pins in all ports when
set.
Using the I/O port as General Digital I/O is described in “Ports as General Digital I/O”.
Most port pins are multiplexed with alternate functions for the peripheral features on the
device. How each alternate function interferes with the port pin is described in “Alternate
Port Functions” on page 67. Refer to the individual module sections for a full description
of the alternate functions.
Note that enabling the alternate function of some of the port pins does not affect the use
of the other pins in the port as general digital I/O.
61
4250E–CAN–12/04
Ports as General Digital
I/O
The ports are bi-directional I/O ports with optional internal pull-ups. Figure 31 shows a
functional description of one I/O-port pin, here generically called Pxn.
Figure 31. General Digital I/O(1)
PUD
Q
D
DDxn
Q CLR
WDx
RESET
1
Q
Pxn
D
0
PORTxn
Q CLR
WPx
DATA BUS
RDx
RESET
WRx
RRx
SLEEP
SYNCHRONIZER
D
Q
L
Q
D
RPx
Q
PINxn
Q
clk I/O
PUD: PULLUP DISABLE
SLEEP: SLEEP CONTROL
clkI/O : I/O CLOCK
Note:
Configuring the Pin
WDx:
RDx:
WRx:
RRx:
RPx:
WPx:
WRITE DDRx
READ DDRx
WRITE PORTx
READ PORTx REGISTER
READ PORTx PIN
WRITE PINx REGISTER
1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port.
clkI/O, SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports.
Each port pin consists of three register bits: DDxn, PORTxn, and PINxn. As shown in
“Register Description for I/O-Ports” on page 85, the DDxn bits are accessed at the
DDRx I/O address, the PORTxn bits at the PORTx I/O address, and the PINxn bits at
the PINx I/O address.
The DDxn bit in the DDRx Register selects the direction of this pin. If DDxn is written
logic one, Pxn is configured as an output pin. If DDxn is written logic zero, Pxn is configured as an input pin.
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an input pin, the pull-up
resistor is activated. To switch the pull-up resistor off, PORTxn has to be written logic
zero or the pin has to be configured as an output pin
The port pins are tri-stated when reset condition becomes active, even if no clocks are
running.
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AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port pin is
driven high (one). If PORTxn is written logic zero when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port pin is driven low (zero).
Toggling the Pin
Writing a logic one to PINxn toggles the value of PORTxn, independent on the value of
DDRxn. Note that the SBI instruction can be used to toggle one single bit in a port.
Switching Between Input and
Output
When switching between tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) and output high ({DDxn,
PORTxn} = 0b11), an intermediate state with either pull-up enabled {DDxn, PORTxn} =
0b01) or output low ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b10) must occur. Normally, the pull-up
enabled state is fully acceptable, as a high-impedant environment will not notice the difference between a strong high driver and a pull-up. If this is not the case, the PUD bit in
the MCUCR Register can be set to disable all pull-ups in all ports.
Switching between input with pull-up and output low generates the same problem. The
user must use either the tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) or the output high state
({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b11) as an intermediate step.
Table 27 summarizes the control signals for the pin value.
Table 27. Port Pin Configurations
Reading the Pin Value
DDxn
PORTxn
PUD
(in MCUCR)
I/O
Pull-up
0
0
X
Input
No
Default configuration after Reset.
Tri-state (Hi-Z)
0
1
0
Input
Yes
Pxn will source current if ext. pulled
low.
0
1
1
Input
No
Tri-state (Hi-Z)
1
0
X
Output
No
Output Low (Sink)
1
1
X
Output
No
Output High (Source)
Comment
Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through
the PINxn Register bit. As shown in Figure 31, the PINxn Register bit and the preceding
latch constitute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin
changes value near the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a delay. Figure
32 shows a timing diagram of the synchronization when reading an externally applied
pin value. The maximum and minimum propagation delays are denoted tpd,max and tpd,min
respectively.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 32. Synchronization when Reading an Externally Applied Pin value
SYSTEM CLK
INSTRUCTIONS
XXX
XXX
in r17, PINx
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00
0xFF
t pd, max
t pd, min
Consider the clock period starting shortly after the first falling edge of the system clock.
The latch is closed when the clock is low, and goes transparent when the clock is high,
as indicated by the shaded region of the “SYNC LATCH” signal. The signal value is
latched when the system clock goes low. It is clocked into the PINxn Register at the succeeding positive clock edge. As indicated by the two arrows tpd,max and tpd,min, a single
signal transition on the pin will be delayed between ½ and 1½ system clock period
depending upon the time of assertion.
When reading back a software assigned pin value, a nop instruction must be inserted as
indicated in Figure 33. The out instruction sets the “SYNC LATCH” signal at the positive
edge of the clock. In this case, the delay tpd through the synchronizer is 1 system clock
period.
Figure 33. Synchronization when Reading a Software Assigned Pin Value
SYSTEM CLK
r16
INSTRUCTIONS
0xFF
out PORTx, r16
nop
in r17, PINx
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00
0xFF
t pd
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AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
The following code example shows how to set port B pins 0 and 1 high, 2 and 3 low, and
define the port pins from 4 to 7 as input with pull-ups assigned to port pins 6 and 7. The
resulting pin values are read back again, but as previously discussed, a nop instruction
is included to be able to read back the value recently assigned to some of the pins.
Assembly Code Example(1)
...
; Define pull-ups and set outputs high
; Define directions for port pins
ldi
r16, (1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0)
ldi
r17, (1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0)
out
PORTB, r16
out
DDRB, r17
; Insert nop for synchronization
nop
; Read port pins
in
r16, PINB
...
C Code Example
unsigned char i;
...
/* Define pull-ups and set outputs high */
/* Define directions for port pins */
PORTB = (1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0);
DDRB = (1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0);
/* Insert nop for synchronization*/
_NOP();
/* Read port pins */
i = PINB;
...
Note:
Digital Input Enable and Sleep
Modes
1. For the assembly program, two temporary registers are used to minimize the time
from pull-ups are set on pins 0, 1, 6, and 7, until the direction bits are correctly set,
defining bit 2 and 3 as low and redefining bits 0 and 1 as strong high drivers.
As shown in Figure 31, the digital input signal can be clamped to ground at the input of
the schmitt-trigger. The signal denoted SLEEP in the figure, is set by the MCU Sleep
Controller in Power-down mode, Power-save mode, and Standby mode to avoid high
power consumption if some input signals are left floating, or have an analog signal level
close to VCC/2.
SLEEP is overridden for port pins enabled as external interrupt pins. If the external interrupt request is not enabled, SLEEP is active also for these pins. SLEEP is also
overridden by various other alternate functions as described in “Alternate Port Functions” on page 67.
If a logic high level (“one”) is present on an Asynchronous External Interrupt pin configured as “Interrupt on Rising Edge, Falling Edge, or Any Logic Change on Pin” while the
external interrupt is not enabled, the corresponding External Interrupt Flag will be set
when resuming from the above mentioned sleep modes, as the clamping in these sleep
modes produces the requested logic change.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Unconnected Pins
66
If some pins are unused, it is recommended to ensure that these pins have a defined
level. Even though most of the digital inputs are disabled in the deep sleep modes as
described above, floating inputs should be avoided to reduce current consumption in all
other modes where the digital inputs are enabled (Reset, Active mode and Idle mode).
The simplest method to ensure a defined level of an unused pin, is to enable the internal
pull-up. In this case, the pull-up will be disabled during reset. If low power consumption
during reset is important, it is recommended to use an external pull-up or pull-down.
Connecting unused pins directly to VCC or GND is not recommended, since this may
cause excessive currents if the pin is accidentally configured as an output.
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
Alternate Port Functions
Most port pins have alternate functions in addition to being general digital I/Os. Figure
34 shows how the port pin control signals from the simplified Figure 31 can be overridden by alternate functions. The overriding signals may not be present in all port pins, but
the figure serves as a generic description applicable to all port pins in the AVR microcontroller family.
Figure 34. Alternate Port Functions(1)
PUOExn
PUOVxn
1
PUD
0
DDOExn
DDOVxn
1
Q D
DDxn
0
Q CLR
WDx
PVOExn
RESET
RDx
1
1
Pxn
Q
0
D
0
PORTxn
PTOExn
Q CLR
DIEOExn
DATA BUS
PVOVxn
WPx
DIEOVxn
RESET
WRx
1
0
RRx
SLEEP
SYNCHRONIZER
D
SET
Q
RPx
Q
D
PINxn
L
CLR
Q
CLR
Q
clk I/O
DIxn
AIOxn
PUOExn: Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE ENABLE
PUOVxn:
DDOExn:
DDOVxn:
PVOExn:
PVOVxn:
DIEOExn:
Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
DIEOVxn: Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE VALUE
SLEEP: SLEEP CONTROL
PTOExn: Pxn, PORT TOGGLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Note:
PUD: PULLUP DISABLE
WDx:
RDx:
RRx:
WRx:
RPx:
WPx:
clkI/O:
DIxn:
AIOxn:
WRITE DDRx
READ DDRx
READ PORTx REGISTER
WRITE PORTx
READ PORTx PIN
WRITE PINx
I/O CLOCK
DIGITAL INPUT PIN n ON PORTx
ANALOG INPUT/OUTPUT PIN n ON PORTx
1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port.
clkI/O, SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports. All other signals are unique for each
pin.
Table 28 summarizes the function of the overriding signals. The pin and port indexes
from Figure 34 are not shown in the succeeding tables. The overriding signals are generated internally in the modules having the alternate function.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 28. Generic Description of Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions
Signal Name
Full Name
Description
PUOE
Pull-up Override
Enable
If this signal is set, the pull-up enable is controlled by the
PUOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the pull-up is
enabled when {DDxn, PORTxn, PUD} = 0b010.
PUOV
Pull-up Override
Value
If PUOE is set, the pull-up is enabled/disabled when
PUOV is set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the
DDxn, PORTxn, and PUD Register bits.
DDOE
Data Direction
Override Enable
If this signal is set, the Output Driver Enable is controlled
by the DDOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Output
driver is enabled by the DDxn Register bit.
DDOV
Data Direction
Override Value
If DDOE is set, the Output Driver is enabled/disabled
when DDOV is set/cleared, regardless of the setting of
the DDxn Register bit.
PVOE
Port Value
Override Enable
If this signal is set and the Output Driver is enabled, the
port value is controlled by the PVOV signal. If PVOE is
cleared, and the Output Driver is enabled, the port Value
is controlled by the PORTxn Register bit.
PVOV
Port Value
Override Value
If PVOE is set, the port value is set to PVOV, regardless
of the setting of the PORTxn Register bit.
PTOE
Port Toggle
Override Enable
If PTOE is set, the PORTxn Register bit is inverted.
DIEOE
Digital Input
Enable Override
Enable
If this bit is set, the Digital Input Enable is controlled by
the DIEOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Digital Input
Enable is determined by MCU state (Normal mode, sleep
mode).
DIEOV
Digital Input
Enable Override
Value
If DIEOE is set, the Digital Input is enabled/disabled when
DIEOV is set/cleared, regardless of the MCU state
(Normal mode, sleep mode).
DI
Digital Input
This is the Digital Input to alternate functions. In the
figure, the signal is connected to the output of the schmitt
trigger but before the synchronizer. Unless the Digital
Input is used as a clock source, the module with the
alternate function will use its own synchronizer.
AIO
Analog
Input/Output
This is the Analog Input/output to/from alternate
functions. The signal is connected directly to the pad, and
can be used bi-directionally.
The following subsections shortly describe the alternate functions for each port, and
relate the overriding signals to the alternate function. Refer to the alternate function
description for further details.
MCU Control Register –
MCUCR
68
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
JTD
–
–
PUD
–
–
IVSEL
IVCE
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
• Bit 4 – PUD: Pull-up Disable
When this bit is written to one, the pull-ups in the I/O ports are disabled even if the DDxn
and PORTxn Registers are configured to enable the pull-ups ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01).
See “Configuring the Pin” for more details about this feature.
Alternate Functions of Port A
The Port A has an alternate function as the address low byte and data lines for the
External Memory Interface.
The Port A pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 29.
Table 29. Port A Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PA7
AD7 (External memory interface address and data bit 7)
PA6
AD6 (External memory interface address and data bit 6)
PA5
AD5 (External memory interface address and data bit 5)
PA4
AD4 (External memory interface address and data bit 4)
PA3
AD3 (External memory interface address and data bit 3)
PA2
AD2 (External memory interface address and data bit 2)
PA1
AD1 (External memory interface address and data bit 1)
PA0
AD0 (External memory interface address and data bit 0)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• AD7 – Port A, Bit 7
AD7, External memory interface address 7 and Data 7.
• AD6 – Port A, Bit 6
AD6, External memory interface address 6 and Data 6.
• AD5 – Port A, Bit 5
AD5, External memory interface address 5 and Data 5.
• AD4 – Port A, Bit 4
AD4, External memory interface address 4 and Data 4.
• AD3 – Port A, Bit 3
AD3, External memory interface address 3 and Data 3.
• AD2 – Port A, Bit 2
AD2, External memory interface address 2 and Data 2.
• AD1 – Port A, Bit 1
AD1, External memory interface address 1 and Data 1.
• AD0 – Port A, Bit 0
AD0, External memory interface address 0 and Data 0.
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Table 30 and Table 31 relates the alternate functions of Port A to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 34 on page 67.
Table 30. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA7..PA4
Signal Name
PA7/AD7
PA6/AD6
PA5/AD5
PA4/AD4
PUOE
SRE •
(ADA + WR)
SRE •
(ADA + WR)
SRE •
(ADA + WR)
SRE •
(ADA + WR)
PUOV
0
0
0
0
DDOE
SRE
SRE
SRE
SRE
DDOV
WR + ADA
WR + ADA
WR + ADA
WR + ADA
PVOE
SRE
SRE
SRE
SRE
PVOV
A7 • ADA + D7
OUTPUT • WR
A6 • ADA + D6
OUTPUT • WR
A5 • ADA + D5
OUTPUT • WR
A4 • ADA + D4
OUTPUT • WR
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
D7 INPUT
D6 INPUT
D5 INPUT
D4 INPUT
AIO
–
–
–
–
Note:
1. ADA is short for ADdress Active and represents the time when address is output. See
“External Memory Interface” on page 24 for details.
Table 31. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA3..PA0
Signal Name
PA3/AD3
PA2/AD2
PA1/AD1
PA0/AD0
PUOE
SRE •
(ADA + WR)
SRE •
(ADA + WR)
SRE •
(ADA + WR)
SRE •
(ADA + WR)
PUOV
0
0
0
0
DDOE
SRE
SRE
SRE
SRE
DDOV
WR + ADA
WR + ADA
WR + ADA
WR + ADA
PVOE
SRE
SRE
SRE
SRE
PVOV
A3 • ADA + D3
OUTPUT • WR
A2 • ADA + D2
OUTPUT • WR
A1 • ADA + D1
OUTPUT • WR
A0 • ADA + D0
OUTPUT • WR
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
D3 INPUT
D2 INPUT
D1 INPUT
D0 INPUT
AIO
–
–
–
–
Note:
70
1. ADA is short for ADdress Active and represents the time when address is output. See
“External Memory Interface” on page 24 for details.
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
Alternate Functions of Port B
The Port B pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 32.
Table 32. Port B Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Functions
PB7
OC0A/OC1C (Output Compare and PWM Output A for Timer/Counter0 or Output
Compare and PWM Output C for Timer/Counter1)
PB6
OC1B (Output Compare and PWM Output B for Timer/Counter1)
PB5
OC1A (Output Compare and PWM Output A for Timer/Counter1)
PB4
OC2A (Output Compare and PWM Output A for Timer/Counter2 )
PB3
MISO (SPI Bus Master Input/Slave Output)
PB2
MOSI (SPI Bus Master Output/Slave Input)
PB1
SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock)
PB0
SS (SPI Slave Select input)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• OC0A/OC1C, Bit 7
OC0A, Output Compare Match A output. The PB7 pin can serve as an external output
for the Timer/Counter0 Output Compare A. The pin has to be configured as an output
(DDB7 set “one”) to serve this function. The OC0A pin is also the output pin for the PWM
mode timer function.
OC1C, Output Compare Match C output. The PB7 pin can serve as an external output
for the Timer/Counter1 Output Compare C. The pin has to be configured as an output
(DDB7 set “one”) to serve this function. The OC1C pin is also the output pin for the
PWM mode timer function.
• OC1B, Bit 6
OC1B, Output Compare Match B output. The PB6 pin can serve as an external output
for the Timer/Counter1 Output Compare B. The pin has to be configured as an output
(DDB6 set “one”) to serve this function. The OC1B pin is also the output pin for the PWM
mode timer function.
• OC1A, Bit 5
OC1A, Output Compare Match A output. The PB5 pin can serve as an external output
for the Timer/Counter1 Output Compare A. The pin has to be configured as an output
(DDB5 set “one”) to serve this function. The OC1A pin is also the output pin for the PWM
mode timer function.
• OC2A, Bit 4
OC2A, Output Compare Match A output. The PB4 pin can serve as an external output
for the Timer/Counter2 Output Compare A. The pin has to be configured as an output
(DDB4 set “one”) to serve this function. The OC2A pin is also the output pin for the PWM
mode timer function.
• MISO – Port B, Bit 3
MISO, Master Data input, Slave Data output pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is
enabled as a master, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of
DDB3. When the SPI is enabled as a slave, the data direction of this pin is controlled by
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4250E–CAN–12/04
DDB3. When the pin is forced to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the
PORTB3 bit.
• MOSI – Port B, Bit 2
MOSI, SPI Master Data output, Slave Data input for SPI channel. When the SPI is
enabled as a slave, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB2.
When the SPI is enabled as a master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by
DDB2. When the pin is forced to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the
PORTB2 bit.
• SCK – Port B, Bit 1
SCK, Master Clock output, Slave Clock input pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is
enabled as a slave, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB1.
When the SPI is enabled as a master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by
DDB1. When the pin is forced to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the
PORTB1 bit.
• SS – Port B, Bit 0
SS, Slave Port Select input. When the SPI is enabled as a slave, this pin is configured
as an input regardless of the setting of DDB0. As a slave, the SPI is activated when this
pin is driven low. When the SPI is enabled as a master, the data direction of this pin is
controlled by DDB0. When the pin is forced to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB0 bit.
Table 33 and Table 34 relate the alternate functions of Port B to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 34 on page 67. SPI MSTR INPUT and SPI SLAVE OUTPUT constitute
the MISO signal, while MOSI is divided into SPI MSTR OUTPUT and SPI SLAVE
INPUT.
Table 33 and Table 34 relates the alternate functions of Port B to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 34 on page 67.
Table 33. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB7..PB4
Signal Name
PB7/OC0A/OC1C
PB6/OC1B
PB5/OC1A
PB4/OC2A
PUOE
0
0
0
0
PUOV
0
0
0
0
DDOE
0
0
0
0
DDOV
0
0
0
0
PVOE
OC0A/OC1C
ENABLE(1)
OC1B ENABLE
OC1A ENABLE
OC2A ENABLE
PVOV
OC0A/OC1C(1)
OC1B
OC1A
OC2A
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
–
–
–
–
AIO
–
–
–
–
Note:
72
1. See “Output Compare Modulator - OCM” on page 160 for details.
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
Table 34. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB3..PB0
Alternate Functions of Port C
Signal Name
PB3/MISO
PB2/MOSI
PB1/SCK
PB0/SS
PUOE
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
PUOV
PORTB3 • PUD
PORTB2 • PUD
PORTB1 • PUD
PORTB0 • PUD
DDOE
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
DDOV
0
0
0
0
PVOE
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
0
PVOV
SPI SLAVE
OUTPUT
SPI MASTER
OUTPUT
SCK OUTPUT
0
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
SPI MASTER
INPUT
SPI SLAVE
INPUT • RESET
SCK INPUT
SPI SS
AIO
–
–
–
–
The Port C has an alternate function as the address high byte for the External Memory
Interface.
The Port C pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 35.
Table 35. Port C Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PC7
A15/CLKO (External memory interface address 15 or Divided
System Clock)
PC6
A14 (External memory interface address 14)
PC5
A13 (External memory interface address 13)
PC4
A12 (External memory interface address 12)
PC3
A11 (External memory interface address 11)
PC2
A10 (External memory interface address 10)
PC1
A9 (External memory interface address 9)
PC0
A8 (External memory interface address 8)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• A15/CLKO – Port C, Bit 7
A15, External memory interface address 15.
CLKO, Divided System Clock: The divided system clock can be output on the PC7 pin.
The divided system clock will be output if the CKOUT Fuse is programmed, regardless
of the PORTC7 and DDC7 settings. It will also be output during reset.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
• A14 – Port C, Bit 6
A14, External memory interface address 14.
• A13 – Port C, Bit 5
A13, External memory interface address 13.
• A12 – Port C, Bit 4
A12, External memory interface address 12.
• A11 – Port C, Bit 3
A11, External memory interface address 11.
• A10 – Port C, Bit 2
A10, External memory interface address 10.
• A9 – Port C, Bit 1
A9, External memory interface address 9.
• A8 – Port C, Bit 0
A8, External memory interface address 8.
Table 36 and Table 37 relate the alternate functions of Port C to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 34 on page 67.
Table 36. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PC7..PC4
Signal Name
PC7/A15
PC6/A14
PC5/A13
PC4/A12
PUOE
SRE • (XMM<1)
SRE • (XMM<2)
SRE • (XMM<3)
SRE • (XMM<4)
PUOV
0
0
0
0
DDOE
CKOUT(1) +
(SRE • (XMM<1))
SRE • (XMM<2)
SRE • (XMM<3)
SRE • (XMM<4)
DDOV
1
1
1
1
PVOE
CKOUT +
(SRE • (XMM<1))
SRE • (XMM<2)
SRE • (XMM<3)
SRE • (XMM<4)
PVOV
(A15 • CKOUT(1)) +
(CLKO • CKOUT(1))
A14
A13
A12
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
–
–
–
–
AIO
–
–
–
–
Note:
74
(1)
1. CKOUT is one if the CKOUT Fuse is programmed
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 37. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PC3..PC0
Alternate Functions of Port D
Signal Name
PC3/A11
PC2/A10
PC1/A9
PC0/A8
PUOE
SRE • (XMM<5)
SRE • (XMM<6)
SRE • (XMM<7)
SRE • (XMM<7)
PUOV
0
0
0
0
DDOE
SRE • (XMM<5)
SRE • (XMM<6)
SRE • (XMM<7)
SRE • (XMM<7)
DDOV
1
1
1
1
PVOE
SRE • (XMM<5)
SRE • (XMM<6)
SRE • (XMM<7)
SRE • (XMM<7)
PVOV
A11
A10
A9
A8
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
–
–
–
–
AIO
–
–
–
–
The Port D pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 38.
Table 38. Port D Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PD7
T0 (Timer/Counter0 Clock Input)
PD6
RXCAN/T1 (CAN Receive Pin or Timer/Counter1 Clock Input)
PD5
TXCAN/XCK1 (CAN Transmit Pin or USART1 External Clock Input/Output)
PD4
ICP1 (Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Trigger)
PD3
INT3/TXD1 (External Interrupt3 Input or UART1 Transmit Pin)
PD2
INT2/RXD1 (External Interrupt2 Input or UART1 Receive Pin)
PD1
INT1/SDA (External Interrupt1 Input or TWI Serial DAta)
PD0
INT0/SCL (External Interrupt0 Input or TWI Serial CLock)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• T0/CLKO – Port D, Bit 7
T0, Timer/Counter0 counter source.
• RXCAN/T1 – Port D, Bit 6
RXCAN, CAN Receive Data (Data input pin for the CAN). When the CAN controller is
enabled this pin is configured as an input regardless of the value of DDD6. When the
CAN forces this pin to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTD6 bit.
T1, Timer/Counter1 counter source.
75
4250E–CAN–12/04
• TXCAN/XCK1 – Port D, Bit 5
TXCAN, CAN Transmit Data (Data output pin for the CAN). When the CAN is enabled,
this pin is configured as an output regardless of the value of DDD5.
XCK1, USART1 External clock. The Data Direction Register (DDD5) controls whether
the clock is output (DDD5 set) or input (DDD45 cleared). The XCK1 pin is active only
when the USART1 operates in Synchronous mode.
• ICP1 – Port D, Bit 4
ICP1, Input Capture Pin1. The PD4 pin can act as an input capture pin for
Timer/Counter1.
• INT3/TXD1 – Port D, Bit 3
INT3, External Interrupt source 3. The PD3 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
to the MCU.
TXD1, Transmit Data (Data output pin for the USART1). When the USART1 Transmitter
is enabled, this pin is configured as an output regardless of the value of DDD3.
• INT2/RXD1 – Port D, Bit 2
INT2, External Interrupt source 2. The PD2 pin can serve as an External Interrupt
source to the MCU.
RXD1, Receive Data (Data input pin for the USART1). When the USART1 receiver is
enabled this pin is configured as an input regardless of the value of DDD2. When the
USART forces this pin to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTD2
bit.
• INT1/SDA – Port D, Bit 1
INT1, External Interrupt source 1. The PD1 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
to the MCU.
SDA, Two-wire Serial Interface Data. When the TWEN bit in TWCR is set (one) to
enable the Two-wire Serial Interface, pin PD1 is disconnected from the port and
becomes the Serial Data I/O pin for the Two-wire Serial Interface. In this mode, there is
a spike filter on the pin to suppress spikes shorter than 50 ns on the input signal, and the
pin is driven by an open drain driver with slew-rate limitation.
• INT0/SCL – Port D, Bit 0
INT0, External Interrupt source 0. The PD0 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
to the MCU.
SCL, Two-wire Serial Interface Clock: When the TWEN bit in TWCR is set (one) to
enable the Two-wire Serial Interface, pin PD0 is disconnected from the port and
becomes the Serial Clock I/O pin for the Two-wire Serial Interface. In this mode, there is
a spike filter on the pin to suppress spikes shorter than 50 ns on the input signal, and the
pin is driven by an open drain driver with slew-rate limitation.
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Table 39 and Table 40 relates the alternate functions of Port D to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 34 on page 67.
Table 39. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions PD7..PD4
Signal Name
PD7/T0
PD6/T1/RXCAN
PD5/XCK1/TXCAN
PD4/ICP1
PUOE
0
RXCANEN
TXCANEN +
0
PUOV
0
PORTD6 • PUD
0
0
DDOE
0
RXCANEN
TXCANEN
0
DDOV
0
0
1
0
PVOE
0
0
TXCANEN + UMSEL1
0
PVOV
0
0
(XCK1 OUTPUT •
UMSEL1 • TXCANEN)
+ (TXCAN • TXCANEN)
0
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
T0 INPUT
T1 INPUT/RXCAN
XCK1 INPUT
ICP1 INPUT
AIO
–
–
–
–
Table 40. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PD3..PD0(1)
Signal Name
PD3/INT3/TXD1
PD2/INT2/RXD1
PD1/INT1/SDA
PD0/INT0/SCL
PUOE
TXEN1
RXEN1
TWEN
TWEN
PUOV
0
PORTD2 • PUD
PORTD1 • PUD
PORTD0 • PUD
DDOE
TXEN1
RXEN1
0
0
DDOV
1
0
0
0
PVOE
TXEN1
0
TWEN
TWEN
PVOV
TXD1
0
SDA_OUT
SCL_OUT
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
INT3 ENABLE
INT2 ENABLE
INT1 ENABLE
INT0 ENABLE
DIEOV
INT3 ENABLE
INT2 ENABLE
INT1 ENABLE
INT0 ENABLE
DI
INT3 INPUT
INT2 INPUT/RXD1
INT1 INPUT
INT0 INPUT
AIO
–
–
SDA INPUT
SCL INPUT
Note:
1. When enabled, the Two-wire Serial Interface enables Slew-Rate controls on the output pins PD0 and PD1. This is not shown in this table. In addition, spike filters are
connected between the AIO outputs shown in the port figure and the digital logic of
the TWI module.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Alternate Functions of Port E
The Port E pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 41.
Table 41. Port E Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PE7
INT7/ICP3 (External Interrupt 7 Input or Timer/Counter3 Input Capture Trigger)
PE6
INT6/ T3 (External Interrupt 6 Input or Timer/Counter3 Clock Input)
PE5
INT5/OC3C (External Interrupt 5 Input or Output Compare and PWM Output C for
Timer/Counter3)
PE4
INT4/OC3B (External Interrupt4 Input or Output Compare and PWM Output B for
Timer/Counter3)
PE3
AIN1/OC3A (Analog Comparator Negative Input or Output Compare and PWM
Output A for Timer/Counter3)
PE2
AIN0/XCK0 (Analog Comparator Positive Input or USART0 external clock
input/output)
PE1
PDO/TXD0 (Programming Data Output or UART0 Transmit Pin)
PE0
PDI/RXD0 (Programming Data Input or UART0 Receive Pin)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• PCINT7/ICP3 – Port E, Bit 7
INT7, External Interrupt source 7. The PE7 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
ICP3, Input Capture Pin3: The PE7 pin can act as an input capture pin for
Timer/Counter3.
• INT6/T3 – Port E, Bit 6
INT6, External Interrupt source 6. The PE6 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
T3, Timer/Counter3 counter source.
• INT5/OC3C – Port E, Bit 5
INT5, External Interrupt source 5. The PE5 pin can serve as an External Interrupt
source.
OC3C, Output Compare Match C output. The PE5 pin can serve as an External output
for the Timer/Counter3 Output Compare C. The pin has to be configured as an output
(DDE5 set “one”) to serve this function. The OC3C pin is also the output pin for the
PWM mode timer function.
• INT4/OC3B – Port E, Bit 4
INT4, External Interrupt source 4. The PE4 pin can serve as an External Interrupt
source.
OC3B, Output Compare Match B output. The PE4 pin can serve as an External output
for the Timer/Counter3 Output Compare B. The pin has to be configured as an output
(DDE4 set (one)) to serve this function. The OC3B pin is also the output pin for the PWM
mode timer function.
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AT90CAN128
• AIN1/OC3A – Port E, Bit 3
AIN1 – Analog Comparator Negative input. This pin is directly connected to the negative
input of the Analog Comparator.
OC3A, Output Compare Match A output. The PE3 pin can serve as an External output
for the Timer/Counter3 Output Compare A. The pin has to be configured as an output
(DDE3 set “one”) to serve this function. The OC3A pin is also the output pin for the PWM
mode timer function.
• AIN0/XCK0 – Port E, Bit 2
AIN0 – Analog Comparator Positive input. This pin is directly connected to the positive
input of the Analog Comparator.
XCK0, USART0 External clock. The Data Direction Register (DDE2) controls whether
the clock is output (DDE2 set) or input (DDE2 cleared). The XCK0 pin is active only
when the USART0 operates in Synchronous mode.
• PDO/TXD0 – Port E, Bit 1
PDO, SPI Serial Programming Data Output. During Serial Program Downloading, this
pin is used as data output line for the AT90CAN128.
TXD0, UART0 Transmit pin.
• PDI/RXD0 – Port E, Bit 0
PDI, SPI Serial Programming Data Input. During Serial Program Downloading, this pin
is used as data input line for the AT90CAN128.
RXD0, USART0 Receive Pin. Receive Data (Data input pin for the USART0). When the
USART0 receiver is enabled this pin is configured as an input regardless of the value of
DDRE0. When the USART0 forces this pin to be an input, a logical one in PORTE0 will
turn on the internal pull-up.
Table 42 and Table 43 relates the alternate functions of Port E to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 34 on page 67.
Table 42. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions PE7..PE4
Signal Name
PE7/INT7/ICP3
PE6/INT6/T3
PE5/INT5/OC3C
PE4/INT4/OC3B
PUOE
0
0
0
0
PUOV
0
0
0
0
DDOE
0
0
0
0
DDOV
0
0
0
0
PVOE
0
0
OC3C ENABLE
OC3B ENABLE
PVOV
0
0
OC3C
OC3B
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
INT7 ENABLE
INT6 ENABLE
INT5 ENABLE
INT4 ENABLE
DIEOV
INT7 ENABLE
INT6 ENABLE
INT5 ENABLE
INT4 ENABLE
DI
INT7 INPUT
/ICP3 INPUT
INT6 INPUT
/T3 INPUT
INT5 INPUT
INT4 INPUT
AIO
–
–
–
–
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 43. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PE3..PE0
Signal Name
PE3/AIN1/OC3A
PE2/AIN0/XCK0
PE1/PDO/TXD0
PE0/PDI/RXD0
PUOE
0
0
TXEN0
RXEN0
PUOV
0
0
0
PORTE0 • PUD
DDOE
0
0
TXEN0
RXEN0
DDOV
0
0
1
0
PVOE
OC3A ENABLE
UMSEL0
TXEN0
0
PVOV
OC3A
XCK0 OUTPUT
TXD0
0
PTOE
0
0
0
0
0
0
(1)
DIEOE
AIN1D
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
0
XCK0 INPUT
–
RXD0
AIO
AIN1 INPUT
AIN0 INPUT
–
–
Note:
Alternate Functions of Port F
(1)
AIN0D
1. AIN0D and AIN1D is described in “Digital Input Disable Register 1 – DIDR1” on page
264.
The Port F has an alternate function as analog input for the ADC as shown in Table 44.
If some Port F pins are configured as outputs, it is essential that these do not switch
when a conversion is in progress. This might corrupt the result of the conversion. If the
JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PF7 (TDI), PF5 (TMS) and PF4
(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.
Table 44. Port F Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PF7
ADC7/TDI (ADC input channel 7 or JTAG Data Input)
PF6
ADC6/TDO (ADC input channel 6 or JTAG Data Output)
PF5
ADC5/TMS (ADC input channel 5 or JTAG mode Select)
PF4
ADC4/TCK (ADC input channel 4 or JTAG ClocK)
PF3
ADC3 (ADC input channel 3)
PF2
ADC2 (ADC input channel 2)
PF1
ADC1 (ADC input channel 1)
PF0
ADC0 (ADC input channel 0)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• TDI, ADC7 – Port F, Bit 7
ADC7, Analog to Digital Converter, input channel 7.
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AT90CAN128
TDI, JTAG Test Data In. Serial input data to be shifted in to the Instruction Register or
Data Register (scan chains). When the JTAG interface is enabled, this pin can not be
used as an I/O pin.
• TCK, ADC6 – Port F, Bit 6
ADC6, Analog to Digital Converter, input channel 6.
TDO, JTAG Test Data Out. Serial output data from Instruction Register or Data Register.
When the JTAG interface is enabled, this pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
• TMS, ADC5 – Port F, Bit 5
ADC5, Analog to Digital Converter, input channel 5.
TMS, JTAG Test mode Select. This pin is used for navigating through the TAP-controller
state machine. When the JTAG interface is enabled, this pin can not be used as an I/O
pin.
• TDO, ADC4 – Port F, Bit 4
ADC4, Analog to Digital Converter, input channel 4.
TCK, JTAG Test Clock. JTAG operation is synchronous to TCK. When the JTAG interface is enabled, this pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
• ADC3 – Port F, Bit 3
ADC3, Analog to Digital Converter, input channel 3.
• ADC2 – Port F, Bit 2
ADC2, Analog to Digital Converter, input channel 2.
• ADC1 – Port F, Bit 1
ADC1, Analog to Digital Converter, input channel 1.
• ADC0 – Port F, Bit 0
ADC0, Analog to Digital Converter, input channel 0.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 45 and Table 46 relates the alternate functions of Port F to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 34 on page 67.
Table 45. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PF7..PF4
Signal Name
PF7/ADC7/TDI
PF6/ADC6/TDO
PF5/ADC5/TMS
PF4/ADC4/TCK
PUOE
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
PUOV
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
DDOE
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
DDOV
0
SHIFT_IR +
SHIFT_DR
0
0
PVOE
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
PVOV
0
TDO
0
0
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
JTAGEN +
ADC7D
JTAGEN +
ADC6D
JTAGEN +
ADC5D
JTAGEN +
ADC4D
DIEOV
JTAGEN
0
JTAGEN
JTAGEN
DI
TDI
–
TMS
TCK
AIO
ADC7 INPUT
ADC6 INPUT
ADC5 INPUT
ADC4 INPUT
Table 46. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PF3..PF0
82
Signal Name
PF3/ADC3
PF2/ADC2
PF1/ADC1
PF0/ADC0
PUOE
0
0
0
0
PUOV
0
0
0
0
DDOE
0
0
0
0
DDOV
0
0
0
0
PVOE
0
0
0
0
PVOV
0
0
0
0
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
ADC3D
ADC2D
ADC1D
ADC0D
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
–
–
–
–
AIO
ADC3 INPUT
ADC2 INPUT
ADC1 INPUT
ADC0 INPUT
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Alternate Functions of Port G
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
Table 47. Port G Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PG4
TOSC1 (RTC Oscillator Timer/Counter2)
PG3
TOSC2 (RTC Oscillator Timer/Counter2)
PG2
ALE (Address Latch Enable to external memory)
PG1
RD (Read strobe to external memory)
PG0
WR (Write strobe to external memory)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• TOSC1 – Port G, Bit 4
TOSC2, Timer/Counter2 Oscillator pin 1. When the AS2 bit in ASSR is set (one) to
enable asynchronous clocking of Timer/Counter2, pin PG4 is disconnected from the
port, and becomes the input of the inverting Oscillator amplifier. In this mode, a Crystal
Oscillator is connected to this pin, and the pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
• TOSC2 – Port G, Bit 3
TOSC2, Timer/Counter2 Oscillator pin 2. When the AS2 bit in ASSR is set (one) to
enable asynchronous clocking of Timer/Counter2, pin PG3 is disconnected from the
port, and becomes the inverting output of the Oscillator amplifier. In this mode, a Crystal
Oscillator is connected to this pin, and the pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
• ALE – Port G, Bit 2
ALE is the external data memory Address Latch Enable signal.
• RD – Port G, Bit 1
RD is the external data memory read control strobe.
• WR – Port G, Bit 0
WR is the external data memory write control strobe.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 47 and Table 48 relates the alternate functions of Port G to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 34 on page 67.
Table 48. Overriding Signals for Alternate Function in PG4
Signal Name
-
-
-
PG4/TOSC1
PUOE
AS2
PUOV
0
DDOE
AS2
DDOV
0
PVOE
0
PVOV
0
PTOE
0
DIEOE
AS2
DIEOV
EXCLK
DI
–
AIO
T/C2 OSC INPUT
Table 49. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PG3:0
84
Signal Name
PG3/TOSC2
PG2/ALE
PG1/RD
PG0/WR
PUOE
AS2 • EXCLK
SRE
SRE
SRE
PUOV
0
0
0
0
DDOE
AS2 • EXCLK
SRE
SRE
SRE
DDOV
0
1
1
1
PVOE
0
SRE
SRE
SRE
PVOV
0
ALE
RD
WR
PTOE
0
0
0
0
DIEOE
AS2
0
0
0
DIEOV
0
0
0
0
DI
–
–
–
–
AIO
T/C2 OSC OUTPUT
–
–
–
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Register Description for
I/O-Ports
Port A Data Register – PORTA
Bit
Port A Data Direction Register
– DDRA
Port A Input Pins Address –
PINA
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PORTA7
PORTA6
PORTA5
PORTA4
PORTA3
PORTA2
PORTA1
PORTA0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
DDA7
DDA6
DDA5
DDA4
DDA3
DDA2
DDA1
DDA0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PINA7
PINA6
PINA5
PINA4
PINA3
PINA2
PINA1
PINA0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PORTA
DDRA
PINA
Port B Data Register – PORTB
Bit
Port B Data Direction Register
– DDRB
Port B Input Pins Address –
PINB
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PORTB7
PORTB6
PORTB5
PORTB4
PORTB3
PORTB2
PORTB1
PORTB0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
DDB7
DDB6
DDB5
DDB4
DDB3
DDB2
DDB1
DDB0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PINB7
PINB6
PINB5
PINB4
PINB3
PINB2
PINB1
PINB0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PORTB
DDRB
PINB
Port C Data Register – PORTC
Bit
Port C Data Direction Register
– DDRC
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PORTC7
PORTC6
PORTC5
PORTC4
PORTC3
PORTC2
PORTC1
PORTC0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
DDC7
DDC6
DDC5
DDC4
DDC3
DDC2
DDC1
DDC0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PORTC
DDRC
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Port C Input Pins Address –
PINC
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PINC7
PINC6
PINC5
PINC4
PINC3
PINC2
PINC1
PINC0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PINC
Port D Data Register – PORTD
Bit
Port D Data Direction Register
– DDRD
Port D Input Pins Address –
PIND
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PORTD7
PORTD6
PORTD5
PORTD4
PORTD3
PORTD2
PORTD1
PORTD0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
DDD7
DDD6
DDD5
DDD4
DDD3
DDD2
DDD1
DDD0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PIND7
PIND6
PIND5
PIND4
PIND3
PIND2
PIND1
PIND0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PORTD
DDRD
PIND
Port E Data Register – PORTE
Bit
Port E Data Direction Register
– DDRE
Port E Input Pins Address –
PINE
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PORTE7
PORTE6
PORTE5
PORTE4
PORTE3
PORTE2
PORTE1
PORTE0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
DDE7
DDE6
DDE5
DDE4
DDE3
DDE2
DDE1
DDE0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PINE7
PINE6
PINE5
PINE4
PINE3
PINE2
PINE1
PINE0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PORTE
DDRE
PINE
Port F Data Register – PORTF
Bit
Port F Data Direction Register
– DDRF
86
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PORTF7
PORTF6
PORTF5
PORTF4
PORTF3
PORTF2
PORTF1
PORTF0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
DDF7
DDF6
DDF5
DDF4
DDF3
DDF2
DDF1
DDF0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PORTF
DDRF
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Port F Input Pins Address –
PINF
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PINF7
PINF6
PINF5
PINF4
PINF3
PINF2
PINF1
PINF0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
PORTG4
PORTG3
PORTG2
PORTG1
PORTG0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PINF
Port G Data Register – PORTG
Bit
Port G Data Direction Register
– DDRG
Port G Input Pins Address –
PING
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
DDG4
DDG3
DDG2
DDG1
DDG0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
PING4
PING3
PING2
PING1
PING0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PORTG
DDRG
PING
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External Interrupts
The External Interrupts are triggered by the INT7:0 pins. Observe that, if enabled, the
interrupts will trigger even if the INT7:0 pins are configured as outputs. This feature provides a way of generating a software interrupt. The External Interrupts can be triggered
by a falling or rising edge or a low level. This is set up as indicated in the specification for
the External Interrupt Control Registers – EICRA (INT3:0) and EICRB (INT7:4). When
the external interrupt is enabled and is configured as level triggered, the interrupt will
trigger as long as the pin is held low. Note that recognition of falling or rising edge interrupts on INT7:4 requires the presence of an I/O clock, described in “Clock Systems and
their Distribution” on page 34. Low level interrupts and the edge interrupt on INT3:0 are
detected asynchronously. This implies that these interrupts can be used for waking the
part also from sleep modes other than Idle mode. The I/O clock is halted in all sleep
modes except Idle mode.
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-down mode, the
changed level must be held for some time to wake up the MCU. This makes the MCU
less sensitive to noise. The changed level is sampled twice by the Watchdog Oscillator
clock. The period of the Watchdog Oscillator is 1 µs (nominal) at 5.0V and 25°C. The
frequency of the Watchdog Oscillator is voltage dependent as shown in the “Electrical
Characteristics(1)” on page 355. The MCU will wake up if the input has the required
level during this sampling or if it is held until the end of the start-up time. The start-up
time is defined by the SUT fuses as described in “System Clock” on page 34. If the level
is sampled twice by the Watchdog Oscillator clock but disappears before the end of the
start-up time, the MCU will still wake up, but no interrupt will be generated. The required
level must be held long enough for the MCU to complete the wake up to trigger the level
interrupt.
External Interrupt Control
Register A – EICRA
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ISC31
ISC30
ISC21
ISC20
ISC11
ISC10
ISC01
ISC00
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EICRA
• Bits 7..0 – ISC31, ISC30 – ISC01, ISC00: External Interrupt 3 - 0 Sense Control
Bits
The External Interrupts 3 - 0 are activated by the external pins INT3:0 if the SREG I-flag
and the corresponding interrupt mask in the EIMSK is set. The level and edges on the
external pins that activate the interrupts are defined in Table 50. Edges on INT3..INT0
are registered asynchronously. Pulses on INT3:0 pins wider than the minimum pulse
width given in Table 51 will generate an interrupt. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to
generate an interrupt. If low level interrupt is selected, the low level must be held until
the completion of the currently executing instruction to generate an interrupt. If enabled,
a level triggered interrupt will generate an interrupt request as long as the pin is held
low. When changing the ISCn bit, an interrupt can occur. Therefore, it is recommended
to first disable INTn by clearing its Interrupt Enable bit in the EIMSK Register. Then, the
ISCn bit can be changed. Finally, the INTn interrupt flag should be cleared by writing a
logical one to its Interrupt Flag bit (INTFn) in the EIFR Register before the interrupt is reenabled.
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Table 50. Interrupt Sense Control(1)
ISCn1
ISCn0
0
0
The low level of INTn generates an interrupt request.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
The falling edge of INTn generates asynchronously an interrupt request.
1
Note:
Description
1
The rising edge of INTn generates asynchronously an interrupt request.
1. n = 3, 2, 1or 0.
When changing the ISCn1/ISCn0 bits, the interrupt must be disabled by clearing its
Interrupt Enable bit in the EIMSK Register. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when
the bits are changed.
Table 51. Asynchronous External Interrupt Characteristics
Symbol
Condition
Min
Typ
Minimum pulse width for
asynchronous external interrupt
tINT
External Interrupt Control
Register B – EICRB
Parameter
Bit
Max
Units
50
ns
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ISC71
ISC70
ISC61
ISC60
ISC51
ISC50
ISC41
ISC40
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EICRB
• Bits 7..0 – ISC71, ISC70 - ISC41, ISC40: External Interrupt 7 - 4 Sense Control
Bits
The External Interrupts 7 - 4 are activated by the external pins INT7:4 if the SREG I-flag
and the corresponding interrupt mask in the EIMSK is set. The level and edges on the
external pins that activate the interrupts are defined in Table 52. The value on the
INT7:4 pins are sampled before detecting edges. If edge or toggle interrupt is selected,
pulses that last longer than one clock period will generate an interrupt. Shorter pulses
are not guaranteed to generate an interrupt. Observe that CPU clock frequency can be
lower than the XTAL frequency if the XTAL divider is enabled. If low level interrupt is
selected, the low level must be held until the completion of the currently executing
instruction to generate an interrupt. If enabled, a level triggered interrupt will generate an
interrupt request as long as the pin is held low.
Table 52. Interrupt Sense Control(1)
ISCn1
ISCn0
0
0
The low level of INTn generates an interrupt request.
0
1
Any logical change on INTn generates an interrupt request
1
0
The falling edge between two samples of INTn generates an interrupt
request.
1
Note:
Description
The rising edge between two samples of INTn generates an interrupt
request.
1. n = 7, 6, 5 or 4.
When changing the ISCn1/ISCn0 bits, the interrupt must be disabled by clearing its
Interrupt Enable bit in the EIMSK Register. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when
the bits are changed.
1
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External Interrupt Mask
Register – EIMSK
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
INT7
INT6
INT5
INT4
INT3
INT2
INT1
IINT0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EIMSK
• Bits 7..0 – INT7 – INT0: External Interrupt Request 7 - 0 Enable
When an INT7 – INT0 bit is written to one and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is
set (one), the corresponding external pin interrupt is enabled. The Interrupt Sense Control bits in the External Interrupt Control Registers – EICRA and EICRB – defines
whether the external interrupt is activated on rising or falling edge or level sensed. Activity on any of these pins will trigger an interrupt request even if the pin is enabled as an
output. This provides a way of generating a software interrupt.
External Interrupt Flag
Register – EIFR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
INTF7
INTF6
INTF5
INTF4
INTF3
INTF2
INTF1
IINTF0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EIFR
• Bits 7..0 – INTF7 - INTF0: External Interrupt Flags 7 - 0
When an edge or logic change on the INT7:0 pin triggers an interrupt request, INTF7:0
becomes set (one). If the I-bit in SREG and the corresponding interrupt enable bit,
INT7:0 in EIMSK, are set (one), the MCU will jump to the interrupt vector. The flag is
cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by
writing a logical one to it. These flags are always cleared when INT7:0 are configured as
level interrupt. Note that when entering sleep mode with the INT3:0 interrupts disabled,
the input buffers on these pins will be disabled. This may cause a logic change in internal signals which will set the INTF3:0 flags. See “Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes”
on page 65 for more information.
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Timer/Counter3/1/0 Prescalers
Timer/Counter3, Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter0 share the same prescaler module, but the Timer/Counters can have different prescaler settings. The description below
applies to both Timer/Counter3, Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter0.
Overview
Most bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “n” replaces
the Timer/Counter number.
Internal Clock Source
The Timer/Counter can be clocked directly by the system clock (by setting the
CSn2:0 = 1). This provides the fastest operation, with a maximum Timer/Counter clock
frequency equal to system clock frequency (fCLK_I/O). Alternatively, one of four taps from
the prescaler can be used as a clock source. The prescaled clock has a frequency of
either fCLK_I/O/8, fCLK_I/O/64, fCLK_I/O/256, or fCLK_I/O/1024.
Prescaler Reset
The prescaler is free running, i.e., operates independently of the Clock Select logic of
the Timer/Counter, and it is shared by Timer/Counter3, Timer/Counter1 and
Timer/Counter0. Since the prescaler is not affected by the Timer/Counter’s clock select,
the state of the prescaler will have implications for situations where a prescaled clock is
used. One example of prescaling artifacts occurs when the timer is enabled and clocked
by the prescaler (6 > CSn2:0 > 1). The number of system clock cycles from when the
timer is enabled to the first count occurs can be from 1 to N+1 system clock cycles,
where N equals the prescaler divisor (8, 64, 256, or 1024).
It is possible to use the prescaler reset for synchronizing the Timer/Counter to program
execution. However, care must be taken if the other Timer/Counter that shares the
same prescaler also uses prescaling. A prescaler reset will affect the prescaler period
for all Timer/Counters it is connected to.
External Clock Source
An external clock source applied to the T3/T1/T0 pin can be used as Timer/Counter
clock (clkT3/clkT1/clkT0). The T3/T1/T0 pin is sampled once every system clock cycle by
the pin synchronization logic. The synchronized (sampled) signal is then passed through
the edge detector. Figure 35 shows a functional equivalent block diagram of the
T3/T1/T0 synchronization and edge detector logic. The registers are clocked at the positive edge of the internal system clock (clkI/O). The latch is transparent in the high period
of the internal system clock.
The edge detector generates one clkT3/clkT1/clkT0 pulse for each positive (CSn2:0 = 7)
or negative (CSn2:0 = 6) edge it detects.
Figure 35. T3/T1/T0 Pin Sampling
Tn
D
Q
D
Q
D
Tn_sync
(To Clock
Select Logic)
Q
LE
clk I/O
Synchronization
Edge Detector
The synchronization and edge detector logic introduces a delay of 2.5 to 3.5 system
clock cycles from an edge has been applied to the T3/T1/T0 pin to the counter is
updated.
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Enabling and disabling of the clock input must be done when T3/T1/T0 has been stable
for at least one system clock cycle, otherwise it is a risk that a false Timer/Counter clock
pulse is generated.
Each half period of the external clock applied must be longer than one system clock
cycle to ensure correct sampling. The external clock must be guaranteed to have less
than half the system clock frequency (fExtClk < fclk_I/O /2) given a 50/50 % duty cycle.
Since the edge detector uses sampling, the maximum frequency of an external clock it
can detect is half the sampling frequency (Nyquist sampling theorem). However, due to
variation of the system clock frequency and duty cycle caused by Oscillator source
(crystal, resonator, and capacitors) tolerances, it is recommended that maximum frequency of an external clock source is less than fclk_I/O/2.5.
An external clock source can not be prescaled.
Figure 36. Prescaler for Timer/Counter3, Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter0(1)
CK
T3
Synchronization
T1
Synchronization
T0
Synchronization
0
CK/1024
PSR310
CK/256
CK/8
CK/64
10-BIT T/C PRESCALER
Clear
0
0
CS00
CS10
CS30
CS01
CS11
CS31
CS02
CS12
CS32
TIMER/COUNTER0 CLOCK SOURCE
clkT0
Note:
TIMER/COUNTER1 CLOCK SOURCE
clkT1
TIMER/COUNTER3 CLOCK SOURCE
clkT3
1. The synchronization logic on the input pins (T0/T1/T3) is shown in Figure 35.
Timer/Counter0/1/3
Prescalers
Register Description
General Timer/Counter
Control Register – GTCCR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TSM
–
–
–
–
–
PSR2
PSR310
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GTCCR
• Bit 7 – TSM: Timer/Counter Synchronization Mode
Writing the TSM bit to one activates the Timer/Counter Synchronization mode. In this
mode, the value that is written to the PSR2 and PSR310 bits is kept, hence keeping the
corresponding prescaler reset signals asserted. This ensures that the corresponding
Timer/Counters are halted and can be configured to the same value without the risk of
one of them advancing during configuration. When the TSM bit is written to zero, the
PSR2 and PSR310 bits are cleared by hardware, and the Timer/Counters start counting
simultaneously.
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AT90CAN128
• Bit 0 – PSR310: Prescaler Reset Timer/Counter3, Timer/Counter1 and
Timer/Counter0
When this bit is one, Timer/Counter3, Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter0 prescaler will
be Reset. This bit is normally cleared immediately by hardware, except if the TSM bit is
set. Note that Timer/Counter3, Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter0 share the same
prescaler and a reset of this prescaler will affect these three timers.
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8-bit Timer/Counter0 with PWM
Timer/Counter0 is a general purpose, single channel, 8-bit Timer/Counter module. The
main features are:
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overview
Many register and bit references in this section are written in general form.
Single Channel Counter
Clear Timer on Compare Match (Auto Reload)
Glitch-free, Phase Correct Pulse Width Modulator (PWM)
Frequency Generator
External Event Counter
10-bit Clock Prescaler
Overflow and Compare Match Interrupt Sources (TOV0 and OCF0A)
•
A lower case “n” replaces the Timer/Counter number, in this case 0. However, when
using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used, i.e.,
TCNT0 for accessing Timer/Counter0 counter value and so on.
•
A lower case “x” replaces the Output Compare unit channel, in this case A.
However, when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must
be used, i.e., OCR0A for accessing Timer/Counter0 output compare channel A
value and so on.
A simplified block diagram of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is shown in Figure 37. For the
actual placement of I/O pins, refer to “Pinout AT90CAN128- TQFP” on page 4. CPU
accessible I/O Registers, including I/O bits and I/O pins, are shown in bold. The devicespecific I/O Register and bit locations are listed in the “8-bit Timer/Counter Register
Description” on page 104.
Figure 37. 8-bit Timer/Counter Block Diagram
TCCRn
count
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
clear
Control Logic
direction
clk Tn
Clock Select
Edge
Detector
DATA BUS
BOTTOM
Tn
TOP
( From Prescaler )
Timer/Counter
TCNTn
=
=0
= 0xFF
OCn
(Int.Req.)
Waveform
Generation
OCnx
OCRnx
Registers
94
The Timer/Counter (TCNT0) and Output Compare Register (OCR0A) are 8-bit registers.
Interrupt request (abbreviated to Int.Req. in the figure) signals are all visible in the Timer
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
Interrupt Flag Register (TIFR0). All interrupts are individually masked with the Timer
Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK0). TIFR0 and TIMSK0 are not shown in the figure.
The Timer/Counter can be clocked internally, via the prescaler, or by an external clock
source on the T0 pin. The Clock Select logic block controls which clock source and edge
the Timer/Counter uses to increment (or decrement) its value. The Timer/Counter is
inactive when no clock source is selected. The output from the Clock Select logic is
referred to as the timer clock (clkT0).
The double buffered Output Compare Register (OCR0A) is compared with the
Timer/Counter value at all times. The result of the compare can be used by the Waveform Generator to generate a PWM or variable frequency output on the Output Compare
pin (OC0A). See “Output Compare Unit” on page 96 for details. The compare match
event will also set the Compare Flag (OCF0A) which can be used to generate an Output
Compare interrupt request.
Definitions
The definitions in Table 53 are also used extensively throughout the document.
Table 53. Definitions
BOTTOM
The counter reaches the BOTTOM when it becomes 0x00.
MAX
The counter reaches its MAXimum when it becomes 0xFF (decimal 255).
TOP
The counter reaches the TOP when it becomes equal to the highest
value in the count sequence. The TOP value can be assigned to be the
fixed value 0xFF (MAX) or the value stored in the OCR0A Register. The
assignment is dependent on the mode of operation.
Timer/Counter Clock
Sources
The Timer/Counter can be clocked by an internal or an external clock source. The clock
source is selected by the Clock Select logic which is controlled by the Clock Select
(CS02:0) bits located in the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCR0A). For details on
clock sources and prescaler, see “Timer/Counter3/1/0 Prescalers” on page 91.
Counter Unit
The main part of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is the programmable bi-directional counter unit.
Figure 38 shows a block diagram of the counter and its surroundings.
Figure 38. Counter Unit Block Diagram
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
DATA BUS
Clock Select
count
TCNTn
clear
Control Logic
clkTn
Edge
Detector
Tn
direction
( From Prescaler )
bottom
top
Signal description (internal signals):
count
Increment or decrement TCNT0 by 1.
direction
Select between increment and decrement.
clear
Clear TCNT0 (set all bits to zero).
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4250E–CAN–12/04
clkTn
Timer/Counter clock, referred to as clkT0 in the following.
top
Signalize that TCNT0 has reached maximum value.
bottom
Signalize that TCNT0 has reached minimum value (zero).
Depending of the mode of operation used, the counter is cleared, incremented, or decremented at each timer clock (clkT0). clkT0 can be generated from an external or internal
clock source, selected by the Clock Select bits (CS02:0). When no clock source is
selected (CS02:0 = 0) the timer is stopped. However, the TCNT0 value can be accessed
by the CPU, regardless of whether clkT0 is present or not. A CPU write overrides (has
priority over) all counter clear or count operations.
The counting sequence is determined by the setting of the WGM01 and WGM00 bits
located in the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCR0A). There are close connections
between how the counter behaves (counts) and how waveforms are generated on the
Output Compare output OC0A. For more details about advanced counting sequences
and waveform generation, see “Modes of Operation” on page 99.
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) is set according to the mode of operation
selected by the WGM01:0 bits. TOV0 can be used for generating a CPU interrupt.
Output Compare Unit
The 8-bit comparator continuously compares TCNT0 with the Output Compare Register
(OCR0A). Whenever TCNT0 equals OCR0A, the comparator signals a match. A match
will set the Output Compare Flag (OCF0A) at the next timer clock cycle. If enabled
(OCIE0A = 1 and Global Interrupt Flag in SREG is set), the Output Compare Flag generates an Output Compare interrupt. The OCF0A flag is automatically cleared when the
interrupt is executed. Alternatively, the OCF0A flag can be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit location. The Waveform Generator uses the match signal
to generate an output according to operating mode set by the WGM01:0 bits and Compare Output mode (COM0A1:0) bits. The max and bottom signals are used by the
Waveform Generator for handling the special cases of the extreme values in some
modes of operation (See “Modes of Operation” on page 99 ).
Figure 39 shows a block diagram of the Output Compare unit.
Figure 39. Output Compare Unit, Block Diagram
DATA BUS
OCRnx
TCNTn
= (8-bit Comparator )
OCFnx (Int.Req.)
top
bottom
Waveform Generator
OCnx
FOCn
WGMn1:0
96
COMnX1:0
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The OCR0A Register is double buffered when using any of the Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) modes. For the normal and Clear Timer on Compare (CTC) modes of operation,
the double buffering is disabled. The double buffering synchronizes the update of the
OCR0A Compare Register to either top or bottom of the counting sequence. The synchronization prevents the occurrence of odd-length, non-symmetrical PWM pulses,
thereby making the output glitch-free.
The OCR0A Register access may seem complex, but this is not case. When the double
buffering is enabled, the CPU has access to the OCR0A Buffer Register, and if double
buffering is disabled the CPU will access the OCR0A directly.
Force Output Compare
In non-PWM waveform generation modes, the match output of the comparator can be
forced by writing a one to the Force Output Compare (FOC0A) bit. Forcing compare
match will not set the OCF0A flag or reload/clear the timer, but the OC0A pin will be
updated as if a real compare match had occurred (the COM0A1:0 bits settings define
whether the OC0A pin is set, cleared or toggled).
Compare Match Blocking by
TCNT0 Write
All CPU write operations to the TCNT0 Register will block any compare match that
occur in the next timer clock cycle, even when the timer is stopped. This feature allows
OCR0A to be initialized to the same value as TCNT0 without triggering an interrupt
when the Timer/Counter clock is enabled.
Using the Output Compare
Unit
Since writing TCNT0 in any mode of operation will block all compare matches for one
timer clock cycle, there are risks involved when changing TCNT0 when using the Output
Compare channel, independently of whether the Timer/Counter is running or not. If the
value written to TCNT0 equals the OCR0A value, the compare match will be missed,
resulting in incorrect waveform generation. Similarly, do not write the TCNT0 value
equal to BOTTOM when the counter is downcounting.
The setup of the OC0A should be performed before setting the Data Direction Register
for the port pin to output. The easiest way of setting the OC0A value is to use the Force
Output Compare (FOC0A) strobe bits in Normal mode. The OC0A Register keeps its
value even when changing between Waveform Generation modes.
Be aware that the COM0A1:0 bits are not double buffered together with the compare
value. Changing the COM0A1:0 bits will take effect immediately.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Compare Match Output
Unit
The Compare Output mode (COM0A1:0) bits have two functions. The Waveform Generator uses the COM0A1:0 bits for defining the Output Compare (OC0A) state at the next
compare match. Also, the COM0A1:0 bits control the OC0A pin output source. Figure 40
shows a simplified schematic of the logic affected by the COM0A1:0 bit setting. The I/O
Registers, I/O bits, and I/O pins in the figure are shown in bold. Only the parts of the
general I/O port control registers (DDR and PORT) that are affected by the COM0A1:0
bits are shown. When referring to the OC0A state, the reference is for the internal OC0A
Register, not the OC0A pin. If a system reset occur, the OC0A Register is reset to “0”.
Figure 40. Compare Match Output Unit, Schematic
COMnx1
COMnx0
FOCnx
Waveform
Generator
D
Q
1
OCnx
DATA BUS
D
0
OCnx
Pin
Q
PORT
D
Q
DDR
clk I/O
Compare Output Function
The general I/O port function is overridden by the Output Compare (OC0A) from the
Waveform Generator if either of the COM0A1:0 bits are set. However, the OC0A pin
direction (input or output) is still controlled by the Data Direction Register (DDR) for the
port pin. The Data Direction Register bit for the OC0A pin (DDR_OC0A) must be set as
output before the OC0A value is visible on the pin. The port override function is independent of the Waveform Generation mode.
The design of the Output Compare pin logic allows initialization of the OC0A state
before the output is enabled. Note that some COM0A1:0 bit settings are reserved for
certain modes of operation. See “8-bit Timer/Counter Register Description” on page 104
Compare Output Mode and
Waveform Generation
The Waveform Generator uses the COM0A1:0 bits differently in Normal, CTC, and
PWM modes. For all modes, setting the COM0A1:0 = 0 tells the Waveform Generator
that no action on the OC0A Register is to be performed on the next compare match. For
compare output actions in the non-PWM modes refer to Table 55 on page 105. For fast
PWM mode, refer to Table 56 on page 105, and for phase correct PWM refer to Table
57 on page 106.
A change of the COM0A1:0 bits state will have effect at the first compare match after the
bits are written. For non-PWM modes, the action can be forced to have immediate effect
by using the FOC0A strobe bits.
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Modes of Operation
The mode of operation, i.e., the behavior of the Timer/Counter and the Output Compare
pins, is defined by the combination of the Waveform Generation mode (WGM01:0) and
Compare Output mode (COM0A1:0) bits. The Compare Output mode bits do not affect
the counting sequence, while the Waveform Generation mode bits do. The COM0A1:0
bits control whether the PWM output generated should be inverted or not (inverted or
non-inverted PWM). For non-PWM modes the COM0A1:0 bits control whether the output should be set, cleared, or toggled at a compare match (See “Compare Match Output
Unit” on page 98 ).
For detailed timing information refer to Figure 44, Figure 45, Figure 46 and Figure 47 in
“Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams” on page 102.
Normal Mode
The simplest mode of operation is the Normal mode (WGM01:0 = 0). In this mode the
counting direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The
counter simply overruns when it passes its maximum 8-bit value (TOP = 0xFF) and then
restarts from the bottom (0x00). In normal operation the Timer/Counter Overflow Flag
(TOV0) will be set in the same timer clock cycle as the TCNT0 becomes zero. The
TOV0 flag in this case behaves like a ninth bit, except that it is only set, not cleared.
However, combined with the timer overflow interrupt that automatically clears the TOV0
flag, the timer resolution can be increased by software. There are no special cases to
consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value can be written anytime.
The Output Compare unit can be used to generate interrupts at some given time. Using
the Output Compare to generate waveforms in Normal mode is not recommended,
since this will occupy too much of the CPU time.
Clear Timer on Compare
Match (CTC) Mode
In Clear Timer on Compare or CTC mode (WGM01:0 = 2), the OCR0A Register is used
to manipulate the counter resolution. In CTC mode the counter is cleared to zero when
the counter value (TCNT0) matches the OCR0A. The OCR0A defines the top value for
the counter, hence also its resolution. This mode allows greater control of the compare
match output frequency. It also simplifies the operation of counting external events.
The timing diagram for the CTC mode is shown in Figure 41. The counter value
(TCNT0) increases until a compare match occurs between TCNT0 and OCR0A, and
then counter (TCNT0) is cleared.
Figure 41. CTC Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCnx
(Toggle)
Period
(COMnx1:0 = 1)
1
2
3
4
An interrupt can be generated each time the counter value reaches the TOP value by
using the OCF0A flag. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be
used for updating the TOP value. However, changing TOP to a value close to BOTTOM
when the counter is running with none or a low prescaler value must be done with care
since the CTC mode does not have the double buffering feature. If the new value written
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to OCR0A is lower than the current value of TCNT0, the counter will miss the compare
match. The counter will then have to count to its maximum value (0xFF) and wrap
around starting at 0x00 before the compare match can occur.
For generating a waveform output in CTC mode, the OC0A output can be set to toggle
its logical level on each compare match by setting the Compare Output mode bits to toggle mode (COM0A1:0 = 1). The OC0A value will not be visible on the port pin unless the
data direction for the pin is set to output. The waveform generated will have a maximum
frequency of fOC0A = fclk_I/O /2 when OCR0A is set to zero (0x00). The waveform frequency is defined by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnx = -------------------------------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ ( 1 + OCRnx )
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
As for the Normal mode of operation, the TOV0 flag is set in the same timer clock cycle
that the counter counts from MAX to 0x00.
Fast PWM Mode
The fast Pulse Width Modulation or fast PWM mode (WGM01:0 = 3) provides a high frequency PWM waveform generation option. The fast PWM differs from the other PWM
option by its single-slope operation. The counter counts from BOTTOM to MAX then
restarts from BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare
(OC0A) is cleared on the compare match between TCNT0 and OCR0A, and set at BOTTOM. In inverting Compare Output mode, the output is set on compare match and
cleared at BOTTOM. Due to the single-slope operation, the operating frequency of the
fast PWM mode can be twice as high as the phase correct PWM mode that use dualslope operation. This high frequency makes the fast PWM mode well suited for power
regulation, rectification, and DAC applications. High frequency allows physically small
sized external components (coils, capacitors), and therefore reduces total system cost.
In fast PWM mode, the counter is incremented until the counter value matches the MAX
value. The counter is then cleared at the following timer clock cycle. The timing diagram
for the fast PWM mode is shown in Figure 42. The TCNT0 value is in the timing diagram
shown as a histogram for illustrating the single-slope operation. The diagram includes
non-inverted and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNT0
slopes represent compare matches between OCR0A and TCNT0.
Figure 42. Fast PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCRnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCRnx Update and
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) is set each time the counter reaches MAX. If
the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating the compare value.
In fast PWM mode, the compare unit allows generation of PWM waveforms on the
OC0A pin. Setting the COM0A1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM and an
inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COM0A1:0 to three (See Table 56
on page 105). The actual OC0A value will only be visible on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output. The PWM waveform is generated by setting (or
clearing) the OC0A Register at the compare match between OCR0A and TCNT0, and
clearing (or setting) the OC0A Register at the timer clock cycle the counter is cleared
(changes from MAX to BOTTOM).
The PWM frequency for the output can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPWM = -----------------N ⋅ 256
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCR0A Register represents special cases when generating
a PWM waveform output in the fast PWM mode. If the OCR0A is set equal to BOTTOM,
the output will be a narrow spike for each MAX+1 timer clock cycle. Setting the OCR0A
equal to MAX will result in a constantly high or low output (depending on the polarity of
the output set by the COM0A1:0 bits.)
A frequency (with 50% duty cycle) waveform output in fast PWM mode can be achieved
by setting OC0A to toggle its logical level on each compare match (COM0A1:0 = 1). The
waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of fOC0A = fclk_I/O/2 when OCR0A is
set to zero. This feature is similar to the OC0A toggle in CTC mode, except the double
buffer feature of the Output Compare unit is enabled in the fast PWM mode.
Phase Correct PWM Mode
The phase correct PWM mode (WGM01:0 = 1) provides a high resolution phase correct
PWM waveform generation option. The phase correct PWM mode is based on a dualslope operation. The counter counts repeatedly from BOTTOM to MAX and then from
MAX to BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare (OC0A)
is cleared on the compare match between TCNT0 and OCR0A while upcounting, and
set on the compare match while downcounting. In inverting Output Compare mode, the
operation is inverted. The dual-slope operation has lower maximum operation frequency
than single slope operation. However, due to the symmetric feature of the dual-slope
PWM modes, these modes are preferred for motor control applications.
The PWM resolution for the phase correct PWM mode is fixed to eight bits. In phase
correct PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter value matches MAX.
When the counter reaches MAX, it changes the count direction. The TCNT0 value will
be equal to MAX for one timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the phase correct
PWM mode is shown on Figure 43. The TCNT0 value is in the timing diagram shown as
a histogram for illustrating the dual-slope operation. The diagram includes non-inverted
and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNT0 slopes represent compare matches between OCR0A and TCNT0.
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Figure 43. Phase Correct PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCRnx Update
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) is set each time the counter reaches BOTTOM. The interrupt flag can be used to generate an interrupt each time the counter
reaches the BOTTOM value.
In phase correct PWM mode, the compare unit allows generation of PWM waveforms on
the OC0A pin. Setting the COM0A1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM. An
inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COM0A1:0 to three (See Table 57
on page 106). The actual OC0A value will only be visible on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output. The PWM waveform is generated by clearing (or
setting) the OC0A Register at the compare match between OCR0A and TCNT0 when
the counter increments, and setting (or clearing) the OC0A Register at compare match
between OCR0A and TCNT0 when the counter decrements. The PWM frequency for
the output when using phase correct PWM can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPCPWM = -----------------N ⋅ 510
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCR0A Register represent special cases when generating a
PWM waveform output in the phase correct PWM mode. If the OCR0A is set equal to
BOTTOM, the output will be continuously low and if set equal to MAX the output will be
continuously high for non-inverted PWM mode. For inverted PWM the output will have
the opposite logic values.
Timer/Counter Timing
Diagrams
102
The Timer/Counter is a synchronous design and the timer clock (clk T0) is therefore
shown as a clock enable signal in the following figures. The figures include information
on when interrupt flags are set. Figure 44 contains timing data for basic Timer/Counter
operation. The figure shows the count sequence close to the MAX value in all modes
other than phase correct PWM mode.
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Figure 44. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, no Prescaling
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /1)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
Figure 45 shows the same timing data, but with the prescaler enabled.
Figure 45. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
Figure 46 shows the setting of OCF0A in all modes except CTC mode.
Figure 46. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Setting of OCF0A, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
OCRnx
OCRnx - 1
OCRnx
OCRnx + 1
OCRnx + 2
OCRnx Value
OCFnx
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Figure 47 shows the setting of OCF0A and the clearing of TCNT0 in CTC mode.
Figure 47. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Clear Timer on Compare Match mode, with
Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
(CTC)
TOP - 1
TOP
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOP
OCRnx
OCFnx
8-bit Timer/Counter
Register Description
Timer/Counter0 Control
Register A – TCCR0A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FOC0A
WGM00
COM0A1
COM0A0
WGM01
CS02
CS01
CS00
Read/Write
W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR0
• Bit 7 – FOC0A: Force Output Compare A
The FOC0A bit is only active when the WGM00 bit specifies a non-PWM mode. However, for ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must be set to zero when
TCCR0 is written when operating in PWM mode. When writing a logical one to the
FOC0A bit, an immediate compare match is forced on the Waveform Generation unit.
The OC0A output is changed according to its COM0A1:0 bits setting. Note that the
FOC0A bit is implemented as a strobe. Therefore it is the value present in the
COM0A1:0 bits that determines the effect of the forced compare.
A FOC0A strobe will not generate any interrupt, nor will it clear the timer in CTC mode
using OCR0A as TOP.
The FOC0A bit is always read as zero.
• Bit 6, 3 – WGM01:0: Waveform Generation Mode
These bits control the counting sequence of the counter, the source for the maximum
(TOP) counter value, and what type of waveform generation to be used. Modes of operation supported by the Timer/Counter unit are: Normal mode, Clear Timer on Compare
match (CTC) mode, and two types of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) modes. See Table
54 and “Modes of Operation” on page 99.
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Table 54. Waveform Generation Mode Bit Description(1)
Mode
WGM01
(CTC0)
WGM00
(PWM0)
Timer/Counter
Mode of Operation
TOP
Update of
OCR0A at
TOV0 Flag
Set on
0
0
0
Normal
0xFF
Immediate
MAX
1
0
1
PWM, Phase Correct
0xFF
TOP
BOTTOM
2
1
0
CTC
OCR0A
Immediate
MAX
3
1
1
Fast PWM
0xFF
TOP
MAX
Note:
1. The CTC0 and PWM0 bit definition names are now obsolete. Use the WGM01:0 definitions. However, the functionality and location of these bits are compatible with
previous versions of the timer.
• Bit 5:4 – COM01:0: Compare Match Output Mode
These bits control the Output Compare pin (OC0A) behavior. If one or both of the
COM0A1:0 bits are set, the OC0A output overrides the normal port functionality of the
I/O pin it is connected to. However, note that the Data Direction Register (DDR) bit corresponding to the OC0A pin must be set in order to enable the output driver.
When OC0A is connected to the pin, the function of the COM0A1:0 bits depends on the
WGM01:0 bit setting. Table 55 shows the COM0A1:0 bit functionality when the
WGM01:0 bits are set to a normal or CTC mode (non-PWM).
Table 55. Compare Output Mode, non-PWM Mode
COM0A1
COM0A0
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OC0A disconnected.
0
1
Toggle OC0A on compare match
1
0
Clear OC0A on compare match
1
1
Set OC0A on compare match
Table 56 shows the COM0A1:0 bit functionality when the WGM01:0 bits are set to fast
PWM mode.
Table 56. Compare Output Mode, Fast PWM Mode(1)
COM0A1
COM0A0
0
0
Normal port operation, OC0A disconnected.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Clear OC0A on compare match.
Set OC0A at TOP
1
1
Set OC0A on compare match.
Clear OC0A at TOP
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCR0A equals TOP and COM0A1 is set. In this case,
the compare match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See “Fast PWM
Mode” on page 100 for more details.
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Table 57 shows the COM0A1:0 bit functionality when the WGM01:0 bits are set to
phase correct PWM mode.
Table 57. Compare Output Mode, Phase Correct PWM Mode(1)
COM0A1
COM0A0
0
0
Normal port operation, OC0A disconnected.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Clear OC0A on compare match when up-counting.
Set OC0A on compare match when downcounting.
1
1
Set OC0A on compare match when up-counting.
Clear OC0A on compare match when downcounting.
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCR0A equals TOP and COM0A1 is set. In this case,
the compare match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See “Phase Correct PWM Mode” on page 101 for more details.
• Bit 2:0 – CS02:0: Clock Select
The three Clock Select bits select the clock source to be used by the Timer/Counter.
Table 58. Clock Select Bit Description
CS02
CS01
CS00
Description
0
0
0
No clock source (Timer/Counter stopped)
0
0
1
clkI/O/(No prescaling)
0
1
0
clkI/O/8 (From prescaler)
0
1
1
clkI/O/64 (From prescaler)
1
0
0
clkI/O/256 (From prescaler)
1
0
1
clkI/O/1024 (From prescaler)
1
1
0
External clock source on T0 pin. Clock on falling edge.
1
1
1
External clock source on T0 pin. Clock on rising edge.
If external pin modes are used for the Timer/Counter0, transitions on the T0 pin will
clock the counter even if the pin is configured as an output. This feature allows software
control of the counting.
Timer/Counter0 Register –
TCNT0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TCNT0[7:0]
TCNT0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Timer/Counter Register gives direct access, both for read and write operations, to
the Timer/Counter unit 8-bit counter. Writing to the TCNT0 Register blocks (removes)
the compare match on the following timer clock. Modifying the counter (TCNT0) while
the counter is running, introduces a risk of missing a compare match between TCNT0
and the OCR0A Register.
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Output Compare Register A –
OCR0A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR0A[7:0]
OCR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Register A contains an 8-bit value that is continuously compared
with the counter value (TCNT0). A match can be used to generate an Output Compare
interrupt, or to generate a waveform output on the OC0A pin.
Timer/Counter0 Interrupt
Mask Register – TIMSK0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
OCIE0A
TOIE0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIMSK0
• Bit 7..2 – Reserved Bits
These are reserved bits for future use.
• Bit 1 – OCIE0A: Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match A Interrupt Enable
When the OCIE0A bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one),
the Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt
is executed if a compare match in Timer/Counter0 occurs, i.e., when the OCF0A bit is
set in the Timer/Counter 0 Interrupt Flag Register – TIFR0.
• Bit 0 – TOIE0: Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt Enable
When the TOIE0 bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the
Timer/Counter0 Overflow interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed if
an overflow in Timer/Counter0 occurs, i.e., when the TOV0 bit is set in the
Timer/Counter 0 Interrupt Flag Register – TIFR0.
Timer/Counter0 Interrupt Flag
Register – TIFR0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
OCF0A
TOV0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIFR0
• Bit 1 – OCF0A: Output Compare Flag 0 A
The OCF0A bit is set (one) when a compare match occurs between the Timer/Counter0
and the data in OCR0A – Output Compare Register0. OCF0A is cleared by hardware
when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCF0A is
cleared by writing a logic one to the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, OCIE0A
(Timer/Counter0 Compare match Interrupt Enable), and OCF0A are set (one), the
Timer/Counter0 Compare match Interrupt is executed.
• Bit 0 – TOV0: Timer/Counter0 Overflow Flag
The bit TOV0 is set (one) when an overflow occurs in Timer/Counter0. TOV0 is cleared
by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively,
TOV0 is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag. When the SREG I-bit, TOIE0
(Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt Enable), and TOV0 are set (one), the
Timer/Counter0 Overflow interrupt is executed. In phase correct PWM mode, this bit is
set when Timer/Counter0 changes counting direction at 0x00.
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16-bit Timer/Counter (Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter3)
The 16-bit Timer/Counter unit allows accurate program execution timing (event management), wave generation, and signal timing measurement. The main features are:
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overview
Many register and bit references in this section are written in general form.
True 16-bit Design (i.e., Allows 16-bit PWM)
Three independent Output Compare Units
Double Buffered Output Compare Registers
One Input Capture Unit
Input Capture Noise Canceler
Clear Timer on Compare Match (Auto Reload)
Glitch-free, Phase Correct Pulse Width Modulator (PWM)
Variable PWM Period
Frequency Generator
External Event Counter
Four independent interrupt Sources (TOV1, OCF1A, OCF1B, and ICF1 for Timer/Counter1
- TOV3, OCF3A, OCF3B, and ICF3 for Timer/Counter3)
•
A lower case “n” replaces the Timer/Counter number, in this case 1 or 3. However,
when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used,
i.e., TCNT1 for accessing Timer/Counter1 counter value and so on.
•
A lower case “x” replaces the Output Compare unit channel, in this case A, B or C.
However, when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must
be used, i.e., OCRnA for accessing Timer/Countern output compare channel A
value and so on.
A simplified block diagram of the 16-bit Timer/Counter is shown in Figure 48. For the
actual placement of I/O pins, refer to “Pinout AT90CAN128- TQFP” on page 4. CPU
accessible I/O Registers, including I/O bits and I/O pins, are shown in bold. The devicespecific I/O Register and bit locations are listed in the “16-bit Timer/Counter Register
Description” on page 131.
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Figure 48. 16-bit Timer/Counter Block Diagram(1)
Count
Clear
Direction
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
Control Logic
clk Tn
Clock Select
Edge
Detector
TOP
Tn
BOTTOM
( From Prescaler )
Timer/Counter
TCNTn
=
=0
OCFnA
(Int.Req.)
Waveform
Generation
=
OCnA
OCRnA
OCFnB
(Int.Req.)
Fixed
TOP
Values
Waveform
Generation
DATABUS
=
OCnB
OCRnB
OCFnC
(Int.Req.)
Waveform
Generation
=
OCRnC
OCnC
( From Analog
Comparator Ouput )
ICFn (Int.Req.)
Edge
Detector
ICRn
Noise
Canceler
ICPn
TCCRnA
Note:
Registers
TCCRnB
TCCRnC
1. Refer to Figure 2 on page 4, Table 32 on page 71, and Table 41 on page 78 for
Timer/Counter1 and 3 pin placement and description.
The Timer/Counter (TCNTn), Output Compare Registers (OCRnx), and Input Capture
Register (ICRn) are all 16-bit registers. Special procedures must be followed when
accessing the 16-bit registers. These procedures are described in the section “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 111. The Timer/Counter Control Registers (TCCRnx) are
8-bit registers and have no CPU access restrictions. Interrupt requests (abbreviated to
Int.Req. in the figure) signals are all visible in the Timer Interrupt Flag Register (TIFRn).
All interrupts are individually masked with the Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSKn).
TIFRn and TIMSKn are not shown in the figure.
The Timer/Counter can be clocked internally, via the prescaler, or by an external clock
source on the Tn pin. The Clock Select logic block controls which clock source and edge
the Timer/Counter uses to increment (or decrement) its value. The Timer/Counter is
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inactive when no clock source is selected. The output from the Clock Select logic is
referred to as the timer clock (clkTn).
The double buffered Output Compare Registers (OCRnx) are compared with the
Timer/Counter value at all time. The result of the compare can be used by the Waveform
Generator to generate a PWM or variable frequency output on the Output Compare pin
(OCnx). See “Output Compare Units” on page 118 . The compare match event will also
set the Compare Match Flag (OCFnx) which can be used to generate an Output Compare interrupt request.
The Input Capture Register can capture the Timer/Counter value at a given external
(edge triggered) event on either the Input Capture pin (ICPn) or on the Analog Comparator pins (See “Analog Comparator” on page 262 ) The Input Capture unit includes a
digital filtering unit (Noise Canceler) for reducing the chance of capturing noise spikes.
The TOP value, or maximum Timer/Counter value, can in some modes of operation be
defined by either the OCRnA Register, the ICRn Register, or by a set of fixed values.
When using OCRnA as TOP value in a PWM mode, the OCRnA Register can not be
used for generating a PWM output. However, the TOP value will in this case be double
buffered allowing the TOP value to be changed in run time. If a fixed TOP value is
required, the ICRn Register can be used as an alternative, freeing the OCRnA to be
used as PWM output.
Definitions
The following definitions are used extensively throughout the section:
Table 59. Definitions
Compatibility
BOTTOM
The counter reaches the BOTTOM when it becomes 0x0000.
MAX
The counter reaches its MAXimum when it becomes 0xFFFF (decimal 65,535).
TOP
The counter reaches the TOP when it becomes equal to the highest value in the
count sequence. The TOP value can be assigned to be one of the fixed values:
0x00FF, 0x01FF, or 0x03FF, or to the value stored in the OCRnA or ICRn Register. The assignment is dependent of the mode of operation.
The 16-bit Timer/Counter has been updated and improved from previous versions of the
16-bit AVR Timer/Counter. This 16-bit Timer/Counter is fully compatible with the earlier
version regarding:
•
All 16-bit Timer/Counter related I/O Register address locations, including Timer
Interrupt Registers.
•
Bit locations inside all 16-bit Timer/Counter Registers, including Timer Interrupt
Registers.
•
Interrupt Vectors.
The following control bits have changed name, but have same functionality and register
location:
•
PWMn0 is changed to WGMn0.
•
PWMn1 is changed to WGMn1.
•
CTCn is changed to WGMn2.
The following registers are added to the 16-bit Timer/Counter:
110
•
Timer/Counter Control Register C (TCCRnC).
•
Output Compare Register C, OCRnCH and OCRnCL, combined OCRnC.
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The 16-bit Timer/Counter has improvements that will affect the compatibility in some
special cases.
The following bits are added to the 16-bit Timer/Counter Control Registers:
•
COMnC1:0 are added to TCCRnA.
•
FOCnA, FOCnB and FOCnC are added to TCCRnC.
•
WGMn3 is added to TCCRnB.
Interrupt flag and mask bits for output compare unit C are added.
The 16-bit Timer/Counter has improvements that will affect the compatibility in some
special cases.
Accessing 16-bit
Registers
The TCNTn, OCRnx, and ICRn are 16-bit registers that can be accessed by the AVR
CPU via the 8-bit data bus. The 16-bit register must be byte accessed using two read or
write operations. Each 16-bit timer has a single 8-bit register for temporary storing of the
high byte of the 16-bit access. The same temporary register is shared between all 16-bit
registers within each 16-bit timer. Accessing the low byte triggers the 16-bit read or write
operation. When the low byte of a 16-bit register is written by the CPU, the high byte
stored in the temporary register, and the low byte written are both copied into the 16-bit
register in the same clock cycle. When the low byte of a 16-bit register is read by the
CPU, the high byte of the 16-bit register is copied into the temporary register in the
same clock cycle as the low byte is read.
Not all 16-bit accesses uses the temporary register for the high byte. Reading the
OCRnx 16-bit registers does not involve using the temporary register.
To do a 16-bit write, the high byte must be written before the low byte. For a 16-bit read,
the low byte must be read before the high byte.
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Code Examples
The following code examples show how to access the 16-bit timer registers assuming
that no interrupts updates the temporary register. The same principle can be used
directly for accessing the OCRnx and ICRn Registers. Note that when using “C”, the
compiler handles the 16-bit access.
Assembly Code Examples(1)
...
; Set TCNTn to 0x01FF
ldi r17,0x01
ldi r16,0xFF
sts TCNTnH,r17
sts TCNTnL,r16
; Read TCNTn into r17:r16
lds r16,TCNTnL
lds r17,TCNTnH
...
C Code Examples(1)
unsigned int i;
...
/* Set TCNTn to 0x01FF */
TCNTn = 0x1FF;
/* Read TCNTn into i */
i = TCNTn;
...
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
The assembly code example returns the TCNTn value in the r17:r16 register pair.
It is important to notice that accessing 16-bit registers are atomic operations. If an interrupt occurs between the two instructions accessing the 16-bit register, and the interrupt
code updates the temporary register by accessing the same or any other of the 16-bit
timer registers, then the result of the access outside the interrupt will be corrupted.
Therefore, when both the main code and the interrupt code update the temporary register, the main code must disable the interrupts during the 16-bit access.
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The following code examples show how to do an atomic read of the TCNTn Register
contents. Reading any of the OCRnx or ICRn Registers can be done by using the same
principle.
Assembly Code Example(1)
TIM16_ReadTCNTn:
; Save global interrupt flag
in
r18,SREG
; Disable interrupts
cli
; Read TCNTn into r17:r16
lds r16,TCNTnL
lds r17,TCNTnH
; Restore global interrupt flag
out SREG,r18
ret
C Code Example(1)
unsigned int TIM16_ReadTCNTn( void )
{
unsigned char sreg;
unsigned int i;
/* Save global interrupt flag */
sreg = SREG;
/* Disable interrupts */
_CLI();
/* Read TCNTn into i */
i = TCNTn;
/* Restore global interrupt flag */
SREG = sreg;
return i;
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
For I/O Registers located in extended I/O map, “IN”, “OUT”, “SBIS”, “SBIC”, “CBI”,
and “SBI” instructions must be replaced with instructions that allow access to
extended I/O. Typically “LDS” and “STS” combined with “SBRS”, “SBRC”, “SBR”, and
“CBR”.
The assembly code example returns the TCNTn value in the r17:r16 register pair.
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The following code examples show how to do an atomic write of the TCNTn Register
contents. Writing any of the OCRnx or ICRn Registers can be done by using the same
principle.
Assembly Code Example(1)
TIM16_WriteTCNTn:
; Save global interrupt flag
in
r18,SREG
; Disable interrupts
cli
; Set TCNTn to r17:r16
sts TCNTnH,r17
sts TCNTnL,r16
; Restore global interrupt flag
out SREG,r18
ret
C Code Example(1)
void TIM16_WriteTCNTn( unsigned int i )
{
unsigned char sreg;
unsigned int i;
/* Save global interrupt flag */
sreg = SREG;
/* Disable interrupts */
_CLI();
/* Set TCNTn to i */
TCNTn = i;
/* Restore global interrupt flag */
SREG = sreg;
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
The assembly code example requires that the r17:r16 register pair contains the value to
be written to TCNTn.
Reusing the Temporary High
Byte Register
114
If writing to more than one 16-bit register where the high byte is the same for all registers
written, then the high byte only needs to be written once. However, note that the same
rule of atomic operation described previously also applies in this case.
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Timer/Counter Clock
Sources
The Timer/Counter can be clocked by an internal or an external clock source. The clock
source is selected by the Clock Select logic which is controlled by the Clock Select
(CSn2:0) bits located in the Timer/Counter control Register B (TCCRnB). For details on
clock sources and prescaler, see “Timer/Counter3/1/0 Prescalers” on page 91.
Counter Unit
The main part of the 16-bit Timer/Counter is the programmable 16-bit bi-directional
counter unit. Figure 49 shows a block diagram of the counter and its surroundings.
Figure 49. Counter Unit Block Diagram
DATA BUS
(8-bit)
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
TEMP (8-bit)
Clock Select
Count
TCNTnH (8-bit)
TCNTnL (8-bit)
TCNTn (16-bit Counter)
Clear
Direction
Control Logic
clkTn
Edge
Detector
Tn
( From Prescaler )
TOP
BOTTOM
Signal description (internal signals):
Count
Increment or decrement TCNTn by 1.
Direction
Select between increment and decrement.
Clear
Clear TCNTn (set all bits to zero).
clkTn
Timer/Counter clock.
TOP
Signalize that TCNTn has reached maximum value.
BOTTOM
Signalize that TCNTn has reached minimum value (zero).
The 16-bit counter is mapped into two 8-bit I/O memory locations: Counter High
(TCNTnH) containing the upper eight bits of the counter, and Counter Low (TCNTnL)
containing the lower eight bits. The TCNTnH Register can only be indirectly accessed
by the CPU. When the CPU does an access to the TCNTnH I/O location, the CPU
accesses the high byte temporary register (TEMP). The temporary register is updated
with the TCNTnH value when the TCNTnL is read, and TCNTnH is updated with the
temporary register value when TCNTnL is written. This allows the CPU to read or write
the entire 16-bit counter value within one clock cycle via the 8-bit data bus. It is important to notice that there are special cases of writing to the TCNTn Register when the
counter is counting that will give unpredictable results. The special cases are described
in the sections where they are of importance.
Depending on the mode of operation used, the counter is cleared, incremented, or decremented at each timer clock (clkTn). The clkTn can be generated from an external or
internal clock source, selected by the Clock Select bits (CSn2:0). When no clock source
is selected (CSn2:0 = 0) the timer is stopped. However, the TCNTn value can be
accessed by the CPU, independent of whether clkTn is present or not. A CPU write overrides (has priority over) all counter clear or count operations.
The counting sequence is determined by the setting of the Waveform Generation mode
bits (WGMn3:0) located in the Timer/Counter Control Registers A and B (TCCRnA and
TCCRnB). There are close connections between how the counter behaves (counts) and
how waveforms are generated on the Output Compare outputs OCnx. For more details
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about advanced counting sequences and waveform generation, see “Modes of Operation” on page 121.
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) is set according to the mode of operation
selected by the WGMn3:0 bits. TOVn can be used for generating a CPU interrupt.
Input Capture Unit
The Timer/Counter incorporates an Input Capture unit that can capture external events
and give them a time-stamp indicating time of occurrence. The external signal indicating
an event, or multiple events, can be applied via the ICPn pin or alternatively, via the
analog-comparator unit. The time-stamps can then be used to calculate frequency, dutycycle, and other features of the signal applied. Alternatively the time-stamps can be
used for creating a log of the events.
The Input Capture unit is illustrated by the block diagram shown in Figure 50. The elements of the block diagram that are not directly a part of the Input Capture unit are gray
shaded.
Figure 50. Input Capture Unit Block Diagram
DATA BUS
(8-bit)
TEMP (8-bit)
ICRnH (8-bit)
WRITE
ICRnL (8-bit)
TCNTnH (8-bit)
ICRn (16-bit Register)
ICP3
ACIC*
TCNTnL (8-bit)
TCNTn (16-bit Counter)
ICNC3
ICES3
Noise
Canceler
Edge
Detector
ICNC1
ICES1
Noise
Canceler
Edge
Detector
ICF3 (Int.Req.)
ICP1
ICF1 (Int.Req.)
ACO*
Analog
Comparator
Note:
The Analog Comparator Output (ACO) can only trigger the Timer/Counter1 IC Unit– not
Timer/Counter3.
When a change of the logic level (an event) occurs on the Input Capture pin (ICPn),
alternatively on the Analog Comparator output (ACO), and this change confirms to the
setting of the edge detector, a capture will be triggered. When a capture is triggered, the
16-bit value of the counter (TCNTn) is written to the Input Capture Register (ICRn). The
Input Capture Flag (ICFn) is set at the same system clock as the TCNTn value is copied
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into ICRn Register. If enabled (ICIEn = 1), the Input Capture Flag generates an Input
Capture interrupt. The ICFn flag is automatically cleared when the interrupt is executed.
Alternatively the ICFn flag can be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O
bit location.
Reading the 16-bit value in the Input Capture Register (ICRn) is done by first reading the
low byte (ICRnL) and then the high byte (ICRnH). When the low byte is read the high
byte is copied into the high byte temporary register (TEMP). When the CPU reads the
ICRnH I/O location it will access the TEMP Register.
The ICRn Register can only be written when using a Waveform Generation mode that
utilizes the ICRn Register for defining the counter’s TOP value. In these cases the
Waveform Generation mode (WGMn3:0) bits must be set before the TOP value can be
written to the ICRn Register. When writing the ICRn Register the high byte must be written to the ICRnH I/O location before the low byte is written to ICRnL.
For more information on how to access the 16-bit registers refer to “Accessing 16-bit
Registers” on page 111.
Input Capture Trigger Source
The main trigger source for the Input Capture unit is the Input Capture pin (ICPn). Only
Timer/Counter1 can alternatively use the Analog Comparator output as trigger source
for the Input Capture unit. The Analog Comparator is selected as trigger source by setting the Analog Comparator Input Capture (ACIC) bit in the Analog Comparator Control
and Status Register (ACSR). Be aware that changing trigger source can trigger a capture. The Input Capture Flag must therefore be cleared after the change.
Both the Input Capture pin (ICPn) and the Analog Comparator output (ACO) inputs are
sampled using the same technique as for the Tn pin (Figure 35 on page 91). The edge
detector is also identical. However, when the noise canceler is enabled, additional logic
is inserted before the edge detector, which increases the delay by four system clock
cycles. Note that the input of the noise canceler and edge detector is always enabled
unless the Timer/Counter is set in a Waveform Generation mode that uses ICRn to
define TOP.
An Input Capture can be triggered by software by controlling the port of the ICPn pin.
Noise Canceler
The noise canceler improves noise immunity by using a simple digital filtering scheme.
The noise canceler input is monitored over four samples, and all four must be equal for
changing the output that in turn is used by the edge detector.
The noise canceler is enabled by setting the Input Capture Noise Canceler (ICNCn) bit
in Timer/Counter Control Register B (TCCRnB). When enabled the noise canceler introduces additional four system clock cycles of delay from a change applied to the input, to
the update of the ICRn Register. The noise canceler uses the system clock and is therefore not affected by the prescaler.
Using the Input Capture Unit
The main challenge when using the Input Capture unit is to assign enough processor
capacity for handling the incoming events. The time between two events is critical. If the
processor has not read the captured value in the ICRn Register before the next event
occurs, the ICRn will be overwritten with a new value. In this case the result of the capture will be incorrect.
When using the Input Capture interrupt, the ICRn Register should be read as early in the
interrupt handler routine as possible. Even though the Input Capture interrupt has relatively high priority, the maximum interrupt response time is dependent on the maximum
number of clock cycles it takes to handle any of the other interrupt requests.
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Using the Input Capture unit in any mode of operation when the TOP value (resolution)
is actively changed during operation, is not recommended.
Measurement of an external signal’s duty cycle requires that the trigger edge is changed
after each capture. Changing the edge sensing must be done as early as possible after
the ICRn Register has been read. After a change of the edge, the Input Capture Flag
(ICFn) must be cleared by software (writing a logical one to the I/O bit location). For
measuring frequency only, the clearing of the ICFn flag is not required (if an interrupt
handler is used).
Output Compare Units
The 16-bit comparator continuously compares TCNTn with the Output Compare Register (OCRnx). If TCNT equals OCRnx the comparator signals a match. A match will set
the Output Compare Flag (OCFnx) at the next timer clock cycle. If enabled (OCIEnx =
1), the Output Compare Flag generates an Output Compare interrupt. The OCFnx flag is
automatically cleared when the interrupt is executed. Alternatively the OCFnx flag can
be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit location. The Waveform Generator uses the match signal to generate an output according to operating mode set by
the Waveform Generation mode (WGMn3:0) bits and Compare Output mode
(COMnx1:0) bits. The TOP and BOTTOM signals are used by the Waveform Generator
for handling the special cases of the extreme values in some modes of operation (See
“Modes of Operation” on page 121 )
A special feature of Output Compare unit A allows it to define the Timer/Counter TOP
value (i.e., counter resolution). In addition to the counter resolution, the TOP value
defines the period time for waveforms generated by the Waveform Generator.
Figure 51 shows a block diagram of the Output Compare unit. The elements of the block
diagram that are not directly a part of the Output Compare unit are gray shaded.
Figure 51. Output Compare Unit, Block Diagram
DATA BUS
(8-bit)
TEMP (8-bit)
OCRnxH Buf.(8-bit)
OCRnxL Buf.(8-bit)
TCNTnH (8-bit)
OCRnx Buffer (16-bit Register)
OCRnxH (8-bit)
TCNTnL (8-bit)
TCNTn (16-bit Counter)
OCRnxL (8-bit)
OCRnx (16-bit Register)
= (16-bit Comparator )
OCFnx
TOP
BOTTOM
Waveform Generator
WGMn3:0
118
(Int.Req.)
OCnx
COMnx1:0
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The OCRnx Register is double buffered when using any of the twelve Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) modes. For the Normal and Clear Timer on Compare (CTC) modes of
operation, the double buffering is disabled. The double buffering synchronizes the
update of the OCRnx Compare Register to either TOP or BOTTOM of the counting
sequence. The synchronization prevents the occurrence of odd-length, non-symmetrical
PWM pulses, thereby making the output glitch-free.
The OCRnx Register access may seem complex, but this is not case. When the double
buffering is enabled, the CPU has access to the OCRnx Buffer Register, and if double
buffering is disabled the CPU will access the OCRnx directly. The content of the OCRnx
(Buffer or Compare) Register is only changed by a write operation (the Timer/Counter
does not update this register automatically as the TCNT1 and ICRn Register). Therefore
OCRnx is not read via the high byte temporary register (TEMP). However, it is a good
practice to read the low byte first as when accessing other 16-bit registers. Writing the
OCRnx Registers must be done via the TEMP Register since the compare of all 16 bits
is done continuously. The high byte (OCRnxH) has to be written first. When the high
byte I/O location is written by the CPU, the TEMP Register will be updated by the value
written. Then when the low byte (OCRnxL) is written to the lower eight bits, the high byte
will be copied into the upper 8-bits of either the OCRnx buffer or OCRnx Compare Register in the same system clock cycle.
For more information of how to access the 16-bit registers refer to “Accessing 16-bit
Registers” on page 111.
Force Output Compare
In non-PWM Waveform Generation modes, the match output of the comparator can be
forced by writing a one to the Force Output Compare (FOCnx) bit. Forcing compare
match will not set the OCFnx flag or reload/clear the timer, but the OCnx pin will be
updated as if a real compare match had occurred (the COMnx1:0 bits settings define
whether the OCnx pin is set, cleared or toggled).
Compare Match Blocking by
TCNTn Write
All CPU writes to the TCNTn Register will block any compare match that occurs in the
next timer clock cycle, even when the timer is stopped. This feature allows OCRnx to be
initialized to the same value as TCNTn without triggering an interrupt when the
Timer/Counter clock is enabled.
Using the Output Compare
Unit
Since writing TCNTn in any mode of operation will block all compare matches for one
timer clock cycle, there are risks involved when changing TCNTn when using any of the
Output Compare channels, independent of whether the Timer/Counter is running or not.
If the value written to TCNTn equals the OCRnx value, the compare match will be
missed, resulting in incorrect waveform generation. Do not write the TCNTn equal to
TOP in PWM modes with variable TOP values. The compare match for the TOP will be
ignored and the counter will continue to 0xFFFF. Similarly, do not write the TCNTn value
equal to BOTTOM when the counter is downcounting.
The setup of the OCnx should be performed before setting the Data Direction Register
for the port pin to output. The easiest way of setting the OCnx value is to use the Force
Output Compare (FOCnx) strobe bits in Normal mode. The OCnx Register keeps its
value even when changing between Waveform Generation modes.
Be aware that the COMnx1:0 bits are not double buffered together with the compare
value. Changing the COMnx1:0 bits will take effect immediately.
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Compare Match Output
Unit
The Compare Output mode (COMnx1:0) bits have two functions. The Waveform Generator uses the COMnx1:0 bits for defining the Output Compare (OCnx) state at the next
compare match. Secondly the COMnx1:0 bits control the OCnx pin output source. Figure 52 shows a simplified schematic of the logic affected by the COMnx1:0 bit setting.
The I/O Registers, I/O bits, and I/O pins in the figure are shown in bold. Only the parts of
the general I/O port control registers (DDR and PORT) that are affected by the
COMnx1:0 bits are shown. When referring to the OCnx state, the reference is for the
internal OCnx Register, not the OCnx pin. If a system reset occur, the OCnx Register is
reset to “0”.
Figure 52. Compare Match Output Unit, Schematic
COMnx1
COMnx0
FOCnx
Waveform
Generator
D
Q
1
OCnx
DATA BUS
D
0
OCnx
Pin
Q
PORT
D
Q
DDR
clk I/O
Compare Output Function
The general I/O port function is overridden by the Output Compare (OCnx) from the
Waveform Generator if either of the COMnx1:0 bits are set. However, the OCnx pin
direction (input or output) is still controlled by the Data Direction Register (DDR) for the
port pin. The Data Direction Register bit for the OCnx pin (DDR_OCnx) must be set as
output before the OCnx value is visible on the pin. The port override function is generally
independent of the Waveform Generation mode, but there are some exceptions. Refer
to Table 60, Table 61 and Table 62 for details.
The design of the Output Compare pin logic allows initialization of the OCnx state before
the output is enabled. Note that some COMnx1:0 bit settings are reserved for certain
modes of operation. See “16-bit Timer/Counter Register Description” on page 131
The COMnx1:0 bits have no effect on the Input Capture unit.
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Compare Output Mode and
Waveform Generation
The Waveform Generator uses the COMnx1:0 bits differently in normal, CTC, and PWM
modes. For all modes, setting the COMnx1:0 = 0 tells the Waveform Generator that no
action on the OCnx Register is to be performed on the next compare match. For compare output actions in the non-PWM modes refer to Table 60 on page 131. For fast
PWM mode refer to Table 61 on page 132, and for phase correct and phase and frequency correct PWM refer to Table 62 on page 132.
A change of the COMnx1:0 bits state will have effect at the first compare match after the
bits are written. For non-PWM modes, the action can be forced to have immediate effect
by using the FOCnx strobe bits.
Modes of Operation
The mode of operation, i.e., the behavior of the Timer/Counter and the Output Compare
pins, is defined by the combination of the Waveform Generation mode (WGMn3:0) and
Compare Output mode (COMnx1:0) bits. The Compare Output mode bits do not affect
the counting sequence, while the Waveform Generation mode bits do. The COMnx1:0
bits control whether the PWM output generated should be inverted or not (inverted or
non-inverted PWM). For non-PWM modes the COMnx1:0 bits control whether the output should be set, cleared or toggle at a compare match (See “Compare Match Output
Unit” on page 120 )
For detailed timing information refer to “Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams” on page 128.
Normal Mode
The simplest mode of operation is the Normal mode (WGMn3:0 = 0). In this mode the
counting direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The
counter simply overruns when it passes its maximum 16-bit value (MAX = 0xFFFF) and
then restarts from the BOTTOM (0x0000). In normal operation the Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) will be set in the same timer clock cycle as the TCNTn becomes zero.
The TOVn flag in this case behaves like a 17th bit, except that it is only set, not cleared.
However, combined with the timer overflow interrupt that automatically clears the TOVn
flag, the timer resolution can be increased by software. There are no special cases to
consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value can be written anytime.
The Input Capture unit is easy to use in Normal mode. However, observe that the maximum interval between the external events must not exceed the resolution of the counter.
If the interval between events are too long, the timer overflow interrupt or the prescaler
must be used to extend the resolution for the capture unit.
The Output Compare units can be used to generate interrupts at some given time. Using
the Output Compare to generate waveforms in Normal mode is not recommended,
since this will occupy too much of the CPU time.
Clear Timer on Compare
Match (CTC) Mode
In Clear Timer on Compare or CTC mode (WGMn3:0 = 4 or 12), the OCRnA or ICRn
Register are used to manipulate the counter resolution. In CTC mode the counter is
cleared to zero when the counter value (TCNTn) matches either the OCRnA (WGMn3:0
= 4) or the ICRn (WGMn3:0 = 12). The OCRnA or ICRn define the top value for the
counter, hence also its resolution. This mode allows greater control of the compare
match output frequency. It also simplifies the operation of counting external events.
The timing diagram for the CTC mode is shown in Figure 53. The counter value
(TCNTn) increases until a compare match occurs with either OCRnA or ICRn, and then
counter (TCNTn) is cleared.
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Figure 53. CTC Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnA Interrupt Flag Set
or ICFn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on TOP)
TCNTn
OCnA
(Toggle)
Period
(COMnA1:0 = 1)
1
2
3
4
An interrupt can be generated at each time the counter value reaches the TOP value by
either using the OCFnA or ICFn flag according to the register used to define the TOP
value. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating
the TOP value. However, changing the TOP to a value close to BOTTOM when the
counter is running with none or a low prescaler value must be done with care since the
CTC mode does not have the double buffering feature. If the new value written to
OCRnA or ICRn is lower than the current value of TCNTn, the counter will miss the compare match. The counter will then have to count to its maximum value (0xFFFF) and
wrap around starting at 0x0000 before the compare match can occur. In many cases
this feature is not desirable. An alternative will then be to use the fast PWM mode using
OCRnA for defining TOP (WGMn3:0 = 15) since the OCRnA then will be double
buffered.
For generating a waveform output in CTC mode, the OCnA output can be set to toggle
its logical level on each compare match by setting the Compare Output mode bits to toggle mode (COMnA1:0 = 1). The OCnA value will not be visible on the port pin unless the
data direction for the pin is set to output (DDR_OCnA = 1). The waveform generated will
have a maximum frequency of fOCnA = fclk_I/O/2 when OCRnA is set to zero (0x0000). The
waveform frequency is defined by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnA = --------------------------------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ ( 1 + OCRnA )
The N variable represents the prescaler factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
As for the Normal mode of operation, the TOVn flag is set in the same timer clock cycle
that the counter counts from MAX to 0x0000.
Fast PWM Mode
122
The fast Pulse Width Modulation or fast PWM mode (WGMn3:0 = 5, 6, 7, 14, or 15) provides a high frequency PWM waveform generation option. The fast PWM differs from
the other PWM options by its single-slope operation. The counter counts from BOTTOM
to TOP then restarts from BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output
Compare (OCnx) is set on the compare match between TCNTn and OCRnx, and
cleared at TOP. In inverting Compare Output mode output is cleared on compare match
and set at TOP. Due to the single-slope operation, the operating frequency of the fast
PWM mode can be twice as high as the phase correct and phase and frequency correct
PWM modes that use dual-slope operation. This high frequency makes the fast PWM
mode well suited for power regulation, rectification, and DAC applications. High frequency allows physically small sized external components (coils, capacitors), hence
reduces total system cost.
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AT90CAN128
The PWM resolution for fast PWM can be fixed to 8-, 9-, or 10-bit, or defined by either
ICRn or OCRnA. The minimum resolution allowed is 2-bit (ICRn or OCRnA set to
0x0003), and the maximum resolution is 16-bit (ICRn or OCRnA set to MAX). The PWM
resolution in bits can be calculated by using the following equation:
log ( TOP + 1 )
R FPWM = ----------------------------------log ( 2 )
In fast PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter value matches either
one of the fixed values 0x00FF, 0x01FF, or 0x03FF (WGMn3:0 = 5, 6, or 7), the value in
ICRn (WGMn3:0 = 14), or the value in OCRnA (WGMn3:0 = 15). The counter is then
cleared at the following timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the fast PWM mode is
shown in Figure 54. The figure shows fast PWM mode when OCRnA or ICRn is used to
define TOP. The TCNTn value is in the timing diagram shown as a histogram for illustrating the single-slope operation. The diagram includes non-inverted and inverted PWM
outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNTn slopes represent compare
matches between OCRnx and TCNTn. The OCnx interrupt flag will be set when a compare match occurs.
Figure 54. Fast PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCRnx/TOP Update and
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set and
OCnA Interrupt Flag Set
or ICFn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on TOP)
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) is set each time the counter reaches TOP. In
addition the OCnA or ICFn flag is set at the same timer clock cycle as TOVn is set when
either OCRnA or ICRn is used for defining the TOP value. If one of the interrupts are
enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating the TOP and compare
values.
When changing the TOP value the program must ensure that the new TOP value is
higher or equal to the value of all of the Compare Registers. If the TOP value is lower
than any of the Compare Registers, a compare match will never occur between the
TCNTn and the OCRnx. Note that when using fixed TOP values the unused bits are
masked to zero when any of the OCRnx Registers are written.
The procedure for updating ICRn differs from updating OCRnA when used for defining
the TOP value. The ICRn Register is not double buffered. This means that if ICRn is
changed to a low value when the counter is running with none or a low prescaler value,
there is a risk that the new ICRn value written is lower than the current value of TCNTn.
The result will then be that the counter will miss the compare match at the TOP value.
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The counter will then have to count to the MAX value (0xFFFF) and wrap around starting at 0x0000 before the compare match can occur. The OCRnA Register however, is
double buffered. This feature allows the OCRnA I/O location to be written anytime.
When the OCRnA I/O location is written the value written will be put into the OCRnA
Buffer Register. The OCRnA Compare Register will then be updated with the value in
the Buffer Register at the next timer clock cycle the TCNTn matches TOP. The update is
done at the same timer clock cycle as the TCNTn is cleared and the TOVn flag is set.
Using the ICRn Register for defining TOP works well when using fixed TOP values. By
using ICRn, the OCRnA Register is free to be used for generating a PWM output on
OCnA. However, if the base PWM frequency is actively changed (by changing the TOP
value), using the OCRnA as TOP is clearly a better choice due to its double buffer
feature.
In fast PWM mode, the compare units allow generation of PWM waveforms on the
OCnx pins. Setting the COMnx1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM and an
inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COMnx1:0 to three (see Table on
page 132). The actual OCnx value will only be visible on the port pin if the data direction
for the port pin is set as output (DDR_OCnx). The PWM waveform is generated by setting (or clearing) the OCnx Register at the compare match between OCRnx and TCNTn,
and clearing (or setting) the OCnx Register at the timer clock cycle the counter is
cleared (changes from TOP to BOTTOM).
The PWM frequency for the output can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPWM = ----------------------------------N ⋅ ( 1 + TOP )
The N variable represents the prescaler divider (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCRnx Register represents special cases when generating
a PWM waveform output in the fast PWM mode. If the OCRnx is set equal to BOTTOM
(0x0000) the output will be a narrow spike for each TOP+1 timer clock cycle. Setting the
OCRnx equal to TOP will result in a constant high or low output (depending on the polarity of the output set by the COMnx1:0 bits.)
A frequency (with 50% duty cycle) waveform output in fast PWM mode can be achieved
by setting OCnA to toggle its logical level on each compare match (COMnA1:0 = 1). The
waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of fOCnA = fclk_I/O/2 when OCRnA is
set to zero (0x0000). This feature is similar to the OCnA toggle in CTC mode, except the
double buffer feature of the Output Compare unit is enabled in the fast PWM mode.
Phase Correct PWM Mode
The phase correct Pulse Width Modulation or phase correct PWM mode (WGMn3:0 = 1,
2, 3, 10, or 11) provides a high resolution phase correct PWM waveform generation
option. The phase correct PWM mode is, like the phase and frequency correct PWM
mode, based on a dual-slope operation. The counter counts repeatedly from BOTTOM
(0x0000) to TOP and then from TOP to BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output
mode, the Output Compare (OCnx) is cleared on the compare match between TCNTn
and OCRnx while upcounting, and set on the compare match while downcounting. In
inverting Output Compare mode, the operation is inverted. The dual-slope operation has
lower maximum operation frequency than single slope operation. However, due to the
symmetric feature of the dual-slope PWM modes, these modes are preferred for motor
control applications.
The PWM resolution for the phase correct PWM mode can be fixed to 8-, 9-, or 10-bit, or
defined by either ICRn or OCRnA. The minimum resolution allowed is 2-bit (ICRn or
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OCRnA set to 0x0003), and the maximum resolution is 16-bit (ICRn or OCRnA set to
MAX). The PWM resolution in bits can be calculated by using the following equation:
log ( TOP + 1 )
R PCPWM = ----------------------------------log ( 2 )
In phase correct PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter value matches
either one of the fixed values 0x00FF, 0x01FF, or 0x03FF (WGMn3:0 = 1, 2, or 3), the
value in ICRn (WGMn3:0 = 10), or the value in OCRnA (WGMn3:0 = 11). The counter
has then reached the TOP and changes the count direction. The TCNTn value will be
equal to TOP for one timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the phase correct PWM
mode is shown on Figure 55. The figure shows phase correct PWM mode when OCRnA
or ICRn is used to define TOP. The TCNTn value is in the timing diagram shown as a
histogram for illustrating the dual-slope operation. The diagram includes non-inverted
and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNTn slopes represent compare matches between OCRnx and TCNTn. The OCnx interrupt flag will be set
when a compare match occurs.
Figure 55. Phase Correct PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCRnx/TOP Update and
OCnA Interrupt Flag Set
or ICFn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on TOP)
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on Bottom)
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
4
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) is set each time the counter reaches BOTTOM. When either OCRnA or ICRn is used for defining the TOP value, the OCnA or
ICFn flag is set accordingly at the same timer clock cycle as the OCRnx Registers are
updated with the double buffer value (at TOP). The interrupt flags can be used to generate an interrupt each time the counter reaches the TOP or BOTTOM value.
When changing the TOP value the program must ensure that the new TOP value is
higher or equal to the value of all of the Compare Registers. If the TOP value is lower
than any of the Compare Registers, a compare match will never occur between the
TCNTn and the OCRnx. Note that when using fixed TOP values, the unused bits are
masked to zero when any of the OCRnx Registers are written. As the third period shown
in Figure 55 illustrates, changing the TOP actively while the Timer/Counter is running in
the phase correct mode can result in an unsymmetrical output. The reason for this can
be found in the time of update of the OCRnx Register. Since the OCRnx update occurs
at TOP, the PWM period starts and ends at TOP. This implies that the length of the fall125
4250E–CAN–12/04
ing slope is determined by the previous TOP value, while the length of the rising slope is
determined by the new TOP value. When these two values differ the two slopes of the
period will differ in length. The difference in length gives the unsymmetrical result on the
output.
It is recommended to use the phase and frequency correct mode instead of the phase
correct mode when changing the TOP value while the Timer/Counter is running. When
using a static TOP value there are practically no differences between the two modes of
operation.
In phase correct PWM mode, the compare units allow generation of PWM waveforms on
the OCnx pins. Setting the COMnx1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM and
an inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COMnx1:0 to three (See Table
on page 132). The actual OCnx value will only be visible on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output (DDR_OCnx). The PWM waveform is generated by
setting (or clearing) the OCnx Register at the compare match between OCRnx and
TCNTn when the counter increments, and clearing (or setting) the OCnx Register at
compare match between OCRnx and TCNTn when the counter decrements. The PWM
frequency for the output when using phase correct PWM can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPCPWM = ---------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ TOP
The N variable represents the prescaler divider (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCRnx Register represent special cases when generating a
PWM waveform output in the phase correct PWM mode. If the OCRnx is set equal to
BOTTOM the output will be continuously low and if set equal to TOP the output will be
continuously high for non-inverted PWM mode. For inverted PWM the output will have
the opposite logic values.
Phase and Frequency Correct
PWM Mode
The phase and frequency correct Pulse Width Modulation, or phase and frequency correct PWM mode (WGMn3:0 = 8 or 9) provides a high resolution phase and frequency
correct PWM waveform generation option. The phase and frequency correct PWM
mode is, like the phase correct PWM mode, based on a dual-slope operation. The
counter counts repeatedly from BOTTOM (0x0000) to TOP and then from TOP to BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare (OCnx) is cleared
on the compare match between TCNTn and OCRnx while upcounting, and set on the
compare match while downcounting. In inverting Compare Output mode, the operation
is inverted. The dual-slope operation gives a lower maximum operation frequency compared to the single-slope operation. However, due to the symmetric feature of the dualslope PWM modes, these modes are preferred for motor control applications.
The main difference between the phase correct, and the phase and frequency correct
PWM mode is the time the OCRnx Register is updated by the OCRnx Buffer Register,
(see Figure 55 and Figure 56).
The PWM resolution for the phase and frequency correct PWM mode can be defined by
either ICRn or OCRnA. The minimum resolution allowed is 2-bit (ICRn or OCRnA set to
0x0003), and the maximum resolution is 16-bit (ICRn or OCRnA set to MAX). The PWM
resolution in bits can be calculated using the following equation:
log ( TOP + 1 )
R PFCPWM = ----------------------------------log ( 2 )
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In phase and frequency correct PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter
value matches either the value in ICRn (WGMn3:0 = 8), or the value in OCRnA
(WGMn3:0 = 9). The counter has then reached the TOP and changes the count direction. The TCNTn value will be equal to TOP for one timer clock cycle. The timing
diagram for the phase correct and frequency correct PWM mode is shown on Figure 56.
The figure shows phase and frequency correct PWM mode when OCRnA or ICRn is
used to define TOP. The TCNTn value is in the timing diagram shown as a histogram for
illustrating the dual-slope operation. The diagram includes non-inverted and inverted
PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNTn slopes represent compare
matches between OCRnx and TCNTn. The OCnx interrupt flag will be set when a compare match occurs.
Figure 56. Phase and Frequency Correct PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnA Interrupt Flag Set
or ICFn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on TOP)
OCRnx/TOP Update and
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on Bottom)
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
4
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) is set at the same timer clock cycle as the
OCRnx Registers are updated with the double buffer value (at BOTTOM). When either
OCRnA or ICRn is used for defining the TOP value, the OCnA or ICFn flag set when
TCNTn has reached TOP. The interrupt flags can then be used to generate an interrupt
each time the counter reaches the TOP or BOTTOM value.
When changing the TOP value the program must ensure that the new TOP value is
higher or equal to the value of all of the Compare Registers. If the TOP value is lower
than any of the Compare Registers, a compare match will never occur between the
TCNTn and the OCRnx.
As Figure 56 shows the output generated is, in contrast to the phase correct mode, symmetrical in all periods. Since the OCRnx Registers are updated at BOTTOM, the length
of the rising and the falling slopes will always be equal. This gives symmetrical output
pulses and is therefore frequency correct.
Using the ICRn Register for defining TOP works well when using fixed TOP values. By
using ICRn, the OCRnA Register is free to be used for generating a PWM output on
OCnA. However, if the base PWM frequency is actively changed by changing the TOP
value, using the OCRnA as TOP is clearly a better choice due to its double buffer
feature.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
In phase and frequency correct PWM mode, the compare units allow generation of
PWM waveforms on the OCnx pins. Setting the COMnx1:0 bits to two will produce a
non-inverted PWM and an inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the
COMnx1:0 to three (See Table on page 132). The actual OCnx value will only be visible
on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output (DDR_OCnx). The
PWM waveform is generated by setting (or clearing) the OCnx Register at the compare
match between OCRnx and TCNTn when the counter increments, and clearing (or setting) the OCnx Register at compare match between OCRnx and TCNTn when the
counter decrements. The PWM frequency for the output when using phase and frequency correct PWM can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPFCPWM = ---------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ TOP
The N variable represents the prescaler divider (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCRnx Register represents special cases when generating
a PWM waveform output in the phase correct PWM mode. If the OCRnx is set equal to
BOTTOM the output will be continuously low and if set equal to TOP the output will be
set to high for non-inverted PWM mode. For inverted PWM the output will have the
opposite logic values.
Timer/Counter Timing
Diagrams
The Timer/Counter is a synchronous design and the timer clock (clk Tn) is therefore
shown as a clock enable signal in the following figures. The figures include information
on when interrupt flags are set, and when the OCRnx Register is updated with the
OCRnx buffer value (only for modes utilizing double buffering). Figure 57 shows a timing
diagram for the setting of OCFnx.
Figure 57. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Setting of OCFnx, no Prescaling
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /1)
TCNTn
OCRnx
OCRnx - 1
OCRnx
OCRnx + 1
OCRnx + 2
OCRnx Value
OCFnx
Figure 58 shows the same timing data, but with the prescaler enabled.
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Figure 58. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Setting of OCFnx, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
OCRnx - 1
OCRnx
OCRnx
OCRnx + 1
OCRnx + 2
OCRnx Value
OCFnx
Figure 59 shows the count sequence close to TOP in various modes. When using phase
and frequency correct PWM mode the OCRnx Register is updated at BOTTOM. The
timing diagrams will be the same, but TOP should be replaced by BOTTOM, TOP-1 by
BOTTOM+1 and so on. The same renaming applies for modes that set the TOVn flag at
BOTTOM.
Figure 59. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, no Prescaling
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /1)
TCNTn
(CTC and FPWM)
TCNTn
(PC and PFC PWM)
TOP - 1
TOP
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOP - 1
TOP
TOP - 1
TOP - 2
TOVn (FPWM)
and ICFn (if used
as TOP)
OCRnx
(Update at TOP)
Old OCRnx Value
New OCRnx Value
Figure 60 shows the same timing data, but with the prescaler enabled.
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Figure 60. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O/8)
TCNTn
(CTC and FPWM)
TCNTn
(PC and PFC PWM)
TOP - 1
TOP
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOP - 1
TOP
TOP - 1
TOP - 2
TOVn (FPWM)
and ICF n (if used
as TOP)
OCRnx
(Update at TOP)
130
Old OCRnx Value
New OCRnx Value
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
16-bit Timer/Counter
Register Description
Timer/Counter1 Control
Register A – TCCR1A
Timer/Counter3 Control
Register A – TCCR3A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
COM1A1
COM1A0
COM1B1
COM1B0
COM1C1
COM1C0
WGM11
WGM10
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
COM3A1
COM3A0
COM3B1
COM3B0
COM3C1
COM3C0
WGM31
WGM30
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR1A
TCCR3A
• Bit 7:6 – COMnA1:0: Compare Output Mode for Channel A
• Bit 5:4 – COMnB1:0: Compare Output Mode for Channel B
• Bit 3:2 – COMnC1:0: Compare Output Mode for Channel C
The COMnA1:0, COMnB1:0 and COMnC1:0 control the Output Compare pins (OCnA,
OCnB and OCnC respectively) behavior. If one or both of the COMnA1:0 bits are written
to one, the OCnA output overrides the normal port functionality of the I/O pin it is connected to. If one or both of the COMnB1:0 bit are written to one, the OCnB output
overrides the normal port functionality of the I/O pin it is connected to. If one or both of
the COMnC1:0 bit are written to one, the OCnC output overrides the normal port functionality of the I/O pin it is connected to. However, note that the Data Direction Register
(DDR) bit corresponding to the OCnA, OCnB or OCnC pin must be set in order to
enable the output driver.
When the OCnA, OCnB or OCnC is connected to the pin, the function of the COMnx1:0
bits is dependent of the WGMn3:0 bits setting. Table 60 shows the COMnx1:0 bit functionality when the WGMn3:0 bits are set to a Normal or a CTC mode (non-PWM).
Table 60. Compare Output Mode, non-PWM
COMnA1/COMnB1/
COMnC1
COMnA0/COMnB0/
COMnC0
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OCnA/OCnB/OCnC
disconnected.
0
1
Toggle OCnA/OCnB/OCnC on Compare Match.
1
0
Clear OCnA/OCnB/OCnC on Compare Match (Set
output to low level).
1
1
Set OCnA/OCnB/OCnC on Compare Match (Set
output to high level).
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Table 61 shows the COMnx1:0 bit functionality when the WGMn3:0 bits are set to the
fast PWM mode.
Table 61. Compare Output Mode, Fast PWM(1)
COMnA1/COMnB1/
COMnC1
Note:
COMnA0/COMnB0/
COMnC0
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OCnA/OCnB/OCnC
disconnected.
0
1
WGMn3=0: Normal port operation,
OCnA/OCnB/OCnC disconnected.
WGMn3=1: Toggle OCnA on Compare Match,
OCnB/OCnC reserved.
1
0
Clear OCnA/OCnB/OCnC on Compare Match
Set OCnA/OCnB/OCnC at TOP
1
1
Set OCnA/OCnB/OCnC on Compare Match
Clear OCnA/OCnB/OCnC at TOP
1. A special case occurs when OCRnA/OCRnB/OCRnC equals TOP and
COMnA1/COMnB1/COMnC1 is set. In this case the compare match is ignored, but
the set or clear is done at TOP. See “Fast PWM Mode” on page 122 for more details.
Table 62 shows the COMnx1:0 bit functionality when the WGMn3:0 bits are set to the
phase correct or the phase and frequency correct, PWM mode.
Table 62. Compare Output Mode, Phase Correct and Phase and Frequency Correct
PWM(1)
COMnA1/COMnB1/
COMnC1
Note:
COMnA0/COMnB0/
COMnC0
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OCnA/OCnB/OCnC
disconnected.
0
1
WGMn3=0: Normal port operation,
OCnA/OCnB/OCnC disconnected.
WGMn3=1: Toggle OCnA on Compare Match,
OCnB/OCnC reserved.
1
0
Clear OCnA/OCnB/OCnC on Compare Match
when up-counting.
Set OCnA/OCnB/OCnC on Compare Match when
downcounting.
1
1
Set OCnA/OCnB/OCnC on Compare Match when
up-counting.
Clear OCnA/OCnB/OCnC on Compare Match
when downcounting.
1. A special case occurs when OCnA/OCnB/OCnC equals TOP and
COMnA1/COMnB1/COMnC1 is set. See “Phase Correct PWM Mode” on page 124
for more details.
• Bit 1:0 – WGMn1:0: Waveform Generation Mode
Combined with the WGMn3:2 bits found in the TCCRnB Register, these bits control the
counting sequence of the counter, the source for maximum (TOP) counter value, and
what type of waveform generation to be used, see Table 63. Modes of operation supported by the Timer/Counter unit are: Normal mode (counter), Clear Timer on Compare
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match (CTC) mode, and three types of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) modes. (See
“Modes of Operation” on page 121 ).
Table 63. Waveform Generation Mode Bit Description(1)
Mode
WGMn3
WGMn2
(CTCn)
WGMn1
(PWMn1)
WGMn0
(PWMn0)
Timer/Counter Mode of
Operation
TOP
Update of
OCRnx at
TOVn Flag
Set on
0
0
0
0
0
Normal
0xFFFF
Immediate
MAX
1
0
0
0
1
PWM, Phase Correct, 8-bit
0x00FF
TOP
BOTTOM
2
0
0
1
0
PWM, Phase Correct, 9-bit
0x01FF
TOP
BOTTOM
3
0
0
1
1
PWM, Phase Correct, 10bit
0x03FF
TOP
BOTTOM
4
0
1
0
0
CTC
OCRnA
Immediate
MAX
5
0
1
0
1
Fast PWM, 8-bit
0x00FF
TOP
TOP
6
0
1
1
0
Fast PWM, 9-bit
0x01FF
TOP
TOP
7
0
1
1
1
Fast PWM, 10-bit
0x03FF
TOP
TOP
8
1
0
0
0
PWM, Phase and
Frequency Correct
ICRn
BOTTOM
BOTTOM
9
1
0
0
1
PWM, Phase and
Frequency Correct
OCRnA
BOTTOM
BOTTOM
10
1
0
1
0
PWM, Phase Correct
ICRn
TOP
BOTTOM
11
1
0
1
1
PWM, Phase Correct
OCRnA
TOP
BOTTOM
12
1
1
0
0
CTC
ICRn
Immediate
MAX
13
1
1
0
1
(Reserved)
–
–
–
14
1
1
1
0
Fast PWM
ICRn
TOP
TOP
15
1
1
1
1
Fast PWM
OCRnA
TOP
TOP
Note:
1. The CTCn and PWMn1:0 bit definition names are obsolete. Use the WGMn2:0 definitions. However, the functionality and
location of these bits are compatible with previous versions of the timer.
Timer/Counter1 Control
Register B – TCCR1B
Timer/Counter3 Control
Register B – TCCR3B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ICNC1
ICES1
–
WGM13
WGM12
CS12
CS11
CS10
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ICNC3
ICES3
–
WGM33
WGM32
CS32
CS31
CS30
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR1B
TCCR3B
• Bit 7 – ICNCn: Input Capture Noise Canceler
Setting this bit (to one) activates the Input Capture Noise Canceler. When the noise canceler is activated, the input from the Input Capture pin (ICPn) is filtered. The filter
function requires four successive equal valued samples of the ICPn pin for changing its
output. The Input Capture is therefore delayed by four Oscillator cycles when the noise
canceler is enabled.
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• Bit 6 – ICESn: Input Capture Edge Select
This bit selects which edge on the Input Capture pin (ICPn) that is used to trigger a capture event. When the ICESn bit is written to zero, a falling (negative) edge is used as
trigger, and when the ICESn bit is written to one, a rising (positive) edge will trigger the
capture.
When a capture is triggered according to the ICESn setting, the counter value is copied
into the Input Capture Register (ICRn). The event will also set the Input Capture Flag
(ICFn), and this can be used to cause an Input Capture Interrupt, if this interrupt is
enabled.
When the ICRn is used as TOP value (see description of the WGMn3:0 bits located in
the TCCRnA and the TCCRnB Register), the ICPn is disconnected and consequently
the Input Capture function is disabled.
• Bit 5 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit
must be written to zero when TCCRnB is written.
• Bit 4:3 – WGMn3:2: Waveform Generation Mode
See TCCRnA Register description.
• Bit 2:0 – CSn2:0: Clock Select
The three Clock Select bits select the clock source to be used by the Timer/Counter, see
Figure 57 and Figure 58.
Table 64. Clock Select Bit Description
CSn2
CSn1
CSn0
Description
0
0
0
No clock source (Timer/Counter stopped).
0
0
1
clkI/O/1 (No prescaling)
0
1
0
clkI/O/8 (From prescaler)
0
1
1
clkI/O/64 (From prescaler)
1
0
0
clkI/O/256 (From prescaler)
1
0
1
clkI/O/1024 (From prescaler)
1
1
0
External clock source on Tn pin. Clock on falling edge.
1
1
1
External clock source on Tn pin. Clock on rising edge.
If external pin modes are used for the Timer/Countern, transitions on the Tn pin will
clock the counter even if the pin is configured as an output. This feature allows software
control of the counting.
Timer/Counter1 Control
Register C – TCCR1C
134
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
FOC1A
FOC1B
FOC1C
–
–
–
–
0
–
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR1C
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AT90CAN128
Timer/Counter3 Control
Register C – TCCR3C
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
FOC3A
FOC3B
FOC3C
–
–
–
–
0
–
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR3C
• Bit 7 – FOCnA: Force Output Compare for Channel A
• Bit 6 – FOCnB: Force Output Compare for Channel B
• Bit 5 – FOCnC: Force Output Compare for Channel C
The FOCnA/FOCnB/FOCnC bits are only active when the WGMn3:0 bits specifies a
non-PWM mode. However, for ensuring compatibility with future devices, these bits
must be set to zero when TCCRnA is written when operating in a PWM mode. When
writing a logical one to the FOCnA/FOCnB/FOCnC bit, an immediate compare match is
forced on the Waveform Generation unit. The OCnA/OCnB/OCnC output is changed
according to its COMnx1:0 bits setting. Note that the FOCnA/FOCnB/FOCnC bits are
implemented as strobes. Therefore it is the value present in the COMnx1:0 bits that
determine the effect of the forced compare.
A FOCnA/FOCnB/FOCnC strobe will not generate any interrupt nor will it clear the timer
in Clear Timer on Compare match (CTC) mode using OCRnA as TOP.
The FOCnA/FOCnB/FOCnC bits are always read as zero.
Timer/Counter1 – TCNT1H and
TCNT1L
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TCNT1[15:8]
TCNT1H
TCNT1[7:0]
Timer/Counter3 – TCNT3H and
TCNT3L
TCNT1L
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TCNT3[15:8]
TCNT3H
TCNT3[7:0]
TCNT3L
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The two Timer/Counter I/O locations (TCNTnH and TCNTnL, combined TCNTn) give
direct access, both for read and for write operations, to the Timer/Counter unit 16-bit
counter. To ensure that both the high and low bytes are read and written simultaneously
when the CPU accesses these registers, the access is performed using an 8-bit temporary high byte register (TEMP). This temporary register is shared by all the other 16-bit
registers. See “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 111
Modifying the counter (TCNTn) while the counter is running introduces a risk of missing
a compare match between TCNTn and one of the OCRnx Registers.
Writing to the TCNTn Register blocks (removes) the compare match on the following
timer clock for all compare units.
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Output Compare Register A –
OCR1AH and OCR1AL
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR1A[15:8]
OCR1AH
OCR1A[7:0]
Output Compare Register B –
OCR1BH and OCR1BL
OCR1AL
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR1B[15:8]
OCR1BH
OCR1B[7:0]
Output Compare Register C –
OCR1CH and OCR1CL
OCR1BL
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR1C[15:8]
OCR1CH
OCR1C[7:0]
Output Compare Register A –
OCR3AH and OCR3AL
OCR1CL
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR3A[15:8]
OCR3AH
OCR3A[7:0]
Output Compare Register B –
OCR3BH and OCR3BL
OCR3AL
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR3B[15:8]
OCR3BH
OCR3B[7:0]
Output Compare Register C –
OCR3CH and OCR3CL
OCR3BL
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR3C[15:8]
OCR3CH
OCR3C[7:0]
OCR3CL
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Registers contain a 16-bit value that is continuously compared
with the counter value (TCNTn). A match can be used to generate an Output Compare
interrupt, or to generate a waveform output on the OCnx pin.
The Output Compare Registers are 16-bit in size. To ensure that both the high and low
bytes are written simultaneously when the CPU writes to these registers, the access is
performed using an 8-bit temporary high byte register (TEMP). This temporary register
is shared by all the other 16-bit registers. See “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 111
Input Capture Register –
ICR1H and ICR1L
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ICR1[15:8]
ICR1H
ICR1[7:0]
Read/Write
136
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
ICR1L
R/W
R/W
R/W
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
Input Capture Register –
ICR3H and ICR3L
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ICR3[15:8]
ICR3H
ICR3[7:0]
ICR3L
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Input Capture is updated with the counter (TCNTn) value each time an event occurs
on the ICPn pin (or optionally on the Analog Comparator output for Timer/Counter1).
The Input Capture can be used for defining the counter TOP value.
The Input Capture Register is 16-bit in size. To ensure that both the high and low bytes
are read simultaneously when the CPU accesses these registers, the access is performed using an 8-bit temporary high byte register (TEMP). This temporary register is
shared by all the other 16-bit registers. See “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 111
Timer/Counter1 Interrupt
Mask Register – TIMSK1
Timer/Counter3 Interrupt
Mask Register – TIMSK3
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
ICIE1
–
OCIE1C
OCIE1B
OCIE1A
TOIE1
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
ICIE3
–
OCIE3C
OCIE3B
OCIE3A
TOIE3
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIMSK1
TIMSK3
• Bit 7..6 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use.
• Bit 5 – ICIEn: Input Capture Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally enabled), the Timer/Countern Input Capture interrupt is enabled. The
corresponding Interrupt Vector (See “Interrupts” on page 56 ) is executed when the ICFn
flag, located in TIFRn, is set.
• Bit 4 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use.
• Bit 3 – OCIEnC: Output Compare C Match Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally enabled), the Timer/Countern Output Compare C Match interrupt is enabled. The
corresponding Interrupt Vector (See “Interrupts” on page 56 ) is executed when the
OCFnC flag, located in TIFRn, is set.
• Bit 2 – OCIEnB: Output Compare B Match Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally enabled), the Timer/Countern Output Compare B Match interrupt is enabled. The
corresponding Interrupt Vector (See “Interrupts” on page 56 ) is executed when the
OCFnB flag, located in TIFRn, is set.
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• Bit 1 – OCIEnA: Output Compare A Match Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally enabled), the Timer/Countern Output Compare A Match interrupt is enabled. The
corresponding Interrupt Vector (See “Interrupts” on page 56 ) is executed when the
OCFnA flag, located in TIFRn, is set.
• Bit 0 – TOIEn: Timer/Counter Overflow Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally enabled), the Timer/Countern Overflow interrupt is enabled. The corresponding
Interrupt Vector (See “Interrupts” on page 56 ) is executed when the TOVn flag, located
in TIFRn, is set.
Timer/Counter1 Interrupt Flag
Register – TIFR1
Timer/Counter3 Interrupt Flag
Register – TIFR3
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
ICF1
–
OCF1C
OCF1B
OCF1A
TOV1
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
ICF3
–
OCF3C
OCF3B
OCF3A
TOV3
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIFR1
TIFR3
• Bit 7..6 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use.
• Bit 5 – ICFn: Input Capture Flag
This flag is set when a capture event occurs on the ICPn pin. When the Input Capture
Register (ICRn) is set by the WGMn3:0 to be used as the TOP value, the ICFn flag is set
when the counter reaches the TOP value.
ICFn is automatically cleared when the Input Capture Interrupt Vector is executed. Alternatively, ICFn can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
• Bit 4 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use.
• Bit 3 – OCFnC: Output Compare C Match Flag
This flag is set in the timer clock cycle after the counter (TCNTn) value matches the Output Compare Register C (OCRnC).
Note that a Forced Output Compare (FOCnC) strobe will not set the OCFnC flag.
OCFnC is automatically cleared when the Output Compare Match C Interrupt Vector is
executed. Alternatively, OCFnC can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
• Bit 2 – OCFnB: Output Compare B Match Flag
This flag is set in the timer clock cycle after the counter (TCNTn) value matches the Output Compare Register B (OCRnB).
Note that a Forced Output Compare (FOCnB) strobe will not set the OCFnB flag.
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OCFnB is automatically cleared when the Output Compare Match B Interrupt Vector is
executed. Alternatively, OCFnB can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
• Bit 1 – OCFnA: Output Compare A Match Flag
This flag is set in the timer clock cycle after the counter (TCNTn) value matches the Output Compare Register A (OCRnA).
Note that a Forced Output Compare (FOCnA) strobe will not set the OCFnA flag.
OCFnA is automatically cleared when the Output Compare Match A Interrupt Vector is
executed. Alternatively, OCFnA can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
• Bit 0 – TOVn: Timer/Counter Overflow Flag
The setting of this flag is dependent of the WGMn3:0 bits setting. In Normal and CTC
modes, the TOVn flag is set when the timer overflows. Refer to Table 63 on page 133
for the TOVn flag behavior when using another WGMn3:0 bit setting.
TOVn is automatically cleared when the Timer/Countern Overflow Interrupt Vector is
executed. Alternatively, TOVn can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
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8-bit Timer/Counter2 with PWM and Asynchronous Operation
Timer/Counter2 is a general purpose, single channel, 8-bit Timer/Counter module. The
main features are:
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overview
Many register and bit references in this section are written in general form.
Single Channel Counter
Clear Timer on Compare Match (Auto Reload)
Glitch-free, Phase Correct Pulse Width Modulator (PWM)
Frequency Generator
10-bit Clock Prescaler
Overflow and Compare Match Interrupt Sources (TOV2 and OCF2A)
Allows Clocking from External 32 kHz Watch Crystal Independent of the I/O Clock
•
A lower case “n” replaces the Timer/Counter number, in this case 2. However, when
using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used, i.e.,
TCNT2 for accessing Timer/Counter2 counter value and so on.
•
A lower case “x” replaces the Output Compare unit channel, in this case A.
However, when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must
be used, i.e., OCR2A for accessing Timer/Counter2 output compare channel A
value and so on.
A simplified block diagram of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is shown in Figure 61. For the
actual placement of I/O pins, refer to Figure 2 on page 4. CPU accessible I/O Registers,
including I/O bits and I/O pins, are shown in bold. The device-specific I/O Register and
bit locations are listed in the “8-bit Timer/Counter Register Description” on page 151.
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Figure 61. 8-bit Timer/Counter2 Block Diagram
TCCRnx
count
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
clear
Control Logic
direction
clkTn
TOSC2
BOTTOM
TOP
Prescaler
T/C
Oscillator
TOSC1
Timer/Counter
TCNTn
=0
= 0xFF
DATA BUS
OCnx
(Int.Req.)
Waveform
Generation
=
clkI/O
OCnx
OCRnx
Synchronized Status flags
clkI/O
Synchronization Unit
clkASY
Status flags
ASSRn
asynchronous mode
select (ASn)
The Timer/Counter (TCNT2) and Output Compare Register (OCR2A) are 8-bit registers.
Interrupt request (shorten as Int.Req.) signals are all visible in the Timer Interrupt Flag
Register (TIFR2). All interrupts are individually masked with the Timer Interrupt Mask
Register (TIMSK2). TIFR2 and TIMSK2 are not shown in the figure.
The Timer/Counter can be clocked internally, via the prescaler, or asynchronously
clocked from the TOSC1/2 pins, as detailed later in this section. The asynchronous
operation is controlled by the Asynchronous Status Register (ASSR). The Clock Select
logic block controls which clock source the Timer/Counter uses to increment (or decrement) its value. The Timer/Counter is inactive when no clock source is selected. The
output from the Clock Select logic is referred to as the timer clock (clkT2).
The double buffered Output Compare Register (OCR2A) is compared with the
Timer/Counter value at all times. The result of the compare can be used by the Waveform Generator to generate a PWM or variable frequency output on the Output Compare
pin (OC2A). See “Output Compare Unit” on page 143 for details. The compare match
event will also set the compare flag (OCF2A) which can be used to generate an Output
Compare interrupt request.
Definitions
The definitions in Table 65 are also used extensively throughout the section.
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Table 65. Definitions
BOTTOM
The counter reaches the BOTTOM when it becomes zero (0x00).
MAX
The counter reaches its MAXimum when it becomes 0xFF (decimal 255).
TOP
The counter reaches the TOP when it becomes equal to the highest
value in the count sequence. The TOP value can be assigned to be the
fixed value 0xFF (MAX) or the value stored in the OCR2A Register. The
assignment is dependent on the mode of operation.
Timer/Counter Clock
Sources
The Timer/Counter can be clocked by an internal synchronous or an external asynchronous clock source. The clock source is selected by the clock select logic which is
controlled by the clock select (CS22:0) bits located in the Timer/Counter control register
(TCCR2).The clock source clkT2 is by default equal to the MCU clock, clkI/O. When the
AS2 bit in the ASSR Register is written to logic one, the clock source is taken from the
Timer/Counter Oscillator connected to TOSC1 and TOSC2 or directly from TOSC1. For
details on asynchronous operation, see “Asynchronous Status Register – ASSR” on
page 154. For details on clock sources and prescaler, see “Timer/Counter2 Prescaler”
on page 158.
Counter Unit
The main part of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is the programmable bi-directional counter unit.
Figure 62 shows a block diagram of the counter and its surrounding environment.
Figure 62. Counter Unit Block Diagram
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
DATA BUS
TOSC2
count
TCNTn
clear
clk Tn
Control Logic
Prescaler
clk TnS
T/C
Oscillator
direction
bottom
TOSC1
top
clkI/O
Figure 63.
Signal description (internal signals):
count
Increment or decrement TCNT2 by 1.
direction
Selects between increment and decrement.
clear
Clear TCNT2 (set all bits to zero).
clkT2
Timer/Counter clock.
top
Signalizes that TCNT2 has reached maximum value.
bottom
Signalizes that TCNT2 has reached minimum value (zero).
Depending on the mode of operation used, the counter is cleared, incremented, or decremented at each timer clock (clkT2). clkT2 can be generated from an external or internal
clock source, selected by the Clock Select bits (CS22:0). When no clock source is
selected (CS22:0 = 0) the timer is stopped. However, the TCNT2 value can be accessed
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by the CPU, regardless of whether clkT2 is present or not. A CPU write overrides (has
priority over) all counter clear or count operations.
The counting sequence is determined by the setting of the WGM21 and WGM20 bits
located in the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCR2A). There are close connections
between how the counter behaves (counts) and how waveforms are generated on the
Output Compare output OC2A. For more details about advanced counting sequences
and waveform generation, see “Modes of Operation” on page 145.
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV2) is set according to the mode of operation
selected by the WGM21:0 bits. TOV2 can be used for generating a CPU interrupt.
Output Compare Unit
The 8-bit comparator continuously compares TCNT2 with the Output Compare Register
(OCR2A). Whenever TCNT2 equals OCR2A, the comparator signals a match. A match
will set the Output Compare Flag (OCF2A) at the next timer clock cycle. If enabled
(OCIE2A = 1), the Output Compare Flag generates an Output Compare interrupt. The
OCF2A flag is automatically cleared when the interrupt is executed. Alternatively, the
OCF2A flag can be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit location. The
Waveform Generator uses the match signal to generate an output according to operating mode set by the WGM21:0 bits and Compare Output mode (COM2A1:0) bits. The
max and bottom signals are used by the Waveform Generator for handling the special
cases of the extreme values in some modes of operation (“Modes of Operation” on page
145).
Figure 64 shows a block diagram of the Output Compare unit.
Figure 64. Output Compare Unit, Block Diagram
DATA BUS
OCRnx
TCNTn
= (8-bit Comparator )
OCFnx (Int.Req.)
top
bottom
Waveform Generator
OCnx
FOCn
WGMn1:0
COMnX1:0
The OCR2A Register is double buffered when using any of the Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) modes. For the Normal and Clear Timer on Compare (CTC) modes of operation,
the double buffering is disabled. The double buffering synchronizes the update of the
OCR2A Compare Register to either top or bottom of the counting sequence. The synchronization prevents the occurrence of odd-length, non-symmetrical PWM pulses,
thereby making the output glitch-free.
The OCR2A Register access may seem complex, but this is not case. When the double
buffering is enabled, the CPU has access to the OCR2A Buffer Register, and if double
buffering is disabled the CPU will access the OCR2A directly.
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Force Output Compare
In non-PWM waveform generation modes, the match output of the comparator can be
forced by writing a one to the Force Output Compare (FOC2A) bit. Forcing compare
match will not set the OCF2A flag or reload/clear the timer, but the OC2A pin will be
updated as if a real compare match had occurred (the COM2A1:0 bits settings define
whether the OC2A pin is set, cleared or toggled).
Compare Match Blocking by
TCNT2 Write
All CPU write operations to the TCNT2 Register will block any compare match that
occurs in the next timer clock cycle, even when the timer is stopped. This feature allows
OCR2A to be initialized to the same value as TCNT2 without triggering an interrupt
when the Timer/Counter clock is enabled.
Using the Output Compare
Unit
Since writing TCNT2 in any mode of operation will block all compare matches for one
timer clock cycle, there are risks involved when changing TCNT2 when using the Output
Compare channel, independently of whether the Timer/Counter is running or not. If the
value written to TCNT2 equals the OCR2A value, the compare match will be missed,
resulting in incorrect waveform generation. Similarly, do not write the TCNT2 value
equal to BOTTOM when the counter is downcounting.
The setup of the OC2A should be performed before setting the Data Direction Register
for the port pin to output. The easiest way of setting the OC2A value is to use the Force
Output Compare (FOC2A) strobe bit in Normal mode. The OC2A Register keeps its
value even when changing between Waveform Generation modes.
Be aware that the COM2A1:0 bits are not double buffered together with the compare
value. Changing the COM2A1:0 bits will take effect immediately.
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Compare Match Output
Unit
The Compare Output mode (COM2A1:0) bits have two functions. The Waveform Generator uses the COM2A1:0 bits for defining the Output Compare (OC2A) state at the next
compare match. Also, the COM2A1:0 bits control the OC2A pin output source. Figure 65
shows a simplified schematic of the logic affected by the COM2A1:0 bit setting. The I/O
Registers, I/O bits, and I/O pins in the figure are shown in bold. Only the parts of the
general I/O port control registers (DDR and PORT) that are affected by the COM2A1:0
bits are shown. When referring to the OC2A state, the reference is for the internal OC2A
Register, not the OC2A pin.
Figure 65. Compare Match Output Unit, Schematic
COMnx1
COMnx0
FOCnx
Waveform
Generator
D
Q
1
OCnx
DATA BUS
D
0
OCnx
Pin
Q
PORT
D
Q
DDR
clk I/O
Compare Output Function
The general I/O port function is overridden by the Output Compare (OC2A) from the
Waveform Generator if either of the COM2A1:0 bits are set. However, the OC2A pin
direction (input or output) is still controlled by the Data Direction Register (DDR) for the
port pin. The Data Direction Register bit for the OC2A pin (DDR_OC2A) must be set as
output before the OC2A value is visible on the pin. The port override function is independent of the Waveform Generation mode.
The design of the Output Compare pin logic allows initialization of the OC2A state
before the output is enabled. Note that some COM2A1:0 bit settings are reserved for
certain modes of operation. See “8-bit Timer/Counter Register Description” on page 151
Compare Output Mode and
Waveform Generation
The Waveform Generator uses the COM2A1:0 bits differently in normal, CTC, and PWM
modes. For all modes, setting the COM2A1:0 = 0 tells the Waveform Generator that no
action on the OC2A Register is to be performed on the next compare match. For compare output actions in the non-PWM modes refer to Table 67 on page 152. For fast
PWM mode, refer to Table 68 on page 152, and for phase correct PWM refer to Table
69 on page 153.
A change of the COM2A1:0 bits state will have effect at the first compare match after the
bits are written. For non-PWM modes, the action can be forced to have immediate effect
by using the FOC2A strobe bits.
Modes of Operation
The mode of operation, i.e., the behavior of the Timer/Counter and the Output Compare
pins, is defined by the combination of the Waveform Generation mode (WGM21:0) and
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Compare Output mode (COM2A1:0) bits. The Compare Output mode bits do not affect
the counting sequence, while the Waveform Generation mode bits do. The COM2A1:0
bits control whether the PWM output generated should be inverted or not (inverted or
non-inverted PWM). For non-PWM modes the COM2A1:0 bits control whether the output should be set, cleared, or toggled at a compare match (See “Compare Match Output
Unit” on page 145 ).
For detailed timing information refer to “Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams” on page 150.
Normal Mode
The simplest mode of operation is the Normal mode (WGM21:0 = 0). In this mode the
counting direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The
counter simply overruns when it passes its maximum 8-bit value (TOP = 0xFF) and then
restarts from the bottom (0x00). In normal operation the Timer/Counter Overflow Flag
(TOV2) will be set in the same timer clock cycle as the TCNT2 becomes zero. The
TOV2 flag in this case behaves like a ninth bit, except that it is only set, not cleared.
However, combined with the timer overflow interrupt that automatically clears the TOV2
flag, the timer resolution can be increased by software. There are no special cases to
consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value can be written anytime.
The Output Compare unit can be used to generate interrupts at some given time. Using
the Output Compare to generate waveforms in Normal mode is not recommended,
since this will occupy too much of the CPU time.
Clear Timer on Compare
Match (CTC) Mode
In Clear Timer on Compare or CTC mode (WGM21:0 = 2), the OCR2A Register is used
to manipulate the counter resolution. In CTC mode the counter is cleared to zero when
the counter value (TCNT2) matches the OCR2A. The OCR2A defines the top value for
the counter, hence also its resolution. This mode allows greater control of the compare
match output frequency. It also simplifies the operation of counting external events.
The timing diagram for the CTC mode is shown in Figure 66. The counter value
(TCNT2) increases until a compare match occurs between TCNT2 and OCR2A, and
then counter (TCNT2) is cleared.
Figure 66. CTC Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCnx
(Toggle)
Period
(COMnx1:0 = 1)
1
2
3
4
An interrupt can be generated each time the counter value reaches the TOP value by
using the OCF2A flag. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be
used for updating the TOP value. However, changing the TOP to a value close to BOTTOM when the counter is running with none or a low prescaler value must be done with
care since the CTC mode does not have the double buffering feature. If the new value
written to OCR2A is lower than the current value of TCNT2, the counter will miss the
compare match. The counter will then have to count to its maximum value (0xFF) and
wrap around starting at 0x00 before the compare match can occur.
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For generating a waveform output in CTC mode, the OC2A output can be set to toggle
its logical level on each compare match by setting the Compare Output mode bits to toggle mode (COM2A1:0 = 1). The OC2A value will not be visible on the port pin unless the
data direction for the pin is set to output. The waveform generated will have a maximum
frequency of fOC2A = fclk_I/O /2 when OCR2A is set to zero (0x00). The waveform frequency is defined by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnx = -------------------------------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ ( 1 + OCRnx )
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256, or 1024).
As for the Normal mode of operation, the TOV2 flag is set in the same timer clock cycle
that the counter counts from MAX to 0x00.
Fast PWM Mode
The fast Pulse Width Modulation or fast PWM mode (WGM21:0 = 3) provides a high frequency PWM waveform generation option. The fast PWM differs from the other PWM
option by its single-slope operation. The counter counts from BOTTOM to MAX then
restarts from BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare
(OC2A) is cleared on the compare match between TCNT2 and OCR2A, and set at BOTTOM. In inverting Compare Output mode, the output is set on compare match and
cleared at BOTTOM. Due to the single-slope operation, the operating frequency of the
fast PWM mode can be twice as high as the phase correct PWM mode that uses dualslope operation. This high frequency makes the fast PWM mode well suited for power
regulation, rectification, and DAC applications. High frequency allows physically small
sized external components (coils, capacitors), and therefore reduces total system cost.
In fast PWM mode, the counter is incremented until the counter value matches the MAX
value. The counter is then cleared at the following timer clock cycle. The timing diagram
for the fast PWM mode is shown in Figure 67. The TCNT2 value is in the timing diagram
shown as a histogram for illustrating the single-slope operation. The diagram includes
non-inverted and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNT2
slopes represent compare matches between OCR2A and TCNT2.
Figure 67. Fast PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCRnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCRnx Update and
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV2) is set each time the counter reaches MAX. If
the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating the compare value.
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In fast PWM mode, the compare unit allows generation of PWM waveforms on the
OC2A pin. Setting the COM2A1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM and an
inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COM2A1:0 to three (See Table 68
on page 152). The actual OC2A value will only be visible on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output. The PWM waveform is generated by setting (or
clearing) the OC2A Register at the compare match between OCR2A and TCNT2, and
clearing (or setting) the OC2A Register at the timer clock cycle the counter is cleared
(changes from MAX to BOTTOM).
The PWM frequency for the output can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPWM = -----------------N ⋅ 256
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCR2A Register represent special cases when generating a
PWM waveform output in the fast PWM mode. If the OCR2A is set equal to BOTTOM,
the output will be a narrow spike for each MAX+1 timer clock cycle. Setting the OCR2A
equal to MAX will result in a constantly high or low output (depending on the polarity of
the output set by the COM2A1:0 bits.)
A frequency (with 50% duty cycle) waveform output in fast PWM mode can be achieved
by setting OC2A to toggle its logical level on each compare match (COM2A1:0 = 1). The
waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of foc2A = fclk_I/O/2 when OCR2A is
set to zero. This feature is similar to the OC2A toggle in CTC mode, except the double
buffer feature of the Output Compare unit is enabled in the fast PWM mode.
Phase Correct PWM Mode
The phase correct PWM mode (WGM21:0 = 1) provides a high resolution phase correct
PWM waveform generation option. The phase correct PWM mode is based on a dualslope operation. The counter counts repeatedly from BOTTOM to MAX and then from
MAX to BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare (OC2A)
is cleared on the compare match between TCNT2 and OCR2A while upcounting, and
set on the compare match while downcounting. In inverting Output Compare mode, the
operation is inverted. The dual-slope operation has lower maximum operation frequency
than single slope operation. However, due to the symmetric feature of the dual-slope
PWM modes, these modes are preferred for motor control applications.
The PWM resolution for the phase correct PWM mode is fixed to eight bits. In phase
correct PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter value matches MAX.
When the counter reaches MAX, it changes the count direction. The TCNT2 value will
be equal to MAX for one timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the phase correct
PWM mode is shown on Figure 68. The TCNT2 value is in the timing diagram shown as
a histogram for illustrating the dual-slope operation. The diagram includes non-inverted
and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNT2 slopes represent compare matches between OCR2A and TCNT2.
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Figure 68. Phase Correct PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCRnx Update
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV2) is set each time the counter reaches BOTTOM. The interrupt flag can be used to generate an interrupt each time the counter
reaches the BOTTOM value.
In phase correct PWM mode, the compare unit allows generation of PWM waveforms on
the OC2A pin. Setting the COM2A1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM. An
inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COM2A1:0 to three (See Table 69
on page 153). The actual OC2A value will only be visible on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output. The PWM waveform is generated by clearing (or
setting) the OC2A Register at the compare match between OCR2A and TCNT2 when
the counter increments, and setting (or clearing) the OC2A Register at compare match
between OCR2A and TCNT2 when the counter decrements. The PWM frequency for
the output when using phase correct PWM can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPCPWM = -----------------N ⋅ 510
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCR2A Register represent special cases when generating a
PWM waveform output in the phase correct PWM mode. If the OCR2A is set equal to
BOTTOM, the output will be continuously low and if set equal to MAX the output will be
continuously high for non-inverted PWM mode. For inverted PWM the output will have
the opposite logic values.
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Timer/Counter Timing
Diagrams
The following figures show the Timer/Counter in synchronous mode, and the timer clock
(clkT2) is therefore shown as a clock enable signal. In asynchronous mode, clkI/O should
be replaced by the Timer/Counter Oscillator clock. The figures include information on
when interrupt flags are set. Figure 69 contains timing data for basic Timer/Counter
operation. The figure shows the count sequence close to the MAX value in all modes
other than phase correct PWM mode.
Figure 69. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, no Prescaling
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /1)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
Figure 70 shows the same timing data, but with the prescaler enabled.
Figure 70. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
Figure 71 shows the setting of OCF2A in all modes except CTC mode.
Figure 71. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Setting of OCF2A, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
OCRnx
OCRnx - 1
OCRnx
OCRnx + 1
OCRnx + 2
OCRnx Value
OCFnx
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Figure 72 shows the setting of OCF2A and the clearing of TCNT2 in CTC mode.
Figure 72. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Clear Timer on Compare Match mode, with
Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
(CTC)
TOP - 1
TOP
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOP
OCRnx
OCFnx
8-bit Timer/Counter
Register Description
Timer/Counter2 Control
Register A– TCCR2A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FOC2A
WGM20
COM2A1
COM2A0
WGM21
CS22
CS21
CS20
Read/Write
W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR2A
• Bit 7 – FOC2A: Force Output Compare A
The FOC2A bit is only active when the WGM bits specify a non-PWM mode. However,
for ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must be set to zero when TCCR2A
is written when operating in PWM mode. When writing a logical one to the FOC2A bit,
an immediate compare match is forced on the Waveform Generation unit. The OC2A
output is changed according to its COM2A1:0 bits setting. Note that the FOC2A bit is
implemented as a strobe. Therefore it is the value present in the COM2A1:0 bits that
determines the effect of the forced compare.
A FOC2A strobe will not generate any interrupt, nor will it clear the timer in CTC mode
using OCR2A as TOP.
The FOC2A bit is always read as zero.
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• Bit 6, 3 – WGM21:0: Waveform Generation Mode
These bits control the counting sequence of the counter, the source for the maximum
(TOP) counter value, and what type of waveform generation to be used. Modes of operation supported by the Timer/Counter unit are: Normal mode, Clear Timer on Compare
match (CTC) mode, and two types of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) modes. See Table
66 and “Modes of Operation” on page 145.
Table 66. Waveform Generation Mode Bit Description(1)
Mode
WGM21
(CTC2)
WGM20
(PWM2)
Timer/Counter Mode
of Operation
TOP
Update of
OCR2A at
TOV2 Flag
Set on
0
0
0
Normal
0xFF
Immediate
MAX
1
0
1
PWM, Phase Correct
0xFF
TOP
BOTTOM
2
1
0
CTC
OCR2A
Immediate
MAX
3
1
1
Fast PWM
0xFF
TOP
MAX
Note:
1. The CTC2 and PWM2 bit definition names are now obsolete. Use the WGM21:0 definitions. However, the functionality and location of these bits are compatible with
previous versions of the timer.
• Bit 5:4 – COM2A1:0: Compare Match Output Mode A
These bits control the Output Compare pin (OC2A) behavior. If one or both of the
COM2A1:0 bits are set, the OC2A output overrides the normal port functionality of the
I/O pin it is connected to. However, note that the Data Direction Register (DDR) bit corresponding to OC2A pin must be set in order to enable the output driver.
When OC2A is connected to the pin, the function of the COM2A1:0 bits depends on the
WGM21:0 bit setting. Table 67 shows the COM2A1:0 bit functionality when the
WGM21:0 bits are set to a normal or CTC mode (non-PWM).
Table 67. Compare Output Mode, non-PWM Mode
COM2A1
COM2A0
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OC2A disconnected.
0
1
Toggle OC2A on compare match.
1
0
Clear OC2A on compare match.
1
1
Set OC2A on compare match.
Table 68 shows the COM2A1:0 bit functionality when the WGM21:0 bits are set to fast
PWM mode.
Table 68. Compare Output Mode, Fast PWM Mode(1)
152
COM2A1
COM2A0
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OC2A disconnected.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Clear OC2A on compare match.
Set OC2A at TOP.
1
1
Set OC2A on compare match.
Clear OC2A at TOP.
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Note:
1. A special case occurs when OCR2A equals TOP and COM2A1 is set. In this case,
the compare match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See “Fast PWM
Mode” on page 147 for more details.
Table 69 shows the COM21:0 bit functionality when the WGM21:0 bits are set to phase
correct PWM mode.
Table 69. Compare Output Mode, Phase Correct PWM Mode(1)
COM2A1
COM2A0
0
0
Normal port operation, OC2A disconnected.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Clear OC2A on compare match when up-counting.
Set OC2A on compare match when downcounting.
1
1
Set OC2A on compare match when up-counting.
Clear OC2A on compare match when downcounting.
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCR2A equals TOP and COM2A1 is set. In this case,
the compare match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See “Phase Correct PWM Mode” on page 148 for more details.
• Bit 2:0 – CS22:0: Clock Select
The three Clock Select bits select the clock source to be used by the Timer/Counter, see
Table 70.
Table 70. Clock Select Bit Description
Timer/Counter2 Register –
TCNT2
CS22
CS21
CS20
0
0
0
No clock source (Timer/Counter stopped).
0
0
1
clkT2S/(No prescaling)
0
1
0
clkT2S/8 (From prescaler)
0
1
1
clkT2S/32 (From prescaler)
1
0
0
clkT2S/64 (From prescaler)
1
0
1
clkT2S/128 (From prescaler)
1
1
0
clkT2S/256 (From prescaler)
1
1
1
clkT2S/1024 (From prescaler)
Bit
7
6
5
Description
4
3
2
1
0
TCNT2[7:0]
TCNT2
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Timer/Counter Register gives direct access, both for read and write operations, to
the Timer/Counter unit 8-bit counter. Writing to the TCNT2 Register blocks (removes)
the compare match on the following timer clock. Modifying the counter (TCNT2) while
the counter is running, introduces a risk of missing a compare match between TCNT2
and the OCR2A Register.
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Output Compare Register A –
OCR2A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR2A[7:0]
OCR2A
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Register A contains an 8-bit value that is continuously compared
with the counter value (TCNT2). A match can be used to generate an Output Compare
interrupt, or to generate a waveform output on the OC2A pin.
Asynchronous operation
of the Timer/Counter2
Asynchronous Status
Register – ASSR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
EXCLK
AS2
TCN2UB
OCR2UB
TCR2UB
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ASSR
• Bit 7..5 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use.
• Bit 4 – EXCLK: Enable External Clock Input
When EXCLK is written to one, and asynchronous clock is selected, the external clock
input buffer is enabled and an external clock can be input on Timer Oscillator 1 (TOSC1)
pin instead of a 32 kHz crystal. Writing to EXCLK should be done before asynchronous
operation is selected. Note that the crystal Oscillator will only run when this bit is zero.
• Bit 3 – AS2: Asynchronous Timer/Counter2
When AS2 is written to zero, Timer/Counter2 is clocked from the I/O clock, clkI/O and the
crystal Oscillator connected to the Timer/Counter2 Oscillator (TOSC) does nor run.
When AS2 is written to one, Timer/Counter2 is clocked from a crystal Oscillator connected to the Timer/Counter2 Oscillator (TOSC) or from external clock on TOSC1
depending on EXCLK setting. When the value of AS2 is changed, the contents of
TCNT2, OCR2A, and TCCR2A might be corrupted.
• Bit 2 – TCN2UB: Timer/Counter2 Update Busy
When Timer/Counter2 operates asynchronously and TCNT2 is written, this bit becomes
set. When TCNT2 has been updated from the temporary storage register, this bit is
cleared by hardware. A logical zero in this bit indicates that TCNT2 is ready to be
updated with a new value.
• Bit 1 – OCR2UB: Output Compare Register2 Update Busy
When Timer/Counter2 operates asynchronously and OCR2A is written, this bit becomes
set. When OCR2A has been updated from the temporary storage register, this bit is
cleared by hardware. A logical zero in this bit indicates that OCR2A is ready to be
updated with a new value.
• Bit 0 – TCR2UB: Timer/Counter Control Register2 Update Busy
When Timer/Counter2 operates asynchronously and TCCR2A is written, this bit
becomes set. When TCCR2A has been updated from the temporary storage register,
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this bit is cleared by hardware. A logical zero in this bit indicates that TCCR2A is ready
to be updated with a new value.
If a write is performed to any of the three Timer/Counter2 Registers while its update
busy flag is set, the updated value might get corrupted and cause an unintentional interrupt to occur.
The mechanisms for reading TCNT2, OCR2A, and TCCR2A are different. When reading TCNT2, the actual timer value is read. When reading OCR2A or TCCR2A, the value
in the temporary storage register is read.
Asynchronous Operation of
Timer/Counter2
When Timer/Counter2 operates asynchronously, some considerations must be taken.
•
Warning: When switching between asynchronous and synchronous clocking of
Timer/Counter2, the timer registers TCNT2, OCR2A, and TCCR2A might be
corrupted. A safe procedure for switching clock source is:
1. Disable the Timer/Counter2 interrupts by clearing OCIE2A and TOIE2.
2. Select clock source by setting AS2 and EXCLK as appropriate.
3. Write new values to TCNT2, OCR2A, and TCCR2A.
4. To switch to asynchronous operation: Wait for TCN2UB, OCR2UB, and
TCR2UB.
5. Clear the Timer/Counter2 interrupt flags.
6. Enable interrupts, if needed.
•
The Oscillator is optimized for use with a 32.768 kHz watch crystal. The CPU main
clock frequency must be more than four times the Oscillator or external clock
frequency.
•
When writing to one of the registers TCNT2, OCR2A, or TCCR2A, the value is
transferred to a temporary register, and latched after two positive edges on TOSC1.
The user should not write a new value before the contents of the temporary register
have been transferred to its destination. Each of the three mentioned registers have
their individual temporary register, which means that e.g. writing to TCNT2 does not
disturb an OCR2A write in progress. To detect that a transfer to the destination
register has taken place, the Asynchronous Status Register – ASSR has been
implemented.
•
When entering Power-save or Extended Standby mode after having written to
TCNT2, OCR2A, or TCCR2A, the user must wait until the written register has been
updated if Timer/Counter2 is used to wake up the device. Otherwise, the MCU will
enter sleep mode before the changes are effective. This is particularly important if
the Output Compare2 interrupt is used to wake up the device, since the Output
Compare function is disabled during writing to OCR2A or TCNT2. If the write cycle
is not finished, and the MCU enters sleep mode before the OCR2UB bit returns to
zero, the device will never receive a compare match interrupt, and the MCU will not
wake up.
•
If Timer/Counter2 is used to wake the device up from Power-save or Extended
Standby mode, precautions must be taken if the user wants to re-enter one of these
modes: The interrupt logic needs one TOSC1 cycle to be reset. If the time between
wake-up and re-entering sleep mode is less than one TOSC1 cycle, the interrupt will
not occur, and the device will fail to wake up. If the user is in doubt whether the time
before re-entering Power-save mode is sufficient, the following algorithm can be
used to ensure that one TOSC1 cycle has elapsed:
1. Write a value to TCCR2A, TCNT2, or OCR2A.
2. Wait until the corresponding Update Busy flag in ASSR returns to zero.
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3. Enter Power-save or ADC Noise Reduction mode.
•
When the asynchronous operation is selected, the 32.768 kHz Oscillator for
Timer/Counter2 is always running, except in Power-down and Standby modes. After
a Power-up Reset or wake-up from Power-down or Standby mode, the user should
be aware of the fact that this Oscillator might take as long as one second to
stabilize. The user is advised to wait for at least one second before using
Timer/Counter2 after power-up or wake-up from Power-down or Standby mode. The
contents of all Timer/Counter2 Registers must be considered lost after a wake-up
from Power-down or Standby mode due to unstable clock signal upon start-up, no
matter whether the Oscillator is in use or a clock signal is applied to the TOSC1 pin.
•
Description of wake up from Power-save mode when the timer is clocked
asynchronously: When the interrupt condition is met, the wake up process is started
on the following cycle of the timer clock, that is, the timer is always advanced by at
least one before the processor can read the counter value. After wake-up, the MCU
is halted for four cycles, it executes the interrupt routine, and resumes execution
from the instruction following SLEEP.
•
Reading of the TCNT2 Register shortly after wake-up from Power-save may give an
incorrect result. Since TCNT2 is clocked on the asynchronous TOSC clock, reading
TCNT2 must be done through a register synchronized to the internal I/O clock
domain. Synchronization takes place for every rising TOSC1 edge. When waking up
from Power-save mode, and the I/O clock (clkI/O) again becomes active, TCNT2 will
read as the previous value (before entering sleep) until the next rising TOSC1 edge.
The phase of the TOSC clock after waking up from Power-save mode is essentially
unpredictable, as it depends on the wake-up time. The recommended procedure for
reading TCNT2 is thus as follows:
1. Write any value to either of the registers OCR2A or TCCR2A.
2. Wait for the corresponding Update Busy Flag to be cleared.
3. Read TCNT2.
•
Timer/Counter2 Interrupt
Mask Register – TIMSK2
During asynchronous operation, the synchronization of the interrupt flags for the
asynchronous timer takes 3 processor cycles plus one timer cycle. The timer is
therefore advanced by at least one before the processor can read the timer value
causing the setting of the interrupt flag. The Output Compare pin is changed on the
timer clock and is not synchronized to the processor clock.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
OCIE2A
TOIE2
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIMSK2
• Bit 7..2 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use.
• Bit 1 – OCIE2A: Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match A Interrupt Enable
When the OCIE2A bit is written to one and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one),
the Timer/Counter2 Compare Match A interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt
is executed if a compare match in Timer/Counter2 occurs, i.e., when the OCF2A bit is
set in the Timer/Counter2 Interrupt Flag Register – TIFR2.
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• Bit 0 – TOIE2: Timer/Counter2 Overflow Interrupt Enable
When the TOIE2 bit is written to one and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the
Timer/Counter2 Overflow interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed if
an overflow in Timer/Counter2 occurs, i.e., when the TOV2 bit is set in the
Timer/Counter2 Interrupt Flag Register – TIFR2.
Timer/Counter2 Interrupt Flag
Register – TIFR2
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
OCF2A
TOV2
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIFR2
• Bit 7..2 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use.
• Bit 1 – OCF2A: Output Compare Flag 2 A
The OCF2A bit is set (one) when a compare match occurs between the Timer/Counter2
and the data in OCR2A – Output Compare Register2. OCF2A is cleared by hardware
when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCF2A is
cleared by writing a logic one to the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, OCIE2
(Timer/Counter2 Compare match Interrupt Enable), and OCF2A are set (one), the
Timer/Counter2 Compare match Interrupt is executed.
• Bit 0 – TOV2: Timer/Counter2 Overflow Flag
The TOV2 bit is set (one) when an overflow occurs in Timer/Counter2. TOV2 is cleared
by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively,
TOV2 is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag. When the SREG I-bit, TOIE2A
(Timer/Counter2 Overflow Interrupt Enable), and TOV2 are set (one), the
Timer/Counter2 Overflow interrupt is executed. In PWM mode, this bit is set when
Timer/Counter2 changes counting direction at 0x00.
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Figure 73. Prescaler for Timer/Counter2
AS2
clkT2S
10-BIT T/C PRESCALER
Clear
1
TOSC1
1
EXCLK
clkT2S/1024
0
clkT2S/256
0
clkT2S/128
clkI/O
clkT2S/64
Enable
32 kHz
Oscillator
clkT2S/32
TOSC2
EXCLK
clkT2S/8
Timer/Counter2
Prescaler
AS2
0
PSR2
CS20
CS21
CS22
TIMER/COUNTER2 CLOCK SOURCE
clkT2
The clock source for Timer/Counter2 is named clkT2S. clkT2S is by default connected to
the main system I/O clock clkIO. By setting the AS2 bit in ASSR, Timer/Counter2 is asynchronously clocked from the TOSC oscillator or TOSC1 pin. This enables use of
Timer/Counter2 as a Real Time Counter (RTC).
A crystal can then be connected between the TOSC1 and TOSC2 pins to serve as an
independent clock source for Timer/Counter2. The Oscillator is optimized for use with a
32.768 kHz crystal. Setting AS2 and resetting EXCLK enables the TOSC oscillator.
Figure 74. Timer/Counter2 Crystal Oscillator Connections
12 - 22 pF
TOSC2
32.768 KHz
TOSC1
12 - 22 pF
GND
A external clock can also be used using TOSC1 as input. Setting AS2 and EXCLK
enables this configuration.
Figure 75. Timer/Counter2 External Clock Connections
158
NC
TOSC2
External
Clock
Signal
TOSC1
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
For Timer/Counter2, the possible prescaled selections are: clkT2S/8, clkT2S/32, clkT2S/64,
clkT2S/128, clkT2S/256, and clkT2S/1024. Additionally, clkT2S as well as 0 (stop) may be
selected. Setting the PSR2 bit in GTCCR resets the prescaler. This allows the user to
operate with a predictable prescaler.
General Timer/Counter
Control Register – GTCCR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TSM
–
–
–
–
–
PSR2
PSR310
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GTCCR
• Bit 1 – PSR2: Prescaler Reset Timer/Counter2
When this bit is one, the Timer/Counter2 prescaler will be reset. This bit is normally
cleared immediately by hardware. If the bit is written when Timer/Counter2 is operating
in asynchronous mode, the bit will remain one until the prescaler has been reset. The bit
will not be cleared by hardware if the TSM bit is set. Refer to the description of the “Bit 7
– TSM: Timer/Counter Synchronization Mode” on page 92 for a description of the
Timer/Counter Synchronization mode.
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Output Compare Modulator - OCM
Overview
Many register and bit references in this section are written in general form.
•
A lower case “n” replaces the Timer/Counter number, in this case 0 and 1. However,
when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used,
i.e., TCNT0 for accessing Timer/Counter0 counter value and so on.
•
A lower case “x” replaces the Output Compare unit channel, in this case A or C.
However, when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must
be used, i.e., OCR0A for accessing Timer/Counter0 output compare channel A
value and so on.
The Output Compare Modulator (OCM) allows generation of waveforms modulated with
a carrier frequency. The modulator uses the outputs from the Output Compare Unit C of
the 16-bit Timer/Counter1 and the Output Compare Unit of the 8-bit Timer/Counter0. For
more details about these Timer/Counters see “16-bit Timer/Counter (Timer/Counter1
and Timer/Counter3)” on page 108 and “8-bit Timer/Counter0 with PWM” on page 94.
Figure 76. Output Compare Modulator, Block Diagram
Timer/Counter 1
OC1C
Pin
OC0A / OC1C / PB7
Timer/Counter 0
OC0A
When the modulator is enabled, the two output compare channels are modulated
together as shown in the block diagram (Figure 76).
Description
The Output Compare unit 1C and Output Compare unit 0A shares the PB7 port pin for
output. The outputs of the Output Compare units (OC1C and OC0A) overrides the normal PORTB7 Register when one of them is enabled (i.e., when COMnx1:0 is not equal
to zero). When both OC1C and OC0A are enabled at the same time, the modulator is
automatically enabled.
When the modulator is enabled the type of modulation (logical AND or OR) can be
selected by the PORTB7 Register. Note that the DDRB7 controls the direction of the
port independent of the COMnx1:0 bit setting.
The functional equivalent schematic of the modulator is shown on Figure 77. The schematic includes part of the Timer/Counter units and the port B pin 7 output driver circuit.
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AT90CAN128
Figure 77. Output Compare Modulator, Schematic
COM0A1
COM0A0
Vcc
COM1C1
COM1C0
(From T/C1
Waveform Generator)
Modulator
0
D
1
Q
1
OC1C
Pin
0
(From T/C0
Waveform Generator)
D
Q
OC0A / OC1C / PB7
OC0A
D
Q
D
PORTB7
Q
DDRB7
DATABUS
Timing Example
Figure 78 illustrates the modulator in action. In this example the Timer/Counter1 is set to
operate in fast PWM mode (non-inverted) and Timer/Counter0 uses CTC waveform
mode with toggle Compare Output mode (COMnx1:0 = 1).
Figure 78. Output Compare Modulator, Timing Diagram
clk I/O
OC1C
(FPWM Mode)
OC0A
(CTC Mode)
PB7
(PORTB7 = 0)
PB7
(PORTB7 = 1)
(Period)
1
2
3
In this example, Timer/Counter0 provides the carrier, while the modulating signal is generated by the Output Compare unit C of the Timer/Counter1.
Resolution of the PWM Signal
The resolution of the PWM signal (OC1C) is reduced by the modulation. The reduction
factor is equal to the number of system clock cycles of one period of the carrier (OC0A).
In this example the resolution is reduced by a factor of two. The reason for the reduction
is illustrated in Figure 78 at the second and third period of the PB7 output when
PORTB7 equals zero. The period 2 high time is one cycle longer than the period 3 high
time, but the result on the PB7 output is equal in both periods.
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Serial Peripheral Interface – SPI
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) allows high-speed synchronous data transfer
between the AT90CAN128 and peripheral devices or between several AVR devices.
The AT90CAN128 SPI includes the following features:
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Full-duplex, Three-wire Synchronous Data Transfer
Master or Slave Operation
LSB First or MSB First Data Transfer
Seven Programmable Bit Rates
End of Transmission Interrupt Flag
Write Collision Flag Protection
Wake-up from Idle Mode
Double Speed (CK/2) Master SPI Mode
Figure 79. SPI Block Diagram(1)
clk IO
SPI2X
SPI2X
DIVIDER
/2/4/8/16/32/64/128
Note:
1. Refer to Figure 2 on page 4, and Table 32 on page 71 for SPI pin placement.
The interconnection between Master and Slave CPUs with SPI is shown in Figure 80.
The system consists of two shift Registers, and a Master clock generator. The SPI Master initiates the communication cycle when pulling low the Slave Select SS pin of the
desired Slave. Master and Slave prepare the data to be sent in their respective shift
Registers, and the Master generates the required clock pulses on the SCK line to inter-
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change data. Data is always shifted from Master to Slave on the Master Out – Slave In,
MOSI, line, and from Slave to Master on the Master In – Slave Out, MISO, line. After
each data packet, the Master will synchronize the Slave by pulling high the Slave Select,
SS, line.
When configured as a Master, the SPI interface has no automatic control of the SS line.
This must be handled by user software before communication can start. When this is
done, writing a byte to the SPI Data Register starts the SPI clock generator, and the
hardware shifts the eight bits into the Slave. After shifting one byte, the SPI clock generator stops, setting the end of transmission flag (SPIF). If the SPI Interrupt Enable bit
(SPIE) in the SPCR Register is set, an interrupt is requested. The Master may continue
to shift the next byte by writing it into SPDR, or signal the end of packet by pulling high
the Slave Select, SS line. The last incoming byte will be kept in the Buffer Register for
later use.
When configured as a Slave, the SPI interface will remain sleeping with MISO tri-stated
as long as the SS pin is driven high. In this state, software may update the contents of
the SPI Data Register, SPDR, but the data will not be shifted out by incoming clock
pulses on the SCK pin until the SS pin is driven low. As one byte has been completely
shifted, the end of transmission flag, SPIF is set. If the SPI Interrupt Enable bit, SPIE, in
the SPCR Register is set, an interrupt is requested. The Slave may continue to place
new data to be sent into SPDR before reading the incoming data. The last incoming byte
will be kept in the Buffer Register for later use.
Figure 80. SPI Master-slave Interconnection
SHIFT
ENABLE
The system is single buffered in the transmit direction and double buffered in the receive
direction. This means that bytes to be transmitted cannot be written to the SPI Data
Register before the entire shift cycle is completed. When receiving data, however, a
received character must be read from the SPI Data Register before the next character
has been completely shifted in. Otherwise, the first byte is lost.
In SPI Slave mode, the control logic will sample the incoming signal of the SCK pin. To
ensure correct sampling of the clock signal, the frequency of the SPI clock should never
exceed fclkio/4.
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When the SPI is enabled, the data direction of the MOSI, MISO, SCK, and SS pins is
overridden according to Table 71. For more details on automatic port overrides, refer to
“Alternate Port Functions” on page 67.
Table 71. SPI Pin Overrides(1)
Pin
Direction, Master SPI
Direction, Slave SPI
MOSI
User Defined
Input
MISO
Input
User Defined
SCK
User Defined
Input
SS
User Defined
Input
Note:
164
1. See “Alternate Functions of Port B” on page 71 for a detailed description of how to
define the direction of the user defined SPI pins.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
The following code examples show how to initialize the SPI as a Master and how to perform a simple transmission.
DDR_SPI in the examples must be replaced by the actual Data Direction Register controlling the SPI pins. DD_MOSI, DD_MISO and DD_SCK must be replaced by the actual
data direction bits for these pins. E.g. if MOSI is placed on pin PB2, replace DD_MOSI
with DDB2 and DDR_SPI with DDRB.
Assembly Code Example(1)
SPI_MasterInit:
; Set MOSI and SCK output, all others input
ldi
r17,(1<<DD_MOSI)|(1<<DD_SCK)
out
DDR_SPI,r17
; Enable SPI, Master, set clock rate fck/16
ldi
r17,(1<<SPE)|(1<<MSTR)|(1<<SPR0)
out
SPCR,r17
ret
SPI_MasterTransmit:
; Start transmission of data (r16)
out
SPDR,r16
Wait_Transmit:
; Wait for transmission complete
in
r17,SPSR
sbrs r17,SPIF
rjmp Wait_Transmit
ret
C Code Example(1)
void SPI_MasterInit(void)
{
/* Set MOSI and SCK output, all others input */
DDR_SPI = (1<<DD_MOSI)|(1<<DD_SCK);
/* Enable SPI, Master, set clock rate fck/16 */
SPCR = (1<<SPE)|(1<<MSTR)|(1<<SPR0);
}
void SPI_MasterTransmit(char cData)
{
/* Start transmission */
SPDR = cData;
/* Wait for transmission complete */
while(!(SPSR & (1<<SPIF)))
;
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
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The following code examples show how to initialize the SPI as a Slave and how to perform a simple reception.
Assembly Code Example(1)
SPI_SlaveInit:
; Set MISO output, all others input
ldi
r17,(1<<DD_MISO)
out
DDR_SPI,r17
; Enable SPI
ldi
r17,(1<<SPE)
out
SPCR,r17
ret
SPI_SlaveReceive:
; Wait for reception complete
sbis SPSR,SPIF
rjmp SPI_SlaveReceive
; Read received data and return
in
r16,SPDR
ret
C Code Example(1)
void SPI_SlaveInit(void)
{
/* Set MISO output, all others input */
DDR_SPI = (1<<DD_MISO);
/* Enable SPI */
SPCR = (1<<SPE);
}
char SPI_SlaveReceive(void)
{
/* Wait for reception complete */
while(!(SPSR & (1<<SPIF)))
;
/* Return data register */
return SPDR;
}
Note:
166
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
SS Pin Functionality
Slave Mode
When the SPI is configured as a Slave, the Slave Select (SS) pin is always input. When
SS is held low, the SPI is activated, and MISO becomes an output if configured so by
the user. All other pins are inputs. When SS is driven high, all pins are inputs, and the
SPI is passive, which means that it will not receive incoming data. Note that the SPI
logic will be reset once the SS pin is driven high.
The SS pin is useful for packet/byte synchronization to keep the slave bit counter synchronous with the master clock generator. When the SS pin is driven high, the SPI slave
will immediately reset the send and receive logic, and drop any partially received data in
the Shift Register.
Master Mode
When the SPI is configured as a Master (MSTR in SPCR is set), the user can determine
the direction of the SS pin.
If SS is configured as an output, the pin is a general output pin which does not affect the
SPI system. Typically, the pin will be driving the SS pin of the SPI Slave.
If SS is configured as an input, it must be held high to ensure Master SPI operation. If
the SS pin is driven low by peripheral circuitry when the SPI is configured as a Master
with the SS pin defined as an input, the SPI system interprets this as another master
selecting the SPI as a slave and starting to send data to it. To avoid bus contention, the
SPI system takes the following actions:
1. The MSTR bit in SPCR is cleared and the SPI system becomes a Slave. As a
result of the SPI becoming a Slave, the MOSI and SCK pins become inputs.
2. The SPIF flag in SPSR is set, and if the SPI interrupt is enabled, and the I-bit in
SREG is set, the interrupt routine will be executed.
Thus, when interrupt-driven SPI transmission is used in Master mode, and there exists a
possibility that SS is driven low, the interrupt should always check that the MSTR bit is
still set. If the MSTR bit has been cleared by a slave select, it must be set by the user to
re-enable SPI Master mode.
SPI Control Register – SPCR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SPIE
SPE
DORD
MSTR
CPOL
CPHA
SPR1
SPR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SPCR
• Bit 7 – SPIE: SPI Interrupt Enable
This bit causes the SPI interrupt to be executed if SPIF bit in the SPSR Register is set
and the if the Global Interrupt Enable bit in SREG is set.
• Bit 6 – SPE: SPI Enable
When the SPE bit is written to one, the SPI is enabled. This bit must be set to enable
any SPI operations.
• Bit 5 – DORD: Data Order
When the DORD bit is written to one, the LSB of the data word is transmitted first.
When the DORD bit is written to zero, the MSB of the data word is transmitted first.
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• Bit 4 – MSTR: Master/Slave Select
This bit selects Master SPI mode when written to one, and Slave SPI mode when written
logic zero. If SS is configured as an input and is driven low while MSTR is set, MSTR will
be cleared, and SPIF in SPSR will become set. The user will then have to set MSTR to
re-enable SPI Master mode.
• Bit 3 – CPOL: Clock Polarity
When this bit is written to one, SCK is high when idle. When CPOL is written to zero,
SCK is low when idle. Refer to Figure 81 and Figure 82 for an example. The CPOL functionality is summarized below:
Table 72. CPOL Functionality
CPOL
Leading Edge
Trailing Edge
0
Rising
Falling
1
Falling
Rising
• Bit 2 – CPHA: Clock Phase
The settings of the Clock Phase bit (CPHA) determine if data is sampled on the leading
(first) or trailing (last) edge of SCK. Refer to Figure 81 and Figure 82 for an example.
The CPOL functionality is summarized below:
Table 73. CPHA Functionality
CPHA
Leading Edge
Trailing Edge
0
Sample
Setup
1
Setup
Sample
• Bits 1, 0 – SPR1, SPR0: SPI Clock Rate Select 1 and 0
These two bits control the SCK rate of the device configured as a Master. SPR1 and
SPR0 have no effect on the Slave. The relationship between SCK and the clkIO frequency fclkio is shown in the following table:
Table 74. Relationship Between SCK and the Oscillator Frequency
SPI2X
SPR1
SPR0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
SCK Frequency
fclkio/4
fclkio/16
fclkio/64
fclkio/128
fclkio/2
fclkio/8
fclkio/32
fclkio/64
SPI Status Register – SPSR
Bit
168
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SPIF
WCOL
–
–
–
–
–
SPI2X
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SPSR
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
• Bit 7 – SPIF: SPI Interrupt Flag
When a serial transfer is complete, the SPIF flag is set. An interrupt is generated if SPIE
in SPCR is set and global interrupts are enabled. If SS is an input and is driven low
when the SPI is in Master mode, this will also set the SPIF flag. SPIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, the
SPIF bit is cleared by first reading the SPI Status Register with SPIF set, then accessing
the SPI Data Register (SPDR).
• Bit 6 – WCOL: Write COLlision Flag
The WCOL bit is set if the SPI Data Register (SPDR) is written during a data transfer.
The WCOL bit (and the SPIF bit) are cleared by first reading the SPI Status Register
with WCOL set, and then accessing the SPI Data Register.
• Bit 5..1 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the AT90CAN128 and will always read as zero.
• Bit 0 – SPI2X: Double SPI Speed Bit
When this bit is written logic one the SPI speed (SCK Frequency) will be doubled when
the SPI is in Master mode (see Table 74). This means that the minimum SCK period will
be two CPU clock periods. When the SPI is configured as Slave, the SPI is only guaranteed to work at fclkio/4 or lower.
The SPI interface on the AT90CAN128 is also used for program memory and EEPROM
downloading or uploading. See page 337 for serial programming and verification.
SPI Data Register – SPDR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SPD7
SPD6
SPD5
SPD4
SPD3
SPD2
SPD1
SPD0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SPDR
Undefined
• Bits 7:0 - SPD7:0: SPI Data
The SPI Data Register is a read/write register used for data transfer between the Register File and the SPI Shift Register. Writing to the register initiates data transmission.
Reading the register causes the Shift Register Receive buffer to be read.
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Data Modes
There are four combinations of SCK phase and polarity with respect to serial data,
which are determined by control bits CPHA and CPOL. The SPI data transfer formats
are shown in Figure 81 and Figure 82. Data bits are shifted out and latched in on opposite edges of the SCK signal, ensuring sufficient time for data signals to stabilize. This is
clearly seen by summarizing Table 72 and Table 73, as done below:
Table 75. CPOL Functionality
Leading Edge
Trailing eDge
SPI Mode
CPOL=0, CPHA=0
Sample (Rising)
Setup (Falling)
0
CPOL=0, CPHA=1
Setup (Rising)
Sample (Falling)
1
CPOL=1, CPHA=0
Sample (Falling)
Setup (Rising)
2
CPOL=1, CPHA=1
Setup (Falling)
Sample (Rising)
3
Figure 81. SPI Transfer Format with CPHA = 0
SCK (CPOL = 0)
mode 0
SCK (CPOL = 1)
mode 2
SAMPLE I
MOSI/MISO
CHANGE 0
MOSI PIN
CHANGE 0
MISO PIN
SS
MSB first (DORD = 0) MSB
LSB first (DORD = 1) LSB
Bit 6
Bit 1
Bit 5
Bit 2
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 2
Bit 5
Bit 1
Bit 6
LSB
MSB
Figure 82. SPI Transfer Format with CPHA = 1
SCK (CPOL = 0)
mode 1
SCK (CPOL = 1)
mode 3
SAMPLE I
MOSI/MISO
CHANGE 0
MOSI PIN
CHANGE 0
MISO PIN
SS
MSB first (DORD = 0)
LSB first (DORD = 1)
170
MSB
LSB
Bit 6
Bit 1
Bit 5
Bit 2
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 2
Bit 5
Bit 1
Bit 6
LSB
MSB
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
USART (USART0 and USART1)
The Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter
(USART) is a highly flexible serial communication device. The main features are:
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dual USART
The AT90CAN128 has two USART’s, USART0 and USART1. The functionality for both
USART’s is described below. USART0 and USART1 have different I/O registers as
shown in “Register Summary” on page 394.
Full Duplex Operation (Independent Serial Receive and Transmit Registers)
Asynchronous or Synchronous Operation
Master or Slave Clocked Synchronous Operation
High Resolution Baud Rate Generator
Supports Serial Frames with 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 Data Bits and 1 or 2 Stop Bits
Odd or Even Parity Generation and Parity Check Supported by Hardware
Data OverRun Detection
Framing Error Detection
Noise Filtering Includes False Start Bit Detection and Digital Low Pass Filter
Three Separate Interrupts on TX Complete, TX Data Register Empty and RX Complete
Multi-processor Communication Mode
Double Speed Asynchronous Communication Mode
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Overview
Many register and bit references in this section are written in general form.
A lower case “n” replaces the USART number, in this case 0 and 1. However, when
using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used, i.e., UDR0
for accessing USART0 I/O data value and so on.
A simplified block diagram of the USARTn Transmitter is shown in Figure 83. CPU
accessible I/O Registers and I/O pins are shown in bold.
Figure 83. USARTn Block Diagram(1)
Clock Generator
UBRRn[H:L]
CLKio
BAUD RATE GENERATOR
SYNC LOGIC
PIN
CONTROL
XCKn
Transmitter
TX
CONTROL
DATA BUS
UDRn (Transmit)
PARITY
GENERATOR
TxDn
Receiver
RECEIVE SHIFT REGISTER
UDRn (Receive)
UCSRAn
Note:
PIN
CONTROL
TRANSMIT SHIFT REGISTER
CLOCK
RECOVERY
RX
CONTROL
DATA
RECOVERY
PIN
CONTROL
RxDn
PARITY
CHECKER
UCSRBn
UCSRCn
1. Refer to Figure 2 on page 4, Table 41 on page 78, and Table 36 on page 74 for
USARTn pin placement.
The dashed boxes in the block diagram separate the three main parts of the USARTn
(listed from the top): Clock Generator, Transmitter and Receiver. Control registers are
shared by all units. The Clock Generation logic consists of synchronization logic for
external clock input used by synchronous slave operation, and the baud rate generator.
The XCKn (Transfer Clock) pin is only used by synchronous transfer mode. The Transmitter consists of a single write buffer, a serial Shift Register, Parity Generator and
Control logic for handling different serial frame formats. The write buffer allows a continuous transfer of data without any delay between frames. The Receiver is the most
complex part of the USARTn module due to its clock and data recovery units. The
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recovery units are used for asynchronous data reception. In addition to the recovery
units, the Receiver includes a Parity Checker, Control logic, a Shift Register and a two
level receive buffer (UDRn). The Receiver supports the same frame formats as the
Transmitter, and can detect Frame Error, Data OverRun and Parity Errors.
Clock Generation
The Clock Generation logic generates the base clock for the Transmitter and Receiver.
The USARTn supports four modes of clock operation: Normal asynchronous, Double
Speed asynchronous, Master synchronous and Slave synchronous mode. The UMSELn
bit in USARTn Control and Status Register C (UCSRnC) selects between asynchronous
and synchronous operation. Double Speed (asynchronous mode only) is controlled by
the U2Xn found in the UCSRnA Register. When using synchronous mode (UMSELn =
1), the Data Direction Register for the XCKn pin (DDR_XCKn) controls whether the
clock source is internal (Master mode) or external (Slave mode). The XCKn pin is only
active when using synchronous mode.
Figure 84 shows a block diagram of the clock generation logic.
Figure 84. USARTn Clock Generation Logic, Block Diagram
UBRRn
U2Xn
fclk io
Prescaling
Down-Counter
UBRRn+1
/2
/4
/2
0
1
0
clk io
DDR_XCKn
xn cki
XCKn
Pin
Sync
Register
Edge
Detector
UCPOLn
DDR_XCKn
0
UMSELn
1
xn cko
txn clk
1
1
0
rxn clk
Signal description:
txn clk Transmitter clock (Internal Signal).
rxn clk Receiver base clock (Internal Signal).
xn cki Input from XCK pin (internal Signal). Used for synchronous slave operation.
xn cko Clock output to XCK pin (Internal Signal). Used for synchronous master
operation.
fclkio
Internal Clock Generation –
Baud Rate Generator
System I/O Clock frequency.
Internal clock generation is used for the asynchronous and the synchronous master
modes of operation. The description in this section refers to Figure 84.
The USARTn Baud Rate Register (UBRRn) and the down-counter connected to it function as a programmable prescaler or baud rate generator. The down-counter, running at
system clock (fclkio), is loaded with the UBRRn value each time the counter has counted
down to zero or when the UBRRnL Register is written. A clock is generated each time
the counter reaches zero. This clock is the baud rate generator clock output (=
fclkio/(UBRRn+1)). The Transmitter divides the baud rate generator clock output by 2, 8
or 16 depending on mode. The baud rate generator output is used directly by the
Receiver’s clock and data recovery units. However, the recovery units use a state
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machine that uses 2, 8 or 16 states depending on mode set by the state of the UMSELn,
U2Xn and DDR_XCKn bits.
Table 76 contains equations for calculating the baud rate (in bits per second) and for
calculating the UBRRn value for each mode of operation using an internally generated
clock source.
Table 76. Equations for Calculating Baud Rate Register Setting
Equation for Calculating
Baud Rate(1)
Equation for Calculating
UBRRn Value
f CLKio
BAUD = -----------------------------------------16 ( UBRRn + 1 )
f CLKio
UBRRn = ------------------------ – 1
16BAUD
Asynchronous Double
Speed mode (U2Xn = 1)
f CLKio
BAUD = --------------------------------------8 ( UBRRn + 1 )
f CLKio
UBRRn = -------------------- – 1
8BAUD
Synchronous Master
mode
f CLKio
BAUD = --------------------------------------2 ( UBRRn + 1 )
f CLKio
UBRRn = -------------------- – 1
2BAUD
Operating Mode
Asynchronous Normal
mode (U2Xn = 0)
Note:
1. The baud rate is defined to be the transfer rate in bit per second (bps)
BAUD
Baud rate (in bits per second, bps).
fclkio
System I/O Clock frequency.
UBRRn
Contents of the UBRRnH and UBRRnL Registers, (0-4095).
Some examples of UBRRn values for some system clock frequencies are found in Table
84 (see page 195).
Double Speed Operation
(U2X)
The transfer rate can be doubled by setting the U2Xn bit in UCSRnA. Setting this bit
only has effect for the asynchronous operation. Set this bit to zero when using synchronous operation.
Setting this bit will reduce the divisor of the baud rate divider from 16 to 8, effectively
doubling the transfer rate for asynchronous communication. Note however that the
Receiver will in this case only use half the number of samples (reduced from 16 to 8) for
data sampling and clock recovery, and therefore a more accurate baud rate setting and
system clock are required when this mode is used. For the Transmitter, there are no
downsides.
External Clock
External clocking is used by the synchronous slave modes of operation. The description
in this section refers to Figure 84 for details.
External clock input from the XCKn pin is sampled by a synchronization register to minimize the chance of meta-stability. The output from the synchronization register must
then pass through an edge detector before it can be used by the Transmitter and
Receiver. This process introduces a two CPU clock period delay and therefore the maximum external XCKn clock frequency is limited by the following equation:
f CLKio
f XCKn < ---------------4
Note that fclkio depends on the stability of the system clock source. It is therefore recommended to add some margin to avoid possible loss of data due to frequency variations.
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Synchronous Clock Operation When synchronous mode is used (UMSELn = 1), the XCKn pin will be used as either
clock input (Slave) or clock output (Master). The dependency between the clock edges
and data sampling or data change is the same. The basic principle is that data input (on
RxDn) is sampled at the opposite XCKn clock edge of the edge the data output (TxDn)
is changed.
Figure 85. Synchronous Mode XCKn Timing.
UCPOLn = 1
XCKn
RxDn / TxDn
Sample
UCPOLn = 0
XCKn
RxDn / TxDn
Sample
The UCPOLn bit UCRSnC selects which XCKn clock edge is used for data sampling
and which is used for data change. As Figure 85 shows, when UCPOLn is zero the data
will be changed at rising XCKn edge and sampled at falling XCKn edge. If UCPOLn is
set, the data will be changed at falling XCKn edge and sampled at rising XCKn edge.
Serial Frame
A serial frame is defined to be one character of data bits with synchronization bits (start
and stop bits), and optionally a parity bit for error checking.
Frame Formats
The USARTn accepts all 30 combinations of the following as valid frame formats:
•
1 start bit
•
5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 data bits
•
no, even or odd parity bit
•
1 or 2 stop bits
A frame starts with the start bit followed by the least significant data bit. Then the next
data bits, up to a total of nine, are succeeding, ending with the most significant bit. If
enabled, the parity bit is inserted after the data bits, before the stop bits. When a complete frame is transmitted, it can be directly followed by a new frame, or the
communication line can be set to an idle (high) state. Figure 86 illustrates the possible
combinations of the frame formats. Bits inside brackets are optional.
Figure 86. Frame Formats
FRAME
(IDLE)
St
0
1
2
St
Start bit, always low.
(n)
Data bits (0 to 8).
3
4
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[P]
Sp1 [Sp2]
(St / IDLE)
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P
Parity bit. Can be odd or even.
Sp
Stop bit, always high.
IDLE
No transfers on the communication line (RxDn or TxDn). An IDLE line must be
high.
The frame format used by the USARTn is set by the UCSZn2:0, UPMn1:0 and USBSn
bits in UCSRnB and UCSRnC. The Receiver and Transmitter use the same setting.
Note that changing the setting of any of these bits will corrupt all ongoing communication for both the Receiver and Transmitter.
The USARTn Character SiZe (UCSZn2:0) bits select the number of data bits in the
frame. The USARTn Parity mode (UPMn1:0) bits enable and set the type of parity bit.
The selection between one or two stop bits is done by the USARTn Stop Bit Select
(USBSn) bit. The Receiver ignores the second stop bit. An FEn (Frame Error) will therefore only be detected in the cases where the first stop bit is zero.
Parity Bit Calculation
The parity bit is calculated by doing an exclusive-or of all the data bits. If odd parity is
used, the result of the exclusive or is inverted. The relation between the parity bit and
data bits is as follows:
P even = d n – 1 ⊕ … ⊕ d 3 ⊕ d 2 ⊕ d 1 ⊕ d 0 ⊕ 0
P odd = d n – 1 ⊕ … ⊕ d 3 ⊕ d 2 ⊕ d 1 ⊕ d 0 ⊕ 1
Peven
Parity bit using even parity
Podd
Parity bit using odd parity
dn
Data bit n of the character
If used, the parity bit is located between the last data bit and first stop bit of a serial
frame.
USART Initialization
The USARTn has to be initialized before any communication can take place. The initialization process normally consists of setting the baud rate, setting frame format and
enabling the Transmitter or the Receiver depending on the usage. For interrupt driven
USARTn operation, the Global Interrupt Flag should be cleared (and interrupts globally
disabled) when doing the initialization.
Before doing a re-initialization with changed baud rate or frame format, be sure that
there are no ongoing transmissions during the period the registers are changed. The
TXCn flag can be used to check that the Transmitter has completed all transfers, and
the RXCn flag can be used to check that there are no unread data in the receive buffer.
Note that the TXCn flag must be cleared before each transmission (before UDRn is written) if it is used for this purpose.
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The following simple USART0 initialization code examples show one assembly and one
C function that are equal in functionality. The examples assume asynchronous operation using polling (no interrupts enabled) and a fixed frame format. The baud rate is
given as a function parameter. For the assembly code, the baud rate parameter is
assumed to be stored in the r17:r16 Registers.
Assembly Code Example(1)
USART0_Init:
; Set baud rate
sts
UBRR0H, r17
sts
UBRR0L, r16
; Set frame format: 8data, no parity & 2 stop bits
ldi
r16, (0<<UMSEL0)|(0<<UPM0)|(1<<USBS0)|(3<<UCSZ0)
sts
UCSR0C, r16
; Enable receiver and transmitter
ldi
r16, (1<<RXEN0)|(1<<TXEN0)
sts
UCSR0B, r16
ret
C Code Example(1)
void USART0_Init (unsigned int baud )
{
/* Set baud rate */
UBRR0H = (unsigned char) (baud>>8);
UBRR0L = (unsigned char) baud;
/* Set frame format: 8data, no parity & 2 stop bits */
UCSR0C = (0<<UMSEL0) | (0<<UPM0) | (1<<USBS0) | (3<<UCSZ0);
/* Enable receiver and transmitter */
UCSR0B = (1<<RXEN0) | (1<<TXEN0);
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
More advanced initialization routines can be made that include frame format as parameters, disable interrupts and so on. However, many applications use a fixed setting of the
baud and control registers, and for these types of applications the initialization code can
be placed directly in the main routine, or be combined with initialization code for other
I/O modules.
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Data Transmission –
USART Transmitter
The USARTn Transmitter is enabled by setting the Transmit Enable (TXENn) bit in the
UCSRnB Register. When the Transmitter is enabled, the normal port operation of the
TxDn pin is overridden by the USARTn and given the function as the Transmitter’s serial
output. The baud rate, mode of operation and frame format must be set up once before
doing any transmissions. If synchronous operation is used, the clock on the XCKn pin
will be overridden and used as transmission clock.
Sending Frames with 5 to 8
Data Bit
A data transmission is initiated by loading the transmit buffer with the data to be transmitted. The CPU can load the transmit buffer by writing to the UDRn I/O location. The
buffered data in the transmit buffer will be moved to the Shift Register when the Shift
Register is ready to send a new frame. The Shift Register is loaded with new data if it is
in idle state (no ongoing transmission) or immediately after the last stop bit of the previous frame is transmitted. When the Shift Register is loaded with new data, it will transfer
one complete frame at the rate given by the Baud Register, U2Xn bit or by XCKn
depending on mode of operation.
The following code examples show a simple USART0 transmit function based on polling
of the Data Register Empty (UDRE0) flag. When using frames with less than eight bits,
the most significant bits written to the UDR0 are ignored. The USART0 has to be initialized before the function can be used. For the assembly code, the data to be sent is
assumed to be stored in Register R16.
Assembly Code Example(1)
USART0_Transmit:
; Wait for empty transmit buffer
lds
r17, UCSR0A
sbrs r17, UDRE0
rjmp USART0_Transmit
; Put data (r16) into buffer, sends the data
sts
UDR0, r16
ret
C Code Example(1)
void USART0_Transmit (unsigned char data )
{
/* Wait for empty transmit buffer */
while ( ! ( UCSRA0 & (1<<UDRE0)))
;
/* Put data into buffer, sends the data */
UDR0 = data;
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
The function simply waits for the transmit buffer to be empty by checking the UDRE0
flag, before loading it with new data to be transmitted. If the Data Register Empty interrupt is utilized, the interrupt routine writes the data into the buffer.
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Sending Frames with 9 Data
Bit
If 9-bit characters are used (UCSZn = 7), the ninth bit must be written to the TXB8n bit in
UCSRnB before the low byte of the character is written to UDRn. The following code
examples show a transmit function that handles 9-bit characters. For the assembly
code, the data to be sent is assumed to be stored in registers R17:R16.
Assembly Code Example(1)(2)
USART0_Transmit:
; Wait for empty transmit buffer
lds
r18, UCSR0A
sbrs r18, UDRE0
rjmp USART0_Transmit
; Copy 9th bit from r17-bit0 to TXB80 via T-bit of SREG
lds
r18, UCSR0B
bst
r17, 0
bld
r18, TXB80
sts
UCSR0B, r18
; Put LSB data (r16) into buffer, sends the data
sts
UDR0, r16
ret
C Code Example(1)(2)
void USART0_Transmit (unsigned int data )
{
/* Wait for empty transmit buffer */
while ( !( UCSR0A & (1<<UDRE0)))
;
/* Copy 9th bit to TXB8 */
UCSR0B &= ~(1<<TXB80);
if ( data & 0x0100 )
UCSR0B |= (1<<TXB80);
/* Put data into buffer, sends the data */
UDR0 = data;
}
Notes:
1. These transmit functions are written to be general functions. They can be optimized if
the contents of the UCSR0B is static. For example, only the TXB80 bit of the
UCSRB0 Register is used after initialization.
2. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
sparc.
The ninth bit can be used for indicating an address frame when using multi processor
communication mode or for other protocol handling as for example synchronization.
Transmitter Flags and
Interrupts
The USARTn Transmitter has two flags that indicate its state: USART Data Register
Empty (UDREn) and Transmit Complete (TXCn). Both flags can be used for generating
interrupts.
The Data Register Empty (UDREn) flag indicates whether the transmit buffer is ready to
receive new data. This bit is set when the transmit buffer is empty, and cleared when the
transmit buffer contains data to be transmitted that has not yet been moved into the Shift
Register. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when writing
the UCSRnA Register.
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When the Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable (UDRIEn) bit in UCSRBn is written to
one, the USARTn Data Register Empty Interrupt will be executed as long as UDREn is
set (provided that global interrupts are enabled). UDREn is cleared by writing UDRn.
When interrupt-driven data transmission is used, the Data Register Empty interrupt routine must either write new data to UDRn in order to clear UDREn or disable the Data
Register Empty interrupt, otherwise a new interrupt will occur once the interrupt routine
terminates.
The Transmit Complete (TXCn) flag bit is set one when the entire frame in the Transmit
Shift Register has been shifted out and there are no new data currently present in the
transmit buffer. The TXCn flag bit is automatically cleared when a transmit complete
interrupt is executed, or it can be cleared by writing a one to its bit location. The TXCn
flag is useful in half-duplex communication interfaces (like the RS-485 standard), where
a transmitting application must enter receive mode and free the communication bus
immediately after completing the transmission.
When the Transmit Complete Interrupt Enable (TXCIEn) bit in UCSRnB is set, the
USARTn Transmit Complete Interrupt will be executed when the TXCn flag becomes
set (provided that global interrupts are enabled). When the transmit complete interrupt is
used, the interrupt handling routine does not have to clear the TXCn flag, this is done
automatically when the interrupt is executed.
Parity Generator
The Parity Generator calculates the parity bit for the serial frame data. When parity bit is
enabled (UPMn1 = 1), the transmitter control logic inserts the parity bit between the last
data bit and the first stop bit of the frame that is sent.
Disabling the Transmitter
The disabling of the Transmitter (setting the TXENn to zero) will not become effective
until ongoing and pending transmissions are completed, i.e., when the Transmit Shift
Register and Transmit Buffer Register do not contain data to be transmitted. When disabled, the Transmitter will no longer override the TxDn pin.
Data Reception – USART
Receiver
The USARTn Receiver is enabled by writing the Receive Enable (RXENn) bit in the
UCSRnB Register to one. When the Receiver is enabled, the normal pin operation of
the RxDn pin is overridden by the USARTn and given the function as the Receiver’s
serial input. The baud rate, mode of operation and frame format must be set up once
before any serial reception can be done. If synchronous operation is used, the clock on
the XCKn pin will be used as transfer clock.
Receiving Frames with 5 to 8
Data Bits
The Receiver starts data reception when it detects a valid start bit. Each bit that follows
the start bit will be sampled at the baud rate or XCKn clock, and shifted into the Receive
Shift Register until the first stop bit of a frame is received. A second stop bit will be
ignored by the Receiver. When the first stop bit is received, i.e., a complete serial frame
is present in the Receive Shift Register, the contents of the Shift Register will be moved
into the receive buffer. The receive buffer can then be read by reading the UDRn I/O
location.
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The following code example shows a simple USART0 receive function based on polling
of the Receive Complete (RXC0) flag. When using frames with less than eight bits the
most significant bits of the data read from the UDR0 will be masked to zero. The
USART0 has to be initialized before the function can be used.
Assembly Code Example(1)
USART0_Receive:
; Wait for data to be received
lds
r18, UCSR0A
sbrs r18, RXC0
rjmp USART0_Receive
; Get and return received data from buffer
lds
r16, UDR0
ret
C Code Example(1)
unsigned char USART0_Receive (void )
{
/* Wait for data to be received */
while ( ! (UCSR0A & (1<<RXC0)))
;
/* Get and return received data from buffer */
return UDR0;
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
The function simply waits for data to be present in the receive buffer by checking the
RXC0 flag, before reading the buffer and returning the value.
Receiving Frames with 9 Data
Bits
If 9-bit characters are used (UCSZn=7) the ninth bit must be read from the RXB8n bit in
UCSRnB before reading the low bits from the UDRn. This rule applies to the FEn,
DORn and UPEn Status Flags as well. Read status from UCSRnA, then data from
UDRn. Reading the UDRn I/O location will change the state of the receive buffer FIFO
and consequently the TXB8n, FEn, DORn and UPEn bits, which all are stored in the
FIFO, will change.
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The following code example shows a simple USART0 receive function that handles both
nine bit characters and the status bits.
Assembly Code Example(1)
USART0_Receive:
; Wait for data to be received
lds
r18, UCSR0A
sbrs r18, RXC0
rjmp USART0_Receive
; Get status and 9th bit, then data from buffer
lds
r17, UCSR0B
lds
r16, UDR0
; If error, return -1
andi r18, (1<<FE0) | (1<<DOR0) | (1<<UPE0)
breq USART0_ReceiveNoError
ldi
r17, HIGH(-1)
ldi
r16, LOW(-1)
USART0_ReceiveNoError:
; Filter the 9th bit, then return
lsr
r17
andi r17, 0x01
ret
C Code Example(1)
unsigned int USART0_Receive( void )
{
unsigned char status, resh, resl;
/* Wait for data to be received */
while ( ! (UCSR0A & (1<<RXC0)))
;
/* Get status and 9th bit, then data */
/* from buffer */
status = UCSR0A;
resh = UCSR0B;
resl = UDR0;
/* If error, return -1 */
if ( status & (1<<FE0)|(1<<DOR0)|(1<<UPE0) )
return -1;
/* Filter the 9th bit, then return */
resh = (resh >> 1) & 0x01;
return ((resh << 8) | resl);
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
The receive function example reads all the I/O Registers into the Register File before
any computation is done. This gives an optimal receive buffer utilization since the buffer
location read will be free to accept new data as early as possible.
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Receive Complete Flag and
Interrupt
The USARTn Receiver has one flag that indicates the Receiver state.
The Receive Complete (RXCn) flag indicates if there are unread data present in the
receive buffer. This flag is one when unread data exist in the receive buffer, and zero
when the receive buffer is empty (i.e., does not contain any unread data). If the Receiver
is disabled (RXENn = 0), the receive buffer will be flushed and consequently the RXCn
bit will become zero.
When the Receive Complete Interrupt Enable (RXCIEn) in UCSRnB is set, the USARTn
Receive Complete interrupt will be executed as long as the RXCn flag is set (provided
that global interrupts are enabled). When interrupt-driven data reception is used, the
receive complete routine must read the received data from UDRn in order to clear the
RXCn flag, otherwise a new interrupt will occur once the interrupt routine terminates.
Receiver Error Flags
The USARTn Receiver has three error flags: Frame Error (FEn), Data OverRun (DORn)
and Parity Error (UPEn). All can be accessed by reading UCSRnA. Common for the
error flags is that they are located in the receive buffer together with the frame for which
they indicate the error status. Due to the buffering of the error flags, the UCSRnA must
be read before the receive buffer (UDRn), since reading the UDRn I/O location changes
the buffer read location. Another equality for the error flags is that they can not be
altered by software doing a write to the flag location. However, all flags must be set to
zero when the UCSRnA is written for upward compatibility of future USART implementations. None of the error flags can generate interrupts.
The Frame Error (FEn) flag indicates the state of the first stop bit of the next readable
frame stored in the receive buffer. The FEn flag is zero when the stop bit was correctly
read (as one), and the FEn flag will be one when the stop bit was incorrect (zero). This
flag can be used for detecting out-of-sync conditions, detecting break conditions and
protocol handling. The FEn flag is not affected by the setting of the USBSn bit in UCSRnC since the Receiver ignores all, except for the first, stop bits. For compatibility with
future devices, always set this bit to zero when writing to UCSRnA.
The Data OverRun (DORn) flag indicates data loss due to a receiver buffer full condition. A Data OverRun occurs when the receive buffer is full (two characters), it is a new
character waiting in the Receive Shift Register, and a new start bit is detected. If the
DORn flag is set there was one or more serial frame lost between the frame last read
from UDRn, and the next frame read from UDRn. For compatibility with future devices,
always write this bit to zero when writing to UCSRnA. The DORn flag is cleared when
the frame received was successfully moved from the Shift Register to the receive buffer.
The Parity Error (UPEn) Flag indicates that the next frame in the receive buffer had a
Parity Error when received. If Parity Check is not enabled the UPEn bit will always be
read zero. For compatibility with future devices, always set this bit to zero when writing
to UCSRnA. For more details see “Parity Bit Calculation” on page 176 and “Parity
Checker” on page 183.
Parity Checker
The Parity Checker is active when the high USARTn Parity mode (UPMn1) bit is set.
Type of Parity Check to be performed (odd or even) is selected by the UPMn0 bit. When
enabled, the Parity Checker calculates the parity of the data bits in incoming frames and
compares the result with the parity bit from the serial frame. The result of the check is
stored in the receive buffer together with the received data and stop bits. The Parity
Error (UPEn) flag can then be read by software to check if the frame had a Parity Error.
The UPEn bit is set if the next character that can be read from the receive buffer had a
Parity Error when received and the Parity Checking was enabled at that point (UPMn1 =
1). This bit is valid until the receive buffer (UDRn) is read.
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Disabling the Receiver
In contrast to the Transmitter, disabling of the Receiver will be immediate. Data from
ongoing receptions will therefore be lost. When disabled (i.e., the RXENn is set to zero)
the Receiver will no longer override the normal function of the RxDn port pin. The
Receiver buffer FIFO will be flushed when the Receiver is disabled. Remaining data in
the buffer will be lost
Flushing the Receive Buffer
The receiver buffer FIFO will be flushed when the Receiver is disabled, i.e., the buffer
will be emptied of its contents. Unread data will be lost. If the buffer has to be flushed
during normal operation, due to for instance an error condition, read the UDRn I/O location until the RXCn flag is cleared.
The following code example shows how to flush the receive buffer.
Assembly Code Example(1)
USART0_Flush:
lds
r16, UCSR0A
sbrs r16, RXC0
ret
lds
r16, UDR0
rjmp USART0_Flush
C Code Example(1)
void USART0_Flush (void )
{
unsigned char dummy;
while (UCSR0A & (1<<RXC0) ) dummy = UDR0;
}
Note:
1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
Asynchronous Data
Reception
The USARTn includes a clock recovery and a data recovery unit for handling asynchronous data reception. The clock recovery logic is used for synchronizing the internally
generated baud rate clock to the incoming asynchronous serial frames at the RxDn pin.
The data recovery logic samples and low pass filters each incoming bit, thereby improving the noise immunity of the Receiver. The asynchronous reception operational range
depends on the accuracy of the internal baud rate clock, the rate of the incoming
frames, and the frame size in number of bits.
Asynchronous Clock
Recovery
The clock recovery logic synchronizes internal clock to the incoming serial frames. Figure 87 illustrates the sampling process of the start bit of an incoming frame. The sample
rate is 16 times the baud rate for Normal mode, and eight times the baud rate for Double
Speed mode. The horizontal arrows illustrate the synchronization variation due to the
sampling process. Note the larger time variation when using the Double Speed mode
(U2Xn = 1) of operation. Samples denoted zero are samples done when the RxDn line
is idle (i.e., no communication activity).
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Figure 87. Start Bit Sampling
RxDn
IDLE
START
BIT 0
Sample
(U2Xn = 0)
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
3
Sample
(U2Xn = 1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
When the clock recovery logic detects a high (idle) to low (start) transition on the RxDn
line, the start bit detection sequence is initiated. Let sample 1 denote the first zero-sample as shown in the figure. The clock recovery logic then uses samples 8, 9, and 10 for
Normal mode, and samples 4, 5, and 6 for Double Speed mode (indicated with sample
numbers inside boxes on the figure), to decide if a valid start bit is received. If two or
more of these three samples have logical high levels (the majority wins), the start bit is
rejected as a noise spike and the Receiver starts looking for the next high to low-transition. If however, a valid start bit is detected, the clock recovery logic is synchronized and
the data recovery can begin. The synchronization process is repeated for each start bit.
Asynchronous Data Recovery
When the receiver clock is synchronized to the start bit, the data recovery can begin.
The data recovery unit uses a state machine that has 16 states for each bit in Normal
mode and eight states for each bit in Double Speed mode. Figure 88 shows the sampling of the data bits and the parity bit. Each of the samples is given a number that is
equal to the state of the recovery unit.
Figure 88. Sampling of Data and Parity Bit
RxDn
BIT x
Sample
(U2Xn = 0)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
Sample
(U2Xn = 1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
The decision of the logic level of the received bit is taken by doing a majority voting of
the logic value to the three samples in the center of the received bit. The center samples
are emphasized on the figure by having the sample number inside boxes. The majority
voting process is done as follows: If two or all three samples have high levels, the
received bit is registered to be a logic 1. If two or all three samples have low levels, the
received bit is registered to be a logic 0. This majority voting process acts as a low pass
filter for the incoming signal on the RxDn pin. The recovery process is then repeated
until a complete frame is received. Including the first stop bit. Note that the Receiver only
uses the first stop bit of a frame.
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Figure 89 shows the sampling of the stop bit and the earliest possible beginning of the
start bit of the next frame.
Figure 89. Stop Bit Sampling and Next Start Bit Sampling
RxDn
STOP 1
(A)
(B)
(C)
Sample
(U2Xn = 0)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0/1
0/1
0/1
Sample
(U2Xn = 1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0/1
The same majority voting is done to the stop bit as done for the other bits in the frame. If
the stop bit is registered to have a logic 0 value, the Frame Error (FEn) flag will be set.
A new high to low transition indicating the start bit of a new frame can come right after
the last of the bits used for majority voting. For Normal Speed mode, the first low level
sample can be at point marked (A) in Figure 89. For Double Speed mode the first low
level must be delayed to (B). (C) marks a stop bit of full length. The early start bit detection influences the operational range of the Receiver.
Asynchronous Operational
Range
The operational range of the Receiver is dependent on the mismatch between the
received bit rate and the internally generated baud rate. If the Transmitter is sending
frames at too fast or too slow bit rates, or the internally generated baud rate of the
Receiver does not have a similar (see Table 77) base frequency, the Receiver will not
be able to synchronize the frames to the start bit.
The following equations can be used to calculate the ratio of the incoming data rate and
internal receiver baud rate.
( D + 1 )S
R slow = ------------------------------------------S – 1 + D ⋅ S + SF
( D + 2 )S
R fast = ----------------------------------( D + 1 )S + S M
D
Sum of character size and parity size (D = 5 to 10 bit)
S
Samples per bit. S = 16 for Normal Speed mode and S = 8 for Double Speed
mode.
SF
First sample number used for majority voting. SF = 8 for normal speed and SF = 4
for Double Speed mode.
SM
Middle sample number used for majority voting. SM = 9 for normal speed and
SM = 5 for Double Speed mode.
Rslow is the ratio of the slowest incoming data rate that can be accepted in relation to the
receiver baud rate.
Rfast is the ratio of the fastest incoming data rate that can be accepted in relation to the
receiver baud rate.
Table 77 and Table 78 list the maximum receiver baud rate error that can be tolerated.
Note that Normal Speed mode has higher toleration of baud rate variations.
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Table 77. Recommended Maximum Receiver Baud Rate Error for Normal Speed Mode
(U2Xn = 0)
D
# (Data+Parity Bit)
Rslow (%)
Rfast (%)
Max Total Error (%)
Recommended Max
Receiver Error (%)
5
93.20
106.67
+6.67/-6.8
± 3.0
6
94.12
105.79
+5.79/-5.88
± 2.5
7
94.81
105.11
+5.11/-5.19
± 2.0
8
95.36
104.58
+4.58/-4.54
± 2.0
9
95.81
104.14
+4.14/-4.19
± 1.5
10
96.17
103.78
+3.78/-3.83
± 1.5
Table 78. Recommended Maximum Receiver Baud Rate Error for Double Speed Mode
(U2Xn = 1)
D
# (Data+Parity Bit)
Rslow (%)
Rfast (%)
Max Total Error (%)
Recommended Max
Receiver Error (%)
5
94.12
105.66
+5.66/-5.88
± 2.5
6
94.92
104.92
+4.92/-5.08
± 2.0
7
95.52
104,35
+4.35/-4.48
± 1.5
8
96.00
103.90
+3.90/-4.00
± 1.5
9
96.39
103.53
+3.53/-3.61
± 1.5
10
96.70
103.23
+3.23/-3.30
± 1.0
The recommendations of the maximum receiver baud rate error was made under the
assumption that the Receiver and Transmitter equally divides the maximum total error.
There are two possible sources for the receivers baud rate error. The Receiver’s system
clock (XTAL) will always have some minor instability over the supply voltage range and
the temperature range. When using a crystal to generate the system clock, this is rarely
a problem, but for a resonator the system clock may differ more than 2% depending of
the resonators tolerance. The second source for the error is more controllable. The baud
rate generator can not always do an exact division of the system frequency to get the
baud rate wanted. In this case an UBRRn value that gives an acceptable low error can
be used if possible.
Multi-processor
Communication Mode
Setting the Multi-processor Communication mode (MPCMn) bit in UCSRnA enables a
filtering function of incoming frames received by the USARTn Receiver. Frames that do
not contain address information will be ignored and not put into the receive buffer. This
effectively reduces the number of incoming frames that has to be handled by the CPU,
in a system with multiple MCUs that communicate via the same serial bus. The Transmitter is unaffected by the MPCMn setting, but has to be used differently when it is a
part of a system utilizing the Multi-processor Communication mode.
MPCM Protocol
If the Receiver is set up to receive frames that contain 5 to 8 data bits, then the first stop
bit indicates if the frame contains data or address information. If the Receiver is set up
for frames with nine data bits, then the ninth bit (RXB8n) is used for identifying address
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and data frames. When the frame type bit (the first stop or the ninth bit) is one, the frame
contains an address. When the frame type bit is zero the frame is a data frame.
The Multi-processor Communication mode enables several slave MCUs to receive data
from a master MCU. This is done by first decoding an address frame to find out which
MCU has been addressed. If a particular slave MCU has been addressed, it will receive
the following data frames as normal, while the other slave MCUs will ignore the received
frames until another address frame is received.
Using MPCM
For an MCU to act as a master MCU, it can use a 9-bit character frame format (UCSZn
= 7). The ninth bit (TXB8n) must be set when an address frame (TXB8n = 1) or cleared
when a data frame (TXBn = 0) is being transmitted. The slave MCUs must in this case
be set to use a 9-bit character frame format.
The following procedure should be used to exchange data in Multi-processor Communication mode:
1. All Slave MCUs are in Multi-processor Communication mode (MPCMn in
UCSRnA is set).
2. The Master MCU sends an address frame, and all slaves receive and read this
frame. In the Slave MCUs, the RXCn flag in UCSRnA will be set as normal.
3. Each Slave MCU reads the UDRn Register and determines if it has been
selected. If so, it clears the MPCMn bit in UCSRnA, otherwise it waits for the next
address byte and keeps the MPCMn setting.
4. The addressed MCU will receive all data frames until a new address frame is
received. The other Slave MCUs, which still have the MPCMn bit set, will ignore
the data frames.
5. When the last data frame is received by the addressed MCU, the addressed
MCU sets the MPCMn bit and waits for a new address frame from master. The
process then repeats from 2.
Using any of the 5- to 8-bit character frame formats is possible, but impractical since the
Receiver must change between using N and N+1 character frame formats. This makes
full-duplex operation difficult since the Transmitter and Receiver use the same character
size setting. If 5- to 8-bit character frames are used, the Transmitter must be set to use
two stop bit (USBSn = 1) since the first stop bit is used for indicating the frame type.
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AT90CAN128
USART Register
Description
USART0 I/O Data Register –
UDR0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
RXB0[7:0]
UDR0 (Read)
TXB0[7:0]
UDR0 (Write)
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
USART1 I/O Data Register –
UDR1
RXB1[7:0]
UDR1 (Read)
TXB1[7:0]
UDR1 (Write)
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bit 7:0 – RxBn7:0: Receive Data Buffer (read access)
• Bit 7:0 – TxBn7:0: Transmit Data Buffer (write access)
The USARTn Transmit Data Buffer Register and USARTn Receive Data Buffer Registers share the same I/O address referred to as USARTn Data Register or UDRn. The
Transmit Data Buffer Register (TXBn) will be the destination for data written to the
UDRn Register location. Reading the UDRn Register location will return the contents of
the Receive Data Buffer Register (RXBn).
For 5-, 6-, or 7-bit characters the upper unused bits will be ignored by the Transmitter
and set to zero by the Receiver.
The transmit buffer can only be written when the UDREn flag in the UCSRnA Register is
set. Data written to UDRn when the UDREn flag is not set, will be ignored by the
USARTn Transmitter. When data is written to the transmit buffer, and the Transmitter is
enabled, the Transmitter will load the data into the Transmit Shift Register when the
Shift Register is empty. Then the data will be serially transmitted on the TxDn pin.
The receive buffer consists of a two level FIFO. The FIFO will change its state whenever
the receive buffer is accessed.
USART0 Control and Status
Register A – UCSR0A
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value
USART1 Control and Status
Register A – UCSR1A
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TXC0
UDRE0
FE0
DOR0
UPE0
U2X0
MPCM0
R
R/W
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
0
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value
7
RXC0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
RXC1
TXC1
UDRE1
FE1
DOR1
UPE1
U2X1
MPCM1
R
R/W
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
0
1
0
0
0
0
UCSR0A
UCSR1A
0
• Bit 7 – RXCn: USARTn Receive Complete
This flag bit is set when there are unread data in the receive buffer and cleared when the
receive buffer is empty (i.e., does not contain any unread data). If the Receiver is disabled, the receive buffer will be flushed and consequently the RXCn bit will become
zero. The RXCn flag can be used to generate a Receive Complete interrupt (see
description of the RXCIEn bit).
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• Bit 6 – TXCn: USARTn Transmit Complete
This flag bit is set when the entire frame in the Transmit Shift Register has been shifted
out and there are no new data currently present in the transmit buffer (UDRn). The
TXCn flag bit is automatically cleared when a transmit complete interrupt is executed, or
it can be cleared by writing a one to its bit location. The TXCn flag can generate a Transmit Complete interrupt (see description of the TXCIEn bit).
• Bit 5 – UDREn: USARTn Data Register Empty
The UDREn flag indicates if the transmit buffer (UDRn) is ready to receive new data. If
UDREn is one, the buffer is empty, and therefore ready to be written. The UDREn flag
can generate a Data Register Empty interrupt (see description of the UDRIEn bit).
UDREn is set after a reset to indicate that the Transmitter is ready.
• Bit 4 – FEn: Frame Error
This bit is set if the next character in the receive buffer had a Frame Error when
received. I.e., when the first stop bit of the next character in the receive buffer is zero.
This bit is valid until the receive buffer (UDRn) is read. The FEn bit is zero when the stop
bit of received data is one. Always set this bit to zero when writing to UCSRnA.
• Bit 3 – DORn: Data OverRun
This bit is set if a Data OverRun condition is detected. A Data OverRun occurs when the
receive buffer is full (two characters), it is a new character waiting in the Receive Shift
Register, and a new start bit is detected. This bit is valid until the receive buffer (UDRn)
is read. Always set this bit to zero when writing to UCSRnA.
• Bit 2 – UPEn: USARTn Parity Error
This bit is set if the next character in the receive buffer had a Parity Error when received
and the Parity Checking was enabled at that point (UPMn1 = 1). This bit is valid until the
receive buffer (UDRn) is read. Always set this bit to zero when writing to UCSRnA.
• Bit 1 – U2Xn: Double the USARTn Transmission Speed
This bit only has effect for the asynchronous operation. Write this bit to zero when using
synchronous operation.
Writing this bit to one will reduce the divisor of the baud rate divider from 16 to 8 effectively doubling the transfer rate for asynchronous communication.
• Bit 0 – MPCMn: Multi-processor Communication Mode
This bit enables the Multi-processor Communication mode. When the MPCMn bit is written to one, all the incoming frames received by the USARnT Receiver that do not
contain address information will be ignored. The Transmitter is unaffected by the
MPCMn setting. For more detailed information see “Multi-processor Communication
Mode” on page 187.
USART0 Control and Status
Register B – UCSR0B
190
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
RXCIE0
TXCIE0
UDRIE0
RXEN0
TXEN0
UCSZ02
RXB80
TXB80
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
UCSR0B
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
USART1 Control and Status
Register B – UCSR1B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
RXCIE1
TXCIE1
UDRIE1
RXEN1
TXEN1
UCSZ12
RXB81
TXB81
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
UCSR1B
• Bit 7 – RXCIEn: RX Complete Interrupt Enable
Writing this bit to one enables interrupt on the RXCn flag. A USARTn Receive Complete
interrupt will be generated only if the RXCIEn bit is written to one, the Global Interrupt
Flag in SREG is written to one and the RXCn bit in UCSRnA is set.
• Bit 6 – TXCIEn: TX Complete Interrupt Enable
Writing this bit to one enables interrupt on the TXCn flag. A USARTn Transmit Complete
interrupt will be generated only if the TXCIEn bit is written to one, the Global Interrupt
Flag in SREG is written to one and the TXCn bit in UCSRnA is set.
• Bit 5 – UDRIEn: USARTn Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable
Writing this bit to one enables interrupt on the UDREn flag. A Data Register Empty interrupt will be generated only if the UDRIEn bit is written to one, the Global Interrupt Flag in
SREG is written to one and the UDREn bit in UCSRnA is set.
• Bit 4 – RXENn: Receiver Enable
Writing this bit to one enables the USARTn Receiver. The Receiver will override normal
port operation for the RxDn pin when enabled. Disabling the Receiver will flush the
receive buffer invalidating the FEn, DORn, and UPEn Flags.
• Bit 3 – TXENn: Transmitter Enable
Writing this bit to one enables the USARTn Transmitter. The Transmitter will override
normal port operation for the TxDn pin when enabled. The disabling of the Transmitter
(writing TXENn to zero) will not become effective until ongoing and pending transmissions are completed, i.e., when the Transmit Shift Register and Transmit Buffer Register
do not contain data to be transmitted. When disabled, the Transmitter will no longer
override the TxDn port.
• Bit 2 – UCSZn2: Character Size
The UCSZn2 bits combined with the UCSZn1:0 bit in UCSRnC sets the number of data
bits (Character SiZe) in a frame the Receiver and Transmitter use.
• Bit 1 – RXB8n: Receive Data Bit 8
RXB8n is the ninth data bit of the received character when operating with serial frames
with nine data bits. Must be read before reading the low bits from UDRn.
• Bit 0 – TXB8n: Transmit Data Bit 8
TXB8n is the ninth data bit in the character to be transmitted when operating with serial
frames with nine data bits. Must be written before writing the low bits to UDRn.
USART0 Control and Status
Register C – UCSR0C
Bit
Read/Write
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
UMSEL0
UPM01
UPM00
USBS0
UCSZ01
UCSZ00
UCPOL0
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
UCSR0C
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USART1 Control and Status
Register C – UCSR1C
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
UMSEL1
UPM11
UPM10
USBS1
UCSZ11
UCSZ10
UCPO1L
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
UCSR1C
• Bit 7 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, these bit must be
written to zero when UCSRnC is written.
• Bit 6 – UMSELn: USARTn Mode Select
This bit selects between asynchronous and synchronous mode of operation.
Table 79. UMSELn Bit Settings
UMSELn
Mode
0
Asynchronous Operation
1
Synchronous Operation
• Bit 5:4 – UPMn1:0: Parity Mode
These bits enable and set type of parity generation and check. If enabled, the Transmitter will automatically generate and send the parity of the transmitted data bits within
each frame. The Receiver will generate a parity value for the incoming data and compare it to the UPMn0 setting. If a mismatch is detected, the UPEn Flag in UCSRnA will
be set.
Table 80. UPMn Bits Settings
UPMn1
UPMn0
Parity Mode
0
0
Disabled
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Enabled, Even Parity
1
1
Enabled, Odd Parity
• Bit 3 – USBSn: Stop Bit Select
This bit selects the number of stop bits to be inserted by the Transmitter. The Receiver
ignores this setting.
Table 81. USBSn Bit Settings
USBSn
192
Stop Bit(s)
0
1-bit
1
2-bit
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
• Bit 2:1 – UCSZn1:0: Character Size
The UCSZn1:0 bits combined with the UCSZn2 bit in UCSRnB sets the number of data
bits (Character SiZe) in a frame the Receiver and Transmitter use.
Table 82. UCSZn Bits Settings
UCSZn2
UCSZn1
UCSZn0
Character Size
0
0
0
5-bit
0
0
1
6-bit
0
1
0
7-bit
0
1
1
8-bit
1
0
0
Reserved
1
0
1
Reserved
1
1
0
Reserved
1
1
1
9-bit
• Bit 0 – UCPOLn: Clock Polarity
This bit is used for synchronous mode only. Write this bit to zero when asynchronous
mode is used. The UCPOLn bit sets the relationship between data output change and
data input sample, and the synchronous clock (XCKn).
Table 83. UCPOLn Bit Settings
Transmitted Data Changed
(Output of TxDn Pin)
Received Data Sampled
(Input on RxDn Pin)
0
Rising XCK Edge
Falling XCK Edge
1
Falling XCK Edge
Rising XCK Edge
UCPOLn
USART0 Baud Rate Registers
– UBRR0L and UBRR0H
Bit
15
14
13
12
–
–
–
–
11
10
9
8
UBRR0[11:8]
UBRR0H
UBRR0[7:0]
7
Read/Write
Initial Value
USART1 Baud Rate Registers
– UBRR1L and UBRR1H
Bit
6
5
4
3
UBRR0L
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
UBRR1[11:8]
UBRR1H
UBRR1[7:0]
7
Read/Write
Initial Value
6
5
4
3
UBRR1L
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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• Bit 15:12 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, these bit
must be written to zero when UBRRnH is written.
• Bit 11:0 – UBRRn11:0: USARTn Baud Rate Register
This is a 12-bit register which contains the USARTn baud rate. The UBRRnH contains
the four most significant bits, and the UBRRnL contains the eight least significant bits of
the USARTn baud rate. Ongoing transmissions by the Transmitter and Receiver will be
corrupted if the baud rate is changed. Writing UBRRnL will trigger an immediate update
of the baud rate prescaler.
194
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Examples of Baud Rate
Setting
For standard crystal, resonator and external oscillator frequencies, the most commonly
used baud rates for asynchronous operation can be generated by using the UBRRn settings in Table 84 up to Table 87. UBRRn values which yield an actual baud rate differing
less than 0.5% from the target baud rate, are bold in the table. Higher error ratings are
acceptable, but the Receiver will have less noise resistance when the error ratings are
high, especially for large serial frames (see “Asynchronous Operational Range” on page
186). The error values are calculated using the following equation:
BaudRate Closest Match
Error[%] = ⎛ 1 – --------------------------------------------------------⎞ • 100%
⎝
⎠
BaudRate
Table 84. Examples of UBRRn Settings for Commonly Frequencies
fclkio = 1.0000 MHz
Baud
Rate
(bps)
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
Error
fclkio = 1.8432 MHz
U2Xn = 1
UBRRn
Error
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
Error
fclkio = 2.0000 MHz
U2Xn = 1
UBRRn
Error
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
Error
U2Xn = 1
UBRRn
Error
2400
25
0.2%
51
0.2%
47
0.0%
95
0.0%
51
0.2%
103
0.2%
4800
12
0.2%
25
0.2%
23
0.0%
47
0.0%
25
0.2%
51
0.2%
9600
6
-7.0%
12
0.2%
11
0.0%
23
0.0%
12
0.2%
25
0.2%
14.4k
3
8.5%
8
-3.5%
7
0.0%
15
0.0%
8
-3.5%
16
2.1%
19.2k
2
8.5%
6
-7.0%
5
0.0%
11
0.0%
6
-7.0%
12
0.2%
28.8k
1
8.5%
3
8.5%
3
0.0%
7
0.0%
3
8.5%
8
-3.5%
38.4k
1
-18.6%
2
8.5%
2
0.0%
5
0.0%
2
8.5%
6
-7.0%
57.6k
0
8.5%
1
8.5%
1
0.0%
3
0.0%
1
8.5%
3
8.5%
76.8k
–
–
1
-18.6%
1
-25.0%
2
0.0%
1
-18.6%
2
8.5%
115.2k
–
–
0
8.5%
0
0.0%
1
0.0%
0
8.5%
1
8.5%
230.4k
–
–
–
–
–
–
0
0.0%
–
–
–
–
250k
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
500k
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1M
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Max.
1.
(1)
62.5 kbps
125 kbps
115.2 kbps
230.4 Kbps
125 kpbs
250 kbps
UBRRn = 0, Error = 0.0%
195
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 85. Examples of UBRRn Settings for Commonly Frequencies (Continued)
fclkio = 3.6864 MHz
Baud
Rate
(bps)
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
fclkio = 4.0000 MHz
U2Xn = 1
Error
UBRRn
U2Xn = 0
Error
UBRRn
fclkio = 7.3728 MHz
U2Xn = 1
Error
UBRRn
U2Xn = 0
Error
UBRRn
U2Xn = 1
Error
UBRRn
Error
2400
95
0.0%
191
0.0%
103
0.2%
207
0.2%
191
0.0%
383
0.0%
4800
47
0.0%
95
0.0%
51
0.2%
103
0.2%
95
0.0%
191
0.0%
9600
23
0.0%
47
0.0%
25
0.2%
51
0.2%
47
0.0%
95
0.0%
14.4k
15
0.0%
31
0.0%
16
2.1%
34
-0.8%
31
0.0%
63
0.0%
19.2k
11
0.0%
23
0.0%
12
0.2%
25
0.2%
23
0.0%
47
0.0%
28.8k
7
0.0%
15
0.0%
8
-3.5%
16
2.1%
15
0.0%
31
0.0%
38.4k
5
0.0%
11
0.0%
6
-7.0%
12
0.2%
11
0.0%
23
0.0%
57.6k
3
0.0%
7
0.0%
3
8.5%
8
-3.5%
7
0.0%
15
0.0%
76.8k
2
0.0%
5
0.0%
2
8.5%
6
-7.0%
5
0.0%
11
0.0%
115.2k
1
0.0%
3
0.0%
1
8.5%
3
8.5%
3
0.0%
7
0.0%
230.4k
0
0.0%
1
0.0%
0
8.5%
1
8.5%
1
0.0%
3
0.0%
250k
0
-7.8%
1
-7.8%
0
0.0%
1
0.0%
1
-7.8%
3
-7.8%
500k
–
–
0
-7.8%
–
–
0
0.0%
0
-7.8%
1
-7.8%
1M
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0
-7.8%
Max. (1)
1.
196
230.4 kbps
460.8 kbps
250 kbps
0.5 Mbps
460.8 kpbs
921.6 kbps
UBRRn = 0, Error = 0.0%
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 86. Examples of UBRRn Settings for Commonly Frequencies (Continued)
fclkio = 8.0000 MHz
Baud
Rate
(bps)
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
Error
fclkio = 10.000 MHz
U2Xn = 1
UBRRn
Error
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
Error
fclkio = 11.0592 MHz
U2Xn = 1
UBRRn
Error
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
Error
U2Xn = 1
UBRRn
Error
2400
207
0.2%
416
-0.1%
259
0.2%
520
0.0%
287
0.0%
575
0.0%
4800
103
0.2%
207
0.2%
129
0.2%
259
0.2%
143
0.0%
287
0.0%
9600
51
0.2%
103
0.2%
64
0.2%
129
0.2%
71
0.0%
143
0.0%
14.4k
34
-0.8%
68
0.6%
42
0.9%
86
0.2%
47
0.0%
95
0.0%
19.2k
25
0.2%
51
0.2%
32
-1.4%
64
0.2%
35
0.0%
71
0.0%
28.8k
16
2.1%
34
-0.8%
21
-1.4%
42
0.9%
23
0.0%
47
0.0%
38.4k
12
0.2%
25
0.2%
15
1.8%
32
-1.4%
17
0.0%
35
0.0%
57.6k
8
-3.5%
16
2.1%
10
-1.5%
21
-1.4%
11
0.0%
23
0.0%
76.8k
6
-7.0%
12
0.2%
7
1.9%
15
1.8%
8
0.0%
17
0.0%
115.2k
3
8.5%
8
-3.5%
4
9.6%
10
-1.5%
5
0.0%
11
0.0%
230.4k
1
8.5%
3
8.5%
2
-16.8%
4
9.6%
2
0.0%
5
0.0%
250k
1
0.0%
3
0.0%
2
-33.3%
4
0.0%
2
-7.8%
5
-7.8%
500k
0
0.0%
1
0.0%
–
–
2
-33.3%
–
–
2
-7.8%
1M
–
–
0
0.0%
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Max. (1)
1.
0.5 Mbps
1 Mbps
625 kbps
1.25 Mbps
691.2 kbps
1.3824 Mbps
UBRRn = 0, Error = 0.0%
197
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 87. Examples of UBRRn Settings for Commonly Frequencies (Continued)
fclkio = 12.0000 MHz
Baud
Rate
(bps)
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
Error
fclkio = 14.7456 MHz
U2Xn = 1
UBRRn
Error
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
Error
fclkio = 16.0000 MHz
U2Xn = 1
UBRRn
Error
U2Xn = 0
UBRRn
Error
U2Xn = 1
UBRRn
Error
2400
312
-0.2%
624
0.0%
383
0.0%
767
0.0%
416
-0.1%
832
0.0%
4800
155
0.2%
312
-0.2%
191
0.0%
383
0.0%
207
0.2%
416
-0.1%
9600
77
0.2%
155
0.2%
95
0.0%
191
0.0%
103
0.2%
207
0.2%
14.4k
51
0.2%
103
0.2%
63
0.0%
127
0.0%
68
0.6%
138
-0.1%
19.2k
38
0.2%
77
0.2%
47
0.0%
95
0.0%
51
0.2%
103
0.2%
28.8k
25
0.2%
51
0.2%
31
0.0%
63
0.0%
34
-0.8%
68
0.6%
38.4k
19
-2.5%
38
0.2%
23
0.0%
47
0.0%
25
0.2%
51
0.2%
57.6k
12
0.2%
25
0.2%
15
0.0%
31
0.0%
16
2.1%
34
-0.8%
76.8k
9
-2.7%
19
-2.5%
11
0.0%
23
0.0%
12
0.2%
25
0.2%
115.2k
6
-8.9%
12
0.2%
7
0.0%
15
0.0%
8
-3.5%
16
2.1%
230.4k
2
11.3%
6
-8.9%
3
0.0%
7
0.0%
3
8.5%
8
-3.5%
250k
2
0.0%
5
0.0%
3
-7.8%
6
5.3%
3
0.0%
7
0.0%
500k
–
–
2
0.0%
1
-7.8%
3
-7.8%
1
0.0%
3
0.0%
1M
–
–
–
–
0
-7.8%
1
-7.8%
0
0.0%
1
0.0%
Max. (1)
1.
198
750 kbps
1.5 Mbps
921.6 kbps
1.8432 Mbps
1 Mbps
2 Mbps
UBRRn = 0, Error = 0.0%
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Two-wire Serial Interface
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Two-wire Serial Interface
Bus Definition
The Two-wire Serial Interface (TWI) is ideally suited for typical microcontroller applications. The TWI protocol allows the systems designer to interconnect up to 128 different
devices using only two bi-directional bus lines, one for clock (SCL) and one for data
(SDA). The only external hardware needed to implement the bus is a single pull-up
resistor for each of the TWI bus lines. All devices connected to the bus have individual
addresses, and mechanisms for resolving bus contention are inherent in the TWI
protocol.
Simple yet Powerful and Flexible Communication Interface, only Two Bus Lines Needed
Both Master and Slave Operation Supported
Device can Operate as Transmitter or Receiver
7-bit Address Space allows up to 128 Different Slave Addresses
Multi-master Arbitration Support
Up to 400 kHz Data Transfer Speed
Slew-rate Limited Output Drivers
Noise Suppression Circuitry Rejects Spikes on Bus Lines
Fully Programmable Slave Address with General Call Support
Address Recognition Causes Wake-up when AVR is in Sleep Mode
Figure 90. TWI Bus Interconnection
Device 1
Device 2
Device 3
........
Device n
VCC
R1
R2
SDA
SCL
TWI Terminology
The following definitions are frequently encountered in this section.
Table 88. TWI Terminology
Electrical Interconnection
Term
Description
Master
The device that initiates and terminates a transmission. The master also
generates the SCL clock
Slave
The device addressed by a master
Transmitter
The device placing data on the bus
Receiver
The device reading data from the bus
As depicted in Figure 90, both bus lines are connected to the positive supply voltage
through pull-up resistors. The bus drivers of all TWI-compliant devices are open-drain or
open-collector. This implements a wired-AND function which is essential to the operation of the interface. A low level on a TWI bus line is generated when one or more TWI
devices output a zero. A high level is output when all TWI devices tri-state their outputs,
199
4250E–CAN–12/04
allowing the pull-up resistors to pull the line high. Note that all AVR devices connected to
the TWI bus must be powered in order to allow any bus operation.
The number of devices that can be connected to the bus is only limited by the bus
capacitance limit of 400 pF and the 7-bit slave address space. A detailed specification of
the electrical characteristics of the TWI is given in “Two-wire Serial Interface Characteristics” on page 359. Two different sets of specifications are presented there, one
relevant for bus speeds below 100 kHz, and one valid for bus speeds up to 400 kHz.
Data Transfer and Frame
Format
Transferring Bits
Each data bit transferred on the TWI bus is accompanied by a pulse on the clock line.
The level of the data line must be stable when the clock line is high. The only exception
to this rule is for generating start and stop conditions.
Figure 91. Data Validity
SDA
SCL
Data Stable
Data Stable
Data Change
START and STOP Conditions
The master initiates and terminates a data transmission. The transmission is initiated
when the master issues a START condition on the bus, and it is terminated when the
master issues a STOP condition. Between a START and a STOP condition, the bus is
considered busy, and no other master should try to seize control of the bus. A special
case occurs when a new START condition is issued between a START and STOP condition. This is referred to as a REPEATED START condition, and is used when the
master wishes to initiate a new transfer without relinquishing control of the bus. After a
REPEATED START, the bus is considered busy until the next STOP. This is identical to
the START behaviour, and therefore START is used to describe both START and
REPEATED START for the remainder of this datasheet, unless otherwise noted. As
depicted below, START and STOP conditions are signalled by changing the level of the
SDA line when the SCL line is high.
Figure 92. START, REPEATED START and STOP Conditions
SDA
SCL
START
200
STOP START
REPEATED START
STOP
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Address Packet Format
All address packets transmitted on the TWI bus are 9 bits long, consisting of 7 address
bits, one READ/WRITE control bit and an acknowledge bit. If the READ/WRITE bit is
set, a read operation is to be performed, otherwise a write operation should be performed. When a slave recognizes that it is being addressed, it should acknowledge by
pulling SDA low in the ninth SCL (ACK) cycle. If the addressed slave is busy, or for
some other reason can not service the master’s request, the SDA line should be left
high in the ACK clock cycle. The master can then transmit a STOP condition, or a
REPEATED START condition to initiate a new transmission. An address packet consisting of a slave address and a READ or a WRITE bit is called SLA+R or SLA+W,
respectively.
The MSB of the address byte is transmitted first. Slave addresses can freely be allocated by the designer, but the address 0000 000 is reserved for a general call.
When a general call is issued, all slaves should respond by pulling the SDA line low in
the ACK cycle. A general call is used when a master wishes to transmit the same message to several slaves in the system. When the general call address followed by a Write
bit is transmitted on the bus, all slaves set up to acknowledge the general call will pull
the SDA line low in the ack cycle. The following data packets will then be received by all
the slaves that acknowledged the general call. Note that transmitting the general call
address followed by a Read bit is meaningless, as this would cause contention if several
slaves started transmitting different data.
All addresses of the format 1111 xxx should be reserved for future purposes.
Figure 93. Address Packet Format
Addr MSB
Addr LSB
R/W
ACK
7
8
9
SDA
SCL
1
2
START
Data Packet Format
All data packets transmitted on the TWI bus are 9 bits long, consisting of one data byte
and an acknowledge bit. During a data transfer, the master generates the clock and the
START and STOP conditions, while the receiver is responsible for acknowledging the
reception. An Acknowledge (ACK) is signalled by the receiver pulling the SDA line low
during the ninth SCL cycle. If the receiver leaves the SDA line high, a NACK is signalled.
When the receiver has received the last byte, or for some reason cannot receive any
more bytes, it should inform the transmitter by sending a NACK after the final byte. The
MSB of the data byte is transmitted first.
201
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 94. Data Packet Format
Data MSB
Data LSB
ACK
8
9
Aggregate
SDA
SDA from
Transmitter
SDA from
Receiver
SCL from
Master
1
SLA+R/W
Combining Address and Data
Packets Into a Transmission
2
7
STOP, REPEATED
START or Next
Data Byte
Data Byte
A transmission basically consists of a START condition, a SLA+R/W, one or more data
packets and a STOP condition. An empty message, consisting of a START followed by
a STOP condition, is illegal. Note that the Wired-ANDing of the SCL line can be used to
implement handshaking between the master and the slave. The slave can extend the
SCL low period by pulling the SCL line low. This is useful if the clock speed set up by the
master is too fast for the slave, or the slave needs extra time for processing between the
data transmissions. The slave extending the SCL low period will not affect the SCL high
period, which is determined by the master. As a consequence, the slave can reduce the
TWI data transfer speed by prolonging the SCL duty cycle.
Figure 95 shows a typical data transmission. Note that several data bytes can be transmitted between the SLA+R/W and the STOP condition, depending on the software
protocol implemented by the application software.
Figure 95. Typical Data Transmission
Addr MSB
Addr LSB
R/W
ACK
Data MSB
7
8
9
1
Data LSB
ACK
8
9
SDA
SCL
1
START
2
SLA+R/W
2
7
Data Byte
STOP
Multi-master Bus
The TWI protocol allows bus systems with several masters. Special concerns have
Systems, Arbitration and been taken in order to ensure that transmissions will proceed as normal, even if two or
more masters initiate a transmission at the same time. Two problems arise in multi-masSynchronization
ter systems:
•
202
An algorithm must be implemented allowing only one of the masters to complete the
transmission. All other masters should cease transmission when they discover that
they have lost the selection process. This selection process is called arbitration.
When a contending master discovers that it has lost the arbitration process, it
should immediately switch to slave mode to check whether it is being addressed by
the winning master. The fact that multiple masters have started transmission at the
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
same time should not be detectable to the slaves, i.e., the data being transferred on
the bus must not be corrupted.
•
Different masters may use different SCL frequencies. A scheme must be devised to
synchronize the serial clocks from all masters, in order to let the transmission
proceed in a lockstep fashion. This will facilitate the arbitration process.
The wired-ANDing of the bus lines is used to solve both these problems. The serial
clocks from all masters will be wired-ANDed, yielding a combined clock with a high
period equal to the one from the master with the shortest high period. The low period of
the combined clock is equal to the low period of the master with the longest low period.
Note that all masters listen to the SCL line, effectively starting to count their SCL high
and low time-out periods when the combined SCL line goes high or low, respectively.
Figure 96. SCL Synchronization between Multiple Masters
TA low
TA high
SCL from
master A
SCL from
master B
SCL Bus
Line
TBlow
Masters Start
Counting Low Period
TBhigh
Masters Start
Counting High Period
Arbitration is carried out by all masters continuously monitoring the SDA line after outputting data. If the value read from the SDA line does not match the value the master
had output, it has lost the arbitration. Note that a master can only lose arbitration when it
outputs a high SDA value while another master outputs a low value. The losing master
should immediately go to slave mode, checking if it is being addressed by the winning
master. The SDA line should be left high, but losing masters are allowed to generate a
clock signal until the end of the current data or address packet. Arbitration will continue
until only one master remains, and this may take many bits. If several masters are trying
to address the same slave, arbitration will continue into the data packet.
203
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 97. Arbitration Between two Masters
START
SDA from
Master A
Master A loses
Arbitration, SDAA SDA
SDA from
Master B
SDA Line
Synchronized
SCL Line
Note that arbitration is not allowed between:
•
A REPEATED START condition and a data bit
•
A STOP condition and a data bit
•
A REPEATED START and a STOP condition
It is the user software’s responsibility to ensure that these illegal arbitration conditions
never occur. This implies that in multi-master systems, all data transfers must use the
same composition of SLA+R/W and data packets. In other words: All transmissions
must contain the same number of data packets, otherwise the result of the arbitration is
undefined.
204
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Overview of the TWI
Module
The TWI module is comprised of several submodules, as shown in Figure 98. All registers drawn in a thick line are accessible through the AVR data bus.
Figure 98. Overview of the TWI Module
SCL
Slew-rate
Control
SDA
Spike
Filter
Slew-rate
Control
Spike
Filter
Bus Interface Unit
START / STOP
Control
Spike Suppression
Arbitration detection
Address/Data Shift
Register (TWDR)
Bit Rate Generator
Prescaler
Address Match Unit
Address Register
(TWAR)
Bit Rate Register
(TWBR)
Ack
Control Unit
Status Register
(TWSR)
Control Register
(TWCR)
State Machine and
Status control
Address Comparator
TWI
Unit
Scl and SDA Pins
These pins interface the AVR TWI with the rest of the MCU system. The output drivers
contain a slew-rate limiter in order to conform to the TWI specification. The input stages
contain a spike suppression unit removing spikes shorter than 50 ns. Note that the internal pullups in the AVR pads can be enabled by setting the PORT bits corresponding to
the SCL and SDA pins, as explained in the I/O Port section. The internal pull-ups can in
some systems eliminate the need for external ones.
Bit Rate Generator Unit
This unit controls the period of SCL when operating in a Master mode. The SCL period
is controlled by settings in the TWI Bit Rate Register (TWBR) and the Prescaler bits in
the TWI Status Register (TWSR). Slave operation does not depend on Bit Rate or Prescaler settings, but the CPU clock frequency in the slave must be at least 16 times higher
than the SCL frequency. Note that slaves may prolong the SCL low period, thereby
reducing the average TWI bus clock period. The SCL frequency is generated according
to the following equation:
CLKio
SCL frequency = ----------------------------------------------------------TWPS
16 + 2(TWBR) ⋅ 4
•
TWBR = Value of the TWI Bit Rate Register
•
TWPS = Value of the prescaler bits in the TWI Status Register
Note:
TWBR should be 10 or higher if the TWI operates in Master mode. If TWBR is lower than
10, the master may produce an incorrect output on SDA and SCL for the reminder of the
byte. The problem occurs when operating the TWI in Master mode, sending Start + SLA
+ R/W to a slave (a slave does not need to be connected to the bus for the condition to
happen).
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Bus Interface Unit
This unit contains the Data and Address Shift Register (TWDR), a START/STOP Controller and Arbitration detection hardware. The TWDR contains the address or data
bytes to be transmitted, or the address or data bytes received. In addition to the 8-bit
TWDR, the Bus Interface Unit also contains a register containing the (N)ACK bit to be
transmitted or received. This (N)ACK Register is not directly accessible by the application software. However, when receiving, it can be set or cleared by manipulating the
TWI Control Register (TWCR). When in Transmitter mode, the value of the received
(N)ACK bit can be determined by the value in the TWSR.
The START/STOP Controller is responsible for generation and detection of START,
REPEATED START, and STOP conditions. The START/STOP controller is able to
detect START and STOP conditions even when the AVR MCU is in one of the sleep
modes, enabling the MCU to wake up if addressed by a master.
If the TWI has initiated a transmission as master, the Arbitration Detection hardware
continuously monitors the transmission trying to determine if arbitration is in process. If
the TWI has lost an arbitration, the Control Unit is informed. Correct action can then be
taken and appropriate status codes generated.
Address Match Unit
The Address Match unit checks if received address bytes match the 7-bit address in the
TWI Address Register (TWAR). If the TWI General Call Recognition Enable (TWGCE)
bit in the TWAR is written to one, all incoming address bits will also be compared
against the General Call address. Upon an address match, the Control Unit is informed,
allowing correct action to be taken. The TWI may or may not acknowledge its address,
depending on settings in the TWCR. The Address Match unit is able to compare
addresses even when the AVR MCU is in sleep mode, enabling the MCU to wake up if
addressed by a master. If another interrupt (e.g., INT0) occurs during TWI Power-down
address match and wakes up the CPU, the TWI aborts operation and return to it’s idle
state. If this cause any problems, ensure that TWI Address Match is the only enabled
interrupt when entering Power-down.
Control Unit
The Control unit monitors the TWI bus and generates responses corresponding to settings in the TWI Control Register (TWCR). When an event requiring the attention of the
application occurs on the TWI bus, the TWI Interrupt Flag (TWINT) is asserted. In the
next clock cycle, the TWI Status Register (TWSR) is updated with a status code identifying the event. The TWSR only contains relevant status information when the TWI
Interrupt Flag is asserted. At all other times, the TWSR contains a special status code
indicating that no relevant status information is available. As long as the TWINT flag is
set, the SCL line is held low. This allows the application software to complete its tasks
before allowing the TWI transmission to continue.
The TWINT flag is set in the following situations:
206
•
After the TWI has transmitted a START/REPEATED START condition
•
After the TWI has transmitted SLA+R/W
•
After the TWI has transmitted an address byte
•
After the TWI has lost arbitration
•
After the TWI has been addressed by own slave address or general call
•
After the TWI has received a data byte
•
After a STOP or REPEATED START has been received while still addressed as a
slave
•
When a bus error has occurred due to an illegal START or STOP condition
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AT90CAN128
TWI Register Description
TWI Bit Rate Register – TWBR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TWBR7
TWBR6
TWBR5
TWBR4
TWBR3
TWBR2
TWBR1
TWBR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TWBR
• Bits 7..0 – TWI Bit Rate Register
TWBR selects the division factor for the bit rate generator. The bit rate generator is a
frequency divider which generates the SCL clock frequency in the Master modes. See
“Bit Rate Generator Unit” on page 205 for calculating bit rates.
TWI Control Register – TWCR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TWCR
The TWCR is used to control the operation of the TWI. It is used to enable the TWI, to
initiate a master access by applying a START condition to the bus, to generate a
receiver acknowledge, to generate a stop condition, and to control halting of the bus
while the data to be written to the bus are written to the TWDR. It also indicates a write
collision if data is attempted written to TWDR while the register is inaccessible.
• Bit 7 – TWINT: TWI Interrupt Flag
This bit is set by hardware when the TWI has finished its current job and expects application software response. If the I-bit in SREG and TWIE in TWCR are set, the MCU will
jump to the TWI interrupt vector. While the TWINT flag is set, the SCL low period is
stretched. The TWINT flag must be cleared by software by writing a logic one to it. Note
that this flag is not automatically cleared by hardware when executing the interrupt routine. Also note that clearing this flag starts the operation of the TWI, so all accesses to
the TWI Address Register (TWAR), TWI Status Register (TWSR), and TWI Data Register (TWDR) must be complete before clearing this flag.
• Bit 6 – TWEA: TWI Enable Acknowledge Bit
The TWEA bit controls the generation of the ACK pulse. If the TWEA bit is written to
one, the ACK pulse is generated on the TWI bus if the following conditions are met:
1. The device’s own slave address has been received.
2. A general call has been received, while the TWGCE bit in the TWAR is set.
3. A data byte has been received in Master Receiver or Slave Receiver mode.
By writing the TWEA bit to zero, the device can be virtually disconnected from the Twowire Serial Bus temporarily. Address recognition can then be resumed by writing the
TWEA bit to one again.
• Bit 5 – TWSTA: TWI START Condition Bit
The application writes the TWSTA bit to one when it desires to become a master on the
Two-wire Serial Bus. The TWI hardware checks if the bus is available, and generates a
START condition on the bus if it is free. However, if the bus is not free, the TWI waits
until a STOP condition is detected, and then generates a new START condition to claim
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the bus Master status. TWSTA must be cleared by software when the START condition
has been transmitted.
• Bit 4 – TWSTO: TWI STOP Condition Bit
Writing the TWSTO bit to one in Master mode will generate a STOP condition on the
Two-wire Serial Bus. When the STOP condition is executed on the bus, the TWSTO bit
is cleared automatically. In slave mode, setting the TWSTO bit can be used to recover
from an error condition. This will not generate a STOP condition, but the TWI returns to
a well-defined unaddressed Slave mode and releases the SCL and SDA lines to a high
impedance state.
• Bit 3 – TWWC: TWI Write Collision Flag
The TWWC bit is set when attempting to write to the TWI Data Register – TWDR when
TWINT is low. This flag is cleared by writing the TWDR Register when TWINT is high.
• Bit 2 – TWEN: TWI Enable Bit
The TWEN bit enables TWI operation and activates the TWI interface. When TWEN is
written to one, the TWI takes control over the I/O pins connected to the SCL and SDA
pins, enabling the slew-rate limiters and spike filters. If this bit is written to zero, the TWI
is switched off and all TWI transmissions are terminated, regardless of any ongoing
operation.
• Bit 1 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, this must be written to zero when TWCR is written.
• Bit 0 – TWIE: TWI Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-bit in SREG is set, the TWI interrupt request will
be activated for as long as the TWINT flag is high.
TWI Status Register – TWSR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TWS7
TWS6
TWS5
TWS4
TWS3
–
TWPS1
TWPS0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
TWSR
• Bits 7..3 – TWS: TWI Status
These 5 bits reflect the status of the TWI logic and the Two-wire Serial Bus. The different status codes are described later in this section. Note that the value read from TWSR
contains both the 5-bit status value and the 2-bit prescaler value. The application
designer should mask the prescaler bits to zero when checking the Status bits. This
makes status checking independent of prescaler setting. This approach is used in this
datasheet, unless otherwise noted.
• Bit 2 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved and will always read as zero.
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• Bits 1..0 – TWPS: TWI Prescaler Bits
These bits can be read and written, and control the bit rate prescaler.
Table 89. TWI Bit Rate Prescaler
TWPS1
TWPS0
Prescaler Value
0
0
1
0
1
4
1
0
16
1
1
64
To calculate bit rates, see “Bit Rate Generator Unit” on page 205. The value of
TWPS1..0 is used in the equation.
TWI Data Register – TWDR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TWD7
TWD6
TWD5
TWD4
TWD3
TWD2
TWD1
TWD0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
TWDR
In Transmit mode, TWDR contains the next byte to be transmitted. In receive mode, the
TWDR contains the last byte received. It is writable while the TWI is not in the process of
shifting a byte. This occurs when the TWI interrupt flag (TWINT) is set by hardware.
Note that the Data Register cannot be initialized by the user before the first interrupt
occurs. The data in TWDR remains stable as long as TWINT is set. While data is shifted
out, data on the bus is simultaneously shifted in. TWDR always contains the last byte
present on the bus, except after a wake up from a sleep mode by the TWI interrupt. In
this case, the contents of TWDR is undefined. In the case of a lost bus arbitration, no
data is lost in the transition from Master to Slave. Handling of the ACK bit is controlled
automatically by the TWI logic, the CPU cannot access the ACK bit directly.
• Bits 7..0 – TWD: TWI Data Register
These eight bits constitute the next data byte to be transmitted, or the latest data byte
received on the TWI Serial Bus.
TWI (Slave) Address Register
– TWAR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TWA6
TWA5
TWA4
TWA3
TWA2
TWA1
TWA0
TWGCE
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
TWAR
• Bits 7..1 – TWA: TWI (Slave) Address Register
These seven bits constitute the slave address of the TWI unit. The TWAR should be
loaded with the 7-bit slave address to which the TWI will respond when programmed as
a slave transmitter or receiver, and not needed in the master modes. In multimaster systems, TWAR must be set in masters which can be addressed as slaves by other
masters.
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• Bit 0 – TWGCE: TWI General Call Recognition Enable Bit
TWGCE is used to enable recognition of the general call address (0x00). There is an
associated address comparator that looks for the slave address (or general call address
if enabled) in the received serial address. If a match is found, an interrupt request is
generated. If set, this bit enables the recognition of a General Call given over the TWI
Serial Bus.
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Using the TWI
The AVR TWI is byte-oriented and interrupt based. Interrupts are issued after all bus
events, like reception of a byte or transmission of a START condition. Because the TWI
is interrupt-based, the application software is free to carry on other operations during a
TWI byte transfer. Note that the TWI Interrupt Enable (TWIE) bit in TWCR together with
the Global Interrupt Enable bit in SREG allow the application to decide whether or not
assertion of the TWINT flag should generate an interrupt request. If the TWIE bit is
cleared, the application must poll the TWINT flag in order to detect actions on the TWI
bus.
When the TWINT flag is asserted, the TWI has finished an operation and awaits application response. In this case, the TWI Status Register (TWSR) contains a value indicating
the current state of the TWI bus. The application software can then decide how the TWI
should behave in the next TWI bus cycle by manipulating the TWCR and TWDR
Registers.
Figure 99 is a simple example of how the application can interface to the TWI hardware.
In this example, a master wishes to transmit a single data byte to a slave. This description is quite abstract, a more detailed explanation follows later in this section. A simple
code example implementing the desired behaviour is also presented.
Application
Action
Figure 99. Interfacing the Application to the TWI in a Typical Transmission
TWI bus
1. Application
writes to TWCR
to initiate
transmission of
START
3. Check TWSR to see if
START was sent. Application
loads SLA+W into TWDR, and
loads appropriate control signals
into TWCR, making sure that
TWINT is written to one.
START
TWI
Hardware
Action
2. TWINT set.
Status code indicates
START condition sent
SLA+W
5. Check TWSR to see if SLA+W
was sent and ACK received.
Application loads data into TWDR,
and loads appropriate control signals
into TWCR, making sure that TWINT
is written to one.
A
4. TWINT set.
Status code indicates
SLA+W sendt, ACK
received
Data
7. Check TWSR to see if data
was sent and ACK received.
Application loads appropriate
control signals to send STOP
into TWCR, making sure that
TWINT is written to one
A
6. TWINT set.
Status code indicates
data sent, ACK received
STOP
Indicates
TWINT set
1. The first step in a TWI transmission is to transmit a START condition. This is
done by writing a specific value into TWCR, instructing the TWI hardware to
transmit a START condition. Which value to write is described later on. However,
it is important that the TWINT bit is set in the value written. Writing a one to
TWINT clears the flag. The TWI will not start any operation as long as the TWINT
bit in TWCR is set. Immediately after the application has cleared TWINT, the TWI
will initiate transmission of the START condition.
2. When the START condition has been transmitted, the TWINT flag in TWCR is
set, and TWSR is updated with a status code indicating that the START condition
has successfully been sent.
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3. The application software should now examine the value of TWSR, to make sure
that the START condition was successfully transmitted. If TWSR indicates otherwise, the application software might take some special action, like calling an
error routine. Assuming that the status code is as expected, the application must
load SLA+W into TWDR. Remember that TWDR is used both for address and
data. After TWDR has been loaded with the desired SLA+W, a specific value
must be written to TWCR, instructing the TWI hardware to transmit the SLA+W
present in TWDR. Which value to write is described later on. However, it is
important that the TWINT bit is set in the value written. Writing a one to TWINT
clears the flag. The TWI will not start any operation as long as the TWINT bit in
TWCR is set. Immediately after the application has cleared TWINT, the TWI will
initiate transmission of the address packet.
4. When the address packet has been transmitted, the TWINT flag in TWCR is set,
and TWSR is updated with a status code indicating that the address packet has
successfully been sent. The status code will also reflect whether a slave
acknowledged the packet or not.
5. The application software should now examine the value of TWSR, to make sure
that the address packet was successfully transmitted, and that the value of the
ACK bit was as expected. If TWSR indicates otherwise, the application software
might take some special action, like calling an error routine. Assuming that the
status code is as expected, the application must load a data packet into TWDR.
Subsequently, a specific value must be written to TWCR, instructing the TWI
hardware to transmit the data packet present in TWDR. Which value to write is
described later on. However, it is important that the TWINT bit is set in the value
written. Writing a one to TWINT clears the flag. The TWI will not start any operation as long as the TWINT bit in TWCR is set. Immediately after the application
has cleared TWINT, the TWI will initiate transmission of the data packet.
6. When the data packet has been transmitted, the TWINT flag in TWCR is set, and
TWSR is updated with a status code indicating that the data packet has successfully been sent. The status code will also reflect whether a slave acknowledged
the packet or not.
7. The application software should now examine the value of TWSR, to make sure
that the data packet was successfully transmitted, and that the value of the ACK
bit was as expected. If TWSR indicates otherwise, the application software might
take some special action, like calling an error routine. Assuming that the status
code is as expected, the application must write a specific value to TWCR,
instructing the TWI hardware to transmit a STOP condition. Which value to write
is described later on. However, it is important that the TWINT bit is set in the
value written. Writing a one to TWINT clears the flag. The TWI will not start any
operation as long as the TWINT bit in TWCR is set. Immediately after the application has cleared TWINT, the TWI will initiate transmission of the STOP
condition. Note that TWINT is NOT set after a STOP condition has been sent.
Even though this example is simple, it shows the principles involved in all TWI transmissions. These can be summarized as follows:
212
•
When the TWI has finished an operation and expects application response, the
TWINT flag is set. The SCL line is pulled low until TWINT is cleared.
•
When the TWINT flag is set, the user must update all TWI Registers with the value
relevant for the next TWI bus cycle. As an example, TWDR must be loaded with the
value to be transmitted in the next bus cycle.
•
After all TWI Register updates and other pending application software tasks have
been completed, TWCR is written. When writing TWCR, the TWINT bit should be
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AT90CAN128
set. Writing a one to TWINT clears the flag. The TWI will then commence executing
whatever operation was specified by the TWCR setting.
In the following an assembly and C implementation of the example is given. Note that
the code below assumes that several definitions have been made for example by using
include-files.
Assembly Code Example
1
ldi
r16, (1<<TWINT)|(1<<TWSTA)|
(1<<TWEN)
sts
2
Comments
TWCR = (1<<TWINT)|(1<<TWSTA)|
(1<<TWEN)
Send START condition
TWCR, r16
wait1:
lds
C Example
r16,TWCR
while (!(TWCR & (1<<TWINT)))
;
sbrs r16,TWINT
Wait for TWINT flag set. This indicates that
the START condition has been transmitted
rjmp wait1
3
lds
r16,TWSR
andi r16, 0xF8
cpi
if ((TWSR & 0xF8) != START)
ERROR();
r16, START
Check value of TWI Status Register. Mask
prescaler bits. If status different from START
go to ERROR
brne ERROR
4
ldi
r16, SLA_W
TWDR = SLA_W;
sts
TWDR, r16
TWCR = (1<<TWINT) | (1<<TWEN);
ldi
r16, (1<<TWINT) | (1<<TWEN)
sts
TWCR, r16
wait2:
lds
r16,TWCR
Load SLA_W into TWDR Register. Clear
TWINT bit in TWCR to start transmission of
address
while (!(TWCR & (1<<TWINT)))
;
sbrs r16,TWINT
Wait for TWINT flag set. This indicates that
the SLA+W has been transmitted, and
ACK/NACK has been received.
rjmp wait2
5
lds
r16,TWSR
andi r16, 0xF8
cpi
if ((TWSR & 0xF8) != MT_SLA_ACK)
ERROR();
r16, MT_SLA_ACK
Check value of TWI Status Register. Mask
prescaler bits. If status different from
MT_SLA_ACK go to ERROR
brne ERROR
6
ldi
r16, DATA
TWDR = DATA;
sts
TWDR, r16
TWCR = (1<<TWINT) | (1<<TWEN);
ldi
r16, (1<<TWINT) | (1<<TWEN)
sts
TWCR, r16
wait3:
lds
r16,TWCR
Load DATA into TWDR Register. Clear TWINT
bit in TWCR to start transmission of data
while (!(TWCR & (1<<TWINT)))
;
sbrs r16,TWINT
Wait for TWINT flag set. This indicates that
the DATA has been transmitted, and
ACK/NACK has been received.
rjmp wait3
7
lds
r16,TWSR
andi r16, 0xF8
cpi
if ((TWSR & 0xF8) != MT_DATA_ACK)
ERROR();
r16, MT_DATA_ACK
Check value of TWI Status Register. Mask
prescaler bits. If status different from
MT_DATA_ACK go to ERROR
brne ERROR
ldi
r16, (1<<TWINT)|(1<<TWEN)|
(1<<TWSTO)
sts
TWCR = (1<<TWINT)|(1<<TWEN)|
(1<<TWSTO);
Transmit STOP condition
TWCR, r16
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Transmission Modes
The TWI can operate in one of four major modes. These are named Master Transmitter
(MT), Master Receiver (MR), Slave Transmitter (ST) and Slave Receiver (SR). Several
of these modes can be used in the same application. As an example, the TWI can use
MT mode to write data into a TWI EEPROM, MR mode to read the data back from the
EEPROM. If other masters are present in the system, some of these might transmit data
to the TWI, and then SR mode would be used. It is the application software that decides
which modes are legal.
The following sections describe each of these modes. Possible status codes are
described along with figures detailing data transmission in each of the modes. These figures contain the following abbreviations:
S: START condition
Rs: REPEATED START condition
R: Read bit (high level at SDA)
W: Write bit (low level at SDA)
A: Acknowledge bit (low level at SDA)
A: Not acknowledge bit (high level at SDA)
Data: 8-bit data byte
P: STOP condition
SLA: Slave Address
In Figure 101 to Figure 107, circles are used to indicate that the TWINT flag is set. The
numbers in the circles show the status code held in TWSR, with the prescaler bits
masked to zero. At these points, actions must be taken by the application to continue or
complete the TWI transfer. The TWI transfer is suspended until the TWINT flag is
cleared by software.
When the TWINT flag is set, the status code in TWSR is used to determine the appropriate software action. For each status code, the required software action and details of the
following serial transfer are given in Table 90 to Table 93. Note that the prescaler bits
are masked to zero in these tables.
Master Transmitter Mode
214
In the Master Transmitter mode, a number of data bytes are transmitted to a slave
receiver (see Figure 100). In order to enter a Master mode, a START condition must be
transmitted. The format of the following address packet determines whether Master
Transmitter or Master Receiver mode is to be entered. If SLA+W is transmitted, MT
mode is entered, if SLA+R is transmitted, MR mode is entered. All the status codes
mentioned in this section assume that the prescaler bits are zero or are masked to zero.
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AT90CAN128
Figure 100. Data Transfer in Master Transmitter Mode
Device 1
Device 2
MASTER
TRANSMITTER
SLAVE
RECEIVER
Device 3
........
Device n
VCC
R1
R2
SDA
SCL
A START condition is sent by writing the following value to TWCR:
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
1
X
1
0
X
1
0
X
TWEN must be set to enable the Two-wire Serial Interface, TWSTA must be written to
one to transmit a START condition and TWINT must be written to one to clear the
TWINT flag. The TWI will then test the Two-wire Serial Bus and generate a START condition as soon as the bus becomes free. After a START condition has been transmitted,
the TWINT flag is set by hardware, and the status code in TWSR will be 0x08 (See
Table 90). In order to enter MT mode, SLA+W must be transmitted. This is done by writing SLA+W to TWDR. Thereafter the TWINT bit should be cleared (by writing it to one)
to continue the transfer. This is accomplished by writing the following value to TWCR:
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
1
X
0
0
X
1
0
X
When SLA+W have been transmitted and an acknowledgment bit has been received,
TWINT is set again and a number of status codes in TWSR are possible. Possible status codes in Master mode are 0x18, 0x20, or 0x38. The appropriate action to be taken
for each of these status codes is detailed in Table 90.
When SLA+W has been successfully transmitted, a data packet should be transmitted.
This is done by writing the data byte to TWDR. TWDR must only be written when
TWINT is high. If not, the access will be discarded, and the Write Collision bit (TWWC)
will be set in the TWCR Register. After updating TWDR, the TWINT bit should be
cleared (by writing it to one) to continue the transfer. This is accomplished by writing the
following value to TWCR:
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
1
X
0
0
X
1
0
X
This scheme is repeated until the last byte has been sent and the transfer is ended by
generating a STOP condition or a repeated START condition. A STOP condition is generated by writing the following value to TWCR:
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
1
X
0
1
X
1
0
X
A REPEATED START condition is generated by writing the following value to TWCR:
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
1
X
1
0
X
1
0
X
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After a repeated START condition (state 0x10) the Two-wire Serial Interface can access
the same slave again, or a new slave without transmitting a STOP condition. Repeated
START enables the master to switch between slaves, Master Transmitter mode and
Master Receiver mode without losing control of the bus.
Table 90. Status Codes for Master Transmitter Mode
Status Code
(TWSR)
Prescaler Bits
are 0
Application Software Response
Status of the Two-wire Serial
Bus and Two-wire Serial Interface Hardware
To TWCR
To/from TWDR
STA
STO
TWINT
TWEA
0x08
A START condition has been
transmitted
Load SLA+W
X
0
1
X
SLA+W will be transmitted;
ACK or NOT ACK will be received
0x10
A repeated START condition
has been transmitted
Load SLA+W or
X
0
1
X
Load SLA+R
X
0
1
X
SLA+W will be transmitted;
ACK or NOT ACK will be received
SLA+R will be transmitted;
Logic will switch to master receiver mode
Load data byte or
0
0
1
X
No TWDR action or
No TWDR action or
1
0
0
1
1
1
X
X
No TWDR action
1
1
1
X
Load data byte or
0
0
1
X
No TWDR action or
No TWDR action or
1
0
0
1
1
1
X
X
No TWDR action
1
1
1
X
Load data byte or
0
0
1
X
No TWDR action or
No TWDR action or
1
0
0
1
1
1
X
X
No TWDR action
1
1
1
X
Load data byte or
0
0
1
X
No TWDR action or
No TWDR action or
1
0
0
1
1
1
X
X
No TWDR action
1
1
1
X
No TWDR action or
0
0
1
X
No TWDR action
1
0
1
X
0x18
0x20
0x28
0x30
0x38
216
SLA+W has been transmitted;
ACK has been received
SLA+W has been transmitted;
NOT ACK has been received
Data byte has been transmitted;
ACK has been received
Data byte has been transmitted;
NOT ACK has been received
Arbitration lost in SLA+W or data
bytes
Next Action Taken by TWI Hardware
Data byte will be transmitted and ACK or NOT ACK will
be received
Repeated START will be transmitted
STOP condition will be transmitted and
TWSTO flag will be reset
STOP condition followed by a START condition will be
transmitted and TWSTO flag will be reset
Data byte will be transmitted and ACK or NOT ACK will
be received
Repeated START will be transmitted
STOP condition will be transmitted and
TWSTO flag will be reset
STOP condition followed by a START condition will be
transmitted and TWSTO flag will be reset
Data byte will be transmitted and ACK or NOT ACK will
be received
Repeated START will be transmitted
STOP condition will be transmitted and
TWSTO flag will be reset
STOP condition followed by a START condition will be
transmitted and TWSTO flag will be reset
Data byte will be transmitted and ACK or NOT ACK will
be received
Repeated START will be transmitted
STOP condition will be transmitted and
TWSTO flag will be reset
STOP condition followed by a START condition will be
transmitted and TWSTO flag will be reset
Two-wire Serial Bus will be released and not addressed
slave mode entered
A START condition will be transmitted when the bus becomes free
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 101. Formats and States in the Master Transmitter Mode
MT
Successfull
transmission
to a slave
receiver
S
SLA
$08
W
A
DATA
$18
A
P
$28
Next transfer
started with a
repeated start
condition
RS
SLA
W
$10
Not acknowledge
received after the
slave address
A
R
P
$20
MR
Not acknowledge
received after a data
byte
A
P
$30
Arbitration lost in slave
address or data byte
A or A
Other master
continues
$38
Arbitration lost and
addressed as slave
A
$68
From master to slave
From slave to master
A or A
Other master
continues
$38
Other master
continues
$78
DATA
To corresponding
states in slave mode
$B0
A
n
Any number of data bytes
and their associated acknowledge bits
This number (contained in TWSR) corresponds
to a defined state of the Two-wire Serial Bus. The
prescaler bits are zero or masked to zero
217
4250E–CAN–12/04
Master Receiver Mode
In the Master Receiver Mode, a number of data bytes are received from a slave transmitter (see Figure 102). In order to enter a Master mode, a START condition must be
transmitted. The format of the following address packet determines whether Master
Transmitter or Master Receiver mode is to be entered. If SLA+W is transmitted, MT
mode is entered, if SLA+R is transmitted, MR mode is entered. All the status codes
mentioned in this section assume that the prescaler bits are zero or are masked to zero.
Figure 102. Data Transfer in Master Receiver Mode
Device 1
Device 2
MASTER
RECEIVER
SLAVE
TRANSMITTER
Device 3
........
Device n
VCC
R1
R2
SDA
SCL
A START condition is sent by writing the following value to TWCR:
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
1
X
1
0
X
1
0
X
TWEN must be written to one to enable the Two-wire Serial Interface, TWSTA must be
written to one to transmit a START condition and TWINT must be set to clear the TWINT
flag. The TWI will then test the Two-wire Serial Bus and generate a START condition as
soon as the bus becomes free. After a START condition has been transmitted, the
TWINT flag is set by hardware, and the status code in TWSR will be 0x08 (See Table
90). In order to enter MR mode, SLA+R must be transmitted. This is done by writing
SLA+R to TWDR. Thereafter the TWINT bit should be cleared (by writing it to one) to
continue the transfer. This is accomplished by writing the following value to TWCR:
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
1
X
0
0
X
1
0
X
When SLA+R have been transmitted and an acknowledgment bit has been received,
TWINT is set again and a number of status codes in TWSR are possible. Possible status codes in Master mode are 0x38, 0x40, or 0x48. The appropriate action to be taken
for each of these status codes is detailed in Table 101. Received data can be read from
the TWDR Register when the TWINT flag is set high by hardware. This scheme is
repeated until the last byte has been received. After the last byte has been received, the
MR should inform the ST by sending a NACK after the last received data byte. The
transfer is ended by generating a STOP condition or a repeated START condition. A
STOP condition is generated by writing the following value to TWCR:
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
1
X
0
1
X
1
0
X
A REPEATED START condition is generated by writing the following value to TWCR:
218
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
1
X
1
0
X
1
0
X
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
After a repeated START condition (state 0x10) the Two-wire Serial Interface can access
the same slave again, or a new slave without transmitting a STOP condition. Repeated
START enables the master to switch between slaves, Master Transmitter mode and
Master Receiver mode without losing control over the bus.
Figure 103. Formats and States in the Master Receiver Mode
MR
Successfull
reception
from a slave
receiver
S
SLA
$08
R
A
DATA
$40
A
DATA
$50
A
P
$58
Next transfer
started with a
repeated start
condition
RS
SLA
R
$10
Not acknowledge
received after the
slave address
A
W
P
$48
MT
Arbitration lost in slave
address or data byte
A or A
Other master
continues
$38
Arbitration lost and
addressed as slave
A
$68
From master to slave
From slave to master
A
Other master
continues
$38
Other master
continues
$78
DATA
To corresponding
states in slave mode
$B0
A
n
Any number of data bytes
and their associated acknowledge bits
This number (contained in TWSR) corresponds
to a defined state of the Two-wire Serial Bus. The
prescaler bits are zero or masked to zero
219
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 91. Status Codes for Master Receiver Mode
Status Code
(TWSR)
Prescaler Bits
are 0
Application Software Response
Status of the Two-wire Serial
Bus and Two-wire Serial Interface Hardware
To TWCR
To/from TWDR
STA
STO
TWINT
TWEA
0x08
A START condition has been
transmitted
Load SLA+R
X
0
1
X
SLA+R will be transmitted
ACK or NOT ACK will be received
0x10
A repeated START condition
has been transmitted
Load SLA+R or
X
0
1
X
Load SLA+W
X
0
1
X
SLA+R will be transmitted
ACK or NOT ACK will be received
SLA+W will be transmitted
Logic will switch to master transmitter mode
No TWDR action or
0
0
1
X
No TWDR action
1
0
1
X
No TWDR action or
0
0
1
0
No TWDR action
0
0
1
1
No TWDR action or
No TWDR action or
1
0
0
1
1
1
X
X
No TWDR action
1
1
1
X
0x38
0x40
0x48
Arbitration lost in SLA+R or NOT
ACK bit
SLA+R has been transmitted;
ACK has been received
SLA+R has been transmitted;
NOT ACK has been received
0x50
Data byte has been received;
ACK has been returned
Read data byte or
0
Read data byte
0
0
1
1
0x58
Data byte has been received;
NOT ACK has been returned
Read data byte or
Read data byte or
1
0
0
1
1
1
X
X
Read data byte
1
1
1
X
Slave Receiver Mode
0
1
0
Next Action Taken by TWI Hardware
Two-wire Serial Bus will be released and not addressed
slave mode will be entered
A START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
Data byte will be received and NOT ACK will be
returned
Data byte will be received and ACK will be returned
Repeated START will be transmitted
STOP condition will be transmitted and TWSTO flag will
be reset
STOP condition followed by a START condition will be
transmitted and TWSTO flag will be reset
Data byte will be received and NOT ACK will be
returned
Data byte will be received and ACK will be returned
Repeated START will be transmitted
STOP condition will be transmitted and TWSTO flag will
be reset
STOP condition followed by a START condition will be
transmitted and TWSTO flag will be reset
In the Slave Receiver mode, a number of data bytes are received from a master transmitter (see Figure 104). All the status codes mentioned in this section assume that the
prescaler bits are zero or are masked to zero.
Figure 104. Data Transfer in Slave Receiver Mode
Device 1
Device 2
SLAVE
RECEIVER
MASTER
TRANSMITTER
Device 3
........
Device n
VCC
R1
R2
SDA
SCL
To initiate the Slave Receiver mode, TWAR and TWCR must be initialized as follows:
TWAR
value
220
TWA6
TWA5
TWA4
TWA3
TWA2
TWA1
TWA0
TWGCE
Device’s Own Slave Address
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
The upper seven bits are the address to which the Two-wire Serial Interface will respond
when addressed by a master. If the LSB is set, the TWI will respond to the general call
address (0x00), otherwise it will ignore the general call address.
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
X
TWEN must be written to one to enable the TWI. The TWEA bit must be written to one
to enable the acknowledgment of the device’s own slave address or the general call
address. TWSTA and TWSTO must be written to zero.
When TWAR and TWCR have been initialized, the TWI waits until it is addressed by its
own slave address (or the general call address if enabled) followed by the data direction
bit. If the direction bit is “0” (write), the TWI will operate in SR mode, otherwise ST mode
is entered. After its own slave address and the write bit have been received, the TWINT
flag is set and a valid status code can be read from TWSR. The status code is used to
determine the appropriate software action. The appropriate action to be taken for each
status code is detailed in Table 92. The slave receiver mode may also be entered if arbitration is lost while the TWI is in the master mode (see states 0x68 and 0x78).
If the TWEA bit is reset during a transfer, the TWI will return a “Not Acknowledge” (“1”)
to SDA after the next received data byte. This can be used to indicate that the slave is
not able to receive any more bytes. While TWEA is zero, the TWI does not acknowledge
its own slave address. However, the Two-wire Serial Bus is still monitored and address
recognition may resume at any time by setting TWEA. This implies that the TWEA bit
may be used to temporarily isolate the TWI from the Two-wire Serial Bus.
In all sleep modes other than Idle mode, the clock system to the TWI is turned off. If the
TWEA bit is set, the interface can still acknowledge its own slave address or the general
call address by using the Two-wire Serial Bus clock as a clock source. The part will then
wake up from sleep and the TWI will hold the SCL clock low during the wake up and
until the TWINT flag is cleared (by writing it to one). Further data reception will be carried out as normal, with the AVR clocks running as normal. Observe that if the AVR is
set up with a long start-up time, the SCL line may be held low for a long time, blocking
other data transmissions.
Note that the Two-wire Serial Interface Data Register – TWDR does not reflect the last
byte present on the bus when waking up from these sleep modes.
221
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 92. Status Codes for Slave Receiver Mode
Status Code
(TWSR)
Prescaler Bits
are 0
Application Software Response
Status of the Two-wire Serial Bus
and Two-wire Serial Interface
Hardware
To TWCR
To/from TWDR
STA
X
STO
TWINT
TWEA
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0x60
Own SLA+W has been received;
ACK has been returned
No TWDR action or
No TWDR action
X
0x68
Arbitration lost in SLA+R/W as
master; own SLA+W has been
received; ACK has been returned
No TWDR action or
X
No TWDR action
X
0
1
1
0x70
General call address has been
received; ACK has been returned
No TWDR action or
X
0
1
0
No TWDR action
X
0
1
1
0x78
Arbitration lost in SLA+R/W as
master; General call address has
been received; ACK has been
returned
No TWDR action or
X
0
1
0
No TWDR action
X
0
1
1
0x80
Previously addressed with own
SLA+W; data has been received;
ACK has been returned
Read data byte or
X
0
1
0
Read data byte
X
0
1
1
0x88
Previously addressed with own
SLA+W; data has been received;
NOT ACK has been returned
Read data byte or
0
0
1
0
Read data byte or
0
0
1
1
Read data byte or
1
0
1
0
Read data byte
1
0
1
1
X
0
1
0
0x90
Previously addressed with
general call; data has been received; ACK has been returned
Read data byte or
Read data byte
X
0
1
1
0x98
Previously addressed with
general call; data has been
received; NOT ACK has been
returned
Read data byte or
0
0
1
0
Read data byte or
0
0
1
1
Read data byte or
1
0
1
0
Read data byte
1
0
1
1
Read data byte or
0
0
1
0
Read data byte or
0
0
1
1
Read data byte or
1
0
1
0
Read data byte
1
0
1
1
0xA0
222
A STOP condition or repeated
START condition has been
received while still addressed as
slave
Next Action Taken by TWI Hardware
Data byte will be received and NOT ACK will be
returned
Data byte will be received and ACK will be returned
Data byte will be received and NOT ACK will be
returned
Data byte will be received and ACK will be returned
Data byte will be received and NOT ACK will be
returned
Data byte will be received and ACK will be returned
Data byte will be received and NOT ACK will be
returned
Data byte will be received and ACK will be returned
Data byte will be received and NOT ACK will be
returned
Data byte will be received and ACK will be returned
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
Data byte will be received and NOT ACK will be
returned
Data byte will be received and ACK will be returned
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 105. Formats and States in the Slave Receiver Mode
Reception of the
own slave address
and one or more
data bytes. All are
acknowledged
S
SLA
W
A
DATA
$60
A
DATA
$80
Last data byte received
is not acknowledged
A
P or S
$80
$A0
A
P or S
$88
Arbitration lost as master
and addressed as slave
A
$68
Reception of the general call
address and one or more data
bytes
General Call
A
DATA
$70
A
DATA
$90
Last data byte received is
not acknowledged
A
P or S
$90
$A0
A
P or S
$98
Arbitration lost as master and
addressed as slave by general call
A
$78
From master to slave
From slave to master
Slave Transmitter Mode
DATA
A
n
Any number of data bytes
and their associated acknowledge bits
This number (contained in TWSR) corresponds
to a defined state of the Two-wire Serial Bus. The
prescaler bits are zero or masked to zero
In the Slave Transmitter mode, a number of data bytes are transmitted to a master
receiver (see Figure 106). All the status codes mentioned in this section assume that the
prescaler bits are zero or are masked to zero.
223
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 106. Data Transfer in Slave Transmitter Mode
Device 1
Device 2
SLAVE
TRANSMITTER
MASTER
RECEIVER
Device 3
........
Device n
VCC
R1
R2
SDA
SCL
To initiate the Slave Transmitter mode, TWAR and TWCR must be initialized as follows:
TWAR
TWA6
TWA5
value
TWA4
TWA3
TWA2
TWA1
TWA0
TWGCE
Device’s Own Slave Address
The upper seven bits are the address to which the Two-wire Serial Interface will respond
when addressed by a master. If the LSB is set, the TWI will respond to the general call
address (0x00), otherwise it will ignore the general call address.
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
value
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
X
TWEN must be written to one to enable the TWI. The TWEA bit must be written to one
to enable the acknowledgment of the device’s own slave address or the general call
address. TWSTA and TWSTO must be written to zero.
When TWAR and TWCR have been initialized, the TWI waits until it is addressed by its
own slave address (or the general call address if enabled) followed by the data direction
bit. If the direction bit is “1” (read), the TWI will operate in ST mode, otherwise SR mode
is entered. After its own slave address and the write bit have been received, the TWINT
flag is set and a valid status code can be read from TWSR. The status code is used to
determine the appropriate software action. The appropriate action to be taken for each
status code is detailed in Table 93. The Slave Transmitter mode may also be entered if
arbitration is lost while the TWI is in the Master mode (see state 0xB0).
If the TWEA bit is written to zero during a transfer, the TWI will transmit the last byte of
the transfer. State 0xC0 or state 0xC8 will be entered, depending on whether the master
receiver transmits a NACK or ACK after the final byte. The TWI is switched to the not
addressed slave mode, and will ignore the master if it continues the transfer. Thus the
master receiver receives all “1” as serial data. State 0xC8 is entered if the master
demands additional data bytes (by transmitting ACK), even though the slave has transmitted the last byte (TWEA zero and expecting NACK from the master).
While TWEA is zero, the TWI does not respond to its own slave address. However, the
Two-wire Serial Bus is still monitored and address recognition may resume at any time
by setting TWEA. This implies that the TWEA bit may be used to temporarily isolate the
TWI from the Two-wire Serial Bus.
In all sleep modes other than Idle mode, the clock system to the TWI is turned off. If the
TWEA bit is set, the interface can still acknowledge its own slave address or the general
call address by using the Two-wire Serial Bus clock as a clock source. The part will then
wake up from sleep and the TWI will hold the SCL clock will low during the wake up and
224
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
until the TWINT flag is cleared (by writing it to one). Further data transmission will be
carried out as normal, with the AVR clocks running as normal. Observe that if the AVR is
set up with a long start-up time, the SCL line may be held low for a long time, blocking
other data transmissions.
Note that the Two-wire Serial Interface Data Register – TWDR does not reflect the last
byte present on the bus when waking up from these sleep modes.
Table 93. Status Codes for Slave Transmitter Mode
Status Code
(TWSR)
Prescaler Bits
are 0
0xA8
0xB0
0xB8
0xC0
0xC8
Application Software Response
Status of the Two-wire Serial Bus
and Two-wire Serial Interface
Hardware
To TWCR
To/from TWDR
STA
Load data byte or
STO
TWINT
TWEA
Next Action Taken by TWI Hardware
X
0
1
0
Load data byte
X
0
1
1
Last data byte will be transmitted and NOT ACK should
be received
Data byte will be transmitted and ACK should be received
Arbitration lost in SLA+R/W as
master; own SLA+R has been
received; ACK has been returned
Load data byte or
X
0
1
0
Load data byte
X
0
1
1
Data byte in TWDR has been
transmitted; ACK has been
received
Load data byte or
X
0
1
0
Load data byte
X
0
1
1
Data byte in TWDR has been
transmitted; NOT ACK has been
received
No TWDR action or
0
0
1
0
No TWDR action or
0
0
1
1
No TWDR action or
1
0
1
0
No TWDR action
1
0
1
1
No TWDR action or
0
0
1
0
No TWDR action or
0
0
1
1
No TWDR action or
1
0
1
0
No TWDR action
1
0
1
1
Own SLA+R has been received;
ACK has been returned
Last data byte in TWDR has been
transmitted (TWEA = “0”); ACK
has been received
Last data byte will be transmitted and NOT ACK should
be received
Data byte will be transmitted and ACK should be received
Last data byte will be transmitted and NOT ACK should
be received
Data byte will be transmitted and ACK should be received
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
no recognition of own SLA or GCA;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
Switched to the not addressed slave mode;
own SLA will be recognized;
GCA will be recognized if TWGCE = “1”;
a START condition will be transmitted when the bus
becomes free
225
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 107. Formats and States in the Slave Transmitter Mode
Reception of the
own slave address
and one or
more data bytes
S
SLA
R
A
DATA
A
$A8
Arbitration lost as master
and addressed as slave
DATA
$B8
A
P or S
$C0
A
$B0
Last data byte transmitted.
Switched to not addressed
slave (TWEA = '0')
A
All 1's
P or S
$C8
DATA
From master to slave
From slave to master
Miscellaneous States
Any number of data bytes
and their associated acknowledge bits
A
This number (contained in TWSR) corresponds
to a defined state of the Two-wire Serial Bus. The
prescaler bits are zero or masked to zero
n
There are two status codes that do not correspond to a defined TWI state, see Table 94.
Status 0xF8 indicates that no relevant information is available because the TWINT flag
is not set. This occurs between other states, and when the TWI is not involved in a serial
transfer.
Status 0x00 indicates that a bus error has occurred during a Two-wire Serial Bus transfer. A bus error occurs when a START or STOP condition occurs at an illegal position in
the format frame. Examples of such illegal positions are during the serial transfer of an
address byte, a data byte, or an acknowledge bit. When a bus error occurs, TWINT is
set. To recover from a bus error, the TWSTO flag must set and TWINT must be cleared
by writing a logic one to it. This causes the TWI to enter the not addressed slave mode
and to clear the TWSTO flag (no other bits in TWCR are affected). The SDA and SCL
lines are released, and no STOP condition is transmitted.
Table 94. Miscellaneous States
Status Code
(TWSR)
Prescaler Bits
are 0
Application Software Response
Status of the Two-wire Serial
Bus and Two-wire Serial Interface Hardware
To TWCR
To/from TWDR
STA
STO
0xF8
No relevant state information
available; TWINT = “0”
No TWDR action
No TWCR action
0x00
Bus error due to an illegal
START or STOP condition
No TWDR action
0
Combining Several TWI
Modes
226
1
TWINT
TWEA
Next Action Taken by TWI Hardware
Wait or proceed current transfer
1
X
Only the internal hardware is affected, no STOP condition is sent on the bus. In all cases, the bus is released
and TWSTO is cleared.
In some cases, several TWI modes must be combined in order to complete the desired
action. Consider for example reading data from a serial EEPROM. Typically, such a
transfer involves the following steps:
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
1. The transfer must be initiated
2. The EEPROM must be instructed what location should be read
3. The reading must be performed
4. The transfer must be finished
Note that data is transmitted both from master to slave and vice versa. The master must
instruct the slave what location it wants to read, requiring the use of the MT mode. Subsequently, data must be read from the slave, implying the use of the MR mode. Thus,
the transfer direction must be changed. The master must keep control of the bus during
all these steps, and the steps should be carried out as an atomical operation. If this principle is violated in a multimaster system, another master can alter the data pointer in the
EEPROM between steps 2 and 3, and the master will read the wrong data location.
Such a change in transfer direction is accomplished by transmitting a REPEATED
START between the transmission of the address byte and reception of the data. After a
REPEATED START, the master keeps ownership of the bus. The following figure shows
the flow in this transfer.
Figure 108. Combining Several TWI Modes to Access a Serial EEPROM
Master Transmitter
S
SLA+W
A
ADDRESS
S = START
A
Rs
SLA+R
A
DATA
Rs = REPEATED START
Transmitted from master to slave
Multi-master Systems
and Arbitration
Master Receiver
A
P
P = STOP
Transmitted from slave to master
If multiple masters are connected to the same bus, transmissions may be initiated simultaneously by one or more of them. The TWI standard ensures that such situations are
handled in such a way that one of the masters will be allowed to proceed with the transfer, and that no data will be lost in the process. An example of an arbitration situation is
depicted below, where two masters are trying to transmit data to a slave receiver.
Figure 109. An Arbitration Example
Device 1
Device 2
Device 3
MASTER
TRANSMITTER
SLAVE
RECEIVER
SLAVE
RECEIVER
........
Device n
VCC
R1
R2
SDA
SCL
Several different scenarios may arise during arbitration, as described below:
•
Two or more masters are performing identical communication with the same slave.
In this case, neither the slave nor any of the masters will know about the bus
contention.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
•
Two or more masters are accessing the same slave with different data or direction
bit. In this case, arbitration will occur, either in the READ/WRITE bit or in the data
bits. The masters trying to output a one on SDA while another master outputs a zero
will lose the arbitration. Losing masters will switch to not addressed slave mode or
wait until the bus is free and transmit a new START condition, depending on
application software action.
•
Two or more masters are accessing different slaves. In this case, arbitration will
occur in the SLA bits. Masters trying to output a one on SDA while another master
outputs a zero will lose the arbitration. Masters losing arbitration in SLA will switch to
slave mode to check if they are being addressed by the winning master. If
addressed, they will switch to SR or ST mode, depending on the value of the
READ/WRITE bit. If they are not being addressed, they will switch to not addressed
slave mode or wait until the bus is free and transmit a new START condition,
depending on application software action.
This is summarized in Figure 110. Possible status values are given in circles.
Figure 110. Possible Status Codes Caused by Arbitration
START
SLA
Data
Arbitration lost in SLA
Own
Address / General Call
received
No
STOP
Arbitration lost in Data
38
TWI bus will be released and not addressed slave mode will be entered
A START condition will be transmitted when the bus becomes free
Yes
Direction
Write
68/78
Read
B0
228
Data byte will be received and NOT ACK will be returned
Data byte will be received and ACK will be returned
Last data byte will be transmitted and NOT ACK should be received
Data byte will be transmitted and ACK should be received
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Controller Area Network - CAN
The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is a real-time, serial, broadcast protocol
with a very high level of security. The AT90CAN128 CAN controller is fully compatible
with the CAN Specification 2.0 Part A and Part B. It delivers the features required to
implement the kernel of the CAN bus protocol according to the ISO/OSI Reference
Model:
• The Data Link Layer
- the Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
- the Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer
• The Physical Layer
- the Physical Signalling (PLS) sublayer
- not supported - the Physical Medium Attach (PMA)
- not supported - the Medium Dependent Interface (MDI)
The CAN controller is able to handle all types of frames (Data, Remote, Error and Overload) and achieves a bitrate of 1 Mbit/s.
Features
•
Full Can Controller
•
Fully Compliant with CAN Standard rev 2.0 A and rev 2.0 B
•
15 MOb (Message Object) with their own:
•
– 11 bits of Identifier Tag (rev 2.0 A), 29 bits of Identifier Tag (rev 2.0 B)
– 11 bits of Identifier Mask (rev 2.0 A), 29 bits of Identifier Mask (rev 2.0 B)
– 8 Bytes Data Buffer (Static Allocation)
– Tx, Rx, Frame Buffer or Automatic Reply Configuration
– Time Stamping
1 Mbit/s Maximum Transfer Rate at 8 MHz
•
TTC Timer
•
Listening Mode (for Spying or Autobaud)
CAN Protocol
The CAN protocol is an international standard defined in the ISO 11898 for high speed
and ISO 11519-2 for low speed.
Principles
CAN is based on a broadcast communication mechanism. This broadcast communication is achieved by using a message oriented transmission protocol. These messages
are identified by using a message identifier. Such a message identifier has to be unique
within the whole network and it defines not only the content but also the priority of the
message.
The priority at which a message is transmitted compared to another less urgent message is specified by the identifier of each message. The priorities are laid down during
system design in the form of corresponding binary values and cannot be changed
dynamically. The identifier with the lowest binary number has the highest priority.
Bus access conflicts are resolved by bit-wise arbitration on the identifiers involved by
each node observing the bus level bit for bit. This happens in accordance with the "wired
and" mechanism, by which the dominant state overwrites the recessive state. The competition for bus allocation is lost by all nodes with recessive transmission and dominant
observation. All the "losers" automatically become receivers of the message with the
highest priority and do not re-attempt transmission until the bus is available again.
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Message Formats
The CAN protocol supports two message frame formats, the only essential difference
being in the length of the identifier. The CAN standard frame, also known as CAN 2.0 A,
supports a length of 11 bits for the identifier, and the CAN extended frame, also known
as CAN 2.0 B, supports a length of 29 bits for the identifier.
Can Standard Frame
Figure 111. CAN Standard Frames
Data Frame
Bus Idle
SOF
11-bit identifier
ID10..0
RTR IDE r0
ACK
CRC
del. ACK del.
15-bit CRC
0 - 8 bytes
Control
Field
Arbitration
Field
Interframe
Space
4-bit DLC
DLC4..0
ACK
Field
CRC
Field
Data
Field
7 bits
End of
Frame
Intermission
3 bits
Bus Idle
(Indefinite)
Interframe
Space
Remote Frame
Bus Idle
SOF
11-bit identifier
ID10..0
RTR IDE r0
Arbitration
Field
Interframe
Space
4-bit DLC
DLC4..0
15-bit CRC
ACK
CRC
del. ACK del.
ACK
Field
CRC
Field
Control
Field
7 bits
Intermission
3 bits
Bus Idle
(Indefinite)
Interframe
Space
End of
Frame
A message in the CAN standard frame format begins with the "Start Of Frame (SOF)",
this is followed by the "Arbitration field" which consist of the identifier and the "Remote
Transmission Request (RTR)" bit used to distinguish between the data frame and the
data request frame called remote frame. The following "Control field" contains the "IDentifier Extension (IDE)" bit and the "Data Length Code (DLC)" used to indicate the
number of following data bytes in the "Data field". In a remote frame, the DLC contains
the number of requested data bytes. The "Data field" that follows can hold up to 8 data
bytes. The frame integrity is guaranteed by the following "Cyclic Redundant Check
(CRC)" sum. The "ACKnowledge (ACK) field" compromises the ACK slot and the ACK
delimiter. The bit in the ACK slot is sent as a recessive bit and is overwritten as a dominant bit by the receivers which have at this time received the data correctly. Correct
messages are acknowledged by the receivers regardless of the result of the acceptance
test. The end of the message is indicated by "End Of Frame (EOF)". The "Intermission
Frame Space (IFS)" is the minimum number of bits separating consecutive messages. If
there is no following bus access by any node, the bus remains idle.
CAN Extended Frame
Figure 112. CAN Extended Frames
Data Frame
Bus Idle
SOF
11-bit base identifier
IDT28..18
SRR IDE
18-bit identifier extension
ID17..0
RTR r1
Arbitration
Field
Interframe
Space
r0
4-bit DLC
DLC4..0
15-bit CRC
0 - 8 bytes
Control
Field
CRC
Field
Data
Field
ACK
CRC
del. ACK del.
7 bits
ACK
Field
End of
Frame
Intermission Bus Idle
(Indefinite)
3 bits
Interframe
Space
Remote Frame
Bus Idle
Interframe
Space
230
SOF
11-bit base identifier
IDT28..18
SRR IDE
18-bit identifier extension
ID17..0
Arbitration
Field
RTR r1
r0
Control
Field
4-bit DLC
DLC4..0
15-bit CRC
CRC
Field
ACK
CRC
del. ACK del.
ACK
Field
7 bits
End of
Frame
Intermission
3 bits
Bus Idle
(Indefinite)
Interframe
Space
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
A message in the CAN extended frame format is likely the same as a message in CAN
standard frame format. The difference is the length of the identifier used. The identifier is
made up of the existing 11-bit identifier (base identifier) and an 18-bit extension (identifier extension). The distinction between CAN standard frame format and CAN extended
frame format is made by using the IDE bit which is transmitted as dominant in case of a
frame in CAN standard frame format, and transmitted as recessive in the other case.
Format Co-existence
As the two formats have to co-exist on one bus, it is laid down which message has
higher priority on the bus in the case of bus access collision with different formats and
the same identifier / base identifier: The message in CAN standard frame format always
has priority over the message in extended format.
There are three different types of CAN modules available:
–
–
–
2.0A - Considers 29 bit ID as an error
2.0B Passive - Ignores 29 bit ID messages
2.0B Active - Handles both 11 and 29 bit ID Messages
CAN Bit Timing
To ensure correct sampling up to the last bit, a CAN node needs to re-synchronize
throughout the entire frame. This is done at the beginning of each message with the falling edge SOF and on each recessive to dominant edge.
Bit Construction
One CAN bit time is specified as four non-overlapping time segments. Each segment is
constructed from an integer multiple of the Time Quantum. The Time Quantum or TQ is
the smallest discrete timing resolution used by a CAN node.
Figure 113. CAN Bit Construction
CAN Frame
(producer)
Transmission Point
(producer)
Nominal CAN Bit Time
Time Quantum
(producer)
Segments
(producer)
SYNC_SEG
PROP_SEG
PHASE_SEG_1
PHASE_SEG_2
propagation
delay
Segments
(consumer)
SYNC_SEG
PROP_SEG
PHASE_SEG_1
PHASE_SEG_2
Sample Point
Synchronization Segment
The first segment is used to synchronize the various bus nodes.
On transmission, at the start of this segment, the current bit level is output. If there is a
bit state change between the previous bit and the current bit, then the bus state change
is expected to occur within this segment by the receiving nodes.
Propagation Time Segment
This segment is used to compensate for signal delays across the network.
This is necessary to compensate for signal propagation delays on the bus line and
through the transceivers of the bus nodes.
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Phase Segment 1
Phase Segment 1 is used to compensate for edge phase errors.
This segment may be lengthened during re-synchronization.
Sample Point
The sample point is the point of time at which the bus level is read and interpreted as the
value of the respective bit. Its location is at the end of Phase Segment 1 (between the
two Phase Segments).
Phase Segment 2
This segment is also used to compensate for edge phase errors.
This segment may be shortened during re-synchronization, but the length has to be at
least as long as the Information Processing Time (IPT) and may not be more than the
length of Phase Segment 1.
Information Processing Time
It is the time required for the logic to determine the bit level of a sampled bit.
The IPT begins at the sample point, is measured in TQ and is fixed at 2TQ for the Atmel
CAN. Since Phase Segment 2 also begins at the sample point and is the last segment in
the bit time, PS2 minimum shall not be less than the IPT.
Bit Lengthening
As a result of resynchronization, Phase Segment 1 may be lengthened or Phase Segment 2 may be shortened to compensate for oscillator tolerances. If, for example, the
transmitter oscillator is slower than the receiver oscillator, the next falling edge used for
resynchronization may be delayed. So Phase Segment 1 is lengthened in order to
adjust the sample point and the end of the bit time.
Bit Shortening
If, on the other hand, the transmitter oscillator is faster than the receiver one, the next
falling edge used for resynchronization may be too early. So Phase Segment 2 in bit N
is shortened in order to adjust the sample point for bit N+1 and the end of the bit time
Synchronization Jump Width
The limit to the amount of lengthening or shortening of the Phase Segments is set by the
Resynchronization Jump Width.
This segment may not be longer than Phase Segment 2.
Programming the Sample Point
Programming of the sample point allows "tuning" of the characteristics to suit the bus.
Early sampling allows more Time Quanta in the Phase Segment 2 so the Synchronization Jump Width can be programmed to its maximum. This maximum capacity to
shorten or lengthen the bit time decreases the sensitivity to node oscillator tolerances,
so that lower cost oscillators such as ceramic resonators may be used.
Late sampling allows more Time Quanta in the Propagation Time Segment which allows
a poorer bus topology and maximum bus length.
Synchronization
Hard synchronization occurs on the recessive-to-dominant transition of the start bit. The
bit time is restarted from that edge.
Re-synchronization occurs when a recessive-to-dominant edge doesn't occur within the
Synchronization Segment in a message.
Arbitration
The CAN protocol handles bus accesses according to the concept called “Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Arbitration on Message Priority”.
During transmission, arbitration on the CAN bus can be lost to a competing device with
a higher priority CAN Identifier. This arbitration concept avoids collisions of messages
whose transmission was started by more than one node simultaneously and makes sure
the most important message is sent first without time loss.
232
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
The bus access conflict is resolved during the arbitration field mostly over the identifier
value. If a data frame and a remote frame with the same identifier are initiated at the
same time, the data frame prevails over the remote frame (c.f. RTR bit).
Figure 114. Bus Arbitration
Arbitration lost
node A
TXCAN
Node A loses the bus
Node B wins the bus
node B
TXCAN
CAN bus
SOF ID10 ID9 ID8 ID7 ID6 ID5 ID4 ID3 ID2 ID1 ID0 RTR IDE
---------
Errors
The CAN protocol signals any errors immediately as they occur. Three error detection
mechanisms are implemented at the message level and two at the bit level:
Error at Message Level
•
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
The CRC safeguards the information in the frame by adding redundant check bits at
the transmission end. At the receiver these bits are re-computed and tested against
the received bits. If they do not agree there has been a CRC error.
•
Frame Check
This mechanism verifies the structure of the transmitted frame by checking the bit
fields against the fixed format and the frame size. Errors detected by frame checks
are designated "format errors".
•
ACK Errors
As already mentioned frames received are acknowledged by all receivers through
positive acknowledgement. If no acknowledgement is received by the transmitter of
the message an ACK error is indicated.
•
Monitoring
The ability of the transmitter to detect errors is based on the monitoring of bus
signals. Each node which transmits also observes the bus level and thus detects
differences between the bit sent and the bit received. This permits reliable detection
of global errors and errors local to the transmitter.
•
Bit Stuffing
The coding of the individual bits is tested at bit level. The bit representation used by
CAN is "Non Return to Zero (NRZ)" coding, which guarantees maximum efficiency
in bit coding. The synchronization edges are generated by means of bit stuffing.
Error at Bit Level
Error Signalling
If one or more errors are discovered by at least one node using the above mechanisms,
the current transmission is aborted by sending an "error flag". This prevents other nodes
accepting the message and thus ensures the consistency of data throughout the network. After transmission of an erroneous message that has been aborted, the sender
automatically re-attempts transmission.
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CAN Controller
The CAN controller implemented into AT90CAN128 offers V2.0B Active.
This full-CAN controller provides the whole hardware for convenient acceptance filtering
and message management. For each message to be transmitted or received this module contains one so called message object in which all information regarding the
message (e.g. identifier, data bytes etc.) are stored.
During the initialization of the peripheral, the application defines which messages are to
be sent and which are to be received. Only if the CAN controller receives a message
whose identifier matches with one of the identifiers of the programmed (receive-) message objects the message is stored and the application is informed by interrupt. Another
advantage is that incoming remote frames can be answered automatically by the fullCAN controller with the corresponding data frame. In this way, the CPU load is strongly
reduced compared to a basic-CAN solution.
Using full-CAN controller, high baudrates and high bus loads with many messages can
be handled.
Figure 115. CAN Controller Structure
Control
Status
IDtag+IDmask
Time Stamp
Buffer MOb14
Low priority
MOb14
Size=120 Bytes
MOb
Scanning
Control
Status
IDtag+IDmask
Time Stamp
Buffer MOb2
Gen. Control
Gen. Status
Enable MOb
Interrupt
MOb2
Bit Timing
Line Error
CAN Timer
Control
Status
IDtag+IDmask
Time Stamp
Buffer MOb1
LCC
TxDcan
MAC
PLS
RxDcan
CAN Channel
MOb1
Control
Status
IDtag+IDmask
Time Stamp
Buffer MOb0
MOb0
CAN Data Buffers
Message Objets
High priority
M a i l b ox
234
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
CAN Channel
Configuration
The CAN channel can be in:
•
Enabled mode
In this mode:
– the CAN channel (internal TXDCAN & RXDCAN) is enabled,
– the input clock is enabled.
•
Standby mode
In standby mode:
– the transmitter constantly provides a recessive level (on internal TXDCAN)
and the receiver is disabled,
– input clock is enabled,
– the registers and pages remain accessible.
•
Listening mode
This mode is transparent for the CAN channel:
– enables a hardware loop back, internal TXDCAN on internal RXDCAN
– provides a recessive level on TXDCAN pin
– does not disable RXDCAN
– freezes TEC and REC error counters
Figure 116. Listening Mode
internal
TXDcan
PD5
TXDcan
PD6
RXDcan
LISTEN
Bit Timing
internal
1
RXDcan
0
FSM’s (Finite State Machine) of the CAN channel need to be synchronous to the time
quantum. So, the input clock for bit timing is the clock used into CAN channel FSM’s.
Field and segment abbreviations:
•
BRP: Baud Rate Prescaler.
•
TQ: Time Quantum (output of Baud Rate Prescaler).
•
SYNS: SYNchronization Segment is 1 TQ long.
•
PRS: PRopagation time Segment is programmable to be 1, 2, ..., 8 TQ long.
•
PHS1: PHase Segment 1 is programmable to be 1, 2, ..., 8 TQ long.
•
PHS2: PHase Segment 2 is programmable to be maximum of PHS1 and
INFORMATION PROCESSING TIME.
•
INFORMATION PROCESSING TIME is 2 TQ.
•
SJW: (Re) Synchronization Jump Width is programmable to be minimum of PHS1
and 4.
The total number of TQ in a bit time has to be programmed at least from 8 to 25.
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Figure 117. Sample and Transmission Point
Bit Timing
PRS (3-bit length)
Sample
Point
PHS1 (3-bit length)
CLK
Fcan (Tscl)
Time Quantum
Prescaler BRP
IO
PHS2 (3-bit length)
Transmission
Point
SJW (2-bit length)
Figure 118. General Structure of a Bit Period
1
/CLK IO
CLK
IO
Bit Rate Prescaler
Tscl (TQ)
F
CAN
one nominal bit
Data
Tsyns(*)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
error
error
error
error
≤
≥
>
<
Tprs
0
0
0
0
Tphs1 (1)
Tphs2 (2)
Tphs1+Tsjw (3)
Tphs2+Tsjw (4)
Tbit
(*) Synchronization Segment: SYNS
Tsyns=1xTscl (fixed)
Baud Rate
Sample
Point
Transmission
Point
The baud rate selection is made by Tbit calculation:
Tbit(1) = Tsyns + Tprs + Tphs1 + Tphs2
1. Tsyns = 1 x Tscl = (BRP[5..0]+ 1)/clkIO (= 1TQ)
2.Tprs = (1 to 8) x Tscl = (PRS[2..0]+ 1) x Tscl
3.Tphs1 = (1 to 8) x Tscl = (PHS1[2..0]+ 1) x Tscl
4.Tphs2 = (1 to 8) x Tscl = (PHS2[2..0](2)+ 1) x Tscl
5.Tsjw = (1 to 4) x Tscl = (SJW[1..0]+ 1) x Tscl
Notes:
Fault Confinement
236
1. The total number of Tscl (Time Quanta) in a bit time must be between 8 to 25.
2. PHS2[2..0] 2 is programmable to be maximum of PHS1[2..0] and 1.
(c.f. Section “Error Management”).
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Overload Frame
An overload frame is sent by setting an overload request (OVRQ). After the next reception, the CAN channel sends an overload frame in accordance with the CAN
specification. A status or flag is set (OVRF) as long as the overload frame is sent.
Figure 119. Overload Frame
Setting OVRQ bit
Instructions
Resetting OVRQ bit
OVRQ bit
OVFG bit
RXCAN
Ident "A"
Cmd
Message Data "A"
CRC
A
Interframe
TXCAN
Message Objects
Overload Frame
Ident "B"
Overload Frame
The MOb is a CAN frame descriptor. It contains all information to handle a CAN frame.
This means that a MOb has been outlined to allow to describe a CAN message like an
object. The set of MObs is the front end part of the “mailbox” where the messages to
send and/or to receive are pre-defined as well as possible to decrease the work load of
the software.
The MObs are numbered from 0 up to 14 (no MOb [15]). They are independent but priority is given to the lower one in case of multi matching. The operating modes are:
– Disabled mode
– Transmit mode
– Receive mode
– Automatic reply
– Frame buffer receive mode
Operating Modes
Every MOb has its own fields to control the operating mode. There is no default mode
after RESET. Before enabling the CAN peripheral, each MOb must be configured (ex:
disabled mode - CONMOB=00).
Table 95. MOb Configuration
MOb Configuration
0
0
0
1
1
0
Reply Valid
RTR Tag
x
x
Disabled
x
0
Tx Data Frame
x
1
Tx Remote Frame
x
0
Rx Data Frame
0
Rx Remote Frame
1
Rx Remote Frame then,
Tx Data Frame (reply)
x
Frame Buffer Receive Mode
1
1
1
x
Operating Mode
Disabled
In this mode, the MOb is “free”.
Tx Data & Remote Frame
1. Several fields must be initialized before sending:
–
–
Identifier tag (IDT)
Identifier extension (IDE)
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4250E–CAN–12/04
–
–
–
–
Remote transmission request (RTRTAG)
Data length code (DLC)
Reserved bit(s) tag (RBnTAG)
Data bytes of message (MSG)
2. The MOb is ready to send a data or a remote frame when the MOb configuration is
set (CONMOB).
3. Then, the CAN channel scans all the MObs in Tx configuration, finds the MOb having the highest priority and tries to send it.
4. When the transmission is completed the TXOK flag is set (interrupt).
5. All the parameters and data are available in the MOb until a new initialization.
Rx Data & Remote Frame
1. Several fields must be initialized before receiving:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Identifier tag (IDT)
Identifier mask (IDMSK)
Identifier extension (IDE)
Identifier extension mask (IDEMSK)
Remote transmission request (RTRTAG)
Remote transmission request mask (RTRMSK)
Data length code (DLC)
Reserved bit(s) tag (RBnTAG)
2. The MOb is ready to receive a data or a remote frame when the MOb configuration
is set (CONMOB).
3. When a frame identifier is received on CAN network, the CAN channel scans all the
MObs in receive mode, tries to find the MOb having the highest priority which is
matching.
4. On a hit, the IDT, the IDE and the DLC of the matched MOb are updated from the
incoming (frame) values.
5. Once the reception is completed, the data bytes of the received message are stored
(not for remote frame) in the data buffer of the matched MOb and the RXOK flag is
set (interrupt).
6. All the parameters and data are available in the MOb until a new initialization.
Automatic Reply
A reply (data frame) to a remote frame can be automatically sent after reception of the
expected remote frame.
1. Several fields must be initialized before receiving the remote frame:
– (c.f. Section “Rx Data & Remote Frame”)
2. When a remote frame matches, automatically the RTRTAG and the reply valid bit
(RPLV) are reset. No flag (or interrupt) is set at this time. Since the CAN data buffer
has not been used by the incoming remote frame, the MOb is then ready to be in
transmit mode without any more setting. The IDT, the IDE, the other tags and the
DLC of the received remote frame are used for the reply.
3. When the transmission of the reply is completed the TXOK flag is set (interrupt).
4. All the parameters and data are available in the MOb until a new initialization.
Frame Buffer Receive Mode
238
This mode is useful to receive multi frames. The priority between MObs offers a management for these incoming frames. One set MObs (including non-consecutive MObs)
is created when the MObs are set in this mode. Due to the mode setting, only one set is
possible. A frame buffer completed flag (or interrupt) - BXOK - will rise only when all the
MObs of the set will have received their dedicated CAN frame.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
1. MObs in frame buffer receive mode need to be initialized as MObs in standard
receive mode.
2. The MObs are ready to receive data (or a remote) frames when their respective
configurations are set (CONMOB).
3. When a frame identifier is received on CAN network, the CAN channel scans all the
MObs in receive mode, tries to find the MOb having the highest priority which is
matching.
4. On a hit, the IDT, the IDE and the DLC of the matched MOb are updated from the
incoming (frame) values.
5. Once the reception is completed, the data bytes of the received message are stored
(not for remote frame) in the data buffer of the matched MOb and the RXOK flag is
set (interrupt).
6. When the reception in the last MOb of the set is completed, the frame buffer completed BXOK flag is set (interrupt). BXOK flag can be cleared only if all CONMOB
fields of the set have been re-written before.
7. All the parameters and data are available in the MObs until a new initialization.
Acceptance Filter
Upon a reception hit (i.e., a good comparison between the ID + RTR + RBn + IDE
received and an IDT+ RTRTAG + RBnTAG + IDE specified while taking the comparison
mask into account) the IDT + RTRTAG + RBnTAG + IDE received are updated in the
MOb (written over the registers).
Figure 120. Acceptance Filter Block Diagram
internal RxDcan
Rx Shift Register (internal)
ID &RB
RTR
IDE
13(32)
=
Hit MOb[i]
13(32)
Write
Enable
13(32)
ID &RB
1
13(32)
RTRTAG
IDE
CANIDT Registers & CANCDMOB (MOb[i])
Note:
MOb Page
Examples:
To accept only ID = 0x317 in part A.
- ID MSK = 111 1111 1111 b
- ID TAG = 011 0001 0111 b
13(32)
IDMSK
RTRMSK
IDEMSK
CANIDM Registers (MOb[i])
To accept ID from 0x310 up to 0x317 in part A.
- ID MSK = 111 1111 1000 b
- ID TAG = 011 0001 0xxx b
Every MOb is mapped into a page to save place. The page number is the MOb number.
This page number is set in CANPAGE register. The number 15 is reserved for factory
tests.
CANHPMOB register gives the MOb having the highest priority in CANSIT registers. It is
formatted to provide a direct entry for CANPAGE register. Because CANHPMOB codes
CANSIT registers, it will be only updated if the corresponding enable bits (ENRX, ENTX,
ENERR) are enabled (c.f. Figure 124).
239
4250E–CAN–12/04
CAN Data Buffers
To preserve register allocation, the CAN data buffer is seen such as a FIFO (with
address pointer accessible) into a MOb selection.This also allows to reduce the risks of
un-controlled accesses.
There is one FIFO per MOb. This FIFO is accessed into a MOb page thanks to the CAN
message register.
The data index (INDX) is the address pointer to the required data byte. The data byte
can be read or write. The data index is automatically incremented after every access if
the AINC* bit is reset. A roll-over is implemented, after data index=7 it is data index=0.
The first byte of a CAN frame is stored at the data index=0, the second one at the data
index=1, ...
CAN Timer
A programmable 16-bit timer is used for message stamping and time trigger communication (TTC).
Figure 121. CAN Timer Block Diagram
CLK
÷8
IO
ENFG
CANTCON
CLK CANTIM
TTC
OVRTIM
overrun
TXOK[i]
"EOF "
"SOF "
RXOK[i]
CANSTM[i]
Prescaler
SYNCTTC
CANTIM
CANTTC
An 8-bit prescaler is initialized by CANTCON register. It receives the clkIO divided by 8.
It provides CLKCANTIM to the CAN Timer if the CAN controller is enabled.
CLKCANTIM = CLKIO x 8 x (CANTCON [7:0] + 1)
16-bit Timer
This timer starts counting from 0x0000 when the CAN controller is enabled (ENFG bit).
When the timer rolls over from 0xFFFF to 0x0000, an interrupt is generated (OVRTIM).
Time Triggering
Two synchronization modes are implemented for TTC (TTC bit):
– synchronization on Start of Frame (SYNCTTC=0),
– synchronization on End of Frame (SYNCTTC=1).
In TTC mode, a frame is sent once, even if an error occurs.
Stamping Message
240
The capture of the timer value is done in the MOb which receives or sends the frame. All
managed MOb are stamped, the stamping of a received (sent) frame occurs on RxOk
(TXOK).
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Error Management
Fault Confinement
The CAN channel may be in one of the three following states:
•
Error active (default):
The CAN channel takes part in bus communication and can send an active error
frame when the CAN macro detects an error.
•
Error passive:
The CAN channel cannot send an active error frame. It takes part in bus
communication, but when an error is detected, a passive error frame is sent. Also,
after a transmission, an error passive unit will wait before initiating further
transmission.
•
Bus off:
The CAN channel is not allowed to have any influence on the bus.
For fault confinement, a transmit error counter (TEC) and a receive error counter (REC)
are implemented. BOFF and ERRP bits give the information of the state of the CAN
channel. Setting BOFF to one may generate an interrupt.
Figure 122. Line Error Mode
Reset
ERPP = 0
BOFF = 0
Error
Active
TEC > 127 or
REC > 127
128 occurrences
of 11 consecutive
recessive bit
TEC ≤ 127 and
REC ≤ 127
ERPP = 1
BOFF = 0
Error
Passive
ERPP = 0
BOFF = 1
TEC > 255
Bus
Off
BOFFIT interrupt
Note:
Error Types
•
More than one REC/TEC change may apply during a given message transfer.
BERR: Bit error. The bit value which is monitored is different from the bit value sent.
Note:Exceptions:
- Recessive bit sent monitored as dominant bit during the arbitration field and the
acknowledge slot.
- Detecting a dominant bit during the sending of an error frame.
•
SERR: Stuff error. Detection of more than five consecutive bit with the same polarity.
•
CERR: CRC error (Rx only). The receiver performs a CRC check on every destuffed
received message from the start of frame up to the data field. If this checking does
not match with the destuffed CRC field, an CRC error is set.
•
FERR: Form error. The form error results from one (or more) violations of the fixed
form of the following bit fields:
– CRC delimiter
– acknowledgement delimiter
– end-of-frame
– error delimiter
241
4250E–CAN–12/04
–
•
overload delimiter
AERR: Acknowledgment error (Tx only). No detection of the dominant bit in the
acknowledge slot.
Figure 123. Error Detection Procedures in a Data Frame
Arbitration
Bit error
Stuff error
Form error
Tx
ACK error
SOF
Rx
Identifier
RTR
Command
Message Data
CRC
CRC ACK ACK
del.
del.
EOF
inter.
Bit error
Stuff error
Form error
CRC error
Error Setting
The CAN channel can detect some errors on the CAN network.
•
In transmission:
The error is set at MOb level.
•
In reception:
- The identified has matched:
The error is set at MOb level.
- The identified has not or not yet matched:
The error is set at general level.
After detecting an error, the CAN channel sends an error frame on network. If the CAN
channel detects an error frame on network, it sends its own error frame.
242
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Interrupts
Interrupt organization
The different interrupts are:
•
Interrupt on receive completed OK,
•
Interrupt on transmit completed OK,
•
Interrupt on error (bit error, stuff error, crc error, form error, acknowledge error),
•
Interrupt on frame buffer full,
•
Interrupt on “Bus Off” setting,
•
Interrupt on overrun of CAN timer.
The general interrupt enable is provided by ENIT bit and the specific interrupt enable for
CAN timer overrun is provided by ENORVT bit.
Figure 124. CAN Controller Interrupt Structure
CANGIE.4
CANGIE.5
CANGIE.3
ENTX
ENRX
ENERR
CANSIT 1/2
SIT[i]
CANSTMOB.6
TXOK[i]
CANSTMOB.5
RXOK[i]
CANSTMOB.4
BERR[i]
CANSTMOB.3
SERR[i]
CANSTMOB.2
CERR[i]
CANSTMOB.1
FERR[i]
CANSTMOB.0
AERR[i]
CANIE 1/2
IEMOB[i]
i=0
CANGIT.7
i=14
CANGIT.4
BXOK
CANGIT.3
SERG
CANGIT.2
CERG
CANGIT.1
FERG
CANGIT.0
AERG
CANGIT.6
BOFFI
CANGIT.5
OVRTIM
CANGIE.2
CANGIE.1
CANGIE.6
ENBX
ENERG
ENBOFF
CANIT
CANGIE.7
ENIT
CAN IT
CANGIE.0
ENOVRT
OVR IT
243
4250E–CAN–12/04
Interrupt Behavior
When an interrupt occurs, the corresponding bit is set in the CANSITn or CANGIT
registers.
To acknowledge a MOb interrupt, the corresponding bits of CANSTMOB register
(RXOK, TXOK,...) must be cleared by the software application. This operation needs a
read-modify-write software routine.
To acknowledge a general interrupt, the corresponding bits of CANGIT register (BXOK,
BOFFIT,...) must be cleared by the software application. This operation is made writing
a logical one in these interrupt flags (writing a logical zero doesn’t change the interrupt
flag value).
OVRTIM interrupt flag is reset as the other interrupt sources of CANGIT register and is
also reset entering in its dedicated interrupt handler.
When the CAN node is in transmission and detects a Form Error in its frame, a bit Error
will also be raised. Consequently, two consecutive interrupts can occur, both due to the
same error.
When a MOb error occurs and is set in its own CANSTMOB register, no general error is
set in CANGIT register.
244
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
CAN Register Description
Figure 125. Registers Organization
AVR Registers
Registers in Pages
General Control
General Status
General Interrupt
Bit Timing 1
Bit Timing 2
Bit Timing 3
Enable MOb 2
Enable MOb 1
Enable Interrupt
Enable Interrupt MOb 2
Enable Interrupt MOb 1
Status Interrupt MOb 2
Status Interrupt MOb 1
CAN Timer Control
CAN Timer Low
CAN Timer High
CAN TTC Low
CAN TTC High
TEC Counter
REC Counter
Hightest Priority MOb
Page MOb
MOb Number
ts
bjec
eO
ssag
5 Me
Data Index
1
MOb14 - MOb Status
MOb14 - MOb Ctrl & DLC
MOb14 - ID Tag 4
Page MOb
MOb14 - ID Tag 3
MOb Status
MOb0 - MOb Status
MOb0 - MOb Ctrl & DLC
MOb Control & DLC
ID Tag 4
ID Tag 3
MOb0 - ID Tag 4
MOb0 - ID Tag 3
ID Tag 2
ID Tag 1
MOb0 - ID Tag 2
MOb0 - ID Tag 1
ID Mask 4
MOb0 - ID Mask 4
MOb0 - ID Mask 3
ID Mask 3
ID Mask 2
MOb0 - ID Mask 2
ID Mask 1
MOb0 - ID Mask 1
Time Stamp Low
Time Stamp High
MOb0 - Time Stamp High
Message Data
MOb0 - Mess. Data - byte 0
MOb14 - ID Tag 2
MOb14 - ID Tag 1
MOb14 - ID Mask 4
MOb14 - ID Mask 3
MOb14 - ID Mask 2
MOb14 - ID Mask 1
MOb14 - Time Stamp Low
MOb14 - Time Stamp High
MOb14 - Mess. Data - byte 0
MOb0 - Time Stamp Low
8 bytes
245
4250E–CAN–12/04
General CAN Registers
CAN General Control Register
- CANGCON
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ABRQ
OVRQ
TTC
SYNTTC
LISTEN
TEST
ENA/STB
SWRES
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CANGCON
• Bit 7 – ABRQ: Abort Request
This is not an auto resettable bit.
–
–
0 - no request.
1 - abort request: a reset of CANEN1 and CANEN2 registers is done. The
pending communications are immediately disabled and the on-going one will be
normally terminated, setting the appropriate status flags.
Note that CONCDMOB register remain unchanged.
• Bit 6 – OVRQ: Overload Frame Request
This is not an auto resettable bit.
–
–
0 - no request.
1 - overload frame request: send an overload frame after the next received
frame.
The overload frame can be traced observing OVFG in CANGSTA register (c.f. Figure
119 on page 237).
• Bit 5 – TTC: Time Trigger Communication
–
–
0 - no TTC.
1- TTC mode.
• Bit 4 – SYNTTC: Synchronization of TTC
This bit is only used in TTC mode.
–
–
0 - the TTC timer is caught on SOF.
1 - the TTC timer is caught on the last bit of the EOF.
• Bit 3 – LISTEN: Listening Mode
–
–
0 - no listening mode.
1 - listening mode.
• Bit 2 – TEST: Test Mode
–
–
Note:
0 - no test mode
1 - test mode: intend for factory testing and not for customer use.
CAN may malfunction if this bit is set.
• Bit 1 – ENA/STB: Enable / Standby Mode
Because this bit is a command and is not immediately effective, the ENFG bit in CANGSTA register gives the true state of the chosen mode.
–
–
246
0 - standby mode: the on-going communication is normally terminated and the
CAN channel is frozen (the CONMOB bits of every MOb do not change). The
transmitter constantly provides a recessive level. In this mode, the receiver is
not enabled but all the registers and mailbox remain accessible from CPU.
1 - enable mode: the CAN channel enters in enable mode once 11 recessive
bits has been read.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
• Bit 0 – SWRES: Software Reset Request
This auto resettable bit only resets the CAN controller.
– 0 - no reset
– 1 - reset: this reset is “ORed” with the hardware reset.
CAN General Status Register CANGSTA
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-
OVFG
-
TXBSY
RXBSY
ENFG
BOFF
ERRP
Read/Write
-
R
-
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
-
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
CANGSTA
• Bit 7 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use.
• Bit 6 – OVFG: Overload Frame Flag
This flag does not generate an interrupt.
– 0 - no overload frame.
– 1 - overload frame: set by hardware as long as the produced overload frame is
sent.
• Bit 5 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use.
• Bit 4 – TXBSY: Transmitter Busy
This flag does not generate an interrupt.
–
–
0 - transmitter not busy.
1 - transmitter busy: set by hardware as long as a frame (data, remote, overload
or error frame) or an ACK field is sent. Also set when an inter frame space is
sent.
• Bit 3 – RXBSY: Receiver Busy
This flag does not generate an interrupt.
–
–
0 - receiver not busy
1 - receiver busy: set by hardware as long as a frame is received or monitored.
• Bit 2 – ENFG: Enable Flag
This flag does not generate an interrupt.
–
–
0 - CAN controller disable: because an enable/disable command is not
immediately effective, this status gives the true state of the chosen mode.
1 - CAN controller enable.
• Bit 1 – BOFF: Bus Off Mode
BOFF gives the information of the state of the CAN channel. Only entering in bus off
mode generates the BOFFIT interrupt.
–
–
0 - no bus off mode.
1 - bus off mode.
247
4250E–CAN–12/04
• Bit 0 – ERRP: Error Passive Mode
ERRP gives the information of the state of the CAN channel. This flag does not generate
an interrupt.
–
–
CAN General Interrupt
Register - CANGIT
0 - no error passive mode.
1 - error passive mode.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CANIT
BOFFIT
OVRTIM
BXOK
SERG
CERG
FERG
AERG
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CANGIT
• Bit 7 – CANIT: General Interrupt Flag
This is a read only bit.
–
–
0 - no interrupt.
1 - CAN interrupt: image of all the CAN controller interrupts except for OVRTIM
interrupt. This bit can be used for polling method.
• Bit 6 – BOFFIT: Bus Off Interrupt Flag
Writing a logical one resets this interrupt flag. BOFFIT flag is only set when the CAN
enters in bus off mode coming from error passive mode.
–
–
0 - no interrupt.
1 - bus off interrupt when the CAN enters in bus off mode.
• Bit 5 – OVRTIM: Overrun CAN Timer
Writing a logical one resets this interrupt flag. Entering in CAN timer overrun interrupt
handler also reset this interrupt flag
–
–
0 - no interrupt.
1 - CAN timer overrun interrupt: set when the CAN timer switches from 0xFFFF
to 0x0000.
• Bit 4 – BXOK: Frame Buffer Receive Interrupt
Writing a logical one resets this interrupt flag. BXOK flag can be cleared only if all CONMOB fields of the MOb’s of the buffer have been re-written before.
–
–
0 - no interrupt.
1 - burst receive interrupt: set when the frame buffer receive is completed.
• Bit 3 – SERG: Stuff Error General
Writing a logical one resets this interrupt flag.
–
–
0 - no interrupt.
1 - stuff error interrupt: detection of more than five consecutive bits with the
same polarity.
• Bit 2 – CERG: CRC Error General
Writing a logical one resets this interrupt flag.
–
–
248
0 - no interrupt.
1 - CRC error interrupt: the CRC check on destuffed message does not fit with
the CRC field.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
• Bit 1 – FERG: Form Error General
Writing a logical one resets this interrupt flag.
–
–
0 - no interrupt.
1 - form error interrupt: one or more violations of the fixed form in the CRC
delimiter, acknowledgment delimiter or EOF.
• Bit 0 – AERG: Acknowledgment Error General
Writing a logical one resets this interrupt flag.
–
–
CAN General Interrupt Enable
Register - CANGIE
0 - no interrupt.
1 - acknowledgment error interrupt: no detection of the dominant bit in
acknowledge slot.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ENIT
ENBOFF
ENRX
ENTX
ENERR
ENBX
ENERG
ENOVRT
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CANGIE
• Bit 7 – ENIT: Enable all Interrupts (Except for CAN Timer Overrun Interrupt)
–
–
0 - interrupt disabled.
1- CANIT interrupt enabled.
• Bit 6 – ENBOFF: Enable Bus Off Interrupt
–
–
0 - interrupt disabled.
1- bus off interrupt enabled.
• Bit 5 – ENRX: Enable Receive Interrupt
–
–
0 - interrupt disabled.
1- receive interrupt enabled.
• Bit 4 – ENTX: Enable Transmit Interrupt
–
–
0 - interrupt disabled.
1- transmit interrupt enabled.
• Bit 3 – ENERR: Enable MOb Errors Interrupt
–
–
0 - interrupt disabled.
1- MOb errors interrupt enabled.
• Bit 2 – ENBX: Enable Frame Buffer Interrupt
–
–
0 - interrupt disabled.
1- frame buffer interrupt enabled.
• Bit 1 – ENERG: Enable General Errors Interrupt
–
–
0 - interrupt disabled.
1- general errors interrupt enabled.
• Bit 0 – ENOVRT: Enable CAN Timer Overrun Interrupt
–
–
0 - interrupt disabled.
1- CAN timer interrupt overrun enabled.
249
4250E–CAN–12/04
CAN Enable MOb Registers CANEN2 and CANEN1
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ENMOB7
ENMOB6
ENMOB5
ENMOB4
ENMOB3
ENMOB2
ENMOB1
ENMOB0
CANEN2
ENMOB14 ENMOB13 ENMOB12 ENMOB11 ENMOB10 ENMOB9
ENMOB8
CANEN1
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
-
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bits 14:0 - ENMOB14:0: Enable MOb
This bit provides the availability of the MOb.
It is set to one when the MOb is enabled (i.e. CONMOB1:0 of CANCDMOB register).
Once TXOK or RXOK is set to one (TXOK for automatic reply), the corresponding
ENMOB is reset. ENMOB is also set to zero configuring the MOb in disabled mode,
applying abortion or standby mode.
–
–
0 - message object disabled: MOb available for a new transmission or
reception.
1 - message object enabled: MOb in use.
• Bit 15 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use.
CAN Enable Interrupt MOb
Registers CANIE2 and CANIE1
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
IEMOB7
IEMOB6
IEMOB5
IEMOB4
IEMOB3
IEMOB2
IEMOB1
IEMOB0
CANIE2
IEMOB14 IEMOB13 IEMOB12 IEMOB11 IEMOB10
IEMOB9
IEMOB8
CANIE1
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
-
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bits 14:0 - IEMOB14:0: Interrupt Enable by MOb
–
–
Note:
0 - interrupt disabled.
1 - MOb interrupt enabled
Example: CANIE2 = 0000 1100b : enable of interrupts on MOb 2 & 3.
• Bit 15 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, this must be written to zero when CANIE1 is written.
CAN Status Interrupt MOb
Registers - CANSIT2 and
CANSIT1
250
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SIT7
SIT6
SIT5
SIT4
SIT3
SIT2
SIT1
SIT0
CANSIT2
-
SIT14
SIT13
SIT12
SIT11
SIT10
SIT9
SIT8
CANSIT1
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
-
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
• Bits 14:0 - SIT14:0: Status of Interrupt by MOb
–
–
Note:
0 - no interrupt.
1- MOb interrupt.
Example: CANSIT2 = 0010 0001b : MOb 0 & 5 interrupts.
• Bit 15 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use.
CAN Bit Timing Register 1 CANBT1
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-
BRP5
BRP4
BRP3
BRP2
BRP1
BRP0
0
-
Read/Write
-
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
-
Initial Value
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
CANBT1
• Bit 7– Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, this must be written to zero when CANBT1 is written.
• Bit 6:1 – BRP5:0: Baud Rate Prescaler
The period of the CAN controller system clock Tscl is programmable and determines the
individual bit timing.
BRP[5:0] + 1
Tscl =
clkIO frequency
• Bit 0 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, this must be written to zero when CANBT1 is written.
CAN Bit Timing Register 2 CANBT2
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-
SJW1
SJW0
-
PRS2
PRS1
PRS0
-
Read/Write
-
R/W
R/W
-
R/W
R/W
R/W
-
Initial Value
-
0
0
-
0
0
0
-
CANBT2
• Bit 7– Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, this must be written to zero when CANBT2 is written.
• Bit 6:5 – SJW1:0: Re-Synchronization Jump Width
To compensate for phase shifts between clock oscillators of different bus controllers, the
controller must re-synchronize on any relevant signal edge of the current transmission.
The synchronization jump width defines the maximum number of clock cycles. A bit
period may be shortened or lengthened by a re-synchronization.
Tsjw = Tscl x (SJW [1:0] +1)
• Bit 4 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, this must be written to zero when CANBT2 is written.
251
4250E–CAN–12/04
• Bit 3:1 – PRS2:0: Propagation Time Segment
This part of the bit time is used to compensate for the physical delay times within the
network. It is twice the sum of the signal propagation time on the bus line, the input comparator delay and the output driver delay.
Tprs = Tscl x (PRS [2:0] + 1)
• Bit 0 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, this must be written to zero when CANBT2 is written.
CAN Bit Timing Register 3 CANBT3
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-
PHS22
PHS21
PHS20
PHS12
PHS11
PHS10
SMP
Read/Write
-
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CANBT3
• Bit 7– Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, this must be written to zero when CANBT3 is written.
• Bit 6:4 – PHS22:0: Phase Segment 2
This phase is used to compensate for phase edge errors. This segment may be shortened by the re-synchronization jump width. PHS2[2..0] shall be ≥1 and ≤PHS1[2..0] (c.f.
Section “CAN Bit Timing” and Section “Baud Rate”).
Tphs2 = Tscl x (PHS2 [2:0] + 1)
• Bit 3:1 – PHS12:0: Phase Segment 1
This phase is used to compensate for phase edge errors. This segment may be lengthened by the re-synchronization jump width.
Tphs1 = Tscl x (PHS1 [2:0] + 1)
• Bit 0 – SMP: Sample Point(s)
–
–
CAN Timer Control Register CANTCON
0 - once, at the sample point.
1 - three times, the threefold sampling of the bus is the sample point and twice
over a distance of a 1/2 period of the Tscl. The result corresponds to the
majority decision of the three values.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TPRSC7
TPRSC6
TPRSC5
TPRSC4
TPRSC3
TPRSC2
TRPSC1
TPRSC0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CANTCON
• Bit 7:0 – TPRSC7:0: CAN Timer Prescaler
Prescaler for the CAN timer upper counter range 0 to 255. It provides the clock to the
CAN timer if the CAN controller is enabled.
CLKCANTIM = CLKIO x 8 x (CANTCON [7:0] + 1)
252
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
CAN Timer Registers CANTIML and CANTIMH
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
CANTIM7
CANTIM6
CANTIM5
CANTIM4
CANTIM3
2
1
0
CANTIM2 CANTIM1 CANTIM0 CANTIML
CANTIM15 CANTIM14 CANTIM13 CANTIM12 CANTIM11 CANTIM10 CANTIM9 CANTIM8 CANTIMH
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
• Bits 15:0 - CANTIM15:0: CAN Timer Count
CAN timer counter range 0 to 65,535.
CAN TTC Timer Registers CANTTCL and CANTTCH
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
TIMTTC7
TIMTTC6
TIMTTC5
TIMTTC4
TIMTTC3
TIMTTC2
TIMTTC1 TIMTTC0 CANTTCL
TIMTTC15 TIMTTC14 TIMTTC13 TIMTTC12 TIMTTC11 TIMTTC10 TIMTTC9 TIMTTC8 CANTTCH
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bits 15:0 - TIMTTC15:0: TTC Timer Count
CAN TTC timer counter range 0 to 65,535.
CAN Transmit Error Counter
Register - CANTEC
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TEC7
TEC6
TEC5
TEC4
TEC3
TEC2
TEC1
TEC0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CANTEC
• Bit 7:0 – TEC7:0: Transmit Error Count
CAN transmit error counter range 0 to 255.
CAN Receive Error Counter
Register - CANREC
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
REC7
REC6
REC5
REC4
REC3
REC2
REC1
REC0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CANREC
• Bit 7:0 – REC7:0: Receive Error Count
CAN receive error counter range 0 to 255.
253
4250E–CAN–12/04
CAN Highest Priority MOb
Register - CANHPMOB
Bit
7
6
5
4
HPMOB3 HPMOB2 HPMOB1 HPMOB0
3
2
1
0
CGP3
CGP2
CGP1
CGP0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
CANHPMOB
• Bit 7:4 – HPMOB3:0: Highest Priority MOb Number
MOb having the highest priority in CANSIT registers.
If CANSIT = 0 (no MOb), the return value is 0xF.
• Bit 3:0 – CGP3:0: CAN General Purpose Bits
These bits can be pre-programmed to match with the wanted configuration of the
CANPAGE register (i.e., AINC and INDX2:0 setting).
CAN Page MOb Register CANPAGE
Bit
7
6
5
4
MOBNB3 MOBNB2 MOBNB1 MOBNB0
3
2
1
0
AINC
INDX2
INDX1
INDX0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CANPAGE
• Bit 7:4 – MOBNB3:0: MOb Number
Selection of the MOb number, the available numbers are from 0 to 14.
• Bit 3 – AINC: Auto Increment of the FIFO CAN Data Buffer Index (Active Low)
–
–
0 - auto increment of the index (default value).
1- no auto increment of the index.
• Bit 2:0 – INDX2:0: FIFO CAN Data Buffer Index
Byte location of the CAN data byte into the FIFO for the defined MOb.
MOb Registers
The MOb registers has no initial (default) value after RESET.
CAN MOb Status Register CANSTMOB
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
DLCW
TXOK
RXOK
BERR
SERR
CERR
FERR
AERR
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CANSTMOB
• Bit 7 – DLCW: Data Length Code Warning
The incoming message does not have the DLC expected. Whatever the frame type, the
DLC field of the CANCDMOB register is updated by the received DLC.
• Bit 6 – TXOK: Transmit OK
This flag can generate an interrupt. It must be cleared using a read-modify-write software routine on the whole CANSTMOB register.
The communication enabled by transmission is completed. When the controller is ready
to send a frame, if two or more message objects are enabled as producers, the lower
MOb index (0 to 14) is supplied first.
254
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
• Bit 5 – RXOK: Receive OK
This flag can generate an interrupt. It must be cleared using a read-modify-write software routine on the whole CANSTMOB register.
The communication enabled by reception is completed. In the case of two or more message object reception hits, the lower MOb index (0 to 14) is updated first.
• Bit 4 – BERR: Bit Error (Only in Transmission)
This flag can generate an interrupt. It must be cleared using a read-modify-write software routine on the whole CANSTMOB register.
The bit value monitored is different from the bit value sent.
Exceptions: the monitored recessive bit sent as a dominant bit during the arbitration field
and the acknowledge slot detecting a dominant bit during the sending of an error frame.
• Bit 3 – SERR: Stuff Error
This flag can generate an interrupt. It must be cleared using a read-modify-write software routine on the whole CANSTMOB register.
Detection of more than five consecutive bits with the same polarity. This flag can generate an interrupt.
• Bit 2 – CERR: CRC Error
This flag can generate an interrupt. It must be cleared using a read-modify-write software routine on the whole CANSTMOB register.
The receiver performs a CRC check on every de-stuffed received message from the
start of frame up to the data field. If this checking does not match with the de-stuffed
CRC field, a CRC error is set.
• Bit 1 – FERR: Form Error
This flag can generate an interrupt. It must be cleared using a read-modify-write software routine on the whole CANSTMOB register.
The form error results from one or more violations of the fixed form in the following bit
fields:
• CRC delimiter.
• Acknowledgment delimiter.
• EOF
• Bit 0 – AERR: Acknowledgment Error
This flag can generate an interrupt. It must be cleared using a read-modify-write software routine on the whole CANSTMOB register.
No detection of the dominant bit in the acknowledge slot.
255
4250E–CAN–12/04
CAN MOb Control and DLC
Register - CANCDMOB
Bit
7
6
CONMOB1 CONMOB0
5
4
3
2
1
0
RPLV
IDE
DLC3
DLC2
DLC1
DLC0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CANCDMOB
• Bit 7:6 – CONMOB1:0: Configuration of Message Object
These bits set the communication to be performed (no initial value after RESET).
–
–
–
–
00 - disable.
01 - enable transmission.
10 - enable reception.
11 - enable frame buffer reception
These bits are not cleared once the communication is performed. The user must rewrite the configuration to enable a new communication.
• This operation is necessary to be able to reset the BXOK flag.
• This operation also set the corresponding bit in the CANEN registers.
• Bit 5 – RPLV: Reply Valid
Used in the automatic reply mode after receiving a remote frame.
–
–
0 - reply not ready.
1 - reply ready and valid.
• Bit 4 – IDE: Identifier Extension
IDE bit of the remote or data frame to send.
This bit is updated with the corresponding value of the remote or data frame received.
–
–
0 - CAN standard rev 2.0 A (identifiers length = 11 bits).
1 - CAN standard rev 2.0 B (identifiers length = 29 bits).
• Bit 3:0 – DLC3:0: Data Length Code
Number of Bytes in the data field of the message.
DLC field of the remote or data frame to send. The range of DLC is from 0 up to 8. If
DLC field >8 then effective DLC=8.
This field is updated with the corresponding value of the remote or data frame received.
If the expected DLC differs from the incoming DLC, a DLC warning appears in the CANSTMOB register.
256
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
CAN Identifier Tag Registers CANIDT1, CANIDT2, CANIDT3,
and CANIDT4
V2.0 part A
Bit
15/7
14/6
13/5
12/4
11/3
10/2
9/1
8/0
-
-
-
-
-
RTRTAG
-
RB0TAG
CANIDT4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CANIDT3
IDT2
IDT1
IDT0
-
-
-
-
-
CANIDT2
IDT10
IDT9
IDT8
IDT7
IDT6
IDT5
IDT4
IDT3
CANIDT1
Bit
31/23
30/22
29/21
28/20
27/19
26/18
25/17
24/16
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V2.0 part B
Bit
15/7
14/6
13/5
12/4
11/3
10/2
9/1
8/0
IDT4
IDT3
IDT2
IDT1
IDT0
RTRTAG
RB1TAG
RB0TAG
CANIDT4
IDT12
IDT11
IDT10
IDT9
IDT8
IDT7
IDT6
IDT5
CANIDT3
IDT20
IDT19
IDT18
IDT17
IDT16
IDT15
IDT14
IDT13
CANIDT2
IDT28
IDT27
IDT26
IDT25
IDT24
IDT23
IDT22
IDT21
CANIDT1
Bit
31/23
30/22
29/21
28/20
27/19
26/18
25/17
24/16
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V2.0 part A • Bit 31:21 – IDT10:0: Identifier Tag
Identifier field of the remote or data frame to send.
This field is updated with the corresponding value of the remote or data frame received.
• Bit 20:3 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, they must
be written to zero when CANIDTn are written.
When a remote or data frame is received, these bits do not operate in the comparison
but they are updated with un-predicted values.
• Bit 2 – RTRTAG: Remote Transmission Request Tag
RTR bit of the remote or data frame to send.
This tag is updated with the corresponding value of the remote or data frame received.
• Bit 1 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, it must be written
to zero when CANIDTn are written.
When a remote or data frame is received, this bit does not operate in the comparison
but it is updated with un-predicted values.
• Bit 0 – RB0TAG: Reserved Bit 0 Tag
RB0 bit of the remote or data frame to send.
This tag is updated with the corresponding value of the remote or data frame received.
V2.0 part B • Bit 31:3 – IDT28:0: Identifier Tag
Identifier field of the remote or data frame to send.
This field is updated with the corresponding value of the remote or data frame received.
257
4250E–CAN–12/04
• Bit 2 – RTRTAG: Remote Transmission Request Tag
RTR bit of the remote or data frame to send.
This tag is updated with the corresponding value of the remote or data frame received.
• Bit 1 – RB1TAG: Reserved Bit 1 Tag
RB1 bit of the remote or data frame to send.
This tag is updated with the corresponding value of the remote or data frame received.
• Bit 0 – RB0TAG: Reserved Bit 0 Tag
RB0 bit of the remote or data frame to send.
This tag is updated with the corresponding value of the remote or data frame received.
CAN Identifier Mask Registers CANIDM1, CANIDM2, CANIDM3,
and CANIDM4
V2.0 part A
Bit
15/7
14/6
13/5
12/4
11/3
10/2
9/1
8/0
-
-
-
-
-
RTRMSK
-
IDEMSK
CANIDM4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CANIDM3
IDMSK2
IDMSK1
IDMSK0
-
-
-
-
-
CANIDM2
IDMSK10
IDMSK9
IDMSK8
IDMSK7
IDMSK6
IDMSK5
IDMSK4
IDMSK3
CANIDM1
Bit
31/23
30/22
29/21
28/20
27/19
26/18
25/17
24/16
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V2.0 part B
Bit
15/7
14/6
13/5
12/4
11/3
10/2
9/1
8/0
IDMSK4
IDMSK3
IDMSK2
IDMSK1
IDMSK0
RTRMSK
-
IDEMSK
CANIDM4
IDMSK12
IDMSK11
IDMSK10
IDMSK9
IDMSK8
IDMSK7
IDMSK6
IDMSK5
CANIDM3
IDMSK20
IDMSK19
IDMSK18
IDMSK17
IDMSK16
IDMSK15
IDMSK14
IDMSK13
CANIDM2
IDMSK28
IDMSK27
IDMSK26
IDMSK25
IDMSK24
IDMSK23
IDMSK22
IDMSK21
CANIDM1
Bit
31/23
30/22
29/21
28/20
27/19
26/18
25/17
24/16
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V2.0 part A • Bit 31:21 – IDMSK10:0: Identifier Mask
–
–
0 - comparison true forced
1 - bit comparison enabled.
• Bit 20:3 – Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, they must
be written to zero when CANIDMn are written.
• Bit 2 – RTRMSK: Remote Transmission Request Mask
–
–
0 - comparison true forced
1 - bit comparison enabled.
• Bit 1 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, it must be written
to zero when CANIDTn are written.
258
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
• Bit 0 – IDEMSK: Identifier Extension Mask
–
–
0 - comparison true forced
1 - bit comparison enabled.
V2.0 part B • Bit 31:3 – IDMSK28:0: Identifier Mask
–
–
0 - comparison true forced
1 - bit comparison enabled.
• Bit 2 – RTRMSK: Remote Transmission Request Mask
–
–
0 - comparison true forced
1 - bit comparison enabled.
• Bit 1 – Reserved Bit
Writing zero in this bit is recommended.
• Bit 0 – IDEMSK: Identifier Extension Mask
–
–
CAN Time Stamp Registers CANSTML and CANSTMH
0 - comparison true forced
1 - bit comparison enabled.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TIMSTM7 TIMSTM6 TIMSTM5 TIMSTM4 TIMSTM3 TIMSTM2 TIMSTM1 TIMSTM0
CANSTML
TIMSTM15 TIMSTM14 TIMSTM13 TIMSTM12 TIMSTM11 TIMSTM10 TIMSTM9 TIMSTM8 CANSTMH
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
• Bits 15:0 - TIMSTM15:0: Time Stamp Count
CAN time stamp counter range 0 to 65,535.
CAN Data Message Register CANMSG
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MSG 7
MSG 6
MSG 5
MSG 4
MSG 3
MSG 2
MSG 1
MSG 0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CANMSG
• Bit 7:0 – MSG7:0: Message Data
This register contains the CAN data byte pointed at the page MOb register.
After writing in the page MOb register, this byte is equal to the specified message location of the pre-defined identifier + index. If auto-incrementation is used, at the end of the
data register writing or reading cycle, the index is auto-incremented.
The range of the counting is 8 with no end of loop (0, 1,..., 7, 0,...).
259
4250E–CAN–12/04
Examples of CAN
Baud Rate Setting
The CAN bus requires very accurate timing especially for high baud rates. It is recommended to use only an external crystal for CAN operations.
(Refer to “Bit Timing” on page 235 for timing description and page 251 to page 252 for
“CAN Bit Timing Registers”).
Table 96. Examples of CAN Baud Rate Settings for Commonly Frequencies
fclkio
(MHz)
CAN
Baud
Rate
(Kbps)
Sampling
Point
1000
75 %
500
250
Description
Segments
Registers
TQ
(µs)
Tbit
(TQ)
Tprs
(TQ)
Tph1
(TQ)
Tph2
(TQ)
Tsjw
(TQ)
CANBT1
CANBT2
CANBT3
0.0625
16
7
4
4
1
0x00
0x0C
0x37
0.125
8
3
2
2
1
0x02
0x04
0x13
0.125
16
7
4
4
1
0x02
0x0C
0x37
0.250
8
3
2
2
1
0x06
0x04
0x13
0.250
16
7
4
4
1
0x06
0x0C
0x37
0.500
8
3
2
2
1
0x0E
0x04
0x13
0.3125
16
7
4
4
1
0x08
0x0C
0x37
0.625
8
3
2
2
1
0x12
0x04
0x13
0.500
16
7
4
4
1
0x0E
0x0C
0x37
1.000
8
3
2
2
1
0x1E
0x04
0x13
0.625
16
7
4
4
1
0x12
0x0C
0x37
1.350
8
3
2
2
1
0x26
0x04
0x13
0.083333
12
5
3
3
1
0x00
0x08
0x25
75 %
75 %
16.000
200
125
100
1000
75 %
75 %
75 %
75 %
x
500
250
- - - no
data- - -
0.166666
12
5
3
3
1
0x02
0x08
0x25
0.250
8
3
2
2
1
0x04
0x04
0x13
0.250
16
7
4
4
1
0x04
0x0C
0x37
0.500
8
3
2
2
1
0x0A
0x04
0x13
0.250
20
8
6
5
1
0x04
0x0E
0x4B
0.416666
12
5
3
3
1
0x08
0x08
0x25
0.500
16
7
4
4
1
0x0A
0x0C
0x37
1.000
8
3
2
2
1
0x16
0x04
0x13
0.500
20
8
6
5
1
0x0A
0x0E
0x4B
0.833333
12
5
3
3
1
0x12
0x08
0x25
75 %
75 %
12.000
200
125
100
260
75 %
75 %
75 %
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 96. Examples of CAN Baud Rate Settings for Commonly Frequencies (Continued)
fclkio
(MHz)
CAN
Baud
Rate
(Kbps)
Description
Sampling
Point
1000
75 %
TQ
(µs)
Segments
Tbit
(TQ)
Tprs
(TQ)
Tph1
(TQ)
Tph2
(TQ)
x
500
250
Registers
Tsjw
(TQ)
- - - no
CANBT1
CANBT2
CANBT3
data- - -
0.125
8
3
2
2
1
0x00
0x04
0x13
0.125
16
7
4
4
1
0x00
0x0C
0x37
0.250
8
3
2
2
1
0x02
0x04
0x13
0.250
16
7
4
4
1
0x02
0x0C
0x37
0.500
8
3
2
2
1
0x06
0x04
0x13
0.250
20
8
6
5
1
0x02
0x0E
0x4B
0.625
8
3
2
2
1
0x08
0x04
0x13
0.500
16
7
4
4
1
0x06
0x0C
0x37
1.000
8
3
2
2
1
0x0E
0x04
0x13
0.625
16
7
4
4
1
0x08
0x0C
0x37
1.350
8
3
2
2
1
0x12
0x04
0x13
0x00
0x08
0x25
75 %
75 %
8.000
200
125
100
75 %
75 %
75 %
1000
- - - not
0.166666
500
12
5
applicable- - 3
3
x
250
125
100
- - - no
0.333333
12
5
3
3
1
0x02
0x08
0x25
0.500
8
3
2
2
1
0x04
0x04
0x13
0.333333
15
7
4
3
1
0x02
0x0C
0x35
0.500
10
4
3
2
1
0x04
0x06
0x23
0.500
16
7
4
4
1
0x04
0x0C
0x37
1.000
8
3
2
2
1
0x0A
0x04
0x13
0.500
20
8
6
5
1
0x04
0x0E
0x4B
0.833333
12
5
3
3
1
0x08
0x08
0x25
80 %
75 %
75 %
1000
- - - not
applicable- - -
x
500
250
- - - no
0.250
8
3
2
2
1
0x00
0x04
0x13
0.250
16
7
4
4
1
0x00
0x0C
0x37
0.500
8
3
2
2
1
0x02
0x04
0x13
0.250
20
8
6
5
1
0x00
0x0E
0x4B
75 %
75 %
x
125
100
data- - -
75 %
4.000
200
data- - -
75 %
6.000
200
1
75 %
- - - no
data- - -
0.500
16
7
4
4
1
0x02
0x0C
0x37
1.000
8
3
2
2
1
0x06
0x04
0x13
0.500
20
8
6
5
1
0x02
0x0E
0x4B
1.350
8
3
2
2
1
0x08
0x04
0x13
75 %
75 %
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Analog Comparator
The Analog Comparator compares the input values on the positive pin AIN0 and negative pin AIN1.
Overview
When the voltage on the positive pin AIN0 is higher than the voltage on the negative pin
AIN1, the Analog Comparator output, ACO, is set. The comparator’s output can be set
to trigger the Timer/Counter1 Input Capture function. In addition, the comparator can
trigger a separate interrupt, exclusive to the Analog Comparator. The user can select
Interrupt triggering on comparator output rise, fall or toggle. A block diagram of the comparator and its surrounding logic is shown in Figure 126.
Figure 126. Analog Comparator Block Diagram(1)(2)
BANDGAP
REFERENCE
ACBG
ACME
ADEN
T/C1 INPUT CAPTURE
ADC
MULTIPLEXER
OUTPUT
Notes:
1. ADC multiplexer output: see Table 98 on page 264.
2. Refer to Figure 2 on page 4 and Table 41 on page 78 for Analog Comparator pin
placement.
Analog Comparator
Register Description
ADC Control and Status
Register B – ADCSRB
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ADHSM
ACME
–
–
–
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRB
• Bit 6 – ACME: Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enable
When this bit is written logic one and the ADC is switched off (ADEN in ADCSRA is
zero), the ADC multiplexer selects the negative input to the Analog Comparator. When
this bit is written logic zero, AIN1 is applied to the negative input of the Analog Comparator. For a detailed description of this bit, see “Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input” on
page 264.
Analog Comparator Control
and Status Register – ACSR
262
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ACD
ACBG
ACO
ACI
ACIE
ACIC
ACIS1
ACIS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
ACSR
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
• Bit 7 – ACD: Analog Comparator Disable
When this bit is written logic one, the power to the Analog Comparator is switched off.
This bit can be set at any time to turn off the Analog Comparator. This will reduce power
consumption in Active and Idle mode. When changing the ACD bit, the Analog Comparator Interrupt must be disabled by clearing the ACIE bit in ACSR. Otherwise an interrupt
can occur when the bit is changed.
• Bit 6 – ACBG: Analog Comparator Bandgap Select
When this bit is set, a fixed bandgap reference voltage replaces the positive input to the
Analog Comparator. When this bit is cleared, AIN0 is applied to the positive input of the
Analog Comparator. See “Internal Voltage Reference” on page 52
• Bit 5 – ACO: Analog Comparator Output
The output of the Analog Comparator is synchronized and then directly connected to
ACO. The synchronization introduces a delay of 1 - 2 clock cycles.
• Bit 4 – ACI: Analog Comparator Interrupt Flag
This bit is set by hardware when a comparator output event triggers the interrupt mode
defined by ACIS1 and ACIS0. The Analog Comparator interrupt routine is executed if
the ACIE bit is set and the I-bit in SREG is set. ACI is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, ACI is cleared by writing a
logic one to the flag.
• Bit 3 – ACIE: Analog Comparator Interrupt Enable
When the ACIE bit is written logic one and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the Analog Comparator interrupt is activated. When written logic zero, the interrupt is disabled.
• Bit 2 – ACIC: Analog Comparator Input Capture Enable
When written logic one, this bit enables the input capture function in Timer/Counter1 to
be triggered by the Analog Comparator. The comparator output is in this case directly
connected to the input capture front-end logic, making the comparator utilize the noise
canceler and edge select features of the Timer/Counter1 Input Capture interrupt. When
written logic zero, no connection between the Analog Comparator and the input capture
function exists. To make the comparator trigger the Timer/Counter1 Input Capture interrupt, the ICIE1 bit in the Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK1) must be set.
• Bits 1, 0 – ACIS1, ACIS0: Analog Comparator Interrupt Mode Select
These bits determine which comparator events that trigger the Analog Comparator interrupt. The different settings are shown in Table 97.
Table 97. ACIS1/ACIS0 Settings
ACIS1
ACIS0
Interrupt Mode
0
0
Comparator Interrupt on Output Toggle.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Comparator Interrupt on Falling Output Edge.
1
1
Comparator Interrupt on Rising Output Edge.
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When changing the ACIS1/ACIS0 bits, the Analog Comparator Interrupt must be disabled by clearing its Interrupt Enable bit in the ACSR Register. Otherwise an interrupt
can occur when the bits are changed.
Analog Comparator
Multiplexed Input
It is possible to select any of the ADC7..0 pins to replace the negative input to the Analog Comparator. The ADC multiplexer is used to select this input, and consequently, the
ADC must be switched off to utilize this feature. If the Analog Comparator Multiplexer
Enable bit (ACME in ADCSRB) is set and the ADC is switched off (ADEN in ADCSRA is
zero), MUX2..0 in ADMUX select the input pin to replace the negative input to the Analog Comparator, as shown in Table 98. If ACME is cleared or ADEN is set, AIN1 is
applied to the negative input to the Analog Comparator.
Table 98. Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input
Digital Input Disable
Register 1 – DIDR1
ACME
ADEN
MUX2..0
0
x
xxx
AIN1
1
1
xxx
AIN1
1
0
000
ADC0
1
0
001
ADC1
1
0
010
ADC2
1
0
011
ADC3
1
0
100
ADC4
1
0
101
ADC5
1
0
110
ADC6
1
0
111
ADC7
Bit
Analog Comparator Negative Input
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
AIN1D
AIN0D
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DIDR1
• Bit 1, 0 – AIN1D, AIN0D: AIN1, AIN0 Digital Input Disable
When this bit is written logic one, the digital input buffer on the AIN1/0 pin is disabled.
The corresponding PIN Register bit will always read as zero when this bit is set. When
an analog signal is applied to the AIN1/0 pin and the digital input from this pin is not
needed, this bit should be written logic one to reduce power consumption in the digital
input buffer.
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AT90CAN128
Analog to Digital Converter - ADC
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
10-bit Resolution
0.5 LSB Integral Non-linearity
± 2 LSB Absolute Accuracy
65 - 260 µs Conversion Time
Up to 15 kSPS at Maximum Resolution
Eight Multiplexed Single Ended Input Channels
Seven Differential input channels
Optional Left Adjustment for ADC Result Readout
0 - VCC ADC Input Voltage Range
Selectable 2.56 V ADC Reference Voltage
Free Running or Single Conversion Mode
ADC Start Conversion by Auto Triggering on Interrupt Sources
Interrupt on ADC Conversion Complete
Sleep Mode Noise Canceler
The AT90CAN128 features a 10-bit successive approximation ADC. The ADC is connected to an 8-channel Analog Multiplexer which allows eight single-ended voltage
inputs constructed from the pins of Port F. The single-ended voltage inputs refer to 0V
(GND).
The device also supports 16 differential voltage input combinations. Two of the differential inputs (ADC1, ADC0 and ADC3, ADC2) are equipped with a programmable gain
stage, providing amplification steps of 0 dB (1x), 20 dB (10x), or 46 dB (200x) on the differential input voltage before the A/D conversion. Seven differential analog input
channels share a common negative terminal (ADC1), while any other ADC input can be
selected as the positive input terminal. If 1x or 10x gain is used, 8-bit resolution can be
expected. If 200x gain is used, 7-bit resolution can be expected.
The ADC contains a Sample and Hold circuit which ensures that the input voltage to the
ADC is held at a constant level during conversion. A block diagram of the ADC is shown
in Figure 127.
The ADC has a separate analog supply voltage pin, AVCC. AVCC must not differ more
than ± 0.3V from VCC. See the paragraph “ADC Noise Canceler” on page 272 on how to
connect this pin.
Internal reference voltages of nominally 2.56V or AVCC are provided On-chip. The voltage reference may be externally decoupled at the AREF pin by a capacitor for better
noise performance.
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Figure 127. Analog to Digital Converter Block Schematic
ADC CONVERSION
COMPLETE IRQ
INTERRUPT
FLAGS
ADTS[2:0]
TRIGGER
SELECT
ADC[9:0]
ADPS1
0
ADC DATA REGISTER
(ADCH/ADCL)
ADPS0
ADPS2
ADIF
ADATE
ADEN
ADSC
MUX1
15
ADC CTRL. & STATUS
REGISTER (ADCSRA)
MUX0
MUX3
MUX2
MUX4
REFS0
ADLAR
REFS1
ADC MULTIPLEXER
SELECT (ADMUX)
ADIE
ADIF
8-BIT DATA BUS
AVCC
PRESCALER
START
GAIN SELECTION
CHANNEL SELECTION
MUX DECODER
CONVERSION LOGIC
INTERNAL
REFERENCE
SAMPLE & HOLD
COMPARATOR
AREF
10-BIT DAC
+
ADHSM
GND
BANDGAP
REFERENCE
ADC7
SINGLE ENDED / DIFFERENTIAL SELECTION
ADC6
ADC5
ADC MULTIPLEXER
OUTPUT
POS.
INPUT
MUX
ADC4
ADC3
+
DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER
ADC2
ADC1
ADC0
NEG.
INPUT
MUX
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AT90CAN128
Operation
The ADC converts an analog input voltage to a 10-bit digital value through successive
approximation. The minimum value represents GND and the maximum value represents
the voltage on the AREF pin minus 1 LSB. Optionally, AVCC or an internal 2.56V reference voltage may be connected to the AREF pin by writing to the REFSn bits in the
ADMUX Register. The internal voltage reference may thus be decoupled by an external
capacitor at the AREF pin to improve noise immunity.
The analog input channel and differential gain are selected by writing to the MUX bits in
ADMUX. Any of the ADC input pins, as well as GND and a fixed bandgap voltage reference, can be selected as single ended inputs to the ADC. A selection of ADC input pins
can be selected as positive and negative inputs to the differential amplifier.
The ADC is enabled by setting the ADC Enable bit, ADEN in ADCSRA. Voltage reference and input channel selections will not go into effect until ADEN is set. The ADC
does not consume power when ADEN is cleared, so it is recommended to switch off the
ADC before entering power saving sleep modes.
The ADC generates a 10-bit result which is presented in the ADC Data Registers,
ADCH and ADCL. By default, the result is presented right adjusted, but can optionally
be presented left adjusted by setting the ADLAR bit in ADMUX.
If the result is left adjusted and no more than 8-bit precision is required, it is sufficient to
read ADCH. Otherwise, ADCL must be read first, then ADCH, to ensure that the content
of the Data Registers belongs to the same conversion. Once ADCL is read, ADC access
to Data Registers is blocked. This means that if ADCL has been read, and a conversion
completes before ADCH is read, neither register is updated and the result from the conversion is lost. When ADCH is read, ADC access to the ADCH and ADCL Registers is
re-enabled.
The ADC has its own interrupt which can be triggered when a conversion completes.
The ADC access to the Data Registers is prohibited between reading of ADCH and
ADCL, the interrupt will trigger even if the result is lost.
Starting a Conversion
A single conversion is started by writing a logical one to the ADC Start Conversion bit,
ADSC. This bit stays high as long as the conversion is in progress and will be cleared by
hardware when the conversion is completed. If a different data channel is selected while
a conversion is in progress, the ADC will finish the current conversion before performing
the channel change.
Alternatively, a conversion can be triggered automatically by various sources. Auto Triggering is enabled by setting the ADC Auto Trigger Enable bit, ADATE in ADCSRA. The
trigger source is selected by setting the ADC Trigger Select bits, ADTS in ADCSRB
(See description of the ADTS bits for a list of the trigger sources). When a positive edge
occurs on the selected trigger signal, the ADC prescaler is reset and a conversion is
started. This provides a method of starting conversions at fixed intervals. If the trigger
signal is still set when the conversion completes, a new conversion will not be started. If
another positive edge occurs on the trigger signal during conversion, the edge will be
ignored. Note that an interrupt flag will be set even if the specific interrupt is disabled or
the Global Interrupt Enable bit in SREG is cleared. A conversion can thus be triggered
without causing an interrupt. However, the interrupt flag must be cleared in order to trigger a new conversion at the next interrupt event.
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 128. ADC Auto Trigger Logic
ADTS[2:0]
PRESCALER
START
CLKADC
ADATE
ADIF
SOURCE 1
.
.
.
.
CONVERSION
LOGIC
EDGE
DETECTOR
SOURCE n
ADSC
Using the ADC Interrupt Flag as a trigger source makes the ADC start a new conversion
as soon as the ongoing conversion has finished. The ADC then operates in Free Running mode, constantly sampling and updating the ADC Data Register. The first
conversion must be started by writing a logical one to the ADSC bit in ADCSRA. In this
mode the ADC will perform successive conversions independently of whether the ADC
Interrupt Flag, ADIF is cleared or not.
If Auto Triggering is enabled, single conversions can be started by writing ADSC in
ADCSRA to one. ADSC can also be used to determine if a conversion is in progress.
The ADSC bit will be read as one during a conversion, independently of how the conversion was started.
Prescaling and
Conversion Timing
Figure 129. ADC Prescaler
ADEN
START
Reset
7-BIT ADC PRESCALER
CK/64
CK/128
CK/32
CK/8
CK/16
CK/4
CK/2
CK
ADPS0
ADPS1
ADPS2
ADC CLOCK SOURCE
By default, the successive approximation circuitry requires an input clock frequency
between 50 kHz and 200 kHz to get maximum resolution. If a lower resolution than 10
bits is needed, the input clock frequency to the ADC can be higher than 200 kHz to get a
higher sample rate. Alternatively, setting the ADHSM bit in ADCSRB allows an
increased ADC clock frequency at the expense of higher power consumption.
The ADC module contains a prescaler, which generates an acceptable ADC clock frequency from any CPU frequency above 100 kHz. The prescaling is set by the ADPS bits
in ADCSRA. The prescaler starts counting from the moment the ADC is switched on by
setting the ADEN bit in ADCSRA. The prescaler keeps running for as long as the ADEN
bit is set, and is continuously reset when ADEN is low.
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When initiating a single ended conversion by setting the ADSC bit in ADCSRA, the conversion starts at the following rising edge of the ADC clock cycle. See “Differential
Channels” on page 270 for details on differential conversion timing.
A normal conversion takes 13 ADC clock cycles. The first conversion after the ADC is
switched on (ADEN in ADCSRA is set) takes 25 ADC clock cycles in order to initialize
the analog circuitry.
The actual sample-and-hold takes place 1.5 ADC clock cycles after the start of a normal
conversion and 13.5 ADC clock cycles after the start of an first conversion. When a conversion is complete, the result is written to the ADC Data Registers, and ADIF is set. In
Single Conversion mode, ADSC is cleared simultaneously. The software may then set
ADSC again, and a new conversion will be initiated on the first rising ADC clock edge.
When Auto Triggering is used, the prescaler is reset when the trigger event occurs. This
assures a fixed delay from the trigger event to the start of conversion. In this mode, the
sample-and-hold takes place two ADC clock cycles after the rising edge on the trigger
source signal. Three additional CPU clock cycles are used for synchronization logic.
In Free Running mode, a new conversion will be started immediately after the conversion completes, while ADSC remains high. For a summary of conversion times, see
Table 99.
Figure 130. ADC Timing Diagram, First Conversion (Single Conversion Mode)
Next
Conversion
First Conversion
Cycle Number
1
2
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
2
3
ADC Clock
ADEN
ADSC
ADIF
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCH
LSB of Result
ADCL
MUX and REFS
Update
MUX
and REFS
Update
Conversion
Complete
Sample & Hold
Figure 131. ADC Timing Diagram, Single Conversion
One Conversion
Cycle Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Next Conversion
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
ADC Clock
ADSC
ADIF
ADCH
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCL
LSB of Result
Sample & Hold
MUX and REFS
Update
Conversion
Complete
MUX and REFS
Update
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Figure 132. ADC Timing Diagram, Auto Triggered Conversion
One Conversion
Cycle Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Next Conversion
10
9
11
12
13
1
2
ADC Clock
Trigger
Source
ADATE
ADIF
ADCH
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCL
LSB of Result
Prescaler
Reset
Sample &
Hold
Prescaler
Reset
Conversion
Complete
MUX and REFS
Update
Figure 133. ADC Timing Diagram, Free Running Conversion
One Conversion
Cycle Number
11
12
Next Conversion
13
1
2
3
4
ADC Clock
ADSC
ADIF
ADCH
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCL
LSB of Result
Sample & Hold
Conversion
Complete
MUX and REFS
Update
Table 99. ADC Conversion Time
Condition
Sample & Hold
(Cycles from Start of Convertion)
Conversion Time
(Cycles)
Differential Channels
First
Conversion
Normal
Conversion,
Single Ended
Auto Triggered
Convertion
14.5
1.5
2
25
13
13.5
When using differential channels, certain aspects of the conversion need to be taken
into consideration.
Differential conversions are synchronized to the internal clock CKADC2 equal to half the
ADC clock frequency. This synchronization is done automatically by the ADC interface
in such a way that the sample-and-hold occurs at a specific phase of CKADC2. A conversion initiated by the user (i.e., all single conversions, and the first free running
conversion) when CKADC2 is low will take the same amount of time as a single ended
conversion (13 ADC clock cycles from the next prescaled clock cycle). A conversion initiated by the user when CK ADC2 is high will take 14 ADC clock cycles due to the
synchronization mechanism. In Free Running mode, a new conversion is initiated imme-
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AT90CAN128
diately after the previous conversion completes, and since CKADC2 is high at this time, all
automatically started (i.e., all but the first) Free Running conversions will take 14 ADC
clock cycles.
If differential channels are used and conversions are started by Auto Triggering, the
ADC must be switched off between conversions. When Auto Triggering is used, the
ADC prescaler is reset before the conversion is started. Since the stage is dependent of
a stable ADC clock prior to the conversion, this conversion will not be valid. By disabling
and then re-enabling the ADC between each conversion (writing ADEN in ADCSRA to
“0” then to “1”), only extended conversions are performed. The result from the extended
conversions will be valid. See “Prescaling and Conversion Timing” on page 268 for timing details.
The gain stage is optimized for a bandwidth of 4 kHz at all gain settings. Higher frequencies may be subjected to non-linear amplification. An external low-pass filter should be
used if the input signal contains higher frequency components than the gain stage bandwidth. Note that the ADC clock frequency is independent of the gain stage bandwidth
limitation. E.g. the ADC clock period may be 6 µs, allowing a channel to be sampled at
12 kSPS, regardless of the bandwidth of this channel.
Changing Channel or
Reference Selection
The MUXn and REFS1:0 bits in the ADMUX Register are single buffered through a temporary register to which the CPU has random access. This ensures that the channels
and reference selection only takes place at a safe point during the conversion. The
channel and reference selection is continuously updated until a conversion is started.
Once the conversion starts, the channel and reference selection is locked to ensure a
sufficient sampling time for the ADC. Continuous updating resumes in the last ADC
clock cycle before the conversion completes (ADIF in ADCSRA is set). Note that the
conversion starts on the following rising ADC clock edge after ADSC is written. The user
is thus advised not to write new channel or reference selection values to ADMUX until
one ADC clock cycle after ADSC is written.
If Auto Triggering is used, the exact time of the triggering event can be indeterministic.
Special care must be taken when updating the ADMUX Register, in order to control
which conversion will be affected by the new settings.
If both ADATE and ADEN is written to one, an interrupt event can occur at any time. If
the ADMUX Register is changed in this period, the user cannot tell if the next conversion
is based on the old or the new settings. ADMUX can be safely updated in the following
ways:
1. When ADATE or ADEN is cleared.
2. During conversion, minimum one ADC clock cycle after the trigger event.
3. After a conversion, before the interrupt flag used as trigger source is cleared.
When updating ADMUX in one of these conditions, the new settings will affect the next
ADC conversion.
Special care should be taken when changing differential channels. Once a differential
channel has been selected, the stage may take as much as 125 µs to stabilize to the
new value. Thus conversions should not be started within the first 125 µs after selecting
a new differential channel. Alternatively, conversion results obtained within this period
should be discarded.
The same settling time should be observed for the first differential conversion after
changing ADC reference (by changing the REFS1:0 bits in ADMUX).
The settling time and gain stage bandwidth is independent of the ADHSM bit setting.
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ADC Input Channels
When changing channel selections, the user should observe the following guidelines to
ensure that the correct channel is selected:
•
In Single Conversion mode, always select the channel before starting the
conversion. The channel selection may be changed one ADC clock cycle after
writing one to ADSC. However, the simplest method is to wait for the conversion to
complete before changing the channel selection.
•
In Free Running mode, always select the channel before starting the first
conversion. The channel selection may be changed one ADC clock cycle after
writing one to ADSC. However, the simplest method is to wait for the first conversion
to complete, and then change the channel selection. Since the next conversion has
already started automatically, the next result will reflect the previous channel
selection. Subsequent conversions will reflect the new channel selection.
When switching to a differential gain channel, the first conversion result may have a
poor accuracy due to the required settling time for the automatic offset cancellation circuitry. The user should preferably disregard the first conversion result.
ADC Voltage Reference
The reference voltage for the ADC (VREF) indicates the conversion range for the ADC.
Single ended channels that exceed VREF will result in codes close to 0x3FF. VREF can be
selected as either AVCC, internal 2.56V reference, or external AREF pin.
AVCC is connected to the ADC through a passive switch. The internal 2.56V reference is
generated from the internal bandgap reference (VBG) through an internal amplifier. In
either case, the external AREF pin is directly connected to the ADC, and the reference
voltage can be made more immune to noise by connecting a capacitor between the
AREF pin and ground. VREF can also be measured at the AREF pin with a high impedant
voltmeter. Note that VREF is a high impedant source, and only a capacitive load should
be connected in a system.
If the user has a fixed voltage source connected to the AREF pin, the user may not use
the other reference voltage options in the application, as they will be shorted to the
external voltage. If no external voltage is applied to the AREF pin, the user may switch
between AVCC and 2.56V as reference selection. The first ADC conversion result after
switching reference voltage source may be inaccurate, and the user is advised to discard this result.
If differential channels are used, the selected reference should not be closer to AVCC
than indicated in Table 140 on page 363.
ADC Noise Canceler
The ADC features a noise canceler that enables conversion during sleep mode to
reduce noise induced from the CPU core and other I/O peripherals. The noise canceler
can be used with ADC Noise Reduction and Idle mode. To make use of this feature, the
following procedure should be used:
1. Make sure that the ADC is enabled and is not busy converting. Single Conversion mode must be selected and the ADC conversion complete interrupt
must be enabled.
2. Enter ADC Noise Reduction mode (or Idle mode). The ADC will start a conversion once the CPU has been halted.
3. If no other interrupts occur before the ADC conversion completes, the ADC
interrupt will wake up the CPU and execute the ADC Conversion Complete
interrupt routine. If another interrupt wakes up the CPU before the ADC conversion is complete, that interrupt will be executed, and an ADC Conversion
Complete interrupt request will be generated when the ADC conversion
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completes. The CPU will remain in active mode until a new sleep command
is executed.
Note that the ADC will not be automatically turned off when entering other sleep modes
than Idle mode and ADC Noise Reduction mode. The user is advised to write zero to
ADEN before entering such sleep modes to avoid excessive power consumption.
If the ADC is enabled in such sleep modes and the user wants to perform differential
conversions, the user is advised to switch the ADC off and on after waking up from
sleep to prompt an extended conversion to get a valid result.
Analog Input Circuitry
The analog input circuitry for single ended channels is illustrated in Figure 134. An analog source applied to ADCn is subjected to the pin capacitance and input leakage of that
pin, regardless of whether that channel is selected as input for the ADC. When the channel is selected, the source must drive the S/H capacitor through the series resistance
(combined resistance in the input path).
The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately
10 kΩ or less. If such a source is used, the sampling time will be negligible. If a source
with higher impedance is used, the sampling time will depend on how long time the
source needs to charge the S/H capacitor, with can vary widely. The user is recommended to only use low impedant sources with slowly varying signals, since this
minimizes the required charge transfer to the S/H capacitor.
If differential gain channels are used, the input circuitry looks somewhat different,
although source impedances of a few hundred kΩ or less is recommended.
Signal components higher than the Nyquist frequency (fADC/2) should not be present for
either kind of channels, to avoid distortion from unpredictable signal convolution. The
user is advised to remove high frequency components with a low-pass filter before
applying the signals as inputs to the ADC.
Figure 134. Analog Input Circuitry
IIH
ADCn
1..100 kΩ
CS/H= 14 pF
IIL
VCC/2
Analog Noise Canceling
Techniques
Digital circuitry inside and outside the device generates EMI which might affect the
accuracy of analog measurements. If conversion accuracy is critical, the noise level can
be reduced by applying the following techniques:
1. Keep analog signal paths as short as possible. Make sure analog tracks run
over the analog ground plane, and keep them well away from high-speed
switching digital tracks.
2. The AVCC pin on the device should be connected to the digital VCC supply
voltage via an LC network as shown in Figure 135.
3. Use the ADC noise canceler function to reduce induced noise from the CPU.
4. If any ADC port pins are used as digital outputs, it is essential that these do
not switch while a conversion is in progress.
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Figure 135. ADC Power Connections
VCC
51
52
GND
53
(ADC7) PF7
54
(ADC6) PF6
55
(ADC5) PF5
56
(ADC4) PF4
57
(ADC3) PF3
58
(ADC2) PF2
59
(ADC1) PF1
60
(ADC0) PF0
61
AREF
62
10µH
GND
AVCC
100nF
Analog Ground Plane
63
64
1
NC
(AD0) PA0
Offset Compensation
Schemes
The gain stage has a built-in offset cancellation circuitry that nulls the offset of differential measurements as much as possible. The remaining offset in the analog path can be
measured directly by selecting the same channel for both differential inputs. This offset
residue can be then subtracted in software from the measurement results. Using this
kind of software based offset correction, offset on any channel can be reduced below
one LSB.
ADC Accuracy Definitions
An n-bit single-ended ADC converts a voltage linearly between GND and VREF in 2n
steps (LSBs). The lowest code is read as 0, and the highest code is read as 2n-1.
Several parameters describe the deviation from the ideal behavior:
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•
Offset: The deviation of the first transition (0x000 to 0x001) compared to the ideal
transition (at 0.5 LSB). Ideal value: 0 LSB.
Figure 136. Offset Error
Output Code
Ideal ADC
Actual ADC
Offset
Error
•
VREF Input Voltage
Gain Error: After adjusting for offset, the Gain Error is found as the deviation of the
last transition (0x3FE to 0x3FF) compared to the ideal transition (at 1.5 LSB below
maximum). Ideal value: 0 LSB
Figure 137. Gain Error
Output Code
Gain
Error
Ideal ADC
Actual ADC
VREF Input Voltage
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•
Integral Non-linearity (INL): After adjusting for offset and gain error, the INL is the
maximum deviation of an actual transition compared to an ideal transition for any
code. Ideal value: 0 LSB.
Figure 138. Integral Non-linearity (INL)
Output Code
INL
Ideal ADC
Actual ADC
VREF
•
Input Voltage
Differential Non-linearity (DNL): The maximum deviation of the actual code width
(the interval between two adjacent transitions) from the ideal code width (1 LSB).
Ideal value: 0 LSB.
Figure 139. Differential Non-linearity (DNL)
Output Code
0x3FF
1 LSB
DNL
0x000
0
276
VREF Input Voltage
•
Quantization Error: Due to the quantization of the input voltage into a finite number
of codes, a range of input voltages (1 LSB wide) will code to the same value. Always
± 0.5 LSB.
•
Absolute Accuracy: The maximum deviation of an actual (unadjusted) transition
compared to an ideal transition for any code. This is the compound effect of offset,
gain error, differential error, non-linearity, and quantization error. Ideal value: ± 0.5
LSB.
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ADC Conversion Result
After the conversion is complete (ADIF is high), the conversion result can be found in
the ADC Result Registers (ADCL, ADCH).
For single ended conversion, the result is:
V IN ⋅ 1023
ADC = -------------------------V REF
where VIN is the voltage on the selected input pin and VREF the selected voltage reference (see Table 101 on page 279 and Table 102 on page 280). 0x000 represents
analog ground, and 0x3FF represents the selected reference voltage minus one LSB.
If differential channels are used, the result is:
( V POS – V NEG ) ⋅ GAIN ⋅ 512
ADC = -----------------------------------------------------------------------V REF
where VPOS is the voltage on the positive input pin, VNEG the voltage on the negative
input pin, GAIN the selected gain factor and VREF the selected voltage reference. The
result is presented in two’s complement form, from 0x200 (-512d) through 0x1FF
(+511d). Note that if the user wants to perform a quick polarity check of the result, it is
sufficient to read the MSB of the result (ADC9 in ADCH). If the bit is one, the result is
negative, and if this bit is zero, the result is positive. Figure 140 shows the decoding of
the differential input range.
Table 82 shows the resulting output codes if the differential input channel pair (ADCn ADCm) is selected with a reference voltage of VREF.
Figure 140. Differential Measurement Range
Output Code
0x1FF
0x000
- VREF
0x3FF
0
VREF
Differential Input
Voltage (Volts)
0x200
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Table 100. Correlation Between Input Voltage and Output Codes
VADCn
Read code
Corresponding decimal value
VADCm + VREF /GAIN
0x1FF
511
VADCm + 0.999 VREF /GAIN
0x1FF
511
VADCm + 0.998 VREF /GAIN
0x1FE
510
...
...
...
VADCm + 0.001 VREF /GAIN
0x001
1
VADCm
0x000
0
VADCm - 0.001 VREF /GAIN
0x3FF
-1
...
...
...
VADCm - 0.999 VREF /GAIN
0x201
-511
VADCm - VREF /GAIN
0x200
-512
Example 1:
–
ADMUX = 0xED (ADC3 - ADC2, 10x gain, 2.56V reference, left adjusted result)
–
Voltage on ADC3 is 300 mV, voltage on ADC2 is 500 mV.
–
ADCR = 512 * 10 * (300 - 500) / 2560 = -400 = 0x270
–
ADCL will thus read 0x00, and ADCH will read 0x9C.
Writing zero to ADLAR right adjusts the result: ADCL = 0x70, ADCH = 0x02.
Example 2:
278
–
ADMUX = 0xFB (ADC3 - ADC2, 1x gain, 2.56V reference, left adjusted result)
–
Voltage on ADC3 is 300 mV, voltage on ADC2 is 500 mV.
–
ADCR = 512 * 1 * (300 - 500) / 2560 = -41 = 0x029.
–
ADCL will thus read 0x40, and ADCH will read 0x0A.
Writing zero to ADLAR right adjusts the result: ADCL = 0x00, ADCH = 0x29.
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ADC Register Description
ADC Multiplexer Selection
Register – ADMUX
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
REFS1
REFS0
ADLAR
MUX4
MUX3
MUX2
MUX1
MUX0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADMUX
• Bit 7:6 – REFS1:0: Reference Selection Bits
These bits select the voltage reference for the ADC, as shown in Table 101. If these bits
are changed during a conversion, the change will not go in effect until this conversion is
complete (ADIF in ADCSRA is set). The internal voltage reference options may not be
used if an external reference voltage is being applied to the AREF pin.
Table 101. Voltage Reference Selections for ADC
•
REFS1
REFS0
Voltage Reference Selection
0
0
AREF, Internal Vref turned off
0
1
AVCC with external capacitor on AREF pin
1
0
Reserved
1
1
Internal 2.56V Voltage Reference with external capacitor on AREF pin
Bit 5 – ADLAR: ADC Left Adjust Result
The ADLAR bit affects the presentation of the ADC conversion result in the ADC Data
Register. Write one to ADLAR to left adjust the result. Otherwise, the result is right
adjusted. Changing the ADLAR bit will affect the ADC Data Register immediately,
regardless of any ongoing conversions. For a complete description of this bit, see “The
ADC Data Register – ADCL and ADCH” on page 282.
• Bits 4:0 – MUX4:0: Analog Channel Selection Bits
The value of these bits selects which combination of analog inputs are connected to the
ADC. These bits also select the gain for the differential channels. See Table 102 for
details. If these bits are changed during a conversion, the change will not go in effect
until this conversion is complete (ADIF in ADCSRA is set).
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Table 102. Input Channel and Gain Selections
MUX4..0
Single Ended
Input
00000
ADC0
00001
ADC1
00010
ADC2
00011
ADC3
00100
ADC4
00101
ADC5
00110
ADC6
00111
ADC7
Positive Differential
Input
Negative Differential
Input
Gain
ADC0
10x
ADC0
200x
N/A
01000
(ADC0 / ADC0 / 10x)
01001
ADC1
01010
(ADC0 / ADC0 / 200x)
01011
ADC1
01100
(Reserved - ADC2 / ADC2 / 10x)
01101
ADC3
01110
(ADC2 / ADC2 / 200x)
01111
ADC2
10x
ADC3
ADC2
200x
10000
ADC0
ADC1
1x
10001
(ADC1 / ADC1 / 1x)
ADC2
ADC1
1x
10011
ADC3
ADC1
1x
10100
ADC4
ADC1
1x
10101
ADC5
ADC1
1x
10110
ADC6
ADC1
1x
10111
ADC7
ADC1
1x
11000
ADC0
ADC2
1x
11001
ADC1
ADC2
1x
11010
(ADC2 / ADC2 / 1x)
11011
ADC3
ADC2
1x
11100
ADC4
ADC2
1x
11101
ADC5
ADC2
1x
10010
N/A
280
11110
1.1V (VBand Gap)
11111
0V (GND)
N/A
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AT90CAN128
ADC Control and Status
Register A – ADCSRA
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ADEN
ADSC
ADATE
ADIF
ADIE
ADPS2
ADPS1
ADPS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRA
• Bit 7 – ADEN: ADC Enable
Writing this bit to one enables the ADC. By writing it to zero, the ADC is turned off. Turning the ADC off while a conversion is in progress, will terminate this conversion.
• Bit 6 – ADSC: ADC Start Conversion
In Single Conversion mode, write this bit to one to start each conversion. In Free Running mode, write this bit to one to start the first conversion. The first conversion after
ADSC has been written after the ADC has been enabled, or if ADSC is written at the
same time as the ADC is enabled, will take 25 ADC clock cycles instead of the normal
13. This first conversion performs initialization of the ADC.
ADSC will read as one as long as a conversion is in progress. When the conversion is
complete, it returns to zero. Writing zero to this bit has no effect.
• Bit 5 – ADATE: ADC Auto Trigger Enable
When this bit is written to one, Auto Triggering of the ADC is enabled. The ADC will start
a conversion on a positive edge of the selected trigger signal. The trigger source is
selected by setting the ADC Trigger Select bits, ADTS in ADCSRB.
• Bit 4 – ADIF: ADC Interrupt Flag
This bit is set when an ADC conversion completes and the Data Registers are updated.
The ADC Conversion Complete Interrupt is executed if the ADIE bit and the I-bit in
SREG are set. ADIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt
handling vector. Alternatively, ADIF is cleared by writing a logical one to the flag.
Beware that if doing a Read-Modify-Write on ADCSRA, a pending interrupt can be disabled. This also applies if the SBI and CBI instructions are used.
• Bit 3 – ADIE: ADC Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one and the I-bit in SREG is set, the ADC Conversion Complete Interrupt is activated.
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• Bits 2:0 – ADPS2:0: ADC Prescaler Select Bits
These bits determine the division factor between the XTAL frequency and the input
clock to the ADC.
Table 103. ADC Prescaler Selections
ADPS2
ADPS1
ADPS0
Division Factor
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
8
1
0
0
16
1
0
1
32
1
1
0
64
1
1
1
128
The ADC Data Register –
ADCL and ADCH
ADLAR = 0
Bit
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
ADC9
ADC8
ADCH
ADC7
ADC6
ADC5
ADC4
ADC3
ADC2
ADC1
ADC0
ADCL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADLAR = 1
Bit
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
ADC9
ADC8
ADC7
ADC6
ADC5
ADC4
ADC3
ADC2
ADCH
ADC1
ADC0
–
–
–
–
–
–
ADCL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
When an ADC conversion is complete, the result is found in these two registers. If differential channels are used, the result is presented in two’s complement form.
When ADCL is read, the ADC Data Register is not updated until ADCH is read. Consequently, if the result is left adjusted and no more than 8-bit precision (7 bit + sign bit for
differential input channels) is required, it is sufficient to read ADCH. Otherwise, ADCL
must be read first, then ADCH.
The ADLAR bit in ADMUX, and the MUXn bits in ADMUX affect the way the result is
read from the registers. If ADLAR is set, the result is left adjusted. If ADLAR is cleared
(default), the result is right adjusted.
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• ADC9:0: ADC Conversion Result
These bits represent the result from the conversion, as detailed in “ADC Conversion
Result” on page 277.
ADC Control and Status
Register B – ADCSRB
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ADHSM
ACME
–
–
–
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRB
• Bit 7 – ADHSM: ADC High Speed Mode
Writing this bit to one enables the ADC High Speed mode. This mode enables higher
conversion rate at the expense of higher power consumption.
• Bit 2:0 – ADTS2:0: ADC Auto Trigger Source
If ADATE in ADCSRA is written to one, the value of these bits selects which source will
trigger an ADC conversion. If ADATE is cleared, the ADTS2:0 settings will have no
effect. A conversion will be triggered by the rising edge of the selected interrupt flag.
Note that switching from a trigger source that is cleared to a trigger source that is set,
will generate a positive edge on the trigger signal. If ADEN in ADCSRA is set, this will
start a conversion. Switching to Free Running mode (ADTS[2:0]=0) will not cause a trigger event, even if the ADC Interrupt Flag is set.
Table 104. ADC Auto Trigger Source Selections
Digital Input Disable
Register 0 – DIDR0
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
0
0
0
Free Running mode
0
0
1
Analog Comparator
0
1
0
External Interrupt Request 0
0
1
1
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match
1
0
0
Timer/Counter0 Overflow
1
0
1
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B
1
1
0
Timer/Counter1 Overflow
1
1
1
Timer/Counter1 Capture Event
Bit
Trigger Source
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ADC7D
ADC6D
ADC5D
ADC4D
ADC3D
ADC2D
ADC1D
ADC0D
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DIDR0
• Bit 7:0 – ADC7D..ADC0D: ADC7:0 Digital Input Disable
When this bit is written logic one, the digital input buffer on the corresponding ADC pin is
disabled. The corresponding PIN Register bit will always read as zero when this bit is
set. When an analog signal is applied to the ADC7..0 pin and the digital input from this
pin is not needed, this bit should be written logic one to reduce power consumption in
the digital input buffer.
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JTAG Interface and On-chip Debug System
Features
• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
• Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the IEEE std. 1149.1 (JTAG) Standard
• Debugger Access to:
– All Internal Peripheral Units
– Internal and External RAM
– The Internal Register File
– Program Counter
– EEPROM and Flash Memories
• Extensive On-chip Debug Support for Break Conditions, Including
– AVR Break Instruction
– Break on Change of Program Memory Flow
– Single Step Break
– Program Memory Break Points on Single Address or Address Range
– Data Memory Break Points on Single Address or Address Range
• Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface
• On-chip Debugging Supported by AVR Studio®
Overview
The AVR IEEE std. 1149.1 compliant JTAG interface can be used for:
•
Testing PCBs by using the JTAG Boundary-scan capability
•
Programming the non-volatile memories, Fuses and Lock bits
•
On-chip debugging
A brief description is given in the following sections. Detailed descriptions for Programming via the JTAG interface, and using the Boundary-scan Chain can be found in the
sections “JTAG Programming Overview” on page 342 and “Boundary-scan IEEE 1149.1
(JTAG)” on page 290, respectively. The On-chip Debug support is considered being private JTAG instructions, and distributed within ATMEL and to selected third party
vendors only.
Figure 141 shows a block diagram of the JTAG interface and the On-chip Debug system. The TAP Controller is a state machine controlled by the TCK and TMS signals. The
TAP Controller selects either the JTAG Instruction Register or one of several Data Registers as the scan chain (Shift Register) between the TDI – input and TDO – output. The
Instruction Register holds JTAG instructions controlling the behavior of a Data Register.
The ID-Register (IDentifier Register), Bypass Register, and the Boundary-scan Chain
are the Data Registers used for board-level testing. The JTAG Programming Interface
(actually consisting of several physical and virtual Data Registers) is used for serial programming via the JTAG interface. The Internal Scan Chain and Break Point Scan Chain
are used for On-chip debugging only.
Test Access Port – TAP
284
The JTAG interface is accessed through four of the AVR’s pins. In JTAG terminology,
these pins constitute the Test Access Port – TAP. These pins are:
•
TMS: Test mode select. This pin is used for navigating through the TAP-controller
state machine.
•
TCK: Test Clock. JTAG operation is synchronous to TCK.
•
TDI: Test Data In. Serial input data to be shifted in to the Instruction Register or Data
Register (Scan Chains).
•
TDO: Test Data Out. Serial output data from Instruction Register or Data Register
(Scan Chains).
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
The IEEE std. 1149.1 also specifies an optional TAP signal; TRST – Test ReSeT –
which is not provided.
When the JTAGEN fuse is unprogrammed, these four TAP pins are normal port pins
and the TAP controller is in reset. When programmed and the JTD bit in MCUCR is
cleared, the TAP input signals are internally pulled high and the JTAG is enabled for
Boundary-scan and programming. In this case, the TAP output pin (TDO) is left floating
in states where the JTAG TAP controller is not shifting data, and must therefore be con
nected to a pull-up resistor or other hardware having pull-ups (for instance the TDI-input
of the next device in the scan chain). The device is shipped with this fuse programmed.
For the On-chip Debug system, in addition to the JTAG interface pins, the RESET pin is
monitored by the debugger to be able to detect external reset sources. The debugger
can also pull the RESET pin low to reset the whole system, assuming only open collectors on the reset line are used in the application.
Figure 141. Block Diagram
I/O PORT 0
DEVICE BOUNDARY
BOUNDARY SCAN CHAIN
TDI
TDO
TCK
TMS
JTAG PROGRAMMING
INTERFACE
TAP
CONTROLLER
INSTRUCTION
REGISTER
FLASH
MEMORY
Address
Data
INTERNAL
SCAN
CHAIN
PC
Instruction
BYPASS
REGISTER
FLOW CONTROL
UNIT
DIGITAL
PERIPHERAL
UNITS
BREAKPOINT
SCAN CHAIN
ADDRESS
DECODER
JTAG / AVR CORE
COMMUNICATION
INTERFACE
OCD STATUS
AND CONTROL
ANALOG
PERIPHERIAL
UNITS
Control & Clock lines
M
U
X
BREAKPOINT
UNIT
Analog inputs
AVR CPU
ID
REGISTER
I/O PORT n
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Figure 142. TAP Controller State Diagram
1
Test-Logic-Reset
0
0
Run-Test/Idle
1
Select-DR Scan
1
Select-IR Scan
0
1
0
1
Capture-DR
Capture-IR
0
0
Shift-DR
Shift-IR
0
1
1
0
Pause-DR
0
0
Pause-IR
1
1
0
Exit2-DR
Exit2-IR
1
1
Update-DR
TAP Controller
1
Exit1-IR
0
1
0
1
Exit1-DR
0
1
Update-IR
0
1
0
The TAP controller is a 16-state finite state machine that controls the operation of the
Boundary-scan circuitry, JTAG programming circuitry, or On-chip Debug system. The
state transitions depicted in Figure 142 depend on the signal present on TMS (shown
adjacent to each state transition) at the time of the rising edge at TCK. The initial state
after a Power-on Reset is Test-Logic-Reset.
As a definition in this document, the LSB is shifted in and out first for all Shift Registers.
Assuming Run-Test/Idle is the present state, a typical scenario for using the JTAG interface is:
•
286
At the TMS input, apply the sequence 1, 1, 0, 0 at the rising edges of TCK to enter
the Shift Instruction Register – Shift-IR state. While in this state, shift the four bits of
the JTAG instructions into the JTAG Instruction Register from the TDI input at the
rising edge of TCK. The TMS input must be held low during input of the 3 LSBs in
order to remain in the Shift-IR state. The MSB of the instruction is shifted in when
this state is left by setting TMS high. While the instruction is shifted in from the TDI
pin, the captured IR-state 0x01 is shifted out on the TDO pin. The JTAG Instruction
selects a particular Data Register as path between TDI and TDO and controls the
circuitry surrounding the selected Data Register.
AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
•
Apply the TMS sequence 1, 1, 0 to re-enter the Run-Test/Idle state. The instruction
is latched onto the parallel output from the Shift Register path in the Update-IR
state. The Exit-IR, Pause-IR, and Exit2-IR states are only used for navigating the
state machine.
•
At the TMS input, apply the sequence 1, 0, 0 at the rising edges of TCK to enter the
Shift Data Register – Shift-DR state. While in this state, upload the selected data
register (selected by the present JTAG instruction in the JTAG Instruction Register)
from the TDI input at the rising edge of TCK. In order to remain in the Shift-DR state,
the TMS input must be held low during input of all bits except the MSB. The MSB of
the data is shifted in when this state is left by setting TMS high. While the data
register is shifted in from the TDI pin, the parallel inputs to the data register captured
in the Capture-DR state is shifted out on the TDO pin.
•
Apply the TMS sequence 1, 1, 0 to re-enter the Run-Test/Idle state. If the selected
data register has a latched parallel-output, the latching takes place in the UpdateDR state. The Exit-DR, Pause-DR, and Exit2-DR states are only used for navigating
the state machine.
As shown in the state diagram, the Run-Test/Idle state need not be entered between
selecting JTAG instruction and using data registers, and some JTAG instructions may
select certain functions to be performed in the Run-Test/Idle, making it unsuitable as an
Idle state.
Note:
Independent of the initial state of the TAP Controller, the Test-Logic-Reset state can
always be entered by holding TMS high for five TCK clock periods.
For detailed information on the JTAG specification, refer to the literature listed in “Bibliography” on page 289.
Using the Boundaryscan Chain
A complete description of the Boundary-scan capabilities are given in the section
“Boundary-scan IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG)” on page 290.
Using the On-chip Debug
System
As shown in Figure 141, the hardware support for On-chip Debugging consists mainly of
•
A scan chain on the interface between the internal AVR CPU and the internal
peripheral units.
•
Break Point unit.
•
Communication interface between the CPU and JTAG system.
All read or modify/write operations needed for implementing the Debugger are done by
applying AVR instructions via the internal AVR CPU Scan Chain. The CPU sends the
result to an I/O memory mapped location which is part of the communication interface
between the CPU and the JTAG system.
The Break Point Unit implements Break on Change of Program Flow, Single Step
Break, two Program Memory Break Points, and two combined Break Points. Together,
the four Break Points can be configured as either:
•
4 single Program Memory Break Points.
•
3 single Program Memory Break Points + 1 single Data Memory Break Point.
•
2 single Program Memory Break Points + 2 single Data Memory Break Points.
•
2 single Program Memory Break Points + 1 Program Memory Break Point with mask
(“range Break Point”).
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•
2 single Program Memory Break Points + 1 Data Memory Break Point with mask
(“range Break Point”).
A debugger, like the AVR Studio, may however use one or more of these resources for
its internal purpose, leaving less flexibility to the end-user.
A list of the On-chip Debug specific JTAG instructions is given in “On-chip Debug Specific JTAG Instructions” on page 288.
The JTAGEN Fuse must be programmed to enable the JTAG Test Access Port. In addition, the OCDEN Fuse must be programmed and no Lock bits must be set for the Onchip debug system to work. As a security feature, the On-chip debug system is disabled
when either of the LB1 or LB2 Lock bits are set. Otherwise, the On-chip debug system
would have provided a back-door into a secured device.
The AVR Studio enables the user to fully control execution of programs on an AVR
device with On-chip Debug capability, AVR In-Circuit Emulator, or the built-in AVR
Instruction Set Simulator. AVR Studio® supports source level execution of Assembly
programs assembled with Atmel Corporation’s AVR Assembler and C programs compiled with third party vendors’ compilers.
AVR Studio runs under Microsoft® Windows® 95/98/2000/NT/XP.
For a full description of the AVR Studio, please refer to the AVR Studio User Guide.
Only highlights are presented in this document.
All necessary execution commands are available in AVR Studio, both on source level
and on disassembly level. The user can execute the program, single step through the
code either by tracing into or stepping over functions, step out of functions, place the
cursor on a statement and execute until the statement is reached, stop the execution,
and reset the execution target. In addition, the user can have an unlimited number of
code Break Points (using the BREAK instruction) and up to two data memory Break
Points, alternatively combined as a mask (range) Break Point.
On-chip Debug Specific
JTAG Instructions
The On-chip debug support is considered being private JTAG instructions, and distributed within ATMEL and to selected third party vendors only. Instruction opcodes are
listed for reference.
PRIVATE0 (0x8)
Private JTAG instruction for accessing On-chip debug system.
PRIVATE1 (0x9)
Private JTAG instruction for accessing On-chip debug system.
PRIVATE2 (0xA)
Private JTAG instruction for accessing On-chip debug system.
PRIVATE3 (0xB)
Private JTAG instruction for accessing On-chip debug system.
On-chip Debug Related
Register in I/O Memory
On-chip Debug Register –
OCDR
288
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
IDRD/OCDR7
OCDR6
OCDR5
OCDR4
OCDR3
OCDR2
OCDR1
OCDR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
OCDR
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The OCDR Register provides a communication channel from the running program in the
microcontroller to the debugger. The CPU can transfer a byte to the debugger by writing
to this location. At the same time, an internal flag; I/O Debug Register Dirty – IDRD – is
set to indicate to the debugger that the register has been written. When the CPU reads
the OCDR Register the 7 LSB will be from the OCDR Register, while the MSB is the
IDRD bit. The debugger clears the IDRD bit when it has read the information.
In some AVR devices, this register is shared with a standard I/O location. In this case,
the OCDR Register can only be accessed if the OCDEN Fuse is programmed, and the
debugger enables access to the OCDR Register. In all other cases, the standard I/O
location is accessed.
Refer to the debugger documentation for further information on how to use this register.
Using the JTAG
Programming
Capabilities
Programming of AVR parts via JTAG is performed via the 4-pin JTAG port, TCK, TMS,
TDI, and TDO. These are the only pins that need to be controlled/observed to perform
JTAG programming (in addition to power pins). It is not required to apply 12V externally.
The JTAGEN Fuse must be programmed and the JTD bit in the MCUCR Register must
be cleared to enable the JTAG Test Access Port.
The JTAG programming capability supports:
•
Flash programming and verifying.
•
EEPROM programming and verifying.
•
Fuse programming and verifying.
•
Lock bit programming and verifying.
The Lock bit security is exactly as in parallel programming mode. If the Lock bits LB1 or
LB2 are programmed, the OCDEN Fuse cannot be programmed unless first doing a
chip erase. This is a security feature that ensures no back-door exists for reading out the
content of a secured device.
The details on programming through the JTAG interface and programming specific
JTAG instructions are given in the section “JTAG Programming Overview” on page 342.
Bibliography
For more information about general Boundary-scan, the following literature can be
consulted:
•
IEEE: IEEE Std 1149.1-1990. IEEE Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-scan
Architecture, IEEE, 1993.
•
Colin Maunder: The Board Designers Guide to Testable Logic Circuits, AddisonWesley, 1992.
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Boundary-scan IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG)
Features
•
•
•
•
•
System Overview
The Boundary-scan chain has the capability of driving and observing the logic levels on
the digital I/O pins, as well as the boundary between digital and analog logic for analog
circuitry having off-chip connections. At system level, all ICs having JTAG capabilities
are connected serially by the TDI/TDO signals to form a long Shift Register. An external
controller sets up the devices to drive values at their output pins, and observe the input
values received from other devices. The controller compares the received data with the
expected result. In this way, Boundary-scan provides a mechanism for testing interconnections and integrity of components on Printed Circuits Boards by using the four TAP
signals only.
JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 compliant) Interface
Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
Full Scan of all Port Functions as well as Analog Circuitry having Off-chip Connections
Supports the Optional IDCODE Instruction
Additional Public AVR_RESET Instruction to Reset the AVR
The four IEEE 1149.1 defined mandatory JTAG instructions IDCODE, BYPASS, SAMPLE/PRELOAD, and EXTEST, as well as the AVR specific public JTAG instruction
AVR_RESET can be used for testing the Printed Circuit Board. Initial scanning of the
data register path will show the ID-Code of the device, since IDCODE is the default
JTAG instruction. It may be desirable to have the AVR device in reset during test mode.
If not reset, inputs to the device may be determined by the scan operations, and the
internal software may be in an undetermined state when exiting the test mode. Entering
reset, the outputs of any port pin will instantly enter the high impedance state, making
the HIGHZ instruction redundant. If needed, the BYPASS instruction can be issued to
make the shortest possible scan chain through the device. The device can be set in the
reset state either by pulling the external RESET pin low, or issuing the AVR_RESET
instruction with appropriate setting of the Reset Data Register.
The EXTEST instruction is used for sampling external pins and loading output pins with
data. The data from the output latch will be driven out on the pins as soon as the
EXTEST instruction is loaded into the JTAG IR-Register. Therefore, the SAMPLE/PRELOAD should also be used for setting initial values to the scan ring, to avoid damaging
the board when issuing the EXTEST instruction for the first time. SAMPLE/PRELOAD
can also be used for taking a snapshot of the external pins during normal operation of
the part.
The JTAGEN Fuse must be programmed and the JTD bit in the I/O Register MCUCR
must be cleared to enable the JTAG Test Access Port.
When using the JTAG interface for Boundary-scan, using a JTAG TCK clock frequency
higher than the internal chip frequency is possible. The chip clock is not required to run.
Data Registers
Bypass Register
290
The data registers relevant for Boundary-scan operations are:
•
Bypass Register
•
Device Identification Register
•
Reset Register
•
Boundary-scan Chain
The Bypass Register consists of a single Shift Register stage. When the Bypass Register is selected as path between TDI and TDO, the register is reset to 0 when leaving the
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AT90CAN128
Capture-DR controller state. The Bypass Register may be used to shorten the scan
chain on a system when the other devices are to be tested.
Device Identification Register
Figure 143 shows the structure of the Device Identification Register.
Figure 143. The Format of the Device Identification Register
MSB
Bit
Device ID
Version
LSB
31
28 27
12 11
1
0
Version
Part Number
Manufacturer ID
1
4 bits
16 bits
11 bits
1-bit
Version is a 4-bit number identifying the revision of the component. The relevant version
number is shown in Table 105.
Table 105. JTAG Version Numbers
Version
AT90CAN128 revision A
Part Number
JTAG Version Number (Hex)
0x0
The part number is a 16-bit code identifying the component. The JTAG Part Number for
AT90CAN128 is listed in Table 106.
Table 106. AVR JTAG Part Number
Manufacturer ID
Part Number
JTAG Part Number (Hex)
AT90CAN128
0x9781
The Manufacturer ID is a 11-bit code identifying the manufacturer. The JTAG manufacturer ID for ATMEL is listed in Table 107.
Table 107. Manufacturer ID
Manufacturer
ATMEL
Device ID
JTAG Manufactor ID (Hex)
0x01F
The full Device ID is listed in Table 108 following the AT90CAN128 version.
Table 108. Device ID
Version
AT90CAN128 revision A
Reset Register
JTAG Device ID (Hex)
0x0978103F
The Reset Register is a test data register used to reset the part. Since the AVR tri-states
Port Pins when reset, the Reset Register can also replace the function of the unimplemented optional JTAG instruction HIGHZ.
A high value in the Reset Register corresponds to pulling the external Reset low. The
part is reset as long as there is a high value present in the Reset Register. Depending
on the fuse settings for the clock options, the part will remain reset for a reset time-out
period (refer to “System Clock” on page 34) after releasing the Reset Register. The out-
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put from this data register is not latched, so the reset will take place immediately, as
shown in Figure 144.
Figure 144. Reset Register
From Other Internal and
External Reset Sources
From TDI
Internal reset
D
Q
To TDO
ClockDR · AVR_RESET
Boundary-scan Chain
The Boundary-scan Chain has the capability of driving and observing the logic levels on
the digital I/O pins, as well as the boundary between digital and analog logic for analog
circuitry having off-chip connections.
See “Boundary-scan Chain” on page 294 for a complete description.
Boundary-scan Specific
JTAG Instructions
The instruction register is 4-bit wide, supporting up to 16 instructions. Listed below are
the JTAG instructions useful for Boundary-scan operation. Note that the optional HIGHZ
instruction is not implemented, but all outputs with tri-state capability can be set in highimpedant state by using the AVR_RESET instruction, since the initial state for all port
pins is tri-state.
As a definition in this datasheet, the LSB is shifted in and out first for all Shift Registers.
The OPCODE for each instruction is shown behind the instruction name in hex format.
The text describes which data register is selected as path between TDI and TDO for
each instruction.
EXTEST (0x0)
Mandatory JTAG instruction for selecting the Boundary-scan Chain as data register for
testing circuitry external to the AVR package. For port-pins, Pull-up Disable, Output
Control, Output Data, and Input Data are all accessible in the scan chain. For Analog circuits having off-chip connections, the interface between the analog and the digital logic
is in the scan chain. The contents of the latched outputs of the Boundary-scan chain is
driven out as soon as the JTAG IR-Register is loaded with the EXTEST instruction.
The active states are:
IDCODE (0x1)
•
Capture-DR: Data on the external pins are sampled into the Boundary-scan Chain.
•
Shift-DR: The Internal Scan Chain is shifted by the TCK input.
•
Update-DR: Data from the scan chain is applied to output pins.
Optional JTAG instruction selecting the 32 bit ID-Register as data register. The ID-Register consists of a version number, a device number and the manufacturer code chosen
by JEDEC. This is the default instruction after power-up.
The active states are:
292
•
Capture-DR: Data in the IDCODE Register is sampled into the Boundary-scan
Chain.
•
Shift-DR: The IDCODE scan chain is shifted by the TCK input.
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SAMPLE_PRELOAD (0x2)
Mandatory JTAG instruction for pre-loading the output latches and taking a snap-shot of
the input/output pins without affecting the system operation. However, the output latches
are not connected to the pins. The Boundary-scan Chain is selected as data register.
The active states are:
AVR_RESET (0xC)
•
Capture-DR: Data on the external pins are sampled into the Boundary-scan Chain.
•
Shift-DR: The Boundary-scan Chain is shifted by the TCK input.
•
Update-DR: Data from the Boundary-scan chain is applied to the output latches.
However, the output latches are not connected to the pins.
The AVR specific public JTAG instruction for forcing the AVR device into the Reset
mode or releasing the JTAG reset source. The TAP controller is not reset by this instruction. The one bit Reset Register is selected as data register.
Note that the reset will be active as long as there is a logic “one” in the Reset Chain.
The output from this chain is not latched.
The active states are:
•
BYPASS (0xF)
Shift-DR: The Reset Register is shifted by the TCK input.
Mandatory JTAG instruction selecting the Bypass Register for data register.
The active states are:
•
Capture-DR: Loads a logic “0” into the Bypass Register.
•
Shift-DR: The Bypass Register cell between TDI and TDO is shifted.
Boundary-scan Related
Register in I/O Memory
MCU Control Register –
MCUCR
The MCU Control Register contains control bits for general MCU functions.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
JTD
–
–
PUD
–
–
IVSEL
IVCE
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
• Bits 7 – JTD: JTAG Interface Disable
When this bit is zero, the JTAG interface is enabled if the JTAGEN Fuse is programmed.
If this bit is one, the JTAG interface is disabled. In order to avoid unintentional disabling
or enabling of the JTAG interface, a timed sequence must be followed when changing
this bit: The application software must write this bit to the desired value twice within four
cycles to change its value. Note that this bit must not be altered when using the On-chip
Debug system.
If the JTAG interface is left unconnected to other JTAG circuitry, the JTD bit should be
set to one. The reason for this is to avoid static current at the TDO pin in the JTAG
interface.
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MCU Status Register –
MCUSR
The MCU Status Register provides information on which reset source caused an MCU
reset.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
JTRF
WDRF
BORF
EXTRF
PORF
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
MCUSR
See Bit Description
• Bit 4 – JTRF: JTAG Reset Flag
This bit is set if a reset is being caused by a logic one in the JTAG Reset Register
selected by the JTAG instruction AVR_RESET. This bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or
by writing a logic zero to the flag.
Boundary-scan Chain
The Boundary-scan chain has the capability of driving and observing the logic levels on
the digital I/O pins, as well as the boundary between digital and analog logic for analog
circuitry having off-chip connection.
Scanning the Digital Port Pins
Figure 145 shows the Boundary-scan Cell for a bi-directional port pin with pull-up function. The cell consists of a standard Boundary-scan cell for the Pull-up Enable – PUExn
– function, and a bi-directional pin cell that combines the three signals Output Control –
OCxn, Output Data – ODxn, and Input Data – IDxn, into only a two-stage Shift Register.
The port and pin indexes are not used in the following description
The Boundary-scan logic is not included in the figures in the datasheet. Figure 146
shows a simple digital port pin as described in the section “I/O-Ports” on page 61. The
Boundary-scan details from Figure 145 replaces the dashed box in Figure 146.
When no alternate port function is present, the Input Data – ID – corresponds to the
PINxn Register value (but ID has no synchronizer), Output Data corresponds to the
PORT Register, Output Control corresponds to the Data Direction – DD Register, and
the Pull-up Enable – PUExn – corresponds to logic expression PUD · DDxn · PORTxn.
Digital alternate port functions are connected outside the dotted box in Figure 146 to
make the scan chain read the actual pin value. For Analog function, there is a direct
connection from the external pin to the analog circuit, and a scan chain is inserted on
the interface between the digital logic and the analog circuitry.
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AT90CAN128
Figure 145. Boundary-scan Cell for Bi-directional Port Pin with Pull-up Function.
ShiftDR
To Next Cell
EXTEST
Pullup Enable (PUE)
Vcc
0
FF2
LD2
1
0
D
Q
D
Q
1
G
Output Control (OC)
FF1
LD1
0
D
Q
D
Q
0
1
1
G
FF0
0
1
LD0
0
D
Q
D
1
Q
0
1
Port Pin (PXn)
Output Data (OD)
G
Input Data (ID)
From Last Cell
ClockDR
UpdateDR
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Figure 146. General Port Pin Schematic Diagram
See Boundary-scan
Description for Details!
PUExn
PUD
Q
D
DDxn
Q CLR
RESET
OCxn
WDx
Q
Pxn
ODxn
D
PORTxn
Q CLR
WPx
IDxn
DATA BUS
RDx
RESET
SLEEP
RRx
SYNCHRONIZER
D
Q
D
RPx
Q
PINxn
L
Q
Q
CLK I/O
PUD:
PUExn:
OCxn:
ODxn:
IDxn:
SLEEP:
Boundary-scan and the Twowire Interface
WDx:
RDx:
WPx:
RRx:
RPx:
CLK I/O :
WRITE DDRx
READ DDRx
WRITE PORTx
READ PORTx REGISTER
READ PORTx PIN
I/O CLOCK
The two Two-wire Interface pins SCL and SDA have one additional control signal in the
scan-chain; Two-wire Interface Enable – TWIEN. As shown in Figure 147, the TWIEN
signal enables a tri-state buffer with slew-rate control in parallel with the ordinary digital
port pins. A general scan cell as shown in Figure 151 is attached to the TWIEN signal.
Notes:
296
PULLUP DISABLE
PULLUP ENABLE for pin Pxn
OUTPUT CONTROL for pin Pxn
OUTPUT DATA to pin Pxn
INPUT DATA from pin Pxn
SLEEP CONTROL
1. A separate scan chain for the 50 ns spike filter on the input is not provided. The ordinary scan support for digital port pins suffice for connectivity tests. The only reason
for having TWIEN in the scan path, is to be able to disconnect the slew-rate control
buffer when doing boundary-scan.
2. Make sure the OC and TWIEN signals are not asserted simultaneously, as this will
lead to drive contention.
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AT90CAN128
Figure 147. Additional Scan Signal for the Two-wire Interface
PUExn
OCxn
ODxn
TWIEN
Pxn
SRC
Slew-rate limited
IDxn
Scanning the RESET Pin
The RESET pin accepts 3V or 5V active low logic for standard reset operation, and 12V
active high logic for High Voltage Parallel programming. An observe-only cell as shown
in Figure 148 is inserted both for the 3V or 5V reset signal - RSTT, and the 12V reset
signal - RSTHV.
Figure 148. Observe-only Cell for RESET pin
To
Next
Cell
ShiftDR
From System Pin
To System Logic
FF1
0
D
Q
1
From
Previous
Cell
Scanning the Clock Pins
ClockDR
The AVR devices have many clock options selectable by fuses. These are: Internal RC
Oscillator, External Clock, (High Frequency) Crystal Oscillator, Low-frequency Crystal
Oscillator, and Ceramic Resonator.
Figure 149 shows how each oscillator with external connection is supported in the scan
chain. The Enable signal is supported with a general Boundary-scan cell, while the
Oscillator/clock output is attached to an observe-only cell. In addition to the main clock,
the Timer2 Oscillator is scanned in the same way. The output from the internal RC
Oscillator is not scanned, as this oscillator does not have external connections.
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Figure 149. Boundary-scan Cells for Oscillators and Clock Options
XTAL1 / TOSC1
To
Next
Cell
ShiftDR
EXTEST
XTAL2 / TOSC2
To
Next
Cell
Oscillator
ShiftDR
From Digital Logic
0
ENABLE
OUTPUT
To System Logic
1
FF1
0
D
Q
D
Q
0
1
D
G
From
Previous
Cell
ClockDR
Q
1
UpdateDR
From
Previous
Cell
ClockDR
Table 109 summaries the scan registers for the external clock pin XTAL1, oscillators
with XTAL1/XTAL2 connections as well as external Timer2 clock pin TOSC1 and 32kHz
Timer2 Oscillator.
Table 109. Scan Signals for the Oscillators(1)(2)(3)
Enable Signal
Clock Option
Scanned Clock Line
when not Used
EXTCLKEN
EXTCLK (XTAL1)
External Main Clock
0
OSCON
OSCCK
External Crystal
External Ceramic Resonator
1
OSC32EN
OSC32CK
Low Freq. External Crystal
1
TOSKON
TOSCK
32 kHz Timer2 Oscillator
1
Notes:
Scanning the Analog
Comparator
Scanned Clock
Line
1. Do not enable more than one clock source as clock at a time.
2. Scanning an Oscillator output gives unpredictable results as there is a frequency drift
between the internal Oscillator and the JTAG TCK clock. If possible, scanning an
external clock is preferred.
3. The main clock configuration is programmed by fuses. As a fuse is not changed runtime, the main clock configuration is considered fixed for a given application. The
user is advised to scan the same clock option as to be used in the final system. The
enable signals are supported in the scan chain because the system logic can disable
clock options in sleep modes, thereby disconnecting the Oscillator pins from the scan
path if not provided.
The relevant Comparator signals regarding Boundary-scan are shown in Figure 150.
The Boundary-scan cell from Figure 151 is attached to each of these signals. The signals are described in Table 110.
The Comparator need not be used for pure connectivity testing, since all analog inputs
are shared with a digital port pin as well.
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Figure 150. Analog Comparator
BANDGAP
REFERENCE
ACBG
ACO
AC_IDLE
ACME
ADCEN
ADC MULTIPLEXER
OUTPUT
Figure 151. General Boundary-scan cell Used for Signals for Comparator and ADC
To
Next
Cell
ShiftDR
EXTEST
From Digital Logic/
From Analog Ciruitry
To Analog Circuitry/
To Digital Logic
0
1
0
D
Q
D
Q
1
G
From
Previous
Cell
ClockDR
UpdateDR
Table 110. Boundary-scan Signals for the Analog Comparator
Signal
Name
Direction as
Seen from the
Comparator
Recommended
Input when Not
in Use
Output Values when
Recommended
Inputs are Used
AC_IDLE
input
Turns off Analog
Comparator when
true
1
Depends upon µC
code being executed
ACO
output
Analog
Comparator Output
Will become
input to µC
code being
executed
0
ACME
input
Uses output signal
from ADC mux
when true
0
Depends upon µC
code being executed
ACBG
input
Bandgap
Reference enable
0
Depends upon µC
code being executed
Description
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Scanning the ADC
Figure 152 shows a block diagram of the ADC with all relevant control and observe signals. The Boundary-scan cell from Figure 151 is attached to each of these signals. The
ADC need not be used for pure connectivity testing, since all analog inputs are shared
with a digital port pin as well.
Figure 152. Analog to Digital Converter
VCCREN
AREF
IREFEN
2.56V
ref
To Comparator
PASSEN
MUXEN_7
ADC_7
MUXEN_6
ADC_6
MUXEN_5
ADC_5
MUXEN_4
ADC_4
ADCBGEN
SCTEST
ADHSM
1.22V
ref
EXTCH
MUXEN_3
ADC_3
MUXEN_2
ADC_2
MUXEN_1
ADC_1
MUXEN_0
ADC_0
PRECH
ADHSM
PRECH
AREF
G10
10-bit DAC
+
COMP
-
G20
ADCEN
COMP
DACOUT
DAC_9..0
ACTEN
+
NEGSEL_2
ADC_2
+
10x
20x
-
-
NEGSEL_1
ADC_1
NEGSEL_0
ADC_0
HOLD
GNDEN
ST
ACLK
AMPEN
The signals are described briefly in Table 111.
Table 111. Boundary-scan Signals for the ADC(1)
300
Signal
Name
Direction
as Seen
from the
ADC
Recommended Input
when not
in Use
Output Values when
Recommended Inputs
are Used, and CPU is
not Using the ADC
Description
COMP
Output
Comparator Output
0
0
ACLK
Input
Clock signal to gain
stages implemented
as Switch-cap filters
0
0
ACTEN
Input
Enable path from gain
stages to the
comparator
0
0
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Table 111. Boundary-scan Signals for the ADC(1) (Continued)
Signal
Name
Direction
as Seen
from the
ADC
ADHSM
Input
Increases speed of
comparator at the
sacrifice of higher
power consumption
0
0
ADCBGEN
Input
Enable Band-gap
reference as negative
input to comparator
0
0
ADCEN
Input
Power-on signal to the
ADC
0
0
AMPEN
Input
Power-on signal to the
gain stages
0
0
DAC_9
Input
Bit 9 of digital value to
DAC
1
1
DAC_8
Input
Bit 8 of digital value to
DAC
0
0
DAC_7
Input
Bit 7 of digital value to
DAC
0
0
DAC_6
Input
Bit 6 of digital value to
DAC
0
0
DAC_5
Input
Bit 5 of digital value to
DAC
0
0
DAC_4
Input
Bit 4 of digital value to
DAC
0
0
DAC_3
Input
Bit 3 of digital value to
DAC
0
0
DAC_2
Input
Bit 2 of digital value to
DAC
0
0
DAC_1
Input
Bit 1 of digital value to
DAC
0
0
DAC_0
Input
Bit 0 of digital value to
DAC
0
0
EXTCH
Input
Connect ADC
channels 0 - 3 to bypass path around gain
stages
1
1
G10
Input
Enable 10x gain
0
0
G20
Input
Enable 20x gain
0
0
GNDEN
Input
Ground the negative
input to comparator
when true
0
0
Description
Recommended Input
when not
in Use
Output Values when
Recommended Inputs
are Used, and CPU is
not Using the ADC
301
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 111. Boundary-scan Signals for the ADC(1) (Continued)
302
Signal
Name
Direction
as Seen
from the
ADC
HOLD
Input
Sample & Hold signal.
Sample analog signal
when low. Hold signal
when high. If gain
stages are used, this
signal must go active
when ACLK is high.
1
1
IREFEN
Input
Enables Band-gap
reference as AREF
signal to DAC
0
0
MUXEN_7
Input
Input Mux bit 7
0
0
MUXEN_6
Input
Input Mux bit 6
0
0
MUXEN_5
Input
Input Mux bit 5
0
0
MUXEN_4
Input
Input Mux bit 4
0
0
MUXEN_3
Input
Input Mux bit 3
0
0
MUXEN_2
Input
Input Mux bit 2
0
0
MUXEN_1
Input
Input Mux bit 1
0
0
MUXEN_0
Input
Input Mux bit 0
1
1
NEGSEL_2
Input
Input Mux for negative
input for differential
signal, bit 2
0
0
NEGSEL_1
Input
Input Mux for negative
input for differential
signal, bit 1
0
0
NEGSEL_0
Input
Input Mux for negative
input for differential
signal, bit 0
0
0
PASSEN
Input
Enable pass-gate of
gain stages.
1
1
PRECH
Input
Precharge output latch
of comparator. (Active
low)
1
1
Description
Recommended Input
when not
in Use
Output Values when
Recommended Inputs
are Used, and CPU is
not Using the ADC
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 111. Boundary-scan Signals for the ADC(1) (Continued)
Signal
Name
Direction
as Seen
from the
ADC
SCTEST
Input
Switch-cap TEST
enable. Output from
x10 gain stage send
out to Port Pin having
ADC_4
0
0
ST
Input
Output of gain stages
will settle faster if this
signal is high first two
ACLK periods after
AMPEN goes high.
0
0
VCCREN
Input
Selects Vcc as the
ACC reference
voltage.
0
0
Note:
Description
Recommended Input
when not
in Use
Output Values when
Recommended Inputs
are Used, and CPU is
not Using the ADC
1. Incorrect setting of the switches in Figure 152 will make signal contention and may
damage the part. There are several input choices to the S&H circuitry on the negative
input of the output comparator in Figure 152. Make sure only one path is selected
from either one ADC pin, Bandgap reference source, or Ground.
If the ADC is not to be used during scan, the recommended input values from Table 111
should be used. The user is recommended not to use the Differential Gain stages during scan. Switch-Cap based gain stages require fast operation and accurate timing
which is difficult to obtain when used in a scan chain. Details concerning operations of
the differential gain stage is therefore not provided. For the same reason, the ADC High
Speed mode (ADHSM) bit does not make any sense during boundary-scan operation.
The AVR ADC is based on the analog circuitry shown in Figure 152 with a successive
approximation algorithm implemented in the digital logic. When used in Boundary-scan,
the problem is usually to ensure that an applied analog voltage is measured within some
limits. This can easily be done without running a successive approximation algorithm:
apply the lower limit on the digital DAC[9:0] lines, make sure the output from the comparator is low, then apply the upper limit on the digital DAC[9:0] lines, and verify the
output from the comparator to be high.
The ADC need not be used for pure connectivity testing, since all analog inputs are
shared with a digital port pin as well.
When using the ADC, remember the following
•
The port pin for the ADC channel in use must be configured to be an input with pullup disabled to avoid signal contention.
•
In Normal mode, a dummy conversion (consisting of 10 comparisons) is performed
when enabling the ADC. The user is advised to wait at least 200ns after enabling
the ADC before controlling/observing any ADC signal, or perform a dummy
conversion before using the first result.
•
The DAC values must be stable at the midpoint value 0x200 when having the HOLD
signal low (Sample mode).
303
4250E–CAN–12/04
As an example, consider the task of verifying a 1.5V ± 5% input signal at ADC channel 3
when the power supply is 5.0V and AREF is externally connected to VCC.
The lower limit is:
The upper limit is:
1024 ⋅ 1,5V ⋅ 0,95 ⁄ 5V = 291 = 0x123
1024 ⋅ 1,5V ⋅ 1,05 ⁄ 5V = 323 = 0x143
The recommended values from Table 111 are used unless other values are given in the
algorithm in Table 112. Only the DAC and port pin values of the Scan Chain are shown.
The column “Actions” describes what JTAG instruction to be used before filling the
Boundary-scan Register with the succeeding columns. The verification should be done
on the data scanned out when scanning in the data on the same row in the table.
Table 112. Algorithm for Using the ADC
PA3.
Control
PA3.
Pullup_
Enable
MUXEN
HOLD
PRECH
PA3.
Data
0x200
0x08
1
1
0
0
0
1
0x200
0x08
0
1
0
0
0
3
1
0x200
0x08
1
1
0
0
0
4
1
0x123
0x08
1
1
0
0
0
5
1
0x123
0x08
1
0
0
0
0
1
0x200
0x08
1
1
0
0
0
7
1
0x200
0x08
0
1
0
0
0
8
1
0x200
0x08
1
1
0
0
0
9
1
0x143
0x08
1
1
0
0
0
10
1
0x143
0x08
1
0
0
0
0
1
0x200
0x08
1
1
0
0
0
Step
Actions
1
SAMPLE_
PRELOAD
1
2
EXTEST
6
11
Verify the
COMP bit
scanned
out to be 0
Verify the
COMP bit
scanned
out to be 1
ADCEN
DAC
Using this algorithm, the timing constraint on the HOLD signal constrains the TCK clock
frequency. As the algorithm keeps HOLD high for five steps, the TCK clock frequency
has to be at least five times the number of scan bits divided by the maximum hold time,
thold,max
304
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
AT90CAN128 Boundaryscan Order
Table 113 shows the Scan order between TDI and TDO when the Boundary-scan chain
is selected as data path. Bit 0 is the LSB; the first bit scanned in, and the first bit
scanned out. The scan order follows the pin-out order as far as possible. Therefore, the
bits of Port A is scanned in the opposite bit order of the other ports. Exceptions from the
rules are the Scan chains for the analog circuits, which constitute the most significant
bits of the scan chain regardless of which physical pin they are connected to. In Figure
145, PXn. Data corresponds to FF0, PXn. Control corresponds to FF1, and PXn.
Pullup_enable corresponds to FF2. Bit 2, 3, 4, and 5 of Port C is not in the scan chain,
since these pins constitute the TAP pins when the JTAG is enabled.
Table 113. AT90CAN128 Boundary-scan Order
Bit Number
Signal Name
200
AC_IDLE
199
ACO
198
ACME
197
AINBG
196
COMP
195
ACLK
194
ACTEN
193
ADHSM
192
ADCBGEN
191
ADCEN
190
AMPEN
189
DAC_9
188
DAC_8
187
DAC_7
186
DAC_6
185
DAC_5
184
DAC_4
183
DAC_3
182
DAC_2
181
DAC_1
180
DAC_0
179
EXTCH
178
G10
177
G20
176
GNDEN
175
HOLD
174
IREFEN
173
MUXEN_7
172
MUXEN_6
171
MUXEN_5
170
MUXEN_4
Comment
Module
Comparator
ADC
305
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 113. AT90CAN128 Boundary-scan Order (Continued)
306
Bit Number
Signal Name
169
MUXEN_3
168
MUXEN_2
167
MUXEN_1
166
MUXEN_0
165
NEGSEL_2
164
NEGSEL_1
163
NEGSEL_0
162
PASSEN
161
PRECH
160
SCTEST
159
ST
158
VCCREN
157
PE0.Data
156
PE0.Control
155
PE0.Pullup_Enable
154
PE1.Data
153
PE1.Control
152
PE1.Pullup_Enable
151
PE2.Data
150
PE2.Control
149
PE2.Pullup_Enable
148
PE3.Data
147
PE3.Control
146
PE3.Pullup_Enable
145
PE4.Data
144
PE4.Control
143
PE4.Pullup_Enable
142
PE5.Data
141
PE5.Control
140
PE5.Pullup_Enable
139
PE6.Data
138
PE6.Control
137
PE6.Pullup_Enable
136
PE7.Data
135
PE7.Control
134
PE7.Pullup_Enable
133
PB0.Data
132
PB0.Control
Comment
Module
ADC
Port E
Port B
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 113. AT90CAN128 Boundary-scan Order (Continued)
Bit Number
Signal Name
Comment
131
PB0.Pullup_Enable
130
PB1.Data
129
PB1.Control
128
PB1.Pullup_Enable
127
PB2.Data
126
PB2.Control
125
PB2.Pullup_Enable
124
PB3.Data
123
PB3.Control
122
PB3.Pullup_Enable
121
PB4.Data
120
PB4.Control
119
PB4.Pullup_Enable
118
PB5.Data
117
PB5.Control
116
PB5.Pullup_Enable
115
PB6.Data
114
PB6.Control
113
PB6.Pullup_Enable
112
PB7.Data
111
PB7.Control
110
PB7.Pullup_Enable
109
PG3.Data
108
PG3.Control
107
PG3.Pullup_Enable
106
PG4.Data
105
PG4.Control
104
PG4.Pullup_Enable
103
-
(Private Signal)
102
RSTT
(Observe Only)
101
RSTHV
100
EXTCLKEN
99
OSCON
98
OSC32EN
97
TOSKON
96
EXTCLK
95
OSCCK
94
OSC32CK
Module
Port B
Port G
RESET Logic
Oscillators
(XTAL1)
307
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 113. AT90CAN128 Boundary-scan Order (Continued)
308
Bit Number
Signal Name
Comment
Module
93
TOSK
Oscillators
92
PD0.Data
Port D
91
PD0.Control
90
PD0.Pullup_Enable
89
PD1.Data
88
PD1.Control
87
PD1.Pullup_Enable
86
PD2.Data
85
PD2.Control
84
PD2.Pullup_Enable
83
PD3.Data
82
PD3.Control
81
PD3.Pullup_Enable
80
PD4.Data
79
PD4.Control
78
PD4.Pullup_Enable
77
PD5.Data
76
PD5.Control
75
PD5.Pullup_Enable
74
PD6.Data
73
PD6.Control
72
PD6.Pullup_Enable
71
PD7.Data
70
PD7.Control
69
PD7.Pullup_Enable
68
PG0.Data
67
PG0.Control
66
PG0.Pullup_Enable
65
PG1.Data
64
PG1.Control
63
PG1.Pullup_Enable
62
PC0.Data
61
PC0.Control
60
PC0.Pullup_Enable
59
PC1.Data
58
PC1.Control
57
PC1.Pullup_Enable
56
PC2.Data
Port G
Port C
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 113. AT90CAN128 Boundary-scan Order (Continued)
Bit Number
Signal Name
55
PC2.Control
54
PC2.Pullup_Enable
53
PC3.Data
52
PC3.Control
51
PC3.Pullup_Enable
50
PC4.Data
49
PC4.Control
48
PC4.Pullup_Enable
47
PC5.Data
46
PC5.Control
45
PC5.Pullup_Enable
44
PC6.Data
43
PC6.Control
42
PC6.Pullup_Enable
41
PC7.Data
40
PC7.Control
39
PC7.Pullup_Enable
38
PG2.Data
37
PG2.Control
36
PG2.Pullup_Enable
35
PA7.Data
34
PA7.Control
33
PA7.Pullup_Enable
32
PA6.Data
31
PA6.Control
30
PA6.Pullup_Enable
29
PA5.Data
28
PA5.Control
27
PA5.Pullup_Enable
26
PA4.Data
25
PA4.Control
24
PA4.Pullup_Enable
23
PA3.Data
22
PA3.Control
21
PA3.Pullup_Enable
20
PA2.Data
19
PA2.Control
18
PA2.Pullup_Enable
Comment
Module
Port C
Port G
Port A
309
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 113. AT90CAN128 Boundary-scan Order (Continued)
Boundary-scan
Description Language
Files
310
Bit Number
Signal Name
17
PA1.Data
16
PA1.Control
15
PA1.Pullup_Enable
14
PA0.Data
13
PA0.Control
12
PA0.Pullup_Enable
11
PF3.Data
10
PF3.Control
9
PF3.Pullup_Enable
8
PF2.Data
7
PF2.Control
6
PF2.Pullup_Enable
5
PF1.Data
4
PF1.Control
3
PF1.Pullup_Enable
2
PF0.Data
1
PF0.Control
0
PF0.Pullup_Enable
Comment
Module
Port A
Port F
Boundary-scan Description Language (BSDL) files describe Boundary-scan capable
devices in a standard format used by automated test-generation software. The order
and function of bits in the Boundary-scan Data Register are included in this description.
A BSDL file for AT90CAN128 is available.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Boot Loader Support – Read-While-Write Self-Programming
The Boot Loader Support provides a real Read-While-Write Self-Programming mechanism for downloading and uploading program code by the MCU itself. This feature
allows flexible application software updates controlled by the MCU using a Flash-resident Boot Loader program. The Boot Loader program can use any available data
interface and associated protocol to read code and write (program) that code into the
Flash memory, or read the code from the program memory. The program code within
the Boot Loader section has the capability to write into the entire Flash, including the
Boot Loader memory. The Boot Loader can thus even modify itself, and it can also
erase itself from the code if the feature is not needed anymore. The size of the Boot
Loader memory is configurable with fuses and the Boot Loader has two separate sets of
Boot Lock bits which can be set independently. This gives the user a unique flexibility to
select different levels of protection.
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Read-While-Write Self-Programming
Flexible Boot Memory Size
High Security (Separate Boot Lock Bits for a Flexible Protection)
Separate Fuse to Select Reset Vector
Optimized Page(1) Size
Code Efficient Algorithm
Efficient Read-Modify-Write Support
Note:
Application and Boot
Loader Flash Sections
1. A page is a section in the Flash consisting of several bytes (see Table 131 on page
330) used during programming. The page organization does not affect normal
operation.
The Flash memory is organized in two main sections, the Application section and the
Boot Loader section (see Figure 154). The size of the different sections is configured by
the BOOTSZ Fuses as shown in Table 119 on page 323 and Figure 154. These two
sections can have different level of protection since they have different sets of Lock bits.
AS - Application Section
The Application section is the section of the Flash that is used for storing the application
code. The protection level for the Application section can be selected by the application
Boot Lock bits (BLB02 and BLB01 bits), see Table 115 on page 315. The Application
section can never store any Boot Loader code since the SPM instruction is disabled
when executed from the Application section.
BLS – Boot Loader Section
While the Application section is used for storing the application code, the The Boot
Loader software must be located in the BLS since the SPM instruction can initiate a programming when executing from the BLS only. The SPM instruction can access the
entire Flash, including the BLS itself. The protection level for the Boot Loader section
can be selected by the Boot Loader Lock bits (BLB12 and BLB11 bits), see Table 116
on page 315.
Read-While-Write and No Whether the CPU supports Read-While-Write or if the CPU is halted during a Boot
Loader software update is dependent on which address that is being programmed. In
Read-While-Write Flash
addition to the two sections that are configurable by the BOOTSZ Fuses as described
Sections
above, the Flash is also divided into two fixed sections, the Read-While-Write (RWW)
section and the No Read-While-Write (NRWW) section. The limit between the RWWand NRWW sections is given in Table 120 on page 323 and Figure 154 on page 314.
The main difference between the two sections is:
311
4250E–CAN–12/04
•
When erasing or writing a page located inside the RWW section, the NRWW section
can be read during the operation.
•
When erasing or writing a page located inside the NRWW section, the CPU is halted
during the entire operation.
Note that the user software can never read any code that is located inside the RWW
section during a Boot Loader software operation. The syntax “Read-While-Write section” refers to which section that is being programmed (erased or written), not which
section that actually is being read during a Boot Loader software update.
RWW – Read-While-Write
Section
If a Boot Loader software update is programming a page inside the RWW section, it is
possible to read code from the Flash, but only code that is located in the NRWW section. During an on-going programming, the software must ensure that the RWW section
never is being read. If the user software is trying to read code that is located inside the
RWW section (i.e., by a call/jmp/lpm or an interrupt) during programming, the software
might end up in an unknown state. To avoid this, the interrupts should either be disabled
or moved to the Boot Loader section. The Boot Loader section is always located in the
NRWW section. The RWW Section Busy bit (RWWSB) in the Store Program Memory
Control and Status Register (SPMCSR) will be read as logical one as long as the RWW
section is blocked for reading. After a programming is completed, the RWWSB must be
cleared by software before reading code located in the RWW section. See “Store Program Memory Control and Status Register – SPMCSR” on page 316 for details on how
to clear RWWSB.
NRWW – No Read-While-Write
Section
The code located in the NRWW section can be read when the Boot Loader software is
updating a page in the RWW section. When the Boot Loader code updates the NRWW
section, the CPU is halted during the entire Page Erase or Page Write operation.
Table 114. Read-While-Write Features
312
Which Section does the Zpointer Address During the
Programming?
Which Section Can
be Read During
Programming?
Is the CPU
Halted?
Read-While-Write
Supported?
RWW Section
NRWW Section
No
Yes
NRWW Section
None
Yes
No
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 153. Read-While-Write vs. No Read-While-Write
Read-While-Write
(RWW) Section
Z-pointer
Addresses RWW
Section
Z-pointer
Addresses NRWW
Section
No Read-While-Write
(NRWW) Section
CPU is Halted
During the Operation
Code Located in
NRWW Section
Can be Read During
the Operation
313
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 154. Memory Sections
Program Memory
BOOTSZ = '10'
Program Memory
BOOTSZ = '11'
0x0000
Read-While-Write
Section
Application Flash Section
End RWW
Start NRWW
Application Flash Section
Boot Loader Flash Section
End Application
Start Boot Loader
Flashend
No Read-While-Write
Section
No Read-While-Write
Section
Read-While-Write
Section
0x0000
Program Memory
BOOTSZ = '01'
Application Flash Section
End RWW
Start NRWW
Application Flash Section
End Application
Start Boot Loader
Boot Loader Flash Section
Flashend
Program Memory
BOOTSZ = '00'
Read-While-Write
Section
Application Flash Section
End RWW
Start NRWW
Application Flash Section
End Application
Start Boot Loader
Boot Loader Flash Section
Flashend
Note:
Boot Loader Lock Bits
0x0000
No Read-While-Write
Section
No Read-While-Write
Section
Read-While-Write
Section
0x0000
Application Flash Section
End RWW, End Application
Start NRWW, Start Boot Loader
Boot Loader Flash Section
Flashend
1. The parameters in the figure above are given in Table 119 on page 323.
If no Boot Loader capability is needed, the entire Flash is available for application code.
The Boot Loader has two separate sets of Boot Lock bits which can be set independently. This gives the user a unique flexibility to select different levels of protection.
The user can select:
314
•
To protect the entire Flash from a software update by the MCU.
•
To protect only the Boot Loader Flash section from a software update by the MCU.
•
To protect only the Application Flash section from a software update by the MCU.
•
Allow software update in the entire Flash.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
See Table 115 and Table 116 for further details. The Boot Lock bits can be set in software and in Serial or Parallel Programming mode, but they can be cleared by a Chip
Erase command only. The general Write Lock (Lock Bit mode 2) does not control the
programming of the Flash memory by SPM instruction. Similarly, the general
Read/Write Lock (Lock Bit mode 1) does not control reading nor writing by LPM/SPM
(Load Program Memory / Store Program Memory) instructions, if it is attempted.
Table 115. Boot Lock Bit0 Protection Modes (Application Section)(1)
Lock Bit
Mode
BLB02
BLB01
1
1
1
No restrictions for SPM or LPM accessing the Application
section.
2
1
0
SPM is not allowed to write to the Application section.
3
0
0
SPM is not allowed to write to the Application section, and
LPM executing from the Boot Loader section is not allowed
to read from the Application section. If Interrupt Vectors are
placed in the Boot Loader section, interrupts are disabled
while executing from the Application section.
4
0
1
LPM executing from the Boot Loader section is not allowed
to read from the Application section. If Interrupt Vectors are
placed in the Boot Loader section, interrupts are disabled
while executing from the Application section.
Note:
Protection
1. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
Table 116. Boot Lock Bit1 Protection Modes (Boot Loader Section)(1)
Lock Bit
Mode
BLB12
BLB11
1
1
1
No restrictions for SPM or LPM accessing the Boot Loader
section.
2
1
0
SPM is not allowed to write to the Boot Loader section.
3
0
0
SPM is not allowed to write to the Boot Loader section, and
LPM executing from the Application section is not allowed to
read from the Boot Loader section. If Interrupt Vectors are
placed in the Application section, interrupts are disabled
while executing from the Boot Loader section.
4
0
1
LPM executing from the Application section is not allowed to
read from the Boot Loader section. If Interrupt Vectors are
placed in the Application section, interrupts are disabled
while executing from the Boot Loader section.
Note:
Protection
1. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
Entering the Boot Loader Entering the Boot Loader takes place by a jump or call from the application program.
This may be initiated by a trigger such as a command received via USART, or SPI interProgram
face. Alternatively, the Boot Reset Fuse can be programmed so that the Reset Vector is
pointing to the Boot Flash start address after a reset. In this case, the Boot Loader is
started after a reset. After the application code is loaded, the program can start executing the application code. Note that the fuses cannot be changed by the MCU itself. This
means that once the Boot Reset Fuse is programmed, the Reset Vector will always
315
4250E–CAN–12/04
point to the Boot Loader Reset and the fuse can only be changed through the serial or
parallel programming interface.
Table 117. Boot Reset Fuse(1)
BOOTRST
Note:
Store Program Memory
Control and Status Register –
SPMCSR
Reset Address
1
Reset Vector = Application Reset (address 0x0000)
0
Reset Vector = Boot Loader Reset (see Table 119 on page 323)
1. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
The Store Program Memory Control and Status Register contains the control bits
needed to control the Boot Loader operations.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SPMIE
RWWSB
–
RWWSRE
BLBSET
PGWRT
PGERS
SPMEN
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SPMCSR
• Bit 7 – SPMIE: SPM Interrupt Enable
When the SPMIE bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the
SPM ready interrupt will be enabled. The SPM ready Interrupt will be executed as long
as the SPMEN bit in the SPMCSR Register is cleared.
• Bit 6 – RWWSB: Read-While-Write Section Busy
When a Self-Programming (Page Erase or Page Write) operation to the RWW section is
initiated, the RWWSB will be set (one) by hardware. When the RWWSB bit is set, the
RWW section cannot be accessed. The RWWSB bit will be cleared if the RWWSRE bit
is written to one after a Self-Programming operation is completed. Alternatively the
RWWSB bit will automatically be cleared if a page load operation is initiated.
• Bit 5 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90CAN128 and always read as zero.
• Bit 4 – RWWSRE: Read-While-Write Section Read Enable
When programming (Page Erase or Page Write) to the RWW section, the RWW section
is blocked for reading (the RWWSB will be set by hardware). To re-enable the RWW
section, the user software must wait until the programming is completed (SPMEN will be
cleared). Then, if the RWWSRE bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the
next SPM instruction within four clock cycles re-enables the RWW section. The RWW
section cannot be re-enabled while the Flash is busy with a Page Erase or a Page Write
(SPMEN is set). If the RWWSRE bit is written while the Flash is being loaded, the Flash
load operation will abort and the data loaded will be lost.
• Bit 3 – BLBSET: Boot Lock Bit Set
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next SPM instruction within
four clock cycles sets Boot Lock bits, according to the data in R0. The data in R1 and
the address in the Z-pointer/RAMPZ are ignored. The BLBSET bit will automatically be
cleared upon completion of the Lock bit set, or if no SPM instruction is executed within
four clock cycles.
An LPM instruction within three cycles after BLBSET and SPMEN are set in the
SPMCSR Register, will read either the Lock bits or the Fuse bits (depending on Z0 in
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the Z-pointer) into the destination register. See “Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits from
Software” on page 320 for details.
• Bit 2 – PGWRT: Page Write
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next SPM instruction within
four clock cycles executes Page Write, with the data stored in the temporary buffer. The
page address is taken from the high part of the Z-pointer and the low part of RAMPZ.
The data in R1 and R0 are ignored. The PGWRT bit will auto-clear upon completion of a
Page Write, or if no SPM instruction is executed within four clock cycles. The CPU is
halted during the entire Page Write operation if the NRWW section is addressed.
• Bit 1 – PGERS: Page Erase
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next SPM instruction within
four clock cycles executes Page Erase. The page address is taken from the high part of
the Z-pointer and the low part of RAMPZ. The data in R1 and R0 are ignored. The
PGERS bit will auto-clear upon completion of a Page Erase, or if no SPM instruction is
executed within four clock cycles. The CPU is halted during the entire Page Write operation if the NRWW section is addressed.
• Bit 0 – SPMEN: Store Program Memory Enable
This bit enables the SPM instruction for the next four clock cycles. If written to one
together with either RWWSRE, BLBSET, PGWRT’ or PGERS, the following SPM
instruction will have a special meaning, see description above. If only SPMEN is written,
the following SPM instruction will store the value in R1:R0 in the temporary page buffer
addressed by the Z-pointer/RAMPZ. The LSB of the Z-pointer is ignored. The SPMEN
bit will auto-clear upon completion of an SPM instruction, or if no SPM instruction is executed within four clock cycles. During Page Erase and Page Write, the SPMEN bit
remains high until the operation is completed.
Writing any other combination than “10001”, “01001”, “00101”, “00011” or “00001” in the
lower five bits will have no effect.
Addressing the Flash
During SelfProgramming
The Z-pointer together with RAMPZ are used to address the SPM commands. For
details on how to use the RAMPZ, see “RAM Page Z Select Register – RAMPZ” on
page 12.
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
ZH (R31)
Z15
Z14
Z13
Z12
Z11
Z10
Z9
Z8
ZL (R30)
Z7
Z6
Z5
Z4
Z3
Z2
Z1
Z0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Since the Flash is organized in pages (see Table 131 on page 330), the program
counter can be treated as having two different sections. One section, consisting of the
least significant bits, is addressing the words within a page, while the most significant
bits are addressing the pages. This is shown in Figure 155. Note that the page erase
and page write operations are addressed independently. Therefore it is of major importance that the Boot Loader software addresses the same page in both the page erase
and page write operation. Once a programming operation is initiated, the address is
latched and the Z-pointer/RAMPZ can be used for other operations.
The only SPM operation that does not use the Z-pointer/RAMPZ is setting the Boot
Loader Lock bits. The content of the Z-pointer/RAMPZ is ignored and will have no effect
on the operation. The (E)LPM instruction does also use the Z-pointer/RAMPZ to store
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the address. Since this instruction addresses the Flash byte by byte, also the LSB (bit
Z0) of the Z-pointer is used.
Figure 155. Addressing the Flash During SPM(1)
ZPCMSB
ZPAGEMSB
RAMPZ - REGISTER
0
7
1
0 15
1
PCMSB
PROGRAM
COUNTER
Z - REGISTER
0
PAGEMSB
PCPAGE
15
PCWORD
0
PAGE address
within the FLASH
WORD address
within a PAGE
PROGRAM MEMORY
PAGE
PAGE
INSTRUCTION WORD
PCWORD [PAGEMSB:0]:
00
01
02
PAGEEND
Note:
Self-Programming the
Flash
1. The different variables used in Figure 155 are listed in Table 121 on page 324.
The program memory is updated in a page by page fashion. Before programming a
page with the data stored in the temporary page buffer, the page must be erased. The
temporary page buffer is filled one word at a time using SPM and the buffer can be filled
either before the Page Erase command or between a Page Erase and a Page Write
operation:
Alternative 1: fill the buffer before a Page Erase
•
Fill temporary page buffer
•
Perform a Page Erase
•
Perform a Page Write
Alternative 2: fill the buffer after Page Erase
•
Perform a Page Erase
•
Fill temporary page buffer
•
Perform a Page Write
If only a part of the page needs to be changed, the rest of the page must be stored (for
example in the temporary page buffer) before the erase, and then be rewritten. When
using alternative 1, the Boot Loader provides an effective Read-Modify-Write feature
which allows the user software to first read the page, do the necessary changes, and
then write back the modified data. If alternative 2 is used, it is not possible to read the
old data while loading since the page is already erased. The temporary page buffer can
be accessed in a random sequence. It is essential that the page address used in both
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the Page Erase and Page Write operation is addressing the same page. See “Simple
Assembly Code Example for a Boot Loader” on page 321 for an assembly code
example.
Performing Page Erase by
SPM
Filling the Temporary Buffer
(Page Loading)
To execute Page Erase, set up the address in the Z-pointer/RAMPZ, write “X0000011”
to SPMCSR and execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The data
in R1 and R0 is ignored. The page address must be written to PCPAGE in the Z-register
and RAMPZ. Other bits in the Z-pointer must be written zero during this operation.
•
Page Erase to the RWW section: The NRWW section can be read during the page
erase.
•
Page Erase to the NRWW section: The CPU is halted during the operation.
To write an instruction word, set up the address in the Z-pointer/RAMPZ and data in
R1:R0, write “00000001” to SPMCSR and execute SPM within four clock cycles after
writing SPMCSR. The content of PCWORD in the Z-register is used to address the data
in the temporary buffer. The temporary buffer will auto-erase after a Page Write operation or by writing the RWWSRE bit in SPMCSR. It is also erased after a system reset.
Note that it is not possible to write more than one time to each address without erasing
the temporary buffer.
If the EEPROM is written in the middle of an SPM Page Load operation, all data loaded
will be lost.
Performing a Page Write
To execute Page Write, set up the address in the Z-pointer/RAMPZ, write “X0000101” to
SPMCSR and execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The data in
R1 and R0 is ignored. The page address must be written to PCPAGE. Other bits in the
Z-pointer will be ignored during this operation.
•
Page Write to the RWW section: The NRWW section can be read during the Page
Write.
•
Page Write to the NRWW section: The CPU is halted during the operation.
Using the SPM Interrupt
If the SPM interrupt is enabled, the SPM interrupt will generate a constant interrupt
when the SPMEN bit in SPMCSR is cleared. This means that the interrupt can be used
instead of polling the SPMCSR Register in software. When using the SPM interrupt, the
Interrupt Vectors should be moved to the BLS section to avoid that an interrupt is
accessing the RWW section when it is blocked for reading. How to move the interrupts
is described in “Interrupts” on page 56.
Consideration While Updating
BLS
Special care must be taken if the user allows the Boot Loader section to be updated by
leaving Boot Lock bit11 unprogrammed. An accidental write to the Boot Loader itself can
corrupt the entire Boot Loader, and further software updates might be impossible. If it is
not necessary to change the Boot Loader software itself, it is recommended to program
the Boot Lock bit11 to protect the Boot Loader software from any internal software
changes.
Prevent Reading the RWW
Section During SelfProgramming
During Self-Programming (either Page Erase or Page Write), the RWW section is
always blocked for reading. The user software itself must prevent that this section is
addressed during the self programming operation. The RWWSB in the SPMCSR will be
set as long as the RWW section is busy. During Self-Programming the Interrupt Vector
table should be moved to the BLS as described in “Interrupts” on page 56, or the interrupts must be disabled. Before addressing the RWW section after the programming is
completed, the user software must clear the RWWSB by writing the RWWSRE. See
“Simple Assembly Code Example for a Boot Loader” on page 321 for an example.
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Setting the Boot Loader Lock
Bits by SPM
To set the Boot Loader Lock bits, write the desired data to R0, write “X0001001” to
SPMCSR and execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The only
accessible Lock bits are the Boot Lock bits that may prevent the Application and Boot
Loader section from any software update by the MCU.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R0
1
1
BLB12
BLB11
BLB02
BLB01
1
1
See Table 115 and Table 116 for how the different settings of the Boot Loader bits affect
the Flash access.
If bits 5..2 in R0 are cleared (zero), the corresponding Boot Lock bit will be programmed
if an SPM instruction is executed within four cycles after BLBSET and SPMEN are set in
SPMCSR. The Z-pointer is don’t care during this operation, but for future compatibility it
is recommended to load the Z-pointer with 0x0001 (same as used for reading the Lock
bits). For future compatibility it is also recommended to set bits 7, 6, 1, and 0 in R0 to “1”
when writing the Lock bits. When programming the Lock bits the entire Flash can be
read during the operation.
EEPROM Write Prevents
Writing to SPMCSR
Note that an EEPROM write operation will block all software programming to Flash.
Reading the Fuses and Lock bits from software will also be prevented during the
EEPROM write operation. It is recommended that the user checks the status bit (EEWE)
in the EECR Register and verifies that the bit is cleared before writing to the SPMCSR
Register.
Reading the Fuse and Lock
Bits from Software
It is possible to read both the Fuse and Lock bits from software. To read the Lock bits,
load the Z-pointer with 0x0001 and set the BLBSET and SPMEN bits in SPMCSR.
When an LPM instruction is executed within three CPU cycles after the BLBSET and
SPMEN bits are set in SPMCSR, the value of the Lock bits will be loaded in the destination register. The BLBSET and SPMEN bits will auto-clear upon completion of reading
the Lock bits or if no LPM instruction is executed within three CPU cycles or no SPM
instruction is executed within four CPU cycles. When BLBSET and SPMEN are cleared,
LPM will work as described in the Instruction set Manual.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd (Z=0x0001)
–
–
BLB12
BLB11
BLB02
BLB01
LB2
LB1
The algorithm for reading the Fuse Low byte is similar to the one described above for
reading the Lock bits. To read the Fuse Low byte, load the Z-pointer with 0x0000 and
set the BLBSET and SPMEN bits in SPMCSR. When an LPM instruction is executed
within three cycles after the BLBSET and SPMEN bits are set in the SPMCSR, the value
of the Fuse Low byte (FLB) will be loaded in the destination register as shown below.
Refer to Table 126 on page 327 for a detailed description and mapping of the Fuse Low
byte.
Bit
Rd (Z=0x0000)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FLB7
FLB6
FLB5
FLB4
FLB3
FLB2
FLB1
FLB0
Similarly, when reading the Fuse High byte, load 0x0003 in the Z-pointer. When an LPM
instruction is executed within three cycles after the BLBSET and SPMEN bits are set in
the SPMCSR, the value of the Fuse High byte (FHB) will be loaded in the destination
register as shown below. Refer to Table 125 on page 326 for detailed description and
mapping of the Fuse High byte.
Bit
Rd (Z=0x0003)
320
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FHB7
FHB6
FHB5
FHB4
FHB3
FHB2
FHB1
FHB0
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AT90CAN128
When reading the Extended Fuse byte, load 0x0002 in the Z-pointer. When an LPM
instruction is executed within three cycles after the BLBSET and SPMEN bits are set in
the SPMCSR, the value of the Extended Fuse byte (EFB) will be loaded in the destination register as shown below. Refer to Table 124 on page 326 for detailed description
and mapping of the Extended Fuse byte.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd (Z=0x0002)
–
–
–
–
EFB3
EFB2
EFB1
EFB0
Fuse and Lock bits that are programmed, will be read as zero. Fuse and Lock bits that
are unprogrammed, will be read as one.
Preventing Flash Corruption
During periods of low VCC, the Flash program can be corrupted because the supply voltage is too low for the CPU and the Flash to operate properly. These issues are the same
as for board level systems using the Flash, and the same design solutions should be
applied.
A Flash program corruption can be caused by two situations when the voltage is too low.
•
First, a regular write sequence to the Flash requires a minimum voltage to operate
correctly.
•
Secondly, the CPU itself can execute instructions incorrectly, if the supply voltage
for executing instructions is too low.
Flash corruption can easily be avoided by following these design recommendations (one
is sufficient):
1. If there is no need for a Boot Loader update in the system, program the Boot
Loader Lock bits to prevent any Boot Loader software updates.
2. Keep the AVR RESET active (low) during periods of insufficient power supply
voltage. This can be done by enabling the internal Brown-out Detector (BOD) if
the operating voltage matches the detection level. If not, an external low VCC
reset protection circuit can be used. If a reset occurs while a write operation is in
progress, the write operation will be completed provided that the power supply
voltage is sufficient.
3. Keep the AVR core in Power-down sleep mode during periods of low VCC. This
will prevent the CPU from attempting to decode and execute instructions, effectively protecting the SPMCSR Register and thus the Flash from unintentional
writes.
Programming Time for Flash
when Using SPM
The calibrated RC Oscillator is used to time Flash accesses. Table 118 shows the typical programming time for Flash accesses from the CPU.
Table 118. SPM Programming Time
Simple Assembly Code
Example for a Boot Loader
Symbol
Min Programming Time
Max Programming Time
Flash write (Page Erase, Page Write,
and write Lock bits by SPM)
3.7 ms
4.5 ms
;- the routine writes one page of data from RAM to Flash
; the first data location in RAM is pointed to by the Y-pointer
; the first data location in Flash is pointed to by the Z-pointer
;- error handling is not included
;- the routine must be placed inside the Boot space
; (at least the Do_spm sub routine). Only code inside NRWW section can
; be read during Self-Programming (Page Erase and Page Write).
;- registers used: r0, r1, temp1 (r16), temp2 (r17), looplo (r24),
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; loophi (r25), spmcsrval (r20)
; storing and restoring of registers is not included in the routine
; register usage can be optimized at the expense of code size
;- it is assumed that either the interrupt table is moved to the Boot
; loader section or that the interrupts are disabled.
.equ PAGESIZEB = PAGESIZE*2
.org SMALLBOOTSTART
;PAGESIZEB is page size in BYTES, not words
Write_page:
; Page Erase
ldi
spmcsrval, (1<<PGERS) | (1<<SPMEN)
call Do_spm
; re-enable the RWW section
ldi
spmcsrval, (1<<RWWSRE) | (1<<SPMEN)
call Do_spm
; transfer data from RAM to Flash page buffer
ldi
looplo, low(PAGESIZEB)
;init loop variable
ldi
loophi, high(PAGESIZEB)
;not required for PAGESIZEB<=256
Wrloop:
ld
ld
ldi
call
adiw
sbiw
brne
r0, Y+
r1, Y+
spmcsrval, (1<<SPMEN)
Do_spm
ZH:ZL, 2
loophi:looplo, 2
Wrloop
;use subi for PAGESIZEB<=256
; execute Page Write
subi ZL, low(PAGESIZEB)
;restore pointer
sbci ZH, high(PAGESIZEB)
;not required for PAGESIZEB<=256
ldi
spmcsrval, (1<<PGWRT) | (1<<SPMEN)
call Do_spm
; re-enable the RWW section
ldi
spmcsrval, (1<<RWWSRE) | (1<<SPMEN)
call Do_spm
; read back and check, optional
ldi
looplo, low(PAGESIZEB)
ldi
loophi, high(PAGESIZEB)
subi YL, low(PAGESIZEB)
sbci YH, high(PAGESIZEB)
Rdloop:
lpm
ld
cpse
jmp
sbiw
brne
r0, Z+
r1, Y+
r0, r1
Error
loophi:looplo, 1
Rdloop
;init loop variable
;not required for PAGESIZEB<=256
;restore pointer
;use subi for PAGESIZEB<=256
; return to RWW section
; verify that RWW section is safe to read
Return:
in
temp1, SPMCSR
sbrs temp1, RWWSB
; If RWWSB is set, the RWW section is not ready yet
ret
; re-enable the RWW section
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ldi
spmcsrval, (1<<RWWSRE) | (1<<SPMEN)
call Do_spm
rjmp Return
Do_spm:
; check for previous SPM complete
Wait_spm:
in
temp1, SPMCSR
sbrc temp1, SPMEN
rjmp Wait_spm
; input: spmcsrval determines SPM action
; disable interrupts if enabled, store status
in
temp2, SREG
cli
; check that no EEPROM write access is present
Wait_ee:
sbic EECR, EEWE
rjmp Wait_ee
; SPM timed sequence
out
SPMCSR, spmcsrval
spm
; restore SREG (to enable interrupts if originally enabled)
out
SREG, temp2
ret
AT90CAN128 Boot Loader
Parameters
In Table 119 through Table 121, the parameters used in the description of the Self-Programming are given.
Table 119. Boot Size Configuration (Word Addresses)(1)
BOOTSZ1
BOOTSZ0
End
Application
Section
Boot Reset
Address
(Start Boot
Loader
Section)
1
1
512
words
4
0x0000 0xFDFF
0xFE00 0xFFFF
0xFDFF
0xFE00
1
0
1024
words
8
0x0000 0xFBFF
0xFC00 0xFFFF
0xFBFF
0xFC00
0
1
2048
words
16
0x0000 0xF7FF
0xF800 0xFFFF
0xF7FF
0xF800
0
0
4096
words
32
0x0000 0xEFFF
0xF000 0xFFFF
0xEFFF
0xF000
Note:
Boot
Size
Pages
Application
Flash Section
Boot
Loader
Flash
Section
1. The different BOOTSZ Fuse configurations are shown in Figure 154
Table 120. Read-While-Write Limit (Word Addresses)(1)
Section
Pages
Address
Read-While-Write section (RWW)
480
0x0000 - 0xEFFF
No Read-While-Write section (NRWW)
32
0xF000 - 0xFFFF
Note:
1. For details about these two section, see “NRWW – No Read-While-Write Section” on
page 312 and “RWW – Read-While-Write Section” on page 312.
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Table 121. Explanation of Different Variables Used in Figure 155 and the Mapping to
the Z-Pointer/RAMPZ(3)
Corresponding
Z-value
Variable
PCMSB
15
Most significant bit in the program counter.
(The program counter is 16 bits PC[15:0])
PAGEMSB
6
Most significant bit which is used to address the
words within one page (128 words in a page
requires 7 bits PC [6:0]).
ZPCMSB
ZPAGEMSB
Z16(1)
Bit in Z-register that is mapped to PCMSB.
Because Z0 is not used, the ZPCMSB equals
PCMSB + 1.
Z7
Bit in Z-register that is mapped to PAGEMSB.
Because Z0 is not used, the ZPAGEMSB
equals PAGEMSB + 1.
Program counter page address: Page select,
for Page Erase and Page Write.
PCPAGE
PC[15:7]
Z16(1):Z7
PCWORD
PC[6:0]
Z7:Z1
Notes:
324
Description(2)
Program counter word address: Word select,
for filling temporary buffer (must be zero during
PAGE WRITE operation).
1. The Z-register is only 16 bits wide. Bit 16 is located in the RAMPZ register in the I/O
map.
2. Z0: should be zero for all SPM commands, byte select for the (E)LPM instruction.
3. See “Addressing the Flash During Self-Programming” on page 317 for details about
the use of Z-pointer/RAMPZ during self-programming.
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AT90CAN128
Memory Programming
Program and Data
Memory Lock Bits
The AT90CAN128 provides six Lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (“1”) or can
be programmed (“0”) to obtain the additional features listed in Table 123. The Lock bits
can only be erased to “1” with the Chip Erase command.
Table 122. Lock Bit Byte(1)
Lock Bit Byte
Description
Default Value
7
–
1 (unprogrammed)
6
–
1 (unprogrammed)
BLB12
5
Boot Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
BLB11
4
Boot Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
BLB02
3
Boot Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
BLB01
2
Boot Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
LB2
1
Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
LB1
0
Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
Note:
Bit No
1. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
Table 123. Lock Bit Protection Modes(1)(2)
Memory Lock Bits
Protection Type
LB Mode
LB2
LB1
1
1
1
No memory lock features enabled.
2
1
0
Further programming of the Flash and EEPROM is disabled
in Parallel and Serial Programming mode. The Fuse bits are
locked in both Serial and Parallel Programming mode.(1)
0
Further programming and verification of the Flash and
EEPROM is disabled in Parallel and Serial Programming
mode. The Boot Lock bits and Fuse bits are locked in both
Serial and Parallel Programming mode.(1)
3
BLB0 Mode
0
BLB02 BLB01
1
1
1
No restrictions for SPM (Store Program Memory) or LPM
(Load Program Memory) accessing the Application section.
2
1
0
SPM is not allowed to write to the Application section.
0
SPM is not allowed to write to the Application section, and
LPM executing from the Boot Loader section is not allowed
to read from the Application section. If Interrupt Vectors are
placed in the Boot Loader section, interrupts are disabled
while executing from the Application section.
LPM executing from the Boot Loader section is not allowed
to read from the Application section. If Interrupt Vectors are
placed in the Boot Loader section, interrupts are disabled
while executing from the Application section.
3
0
4
0
1
BLB1 Mode
BLB12
BLB11
1
1
1
No restrictions for SPM or LPM accessing the Boot Loader
section.
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Table 123. Lock Bit Protection Modes(1)(2) (Continued)
Memory Lock Bits
2
1
3
0
4
Notes:
Fuse Bits
0
Protection Type
0
SPM is not allowed to write to the Boot Loader section.
0
SPM is not allowed to write to the Boot Loader section, and
LPM executing from the Application section is not allowed to
read from the Boot Loader section. If Interrupt Vectors are
placed in the Application section, interrupts are disabled
while executing from the Boot Loader section.
1
LPM executing from the Application section is not allowed to
read from the Boot Loader section. If Interrupt Vectors are
placed in the Application section, interrupts are disabled
while executing from the Boot Loader section.
1. Program the Fuse bits and Boot Lock bits before programming the LB1 and LB2.
2. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
The AT90CAN128 has three Fuse bytes. Table 124, Table 125 and Table 126 describe
briefly the functionality of all the fuses and how they are mapped into the Fuse bytes.
Note that the fuses are read as logical zero, “0”, if they are programmed.
Table 124. Extended Fuse Byte
Fuse Extended
Byte
Bit
No
Description
Default Value
–
7
–
1
–
6
–
1
–
5
–
1
–
4
–
1
BODLEVEL2
(1)
3
Brown-out Detector trigger level
1 (unprogrammed)
BODLEVEL1
(1)
2
Brown-out Detector trigger level
1 (unprogrammed)
BODLEVEL0
(1)
1
Brown-out Detector trigger level
1 (unprogrammed)
0
(Reserved for factory tests)
1 (unprogrammed)
TA0SEL
Notes:
1. See Table 20 on page 50 for BODLEVEL Fuse decoding.
Table 125. Fuse High Byte
Fuse High
Byte
Bit
No
Description
Default Value
7
Enable OCD
1 (unprogrammed, OCD disabled)
JTAGEN
6
Enable JTAG
0 (programmed, JTAG enabled)
SPIEN(1)
5
Enable Serial Program and Data
Downloading
0 (programmed, SPI prog. enabled)
WDTON(3)
4
Watchdog Timer always on
1 (unprogrammed)
EESAVE
3
EEPROM memory is preserved
through the Chip Erase
1 (unprogrammed, EEPROM not
preserved)
(4)
OCDEN
(5)
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Table 125. Fuse High Byte (Continued)
Fuse High
Byte
Bit
No
BOOTSZ1
Description
Default Value
2
Select Boot Size
(see Table 119 for details)
0 (programmed)(2)
BOOTSZ0
1
Select Boot Size
(see Table 119 for details)
0 (programmed)(2)
BOOTRST
0
Select Reset Vector
1 (unprogrammed)
Note:
1. The SPIEN Fuse is not accessible in serial programming mode.
2. The default value of BOOTSZ1..0 results in maximum Boot Size. See Table 119 on
page 323 for details.
3. See “Watchdog Timer Control Register – WDTCR” on page 54 for details.
4. Never ship a product with the OCDEN Fuse programmed regardless of the setting of
Lock bits and JTAGEN Fuse. A programmed OCDEN Fuse enables some parts of
the clock system to be running in all sleep modes. This may increase the power
consumption.
5. If the JTAG interface is left unconnected, the JTAGEN fuse should if possible be disabled. This to avoid static current at the TDO pin in the JTAG interface.
Table 126. Fuse Low Byte
Fuse Low
Byte
Bit
No
Description
Default Value
7
Divide clock by 8
0 (programmed)
CKOUT(3)
6
Clock output
1 (unprogrammed)
SUT1
5
Select start-up time
1 (unprogrammed)(1)
SUT0
4
Select start-up time
0 (programmed)(1)
CKSEL3
3
Select Clock source
0 (programmed)(2)
CKSEL2
2
Select Clock source
0 (programmed)(2)
CKSEL1
1
Select Clock source
1 (unprogrammed)(2)
CKSEL0
0
Select Clock source
0 (programmed)(2)
CKDIV8
Note:
(4)
1. The default value of SUT1..0 results in maximum start-up time for the default clock
source. See Table 12 on page 39 for details.
2. The default setting of CKSEL3..0 results in internal RC Oscillator @ 8 MHz. See
Table 5 on page 35 for details.
3. The CKOUT Fuse allow the system clock to be output on Port PC7. See “Clock Output Buffer” on page 40 for details.
4. See “System Clock Prescaler” on page 41 for details.
The status of the Fuse bits is not affected by Chip Erase. Note that the Fuse bits are
locked if Lock bit1 (LB1) is programmed. Program the Fuse bits before programming the
Lock bits.
Latching of Fuses
The fuse values are latched when the device enters programming mode and changes of
the fuse values will have no effect until the part leaves Programming mode. This does
not apply to the EESAVE Fuse which will take effect once it is programmed. The fuses
are also latched on Power-up in Normal mode.
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Signature Bytes
All Atmel microcontrollers have a three-byte signature code which identifies the device.
This code can be read in both serial and parallel mode, also when the device is locked.
The three bytes reside in a separate address space.
For the AT90CAN128 the signature bytes are:
1. 0x000: 0x1E (indicates manufactured by Atmel).
2. 0x001: 0x97 (indicates 128KB Flash memory).
3. 0x002: 0x81 (indicates AT90CAN128 device when 0x001 is 0x97).
Calibration Byte
328
The AT90CAN128 has a byte calibration value for the internal RC Oscillator. This byte
resides in the high byte of address 0x000 in the signature address space. During reset,
this byte is automatically written into the OSCCAL Register to ensure correct frequency
of the calibrated RC Oscillator.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Parallel Programming
Overview
This section describes how to parallel program and verify Flash Program memory,
EEPROM Data memory, Memory Lock bits, and Fuse bits in the AT90CAN128. Pulses
are assumed to be at least 250 ns unless otherwise noted.
Signal Names
In this section, some pins of the AT90CAN128 are referenced by signal names describing their functionality during parallel programming, see Figure 156 and Table 127. Pins
not described in the following table are referenced by pin names.
The XA1/XA0 pins determine the action executed when the XTAL1 pin is given a positive pulse. The bit coding is shown in Table 129.
When pulsing WR or OE, the command loaded determines the action executed. The different Commands are shown in Table 130.
Figure 156. Parallel Programming
+2.7 - +5.5V
RDY/BSY
PD1
OE
PD2
WR
PD3
BS1
PD4
XA0
PD5
XA1
PD6
PAGEL
PD7
+12 V
BS2
VCC
+2.7 - +5.5V
AVCC
PB7 - PB0
DATA
RESET
PA0
XTAL1
GND
Pin Mapping
Table 127. Pin Name Mapping
Signal Name in
Programming Mode
Pin Name
I/O
Function
RDY/BSY
PD1
O
0: Device is busy programming,
1: Device is ready for new command.
OE
PD2
I
Output Enable (Active low).
WR
PD3
I
Write Pulse (Active low).
BS1
PD4
I
Byte Select 1
(“0” selects low byte, “1” selects high byte).
XA0
PD5
I
XTAL Action Bit 0
XA1
PD6
I
XTAL Action Bit 1
PAGEL
PD7
I
Program Memory and EEPROM data Page Load.
BS2
PA0
I
Byte Select 2
(“0” selects low byte, “1” selects 2’nd high byte).
DATA
PB7-0
I/O
Bi-directional Data bus (Output when OE is low).
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Commands
Table 128. Pin Values Used to Enter Programming Mode
Pin
Symbol
Value
PAGEL
Prog_enable[3]
0
XA1
Prog_enable[2]
0
XA0
Prog_enable[1]
0
BS1
Prog_enable[0]
0
Table 129. XA1 and XA0 Coding
XA1
XA0
Action when XTAL1 is Pulsed
0
0
Load Flash or EEPROM Address (High or low address byte
determined by BS1).
0
1
Load Data (High or Low data byte for Flash determined by BS1).
1
0
Load Command
1
1
No Action, Idle
Table 130. Command Byte Bit Coding
Command Byte
Command Executed
1000 0000
Chip Erase
0100 0000
Write Fuse bits
0010 0000
Write Lock bits
0001 0000
Write Flash
0001 0001
Write EEPROM
0000 1000
Read Signature bytes and Calibration byte
0000 0100
Read Fuse and Lock bits
0000 0010
Read Flash
0000 0011
Read EEPROM
Parameters
Table 131. No. of Words in a Page and No. of Pages in the Flash
Flash Size
Page Size
PCWORD
No. of Pages
PCPAGE
PCMSB
64K words (128K bytes)
128 words
PC[6:0]
512
PC[15:7]
15
Table 132. No. of Words in a Page and No. of Pages in the EEPROM
330
EEPROM Size
Page Size
PCWORD
No. of Pages
PCPAGE
EEAMSB
4K bytes
8 bytes
EEA[2:0]
512
EEA[11:3]
11
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Parallel Programming
Enter Programming Mode
The following algorithm puts the device in parallel programming mode:
1. Apply 4.5 - 5.5V between VCC and GND.
2. Set RESET to “0” and toggle XTAL1 at least six times.
3. Set the Prog_enable pins listed in Table 128 on page 330 to “0000” and wait at
least 100 ns.
4. Apply 11.5 - 12.5V to RESET. Any activity on Prog_enable pins within 100 ns
after +12V has been applied to RESET, will cause the device to fail entering programming mode.
5. Wait at least 50 µs before sending a new command.
Considerations for
Efficient Programming
Chip Erase
The loaded command and address are retained in the device during programming. For
efficient programming, the following should be considered.
•
The command needs only be loaded once when writing or reading multiple memory
locations.
•
Skip writing the data value 0xFF, that is the contents of the entire EEPROM (unless
the EESAVE Fuse is programmed) and Flash after a Chip Erase.
•
Address high byte needs only be loaded before programming or reading a new 256
word window in Flash or 256 byte EEPROM. This consideration also applies to
Signature bytes reading.
The Chip Erase will erase the Flash and EEPROM(1) memories plus Lock bits. The Lock
bits are not reset until the program memory has been completely erased. The Fuse bits
are not changed. A Chip Erase must be performed before the Flash and/or EEPROM
are reprogrammed.
Note:
1. The EEPRPOM memory is preserved during Chip Erase if the EESAVE Fuse is
programmed.
Load Command “Chip Erase”
1. Set XA1, XA0 to “10”. This enables command loading.
2. Set BS1 to “0”.
3. Set DATA to “1000 0000”. This is the command for Chip Erase.
4. Give XTAL1 a positive pulse. This loads the command.
5. Give WR a negative pulse. This starts the Chip Erase. RDY/BSY goes low.
6. Wait until RDY/BSY goes high before loading a new command.
Programming the Flash
The Flash is organized in pages, see Table 131 on page 330. When programming the
Flash, the program data is latched into a page buffer. This allows one page of program
data to be programmed simultaneously. The following procedure describes how to program the entire Flash memory:
A. Load Command “Write Flash”
1. Set XA1, XA0 to “10”. This enables command loading.
2. Set BS1 to “0”.
3. Set DATA to “0001 0000”. This is the command for Write Flash.
4. Give XTAL1 a positive pulse. This loads the command.
B. Load Address Low byte
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1. Set XA1, XA0 to “00”. This enables address loading.
2. Set BS1 to “0”. This selects low address.
3. Set DATA = Address low byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Give XTAL1 a positive pulse. This loads the address low byte.
C. Load Data Low Byte
1. Set XA1, XA0 to “01”. This enables data loading.
2. Set DATA = Data low byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
3. Give XTAL1 a positive pulse. This loads the data byte.
D. Load Data High Byte
1. Set BS1 to “1”. This selects high data byte.
2. Set XA1, XA0 to “01”. This enables data loading.
3. Set DATA = Data high byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Give XTAL1 a positive pulse. This loads the data byte.
E. Latch Data
1. Set BS1 to “1”. This selects high data byte.
2. Give PAGEL a positive pulse. This latches the data bytes. (See Figure 158 for
signal waveforms)
F. Repeat B through E until the entire buffer is filled or until all data within the page is
loaded.
While the lower bits in the address are mapped to words within the page, the higher bits
address the pages within the FLASH. This is illustrated in Figure 157 on page 333. Note
that if less than eight bits are required to address words in the page (pagesize < 256),
the most significant bit(s) in the address low byte are used to address the page when
performing a Page Write.
G. Load Address High byte
1. Set XA1, XA0 to “00”. This enables address loading.
2. Set BS1 to “1”. This selects high address.
3. Set DATA = Address high byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Give XTAL1 a positive pulse. This loads the address high byte.
H. Program Page
1. Give WR a negative pulse. This starts programming of the entire page of data.
RDY/BSYgoes low.
2. Wait until RDY/BSY goes high (See Figure 158 for signal waveforms).
I. Repeat B through H until the entire Flash is programmed or until all data has been
programmed.
J. End Page Programming
1. 1. Set XA1, XA0 to “10”. This enables command loading.
2. Set DATA to “0000 0000”. This is the command for No Operation.
3. Give XTAL1 a positive pulse. This loads the command, and the internal write signals are reset.
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AT90CAN128
Figure 157. Addressing the Flash Which is Organized in Pages(1)
PCMSB
PAGEMSB
PROGRAM
COUNTER
PCPAGE
PCWORD
15
0
PAGE address
within the FLASH
WORD address
within a PAGE
PROGRAM MEMORY
PAGE
PAGE
INSTRUCTION WORD
PCWORD [PAGEMSB:0]:
00
01
02
PAGEEND
Note:
1. PCPAGE and PCWORD are listed in Table 131 on page 330.
Figure 158. Programming the Flash Waveforms(1)
F
DATA
A
B
C
D
E
0x10
ADDR. LOW
DATA LOW
DATA HIGH
XX
B
ADDR. LOW
C
D
E
DATA LOW
DATA HIGH
XX
G
ADDR. HIGH
H
XX
XA1
XA0
BS1
XTAL1
WR
RDY/BSY
RESET +12V
OE
PAGEL
BS2
Note:
Programming the EEPROM
1. “XX” is don’t care. The letters refer to the programming description above.
The EEPROM is organized in pages, see Table 132 on page 330. When programming
the EEPROM, the program data is latched into a page buffer. This allows one page of
data to be programmed simultaneously. The programming algorithm for the EEPROM
data memory is as follows (refer to “Programming the Flash” on page 331 for details on
Command, Address and Data loading):
1. A: Load Command “0001 0001”.
2. G: Load Address High Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
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3. B: Load Address Low Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. C: Load Data (0x00 - 0xFF).
5. E: Latch data (give PAGEL a positive pulse).
K: Repeat 3 through 5 until the entire buffer is filled.
L: Program EEPROM page
1. Set BS to “0”.
2. Give WR a negative pulse. This starts programming of the EEPROM page.
RDY/BSY goes low.
3. Wait until to RDY/BSY goes high before programming the next page (See Figure
159 for signal waveforms).
Figure 159. Programming the EEPROM Waveforms
K
DATA
A
G
0x11
ADDR. HIGH
B
ADDR. LOW
C
DATA
E
XX
B
ADDR. LOW
C
DATA
E
L
XX
XA1
XA0
BS1
XTAL1
WR
RDY/BSY
RESET +12V
OE
PAGEL
BS2
Reading the Flash
The algorithm for reading the Flash memory is as follows (refer to “Programming the
Flash” on page 331 for details on Command and Address loading):
1. A: Load Command “0000 0010”.
2. G: Load Address High Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
3. B: Load Address Low Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Set OE to “0”, and BS1 to “0”. The Flash word low byte can now be read at
DATA.
5. Set BS to “1”. The Flash word high byte can now be read at DATA.
6. Set OE to “1”.
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AT90CAN128
Reading the EEPROM
The algorithm for reading the EEPROM memory is as follows (refer to “Programming the
Flash” on page 331 for details on Command and Address loading):
1. A: Load Command “0000 0011”.
2. G: Load Address High Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
3. B: Load Address Low Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Set OE to “0”, and BS1 to “0”. The EEPROM Data byte can now be read at
DATA.
5. Set OE to “1”.
Programming the
Fuse Low Bits
The algorithm for programming the Fuse Low bits is as follows (refer to “Programming
the Flash” on page 331 for details on Command and Data loading):
1. A: Load Command “0100 0000”.
2. C: Load Data Low Byte. Bit n = “0” programs and bit n = “1” erases the Fuse bit.
3. Give WR a negative pulse and wait for RDY/BSY to go high.
Programming the
Fuse High Bits
The algorithm for programming the Fuse High bits is as follows (refer to “Programming
the Flash” on page 331 for details on Command and Data loading):
1. A: Load Command “0100 0000”.
2. C: Load Data Low Byte. Bit n = “0” programs and bit n = “1” erases the Fuse bit.
3. Set BS1 to “1” and BS2 to “0”. This selects high data byte.
4. Give WR a negative pulse and wait for RDY/BSY to go high.
5. Set BS1 to “0”. This selects low data byte.
Programming the
Extended Fuse Bits
The algorithm for programming the Extended Fuse bits is as follows (refer to “Programming the Flash” on page 331 for details on Command and Data loading):
1. A: Load Command “0100 0000”.
2. C: Load Data Low Byte. Bit n = “0” programs and bit n = “1” erases the Fuse bit.
3. Set BS1 to “0” and BS2 to “1”. This selects extended data byte.
4. Give WR a negative pulse and wait for RDY/BSY to go high.
5. Set BS2 to “0”. This selects low data byte.
Figure 160. Programming the FUSES Waveforms
Write Fuse Low byte
DATA
A
C
0x40
DATA
XX
Write Fuse high byte
A
C
0x40
DATA
XX
Write Extended Fuse byte
A
C
0x40
DATA
XX
XA1
XA0
BS1
BS2
XTAL1
WR
RDY/BSY
RESET +12V
OE
PAGEL
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4250E–CAN–12/04
Programming the Lock Bits
The algorithm for programming the Lock bits is as follows (refer to “Programming the
Flash” on page 331 for details on Command and Data loading):
1. A: Load Command “0010 0000”.
2. C: Load Data Low Byte. Bit n = “0” programs the Lock bit. If LB mode 3 is programmed (LB1 and LB2 is programmed), it is not possible to program the Boot
Lock bits by any External Programming mode.
3. Give WR a negative pulse and wait for RDY/BSY to go high.
The Lock bits can only be cleared by executing Chip Erase.
Reading the Fuse and
Lock Bits
The algorithm for reading the Fuse and Lock bits is as follows (refer to “Programming
the Flash” on page 331 for details on Command loading):
1. A: Load Command “0000 0100”.
2. Set OE to “0”, BS2 to “0” and BS1 to “0”. The status of the Fuse Low bits can
now be read at DATA (“0” means programmed).
3. Set OE to “0”, BS2 to “1” and BS1 to “1”. The status of the Fuse High bits can
now be read at DATA (“0” means programmed).
4. Set OE to “0”, BS2 to “1”, and BS1 to “0”. The status fo the Extended Fuse bits
can now be read at DATA (“0” means programmed).
5. Set OE to “0”, BS2 to “0” and BS1 to “1”. The status of the Lock bits can now be
read at DATA (“0” means programmed).
6. Set OE to “1”.
Figure 161. Mapping Between BS1, BS2 and the Fuse and Lock Bits During Read
Fuse Low Byte
0
Extended Fuse Byte
1
0
DATA
BS2
Lock Bits
0
Fuse High Byte
1
1
BS1
BS2
Reading the Signature Bytes
The algorithm for reading the Signature bytes is as follows (refer to “Programming the
Flash” on page 331 for details on Command and Address loading):
1. A: Load Command “0000 1000”.
2. B: Load Address Low Byte (0x00 - 0x02).
3. Set OE to “0”, and BS to “0”. The selected Signature byte can now be read at DATA.
4. Set OE to “1”.
Reading the Calibration Byte
The algorithm for reading the Calibration byte is as follows (refer to “Programming the
Flash” on page 331 for details on Command and Address loading):
1. A: Load Command “0000 1000”.
2. B: Load Address Low Byte, 0x00.
3. Set OE to “0”, and BS1 to “1”. The Calibration byte can now be read at DATA.
4. Set OE to “1”.
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AT90CAN128
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AT90CAN128
SPI Serial Programming
Overview
This section describes how to serial program and verify Flash Program memory,
EEPROM Data memory, Memory Lock bits, and Fuse bits in the AT90CAN128.
Signal Names
Both the Flash and EEPROM memory arrays can be programmed using the serial SPI
bus while RESET is pulled to GND. The serial interface consists of pins SCK, MOSI
(input) and MISO (output). After RESET is set low, the Programming Enable instruction
needs to be executed first before program/erase operations can be executed. NOTE, in
Table 133 on page 338, the pin mapping for SPI programming is listed. Not all parts use
the SPI pins dedicated for the internal SPI interface. Note that throughout the description about Serial downloading, MOSI and MISO are used to describe the serial data in
and serial data out respectively. For AT90CAN128 these pins are mapped to PDI (PE0)
and PDO (PE1).
Figure 162. Serial Programming and Verify(1)
+2.7 - +5.5V
VCC
PDI
PE0
PDO
PE1
SCK
PB1
+2.7 - +5.5V
AVCC
XTAL1
RESET
GND
Notes:
1. If the device is clocked by the internal Oscillator, it is no need to connect a clock
source to the XTAL1 pin.
When programming the EEPROM, an auto-erase cycle is built into the self-timed programming operation (in the Serial mode ONLY) and there is no need to first execute the
Chip Erase instruction. The Chip Erase operation turns the content of every memory
location in both the Program and EEPROM arrays into 0xFF.
Depending on CKSEL Fuses, a valid clock must be present. The minimum low and
high periods for the serial clock (SCK) input are defined as follows:
Low: > 2 CPU clock cycles for fck < 12 MHz, 3 CPU clock cycles for fck ≥ 12 MHz
High: > 2 CPU clock cycles for fck < 12 MHz, 3 CPU clock cycles for fck ≥ 12 MHz
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Pin Mapping
Table 133. Pin Mapping Serial Programming
Symbol
Pins
I/O
Description
MOSI (PDI)
PE0
I
Serial Data in
MISO (PDO)
PE1
O
Serial Data out
SCK
PB1
I
Serial Clock
Parameters
The Flash parameters are given in Table 131 on page 330 and the EEPROM parameters in Table 132 on page 330.
SPI Serial Programming
When writing serial data to the AT90CAN128, data is clocked on the rising edge of SCK.
When reading data from the AT90CAN128, data is clocked on the falling edge of SCK.
To program and verify the AT90CAN128 in the serial programming mode, the following
sequence is recommended (See four byte instruction formats in Table 135):
1. Power-up sequence:
Apply power between VCC and GND while RESET and SCK are set to “0”. In some
systems, the programmer can not guarantee that SCK is held low during power-up.
In this case, RESET must be given a positive pulse of at least two CPU clock cycles
duration after SCK has been set to “0”.
2. Wait for at least 20 ms and enable serial programming by sending the Programming
Enable serial instruction to pin MOSI.
3. The serial programming instructions will not work if the communication is out of synchronization. When in sync. the second byte (0x53), will echo back when issuing the
third byte of the Programming Enable instruction. Whether the echo is correct or
not, all four bytes of the instruction must be transmitted. If the 0x53 did not echo
back, give RESET a positive pulse and issue a new Programming Enable
command.
4. The Flash is programmed one page at a time. The memory page is loaded one byte
at a time by supplying the 7 LSB of the address and data together with the Load
Program Memory Page instruction. To ensure correct loading of the page, the data
low byte must be loaded before data high byte is applied for a given address. The
Program Memory Page is stored by loading the Write Program Memory Page
instruction with the 9 MSB of the address. If polling is not used, the user must wait at
least tWD_FLASH before issuing the next page. (See Table 134.) Accessing the serial
programming interface before the Flash write operation completes can result in
incorrect programming.
5. The EEPROM array is programmed one byte at a time by supplying the address
and data together with the appropriate Write instruction. An EEPROM memory location is first automatically erased before new data is written. If polling is not used, the
user must wait at least tWD_EEPROM before issuing the next byte. (See Table 134.) In
a chip erased device, no 0xFFs in the data file(s) need to be programmed.
6. Any memory location can be verified by using the Read instruction which returns the
content at the selected address at serial output MISO.
7. At the end of the programming session, RESET can be set high to commence normal operation.
8. Power-off sequence (if needed):
Set RESET to “1”.
Turn VCC power off.
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AT90CAN128
Data Polling Flash
When a page is being programmed into the Flash, reading an address location within
the page being programmed will give the value 0xFF. At the time the device is ready for
a new page, the programmed value will read correctly. This is used to determine when
the next page can be written. Note that the entire page is written simultaneously and any
address within the page can be used for polling. Data polling of the Flash will not work
for the value 0xFF, so when programming this value, the user will have to wait for at
least tWD_FLASH before programming the next page. As a chip-erased device contains
0xFF in all locations, programming of addresses that are meant to contain 0xFF, can be
skipped. See Table 134 for tWD_FLASH value.
Data Polling EEPROM
When a new byte has been written and is being programmed into EEPROM, reading the
address location being programmed will give the value 0xFF. At the time the device is
ready for a new byte, the programmed value will read correctly. This is used to determine when the next byte can be written. This will not work for the value 0xFF, but the
user should have the following in mind: As a chip-erased device contains 0xFF in all
locations, programming of addresses that are meant to contain 0xFF, can be skipped.
This does not apply if the EEPROM is re-programmed without chip erasing the device.
In this case, data polling cannot be used for the value 0xFF, and the user will have to
wait at least t WD_EEPROM before programming the next byte. See Table 134 for
tWD_EEPROM value.
Table 134. Minimum Wait Delay Before Writing the Next Flash or EEPROM Location
Symbol
Minimum Wait Delay
tWD_FLASH
4.5 ms
tWD_EEPROM
9.0 ms
tWD_ERASE
9.0 ms
Figure 163. Serial Programming Waveforms
SERIAL DATA INPUT
(MOSI-PDI)
MSB
LSB
SERIAL DATA OUTPUT
(MISO-PDO)
MSB
LSB
SERIAL CLOCK INPUT
(SCK)
Sample
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Table 135. Serial Programming Instruction Set
Instruction Format
Instruction
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte4
Operation
Programming
Enable
1010 1100
0101 0011
xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx
Enable Serial Programming after RESET goes
low.
Chip Erase
1010 1100
100x xxxx
xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx
Chip Erase EEPROM and Flash.
Read Program
Memory
0010 H000
aaaa aaaa
bbbb bbbb
oooo oooo
Read H (high or low) data o from Program
memory at word address a:b.
Load Program
Memory Page
0100 H000
000x xxxx
xbbb bbbb
iiii iiii
Write H (high or low) data i to Program Memory
page at word address b. Data low byte must be
loaded before Data high byte is applied within the
same address.
Write Program
Memory Page
0100 1100
aaaa aaaa
bxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx
Write Program Memory Page at address a:b.
Read EEPROM
Memory
1010 0000
000x aaaa
bbbb bbbb
oooo oooo
Read data o from EEPROM memory at address
a:b.
Write EEPROM
Memory
1100 0000
000x aaaa
bbbb bbbb
iiii iiii
Write data i to EEPROM memory at address a:b.
Load EEPROM
Memory Page
(page access)
1100 0001
0000 0000
0000 0bbb
iiii iiii
Load data i to EEPROM memory page buffer.
After data is loaded, program EEPROM page.
Write EEPROM
Memory Page
(page access)
1100 0010
00xx aaaa
bbbb b000
xxxx xxxx
Write EEPROM page at address a:b.
Read Lock bits
0101 1000
0000 0000
xxxx xxxx
xxoo oooo
Read Lock bits.
“0” = programmed, “1” = unprogrammed.
See Table 122 on page 325 for details.
Write Lock bits
1010 1100
111x xxxx
xxxx xxxx
11ii iiii
Write Lock bits. Set bits = “0” to program Lock
bits. See Table 122 on page 325 for details.
Read Signature
Byte
0011 0000
000x xxxx
xxxx xxbb
oooo oooo
Read Signature Byte o at address b.
Write Fuse Low bits
1010 1100
1010 0000
xxxx xxxx
iiii iiii
Set bits = “0” to program, “1” to unprogram. See
Table 126 on page 327 for details.
Write Fuse High bits
1010 1100
1010 1000
xxxx xxxx
iiii iiii
Set bits = “0” to program, “1” to unprogram. See
Table 125 on page 326 for details.
Write Extended
Fuse Bits
1010 1100
1010 0100
xxxx xxxx
xxxx iiii
Set bits = “0” to program, “1” to unprogram. See
Table 124 on page 326 for details.
Read Fuse Low bits
0101 0000
0000 0000
xxxx xxxx
oooo oooo
Read Fuse bits. “0” = programmed, “1” =
unprogrammed. See Table 126 on page 327 for
details.
Read Fuse High bits
0101 1000
0000 1000
xxxx xxxx
oooo oooo
Read Fuse High bits. “0” = pro-grammed, “1” =
unprogrammed. See Table 125 on page 326 for
details.
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Table 135. Serial Programming Instruction Set (Continued)
Instruction Format
Instruction
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte4
Read Extended
Fuse Bits
0101 0000
0000 1000
xxxx xxxx
oooo oooo
Read Extended Fuse bits. “0” = pro-grammed, “1”
= unprogrammed. See Table 124 on page 326 for
details.
Read Calibration
Byte
0011 1000
000x xxxx
0000 0000
oooo oooo
Read Calibration Byte
Poll RDY/BSY
1111 0000
0000 0000
xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxo
If o = “1”, a programming operation is still busy.
Wait until this bit returns to “0” before applying
another command.
Note:
Operation
a = address high bits
b = address low bits
H = 0 - Low byte, 1 - High Byte
o = data out
i = data in
x = don’t care
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JTAG Programming
Overview
Programming through the JTAG interface requires control of the four JTAG specific
pins: TCK, TMS, TDI, and TDO. Control of the reset and clock pins is not required.
To be able to use the JTAG interface, the JTAGEN Fuse must be programmed. The
device is default shipped with the fuse programmed. In addition, the JTD bit in MCUCR
must be cleared. Alternatively, if the JTD bit is set, the external reset can be forced low.
Then, the JTD bit will be cleared after two chip clocks, and the JTAG pins are available
for programming. This provides a means of using the JTAG pins as normal port pins in
Running mode while still allowing In-System Programming via the JTAG interface. Note
that this technique can not be used when using the JTAG pins for Boundary-scan or Onchip Debug. In these cases the JTAG pins must be dedicated for this purpose.
During programming the clock frequency of the TCK Input must be less than the maximum frequency of the chip. The System Clock Prescaler can not be used to divide the
TCK Clock Input into a sufficiently low frequency.
As a definition in this datasheet, the LSB is shifted in and out first of all Shift Registers.
Programming Specific JTAG
Instructions
The instruction register is 4-bit wide, supporting up to 16 instructions. The JTAG instructions useful for programming are listed below.
The OPCODE for each instruction is shown behind the instruction name in hex format.
The text describes which data register is selected as path between TDI and TDO for
each instruction.
The Run-Test/Idle state of the TAP controller is used to generate internal clocks. It can
also be used as an idle state between JTAG sequences. The state machine sequence
for changing the instruction word is shown in Figure 164.
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Figure 164. State Machine Sequence for Changing the Instruction Word
1
Test-Logic-Reset
0
0
Run-Test/Idle
1
Select-DR Scan
1
Select-IR Scan
0
1
0
1
Capture-DR
Capture-IR
0
0
0
Shift-DR
1
1
Exit1-DR
0
0
Pause-DR
0
Pause-IR
1
1
0
Exit2-DR
Exit2-IR
1
1
Update-DR
AVR_RESET (0xC)
1
Exit1-IR
0
1
0
Shift-IR
1
0
1
Update-IR
0
1
0
The AVR specific public JTAG instruction for setting the AVR device in the Reset mode
or taking the device out from the Reset mode. The TAP controller is not reset by this
instruction. The one bit Reset Register is selected as data register. Note that the reset
will be active as long as there is a logic “one” in the Reset Chain. The output from this
chain is not latched.
The active states are:
•
PROG_ENABLE (0x4)
PROG_COMMANDS (0x5)
Shift-DR: The Reset Register is shifted by the TCK input.
The AVR specific public JTAG instruction for enabling programming via the JTAG port.
The 16-bit Programming Enable Register is selected as data register. The active states
are the following:
•
Shift-DR: The programming enable signature is shifted into the data register.
•
Update-DR: The programming enable signature is compared to the correct value,
and Programming mode is entered if the signature is valid.
The AVR specific public JTAG instruction for entering programming commands via the
JTAG port. The 15-bit Programming Command Register is selected as data register.
The active states are the following:
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PROG_PAGELOAD (0x6)
PROG_PAGEREAD (0x7)
Data Registers
Reset Register
•
Capture-DR: The result of the previous command is loaded into the data register.
•
Shift-DR: The data register is shifted by the TCK input, shifting out the result of the
previous command and shifting in the new command.
•
Update-DR: The programming command is applied to the Flash inputs
•
Run-Test/Idle: One clock cycle is generated, executing the applied command (not
always required, see Table 136 below).
The AVR specific public JTAG instruction to directly load the Flash data page via the
JTAG port. An 8-bit Flash Data Byte Register is selected as the data register. This is
physically the 8 LSBs of the Programming Command Register. The active states are the
following:
•
Shift-DR: The Flash Data Byte Register is shifted by the TCK input.
•
Update-DR: The content of the Flash Data Byte Register is copied into a temporary
register. A write sequence is initiated that within 11 TCK cycles loads the content of
the temporary register into the Flash page buffer. The AVR automatically alternates
between writing the low and the high byte for each new Update-DR state, starting
with the low byte for the first Update-DR encountered after entering the
PROG_PAGELOAD command. The Program Counter is pre-incremented before
writing the low byte, except for the first written byte. This ensures that the first data
is written to the address set up by PROG_COMMANDS, and loading the last
location in the page buffer does not make the program counter increment into the
next page.
The AVR specific public JTAG instruction to directly capture the Flash content via the
JTAG port. An 8-bit Flash Data Byte Register is selected as the data register. This is
physically the 8 LSBs of the Programming Command Register. The active states are the
following:
•
Capture-DR: The content of the selected Flash byte is captured into the Flash Data
Byte Register. The AVR automatically alternates between reading the low and the
high byte for each new Capture-DR state, starting with the low byte for the first
Capture-DR encountered after entering the PROG_PAGEREAD command. The
Program Counter is post-incremented after reading each high byte, including the
first read byte. This ensures that the first data is captured from the first address set
up by PROG_COMMANDS, and reading the last location in the page makes the
program counter increment into the next page.
•
Shift-DR: The Flash Data Byte Register is shifted by the TCK input.
The data registers are selected by the JTAG instruction registers described in section
“Programming Specific JTAG Instructions” on page 342. The data registers relevant for
programming operations are:
•
Reset Register
•
Programming Enable Register
•
Programming Command Register
•
Flash Data Byte Register
The Reset Register is a Test Data Register used to reset the part during programming. It
is required to reset the part before entering Programming mode.
A high value in the Reset Register corresponds to pulling the external reset low. The
part is reset as long as there is a high value present in the Reset Register. Depending
on the Fuse settings for the clock options, the part will remain reset for a Reset Time-out
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period (refer to “Clock Sources” on page 35) after releasing the Reset Register. The output from this data register is not latched, so the reset will take place immediately, as
shown in Figure 144 on page 292.
Programming Enable Register
The Programming Enable Register is a 16-bit register. The contents of this register is
compared to the programming enable signature, binary code
0b1010_0011_0111_0000. When the contents of the register is equal to the programming enable signature, programming via the JTAG port is enabled. The register is reset
to 0 on Power-on Reset, and should always be reset when leaving Programming mode.
Figure 165. Programming Enable Register
TDI
D
A
T
A
0xA370
=
D
Q
Programming Enable
ClockDR & PROG_ENABLE
TDO
Programming Command
Register
The Programming Command Register is a 15-bit register. This register is used to serially shift in programming commands, and to serially shift out the result of the previous
command, if any. The JTAG Programming Instruction Set is shown in Table 136. The
state sequence when shifting in the programming commands is illustrated in Figure 167.
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Figure 166. Programming Command Register
TDI
S
T
R
O
B
E
S
A
D
D
R
E
S
S
/
D
A
T
A
Flash
EEPROM
Fuses
Lock Bits
TDO
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Table 136. JTAG Programming Instruction
Set a = address high bits, b = address low bits, H = 0 - Low byte, 1 - High Byte, o = data out, i = data in, x = don’t care
Instruction
TDI Sequence
TDO Sequence
Notes
1a. Chip Erase
0100011_10000000
0110001_10000000
0110011_10000000
0110011_10000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
1b. Poll for Chip Erase Complete
0110011_10000000
xxxxxox_xxxxxxxx
2a. Enter Flash Write
0100011_00010000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
2b. Load Address High Byte
0000111_aaaaaaaa
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
2c. Load Address Low Byte
0000011_bbbbbbbb
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
2d. Load Data Low Byte
0010011_iiiiiiii
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
2e. Load Data High Byte
0010111_iiiiiiii
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
2f. Latch Data
0110111_00000000
1110111_00000000
0110111_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(1)
2g. Write Flash Page
0110111_00000000
0110101_00000000
0110111_00000000
0110111_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(1)
2h. Poll for Page Write Complete
0110111_00000000
xxxxxox_xxxxxxxx
(2)
3a. Enter Flash Read
0100011_00000010
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
3b. Load Address High Byte
0000111_aaaaaaaa
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
3c. Load Address Low Byte
0000011_bbbbbbbb
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
3d. Read Data Low and High Byte
0110010_00000000
0110110_00000000
0110111_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
4a. Enter EEPROM Write
0100011_00010001
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
4b. Load Address High Byte
0000111_aaaaaaaa
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
4c. Load Address Low Byte
0000011_bbbbbbbb
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
4d. Load Data Byte
0010011_iiiiiiii
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
4e. Latch Data
0110111_00000000
1110111_00000000
0110111_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(1)
4f. Write EEPROM Page
0110011_00000000
0110001_00000000
0110011_00000000
0110011_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(1)
4g. Poll for Page Write Complete
0110011_00000000
xxxxxox_xxxxxxxx
(2)
5a. Enter EEPROM Read
0100011_00000011
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
5b. Load Address High Byte
0000111_aaaaaaaa
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(2)
(9)
(9)
Low byte
High byte
(9)
(9)
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Table 136. JTAG Programming Instruction (Continued)
Set (Continued) a = address high bits, b = address low bits, H = 0 - Low byte, 1 - High Byte, o = data out, i = data in, x = don’t care
Instruction
TDI Sequence
TDO Sequence
5c. Load Address Low Byte
0000011_bbbbbbbb
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
5d. Read Data Byte
0110011_bbbbbbbb
0110010_00000000
0110011_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
0100011_01000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
6b. Load Data Low Byte
0010011_iiiiiiii
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(3)
6c. Write Fuse Extended Byte
0111011_00000000
0111001_00000000
0111011_00000000
0111011_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(1)
6d. Poll for Fuse Write Complete
0110111_00000000
xxxxxox_xxxxxxxx
(2)
6e. Load Data Low Byte(7)
0010011_iiiiiiii
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(3)
6f. Write Fuse High Byte
0110111_00000000
0110101_00000000
0110111_00000000
0110111_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(1)
6g. Poll for Fuse Write Complete
0110111_00000000
xxxxxox_xxxxxxxx
(2)
6h. Load Data Low Byte(7)
0010011_iiiiiiii
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(3)
6i. Write Fuse Low Byte
0110011_00000000
0110001_00000000
0110011_00000000
0110011_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(1)
6j. Poll for Fuse Write Complete
0110011_00000000
xxxxxox_xxxxxxxx
(2)
7a. Enter Lock Bit Write
0100011_00100000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
0010011_11iiiiii
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(4)
7c. Write Lock Bits
0110011_00000000
0110001_00000000
0110011_00000000
0110011_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
(1)
7d. Poll for Lock Bit Write complete
0110011_00000000
xxxxxox_xxxxxxxx
(2)
8a. Enter Fuse/Lock Bit Read
0100011_00000100
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
0111010_00000000
0111011_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
8c. Read Fuse High Byte(7)
0111110_00000000
0111111_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
8d. Read Fuse Low Byte(8)
0110010_00000000
0110011_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
8e. Read Lock Bits(9)
0110110_00000000
0110111_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxoooooo
6a. Enter Fuse Write
(6)
7b. Load Data Byte
(9)
8b. Read Extended Fuse Byte
348
(6)
Notes
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Table 136. JTAG Programming Instruction (Continued)
Set (Continued) a = address high bits, b = address low bits, H = 0 - Low byte, 1 - High Byte, o = data out, i = data in, x = don’t care
Instruction
TDO Sequence
Notes
0111010_00000000
0111110_00000000
0110010_00000000
0110110_00000000
0110111_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
(5)
9a. Enter Signature Byte Read
0100011_00001000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
9b. Load Address Byte
0000011_bbbbbbbb
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
9c. Read Signature Byte
0110010_00000000
0110011_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
10a. Enter Calibration Byte Read
0100011_00001000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
10b. Load Address Byte
0000011_bbbbbbbb
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
10c. Read Calibration Byte
0110110_00000000
0110111_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_oooooooo
11a. Load No Operation Command
0100011_00000000
0110011_00000000
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx_xxxxxxxx
8f. Read Fuses and Lock Bits
Notes:
TDI Sequence
Fuse Ext. byte
Fuse High byte
Fuse Low byte
Lock bits
1. This command sequence is not required if the seven MSB are correctly set by the previous command sequence (which is
normally the case).
2. Repeat until o = “1”.
3. Set bits to “0” to program the corresponding Fuse, “1” to unprogram the Fuse.
4. Set bits to “0” to program the corresponding Lock bit, “1” to leave the Lock bit unchanged.
5. “0” = programmed, “1” = unprogrammed.
6. The bit mapping for Fuses Extended byte is listed in Table 124 on page 326
7. The bit mapping for Fuses High byte is listed in Table 125 on page 326
8. The bit mapping for Fuses Low byte is listed in Table 126 on page 327
9. The bit mapping for Lock bits byte is listed in Table 122 on page 325
10. Address bits exceeding PCMSB and EEAMSB (Table 131 and Table 132) are don’t care
11. All TDI and TDO sequnces are represented by binary digits (0b...).
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Figure 167. State Machine Sequence for Changing/Reading the Data Word
1
Test-Logic-Reset
0
0
Run-Test/Idle
1
Select-DR Scan
1
Select-IR Scan
0
1
0
1
Capture-DR
Capture-IR
0
0
Shift-DR
Shift-IR
0
1
1
0
Pause-DR
0
0
Pause-IR
1
1
0
Exit2-DR
Exit2-IR
1
1
Update-DR
Flash Data Byte Register
1
Exit1-IR
0
1
0
1
Exit1-DR
0
1
Update-IR
0
1
0
The Flash Data Byte Register provides an efficient way to load the entire Flash page
buffer before executing Page Write, or to read out/verify the content of the Flash. A state
machine sets up the control signals to the Flash and senses the strobe signals from the
Flash, thus only the data words need to be shifted in/out.
The Flash Data Byte Register actually consists of the 8-bit scan chain and a 8-bit temporary register. During page load, the Update-DR state copies the content of the scan
chain over to the temporary register and initiates a write sequence that within 11 TCK
cycles loads the content of the temporary register into the Flash page buffer. The AVR
automatically alternates between writing the low and the high byte for each new UpdateDR state, starting with the low byte for the first Update-DR encountered after entering
the PROG_PAGELOAD command. The Program Counter is pre-incremented before
writing the low byte, except for the first written byte. This ensures that the first data is
written to the address set up by PROG_COMMANDS, and loading the last location in
the page buffer does not make the Program Counter increment into the next page.
During Page Read, the content of the selected Flash byte is captured into the Flash
Data Byte Register during the Capture-DR state. The AVR automatically alternates
between reading the low and the high byte for each new Capture-DR state, starting with
the low byte for the first Capture-DR encountered after entering the PROG_PAGEREAD
command. The Program Counter is post-incremented after reading each high byte,
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including the first read byte. This ensures that the first data is captured from the first
address set up by PROG_COMMANDS, and reading the last location in the page
makes the program counter increment into the next page.
Figure 168. Flash Data Byte Register
STROBES
State
Machine
ADDRESS
TDI
Flash
EEPROM
Fuses
Lock Bits
D
A
T
A
TDO
The state machine controlling the Flash Data Byte Register is clocked by TCK. During
normal operation in which eight bits are shifted for each Flash byte, the clock cycles
needed to navigate through the TAP controller automatically feeds the state machine for
the Flash Data Byte Register with sufficient number of clock pulses to complete its operation transparently for the user. However, if too few bits are shifted between each
Update-DR state during page load, the TAP controller should stay in the Run-Test/Idle
state for some TCK cycles to ensure that there are at least 11 TCK cycles between each
Update-DR state.
Programming Algorithm
All references below of type “1a”, “1b”, and so on, refer to Table 136.
Entering Programming Mode
1. Enter JTAG instruction AVR_RESET and shift 1 in the Reset Register.
2. Enter instruction PROG_ENABLE and shift 0b1010_0011_0111_0000 in the Programming Enable Register.
Leaving Programming Mode
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Disable all programming instructions by using no operation instruction 11a.
3. Enter instruction PROG_ENABLE and shift 0b0000_0000_0000_0000 in the
programming Enable Register.
4. Enter JTAG instruction AVR_RESET and shift 0 in the Reset Register.
Performing Chip Erase
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Start Chip Erase using programming instruction 1a.
3. Poll for Chip Erase complete using programming instruction 1b, or wait for
tWLRH_CE (refer to Table 150 on page 372).
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Programming the Flash
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable Flash write using programming instruction 2a.
3. Load address High byte using programming instruction 2b.
4. Load address Low byte using programming instruction 2c.
5. Load data using programming instructions 2d, 2e and 2f.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for all instruction words in the page.
7. Write the page using programming instruction 2g.
8. Poll for Flash write complete using programming instruction 2h, or wait for tWLRH
(refer to ).
9. Repeat steps 3 to 7 until all data have been programmed.
A more efficient data transfer can be achieved using the PROG_PAGELOAD
instruction:
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable Flash write using programming instruction 2a.
3. Load the page address using programming instructions 2b and 2c. PCWORD
(refer to Table 131 on page 330) is used to address within one page and must be
written as 0.
4. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_PAGELOAD.
5. Load the entire page by shifting in all instruction words in the page byte-by-byte,
starting with the LSB of the first instruction in the page and ending with the MSB
of the last instruction in the page. Use Update-DR to copy the contents of the
Flash Data Byte Register into the Flash page location and to auto-increment the
Program Counter before each new word.
6. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
7. Write the page using programming instruction 2g.
8. Poll for Flash write complete using programming instruction 2h, or wait for tWLRH
(refer to Table 150 on page 372).
9. Repeat steps 3 to 8 until all data have been programmed.
Reading the Flash
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable Flash read using programming instruction 3a.
3. Load address using programming instructions 3b and 3c.
4. Read data using programming instruction 3d.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until all data have been read.
A more efficient data transfer can be achieved using the PROG_PAGEREAD
instruction:
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable Flash read using programming instruction 3a.
3. Load the page address using programming instructions 3b and 3c. PCWORD
(refer to Table 131 on page 330) is used to address within one page and must be
written as 0.
4. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_PAGEREAD.
5. Read the entire page (or Flash) by shifting out all instruction words in the page
(or Flash), starting with the LSB of the first instruction in the page (Flash) and
ending with the MSB of the last instruction in the page (Flash). The Capture-DR
state both captures the data from the Flash, and also auto-increments the pro-
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gram counter after each word is read. Note that Capture-DR comes before the
shift-DR state. Hence, the first byte which is shifted out contains valid data.
6. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 until all data have been read.
Programming the EEPROM
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable EEPROM write using programming instruction 4a.
3. Load address High byte using programming instruction 4b.
4. Load address Low byte using programming instruction 4c.
5. Load data using programming instructions 4d and 4e.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for all data bytes in the page.
7. Write the data using programming instruction 4f.
8. Poll for EEPROM write complete using programming instruction 4g, or wait for
tWLRH (refer to Table 150 on page 372).
9. Repeat steps 3 to 8 until all data have been programmed.
Note that the PROG_PAGELOAD instruction can not be used when programming the
EEPROM.
Reading the EEPROM
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable EEPROM read using programming instruction 5a.
3. Load address using programming instructions 5b and 5c.
4. Read data using programming instruction 5d.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until all data have been read.
Note that the PROG_PAGEREAD instruction can not be used when reading the
EEPROM.
Programming the Fuses
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable Fuse write using programming instruction 6a.
3. Load data high byte using programming instructions 6b. A bit value of “0” will
program the corresponding fuse, a “1” will unprogram the fuse.
4. Write Fuse High byte using programming instruction 6c.
5. Poll for Fuse write complete using programming instruction 6d, or wait for tWLRH
(refer to Table 150 on page 372).
6. Load data low byte using programming instructions 6e. A “0” will program the
fuse, a “1” will unprogram the fuse.
7. Write Fuse low byte using programming instruction 6f.
8. Poll for Fuse write complete using programming instruction 6g, or wait for tWLRH
(refer to Table 150 on page 372).
Programming the Lock Bits
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable Lock bit write using programming instruction 7a.
3. Load data using programming instructions 7b. A bit value of “0” will program the
corresponding lock bit, a “1” will leave the lock bit unchanged.
4. Write Lock bits using programming instruction 7c.
5. Poll for Lock bit write complete using programming instruction 7d, or wait for
tWLRH (refer to Table 150 on page 372).
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Reading the Fuses and
Lock Bits
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable Fuse/Lock bit read using programming instruction 8a.
3. To read all Fuses and Lock bits, use programming instruction 8f.
To only read Extended Fuse byte, use programming instruction 8b.
To only read Fuse High byte, use programming instruction 8c.
To only read Fuse Low byte, use programming instruction 8d.
To only read Lock bits, use programming instruction 8e.
Reading the Signature Bytes
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable Signature byte read using programming instruction 9a.
3. Load address 0x00 using programming instruction 9b.
4. Read first signature byte using programming instruction 9c.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 with address 0x01 and address 0x02 to read the second
and third signature bytes, respectively.
Reading the Calibration Byte
1. Enter JTAG instruction PROG_COMMANDS.
2. Enable Calibration byte read using programming instruction 10a.
3. Load address 0x00 using programming instruction 10b.
4. Read the calibration byte using programming instruction 10c.
354
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Electrical Characteristics(1)
Absolute Maximum Ratings*
Industrial Operating Temperature ...................– 40°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature ....................................– 65°C to +150°C
Voltage on any Pin except RESET
with respect to Ground .............................. – 0.5V to VCC+0.5V
Voltage on RESET with respect to Ground.... – 0.5V to +13.0V
Voltage on VCC with respect to Ground............. – 0.5V to 6.0V
*NOTICE:
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute
Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and
functional operation of the device at these or
other conditions beyond those indicated in the
operational sections of this specification is not
implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating
conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
DC Current per I/O Pin ............................................... 40.0 mA
DC Current VCC and GND Pins................................ 200.0 mA
Note:
1. Electrical Characteristics for this product have not yet been finalized. Please consider
all values listed herein as preliminary and non-contractual.
355
4250E–CAN–12/04
DC Characteristics
TA = -40°C to +85°C, VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V (unless otherwise noted)
Symbol
Parameter
Condition
Min.
VIL
Input Low Voltage
Except XTAL1 and
RESET pins
VIL1
Input Low Voltage
VIL2
Max.
Units
– 0.5
0.2 Vcc (1)
V
XTAL1 pin - External
Clock Selected
– 0.5
0.1 Vcc (1)
V
Input Low Voltage
RESET pin
– 0.5
0.2 Vcc (1)
V
VIH
Input High Voltage
Except XTAL1 and
RESET pins
0.6 Vcc (2)
Vcc + 0.5
V
VIH1
Input High Voltage
XTAL1 pin - External
Clock Selected
0.7 Vcc (2)
Vcc + 0.5
V
VIH2
Input High Voltage
RESET pin
0.85 Vcc (2)
Vcc + 0.5
V
VOL
Output Low Voltage (3)
(Ports A, B, C, D, E, F, G)
IOL = 20 mA, VCC = 5V
IOL = 10 mA, VCC = 3V
0.7
0.5
V
VOH
Output High Voltage (4)
(Ports A, B, C, D, E, F, G)
IOH = – 20 mA, VCC = 5V
IOH = – 10 mA, VCC = 3V
IIL
Input Leakage
Current I/O Pin
VCC = 5.5V, pin low
(absolute value)
1.0
µA
IIH
Input Leakage
Current I/O Pin
VCC = 5.5V, pin high
(absolute value)
1.0
µA
RRST
Reset Pull-up Resistor
30
60
kΩ
Rpu
I/O Pin Pull-up Resistor
30
60
kΩ
Power Supply Current
Active Mode
ICC
Power Supply Current
Idle Mode
Power Supply Current
Power-down Mode
VACIO
356
Analog Comparator
Input Offset Voltage
Typ.
4.2
2.4
V
8 MHz, VCC = 5V
20
mA
16 MHz, VCC = 5V
32
mA
4 MHz, VCC = 3V
5
mA
8 MHz, VCC = 3V
9
mA
8 MHz, VCC = 5V
12
mA
16 MHz, VCC = 5V
21
mA
4 MHz, VCC = 3V
2
mA
8 MHz, VCC = 3V
7.5
mA
WDT enabled, VCC = 5V
25
µA
WDT disabled, VCC = 5V
3.5
µA
WDT enabled, VCC = 3V
8
µA
WDT disabled, VCC = 3V
1
µA
VCC = 5V
Vin = VCC/2
1.0
8.0
20
mV
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
TA = -40°C to +85°C, VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V (unless otherwise noted) (Continued)
Symbol
Parameter
Condition
Min.
IACLK
Analog Comparator
Input Leakage Current
VCC = 5V
Vin = VCC/2
– 50
Analog Comparator
Propagation Delay
Common Mode Vcc/2
VCC = 2.7V
170
ns
tACID
VCC = 5.0V
180
ns
Note:
Typ.
Max.
Units
50
nA
1. “Max” means the highest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as low
2. “Min” means the lowest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as high
3. Although each I/O port can sink more than the test conditions (20 mA at VCC = 5V, 10 mA at VCC = 3V) under steady state
conditions (non-transient), the following must be observed:
TQFP and QFN Package:
1] The sum of all IOL, for all ports, should not exceed 400 mA.
2] The sum of all IOL, for ports A0 - A7, G2, C3 - C7 should not exceed 300 mA.
3] The sum of all IOL, for ports C0 - C2, G0 - G1, D0 - D7, XTAL2 should not exceed 150 mA.
4] The sum of all IOL, for ports B0 - B7, G3 - G4, E0 - E7 should not exceed 150 mA.
5] The sum of all IOL, for ports F0 - F7, should not exceed 200 mA.
If IOL exceeds the test condition, VOL may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to sink current greater
than the listed test condition.
4. Although each I/O port can source more than the test conditions (-20 mA at VCC = 5V, -10 mA at VCC = 3V) under steady
state conditions (non-transient), the following must be observed:
TQFP and QFN Package:
1] The sum of all IOH, for all ports, should not exceed -400 mA.
2] The sum of all IOH, for ports A0 - A7, G2, C3 - C7 should not exceed -300 mA.
3] The sum of all IOH, for ports C0 - C2, G0 - G1, D0 - D7, XTAL2 should not exceed 1-50 mA.
4] The sum of all IOH, for ports B0 - B7, G3 - G4, E0 - E7 should not exceed -150 mA.
5] The sum of all IOH, for ports F0 - F7, should not exceed -200 mA.
If IOH exceeds the test condition, VOH may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to source current
greater than the listed test condition.
357
4250E–CAN–12/04
External Clock Drive Characteristics
Figure 169. External Clock Drive Waveforms
V IH1
V IL1
Table 137. External Clock Drive
VCC = 2.7 - 5.5V
358
VCC = 4.5 - 5.5V
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Units
0
8
0
16
MHz
Symbol
Parameter
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
tCLCL
Clock Period
125
62.5
ns
tCHCX
High Time
50
25
ns
tCLCX
Low Time
50
25
ns
tCLCH
Rise Time
1.6
0.5
µs
tCHCL
Fall Time
1.6
0.5
µs
∆tCLCL
Change in period from one clock
cycle to the next
2
2
%
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Two-wire Serial Interface Characteristics
Table 138 describes the requirements for devices connected to the Two-wire Serial Bus.
The AT90CAN128 Two-wire Serial Interface meets or exceeds these requirements
under the noted conditions.
Timing symbols refer to Figure 170.
Table 138. Two-wire Serial Bus Requirements
Symbol
Parameter
VIL
VIH
Vhys(1)
VOL
(1)
Min
Max
Units
Input Low-voltage
– 0.5
0.3 Vcc
V
Input High-voltage
0.7 Vcc
Vcc + 0.5
V
–
V
0
0.4
V
20 + 0.1Cb
300
ns
20 + 0.1Cb
(3)(2)
250
ns
0
50 (2)
ns
– 10
10
µA
–
10
pF
0
400
kHz
fSCL ≤ 100 kHz
V CC – 0,4V
---------------------------3mA
1000ns
------------------Cb
Ω
fSCL > 100 kHz
V CC – 0,4V
---------------------------3mA
300ns
---------------Cb
Ω
fSCL ≤ 100 kHz
4.0
–
µs
Hysteresis of Schmitt Trigger Inputs
Output Low-voltage
tr(1)
Rise Time for both SDA and SCL
tof(1)
Output Fall Time from VIHmin to VILmax
tSP(1)
Spikes Suppressed by Input Filter
Ii
Input Current each I/O Pin
Ci
(1)
fSCL
Rp
tHD;STA
Condition
0.05 Vcc
3 mA sink current
(3)(2)
10 pF < Cb < 400 pF (3)
0.1 VCC < Vi < 0.9 VCC
Capacitance for each I/O Pin
SCL Clock Frequency
fCK
(4)
> max(16fSCL, 250kHz)
Value of Pull-up resistor
Hold Time (repeated) START Condition
fSCL > 100 kHz
tLOW
Low Period of the SCL Clock
tHIGH
High period of the SCL clock
tSU;STA
Set-up time for a repeated START
condition
tHD;DAT
Data hold time
tSU;DAT
Data setup time
(2)
(5)
0.6
–
µs
fSCL ≤ 100 kHz
(6)
4.7
–
µs
fSCL > 100 kHz
(7)
1.3
–
µs
fSCL ≤ 100 kHz
4.0
–
µs
fSCL > 100 kHz
0.6
–
µs
fSCL ≤ 100 kHz
4.7
–
µs
fSCL > 100 kHz
0.6
–
µs
fSCL ≤ 100 kHz
0
3.45
µs
fSCL > 100 kHz
0
0.9
µs
fSCL ≤ 100 kHz
250
–
ns
fSCL > 100 kHz
100
–
ns
359
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 138. Two-wire Serial Bus Requirements (Continued)
Symbol
Parameter
tSU;STO
Setup time for STOP condition
tBUF
Bus free time between a STOP and
START condition
Notes:
Condition
Min
Max
Units
fSCL ≤ 100 kHz
4.0
–
µs
fSCL > 100 kHz
0.6
–
µs
fSCL ≤ 100 kHz
4.7
–
µs
1. In AT90CAN128, this parameter is characterized and not 100% tested.
2. Required only for fSCL > 100 kHz.
3. Cb = capacitance of one bus line in pF.
4. fCK = CPU clock frequency
5. This requirement applies to all AT90CAN128 Two-wire Serial Interface operation. Other devices connected to the Two-wire
Serial Bus need only obey the general fSCL requirement.
6. The actual low period generated by the AT90CAN128 Two-wire Serial Interface is (1/fSCL - 2/fCK), thus fCK must be greater
than 6 MHz for the low time requirement to be strictly met at fSCL = 100 kHz.
7. The actual low period generated by the AT90CAN128 Two-wire Serial Interface is (1/fSCL - 2/fCK), thus the low time requirement will not be strictly met for fSCL > 308 kHz when fCK = 8 MHz. Still, AT90CAN128 devices connected to the bus may
communicate at full speed (400 kHz) with other AT90CAN128 devices, as well as any other device with a proper tLOW acceptance margin.
Figure 170. Two-wire Serial Bus Timing
tof
tHIGH
tLOW
tr
tLOW
SCL
tSU;STA
SDA
tHD;STA
tHD;DAT
tSU;DAT
tSU;STO
tBUF
360
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
SPI Timing Characteristics
See Figure 171 and Figure 172 for details.
Table 139. SPI Timing Parameters
Description
Mode
Min.
Typ.
1
SCK period
Master
See Table 74
2
SCK high/low
Master
50% duty cycle
3
Rise/Fall time
Master
3.6
4
Setup
Master
10
5
Hold
Master
10
6
Out to SCK
Master
0.5 • tsck
7
SCK to out
Master
10
8
SCK to out high
Master
10
9
SS low to out
Slave
15
10
SCK period
Slave
4 • tck
11
SCK high/low (1)
Slave
2 • tck
12
Rise/Fall time
Slave
13
Setup
Slave
10
14
Hold
Slave
tck
15
SCK to out
Slave
16
SCK to SS high
Slave
17
SS high to tri-state
Slave
18
SS low to SCK
Slave
Notes:
Max.
ns
1.6
15
µs
ns
20
10
2 • tck
1. In SPI Programming mode the minimum SCK high/low period is:
- 2 tCLCL for fCK < 12 MHz
- 3 tCLCL for fCK >12 MHz
Figure 171. SPI Interface Timing Requirements (Master Mode)
SS
6
1
SCK
(CPOL = 0)
2
2
SCK
(CPOL = 1)
4
MISO
(Data Input)
5
3
MSB
...
LSB
7
MOSI
(Data Output)
MSB
8
...
LSB
361
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 172. SPI Interface Timing Requirements (Slave Mode)
18
SS
16
10
9
SCK
(CPOL = 0)
11
11
SCK
(CPOL = 1)
13
MOSI
(Data Input)
14
12
...
MSB
LSB
15
MISO
(Data Output)
MSB
17
...
X
LSB
CAN Physical Layer Characteristics
Only pads dedicated to the CAN communication belong to the physical layer.
Table : CAN Physical Layer Characteristics (1)
Parameter
1
2
Notes:
362
TxCAN output delay
RxCAN input delay
Condition
Min.
Max.
Vcc=2.7 V
Load=20 pF
VOL/VOH=VCC/2
9
Vcc=4.5 V
Load=20 pF
VOL/VOH=VCC/2
5.3
Units
ns
Vcc=2.7 V
VIL/VIH=VCC/2
9+
Vcc=4.5 V
VIL/VIH=VCC/2
7.2 +
1
/ fCLKIO(2)
1
/ fCLKIO(2)
1. Characteristics for CAN physical layer have not yet been finalized.
2. Metastable immunity flip-flop.
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
ADC Characteristics
Table 140. ADC Characteristics, Single Ended Channels
Symbol
Min(1)
Typ(1)
Max(1)
Parameter
Condition
Resolution
Single Ended Conversion
10
Bits
Single Ended Conversion
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 4V
ADC clock = 200 kHz
1.5
LSB
Absolute accuracy
(Included INL, DNL,
Quantization Error, Gain and
Offset Error)
Units
Single Ended Conversion
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 4V
ADC clock = 1 MHz
LSB
Single Ended Conversion
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 4V
ADC clock = 200 kHz
Noise Reduction Mode
1.5
LSB
Single Ended Conversion
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 4V
ADC clock = 1 MHz
Noise Reduction Mode
Integral Non-linearity (INL)
Single Ended Conversion
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 4V
ADC clock = 200 kHz
0.5
1
LSB
Differential Non-linearity (DNL)
Single Ended Conversion
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 4V
ADC clock = 200 kHz
0.3
1
LSB
Gain Error
Single Ended Conversion
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 4V
ADC clock = 200 kHz
–2
0
+2
LSB
Offset Error
Single Ended Conversion
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 4V
ADC clock = 200 kHz
–2
1
+2
LSB
Clock Frequency
Free Running Conversion
50
1000
kHz
Conversion Time
Free Running Conversion
65
AVCC
Analog Supply Voltage
VREF
External Reference Voltage
VIN
LSB
Input voltage
VCC – 0.3
260
(2)
VCC + 0.3
µs
(3)
V
2.0
AVCC
V
GND
VREF
V
Input bandwidth
38.5
kHz
VINT
Internal Voltage Reference
RREF
Reference Input Resistance
32
kΩ
RAIN
Analog Input Resistance
100
MΩ
Note:
2.4
2.56
2.7
V
1. Values are guidelines only.
2. Minimum for AVCC is 2.7 V.
3. Maximum for AVCC is 5.5 V
363
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 141. ADC Characteristics, Differential Channels
Symbol
Parameter
Condition
Min(1)
Typ(1)
Max(1)
Units
Differential Conversion
Gain = 1x or 10x
8
Bits
Differential Conversion
Gain = 200x
7
Bits
Absolute accuracy
Gain = 1x , 10x or 200x
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 5V
ADC clock = 50 - 200 kHz
1
LSB
Integral Non-linearity (INL)
(Accuracy after Calibration
for Offset and Gain Error)
Gain = 1x , 10x or 200x
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 5V
ADC clock = 50 - 200 kHz
0.5
1
LSB
Gain Error
Gain = 1x , 10x or 200x
–2
0
+2
LSB
Offset Error
Gain = 1x , 10x or 200x
VREF = 4V, Vcc = 5V
ADC clock = 50 - 200 kHz
–1
0
+1
LSB
Clock Frequency
Free Running Conversion
50
200
kHz
Conversion Time
Free Running Conversion
65
260
µs
VCC – 0.3 (2)
VCC + 0.3 (3)
V
Resolution
AVCC
Analog Supply Voltage
VREF
External Reference Voltage
Differential Conversion
2.0
AVCC - 0.5
V
Input voltage
Differential Conversion
0
AVCC
V
Input Differential Voltage
–VREF/Gain
+VREF/Gain
V
ADC Convertion Output
–511
511
LSB
VIN
VDIFF
Input bandwidth
Differential Conversion
4
kHz
VINT
Internal Voltage Reference
RREF
Reference Input Resistance
32
kΩ
RAIN
Analog Input Resistance
100
MΩ
Note:
2.4
2.56
2.7
V
1. Values are guidelines only.
2. Minimum for AVCC is 2.7 V.
3. Maximum for AVCC is 5.5 V
364
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
External Data Memory Characteristics
Table 142. External Data Memory Characteristics, VCC = 4.5 - 5.5 Volts, No Wait-state
8 MHz Oscillator
Min.
Max.
Variable Oscillator
Symbol
Parameter
Min.
Max.
Unit
0
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
0.0
16
MHz
1
tLHLL
ALE Pulse Width
115
1.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
2
tAVLL
Address Valid A to ALE Low
57.5
0.5 tCLCL – 5 (1)
ns
3a
tLLAX_ST
Address Hold After ALE Low,
write access
5
5
3b
tLLAX_LD
Address Hold after ALE Low,
read access
5
5
ns
ns
(1)
4
tAVLLC
Address Valid C to ALE Low
57.5
0.5 tCLCL – 5
5
tAVRL
Address Valid to RD Low
115
1.0 tCLCL – 10
6
tAVWL
Address Valid to WR Low
115
1.0 tCLCL – 10
7
tLLWL
ALE Low to WR Low
8
tLLRL
ALE Low to RD Low
9
tDVRH
Data Setup to RD High
10
tRLDV
Read Low to Data Valid
11
tRHDX
Data Hold After RD High
12
tRLRH
RD Pulse Width
47.5
47.5
67.5
67.5
40
0.5 tCLCL – 15
(2)
0.5 tCLCL – 15
(2)
ns
ns
ns
0.5 tCLCL + 5
(2)
ns
0.5 tCLCL + 5
(2)
ns
40
ns
75
1.0 tCLCL – 50
0
0
115
1.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
ns
(1)
ns
13
tDVWL
Data Setup to WR Low
42.5
14
tWHDX
Data Hold After WR High
115
1.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
15
tDVWH
Data Valid to WR High
125
1.0 tCLCL
ns
16
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width
115
1.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
Notes:
0.5 tCLCL – 20
ns
1. This assumes 50% clock duty cycle. The half period is actually the high time of the external clock, XTAL1.
2. This assumes 50% clock duty cycle. The half period is actually the low time of the external clock, XTAL1.
365
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 143. External Data Memory Characteristics, VCC = 4.5 - 5.5 Volts, 1 Cycle Wait-state
8 MHz Oscillator
Min.
Max.
Variable Oscillator
Symbol
Parameter
Min.
Max.
Unit
0
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
0.0
16
MHz
10
tRLDV
Read Low to Data Valid
12
tRLRH
RD Pulse Width
240
2.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
15
tDVWH
Data Valid to WR High
240
2.0 tCLCL
ns
16
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width
240
2.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
200
2.0 tCLCL – 50
ns
Table 144. External Data Memory Characteristics, VCC = 4.5 - 5.5 Volts, SRWn1 = 1, SRWn0 = 0
8 MHz Oscillator
Min.
Max.
Variable Oscillator
Symbol
Parameter
Min.
Max.
Unit
0
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
0.0
16
MHz
10
tRLDV
Read Low to Data Valid
12
tRLRH
RD Pulse Width
365
3.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
15
tDVWH
Data Valid to WR High
375
3.0 tCLCL
ns
16
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width
365
3.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
325
3.0 tCLCL – 50
ns
Table 145. External Data Memory Characteristics, VCC = 4.5 - 5.5 Volts, SRWn1 = 1, SRWn0 = 1
8 MHz Oscillator
Symbol
Parameter
0
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
10
tRLDV
Read Low to Data Valid
12
tRLRH
RD Pulse Width
365
3.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
14
tWHDX
Data Hold After WR High
240
2.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
15
tDVWH
Data Valid to WR High
375
3.0 tCLCL
ns
16
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width
365
3.0 tCLCL – 10
ns
366
Min.
Max.
Variable Oscillator
Min.
Max.
Unit
0.0
16
MHz
200
3.0 tCLCL – 50
ns
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 146. External Data Memory Characteristics, VCC = 2.7 - 5.5 Volts, No Wait-state
4 MHz Oscillator
Symbol
Parameter
0
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
1
tLHLL
ALE Pulse Width
Min.
Max.
235
Variable Oscillator
Min.
Max.
Unit
0.0
16
MHz
tCLCL – 15
0.5 tCLCL – 10
ns
(1)
2
tAVLL
Address Valid A to ALE Low
115
ns
3a
tLLAX_ST
Address Hold After ALE Low,
write access
5
5
3b
tLLAX_LD
Address Hold after ALE Low,
read access
5
5
4
tAVLLC
Address Valid C to ALE Low
115
0.5 tCLCL – 10 (1)
ns
5
tAVRL
Address Valid to RD Low
235
1.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
6
tAVWL
Address Valid to WR Low
235
1.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
ns
(2)
7
tLLWL
ALE Low to WR Low
115
130
0.5 tCLCL – 10
8
tLLRL
ALE Low to RD Low
115
130
0.5 tCLCL – 10 (2)
9
tDVRH
Data Setup to RD High
45
10
tRLDV
Read Low to Data Valid
11
tRHDX
Data Hold After RD High
12
tRLRH
RD Pulse Width
ns
(2)
ns
0.5 tCLCL + 5 (2)
ns
0.5 tCLCL + 5
45
ns
190
1.0 tCLCL – 60
0
0
235
1.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
ns
(1)
ns
13
tDVWL
Data Setup to WR Low
105
14
tWHDX
Data Hold After WR High
235
1.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
15
tDVWH
Data Valid to WR High
250
1.0 tCLCL
ns
16
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width
235
1.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
Notes:
0.5 tCLCL – 20
ns
1. This assumes 50% clock duty cycle. The half period is actually the high time of the external clock, XTAL1.
2. This assumes 50% clock duty cycle. The half period is actually the low time of the external clock, XTAL1.
367
4250E–CAN–12/04
Table 147. External Data Memory Characteristics, VCC = 2.7 - 5.5 Volts, SRWn1 = 0, SRWn0 = 1
4 MHz Oscillator
Min.
Max.
Variable Oscillator
Symbol
Parameter
Min.
Max.
Unit
0
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
0.0
8
MHz
10
tRLDV
Read Low to Data Valid
12
tRLRH
RD Pulse Width
485
2.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
15
tDVWH
Data Valid to WR High
500
2.0 tCLCL
ns
16
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width
485
2.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
440
2.0 tCLCL – 60
ns
Table 148. External Data Memory Characteristics, VCC = 2.7 - 5.5 Volts, SRWn1 = 1, SRWn0 = 0
4 MHz Oscillator
Min.
Max.
Variable Oscillator
Symbol
Parameter
Min.
Max.
Unit
0
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
0.0
8
MHz
10
tRLDV
Read Low to Data Valid
12
tRLRH
RD Pulse Width
735
3.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
15
tDVWH
Data Valid to WR High
750
3.0 tCLCL
ns
16
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width
735
3.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
690
3.0 tCLCL – 60
ns
Table 149. External Data Memory Characteristics, VCC = 2.7 - 5.5 Volts, SRWn1 = 1, SRWn0 = 1
4 MHz Oscillator
Symbol
Parameter
0
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
10
tRLDV
Read Low to Data Valid
12
tRLRH
RD Pulse Width
735
3.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
14
tWHDX
Data Hold After WR High
485
2.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
15
tDVWH
Data Valid to WR High
750
3.0 tCLCL
ns
16
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width
735
3.0 tCLCL – 15
ns
368
Min.
Max.
Variable Oscillator
Min.
Max.
Unit
0.0
8
MHz
690
3.0 tCLCL – 60
ns
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 173. External Memory Timing (SRWn1 = 0, SRWn0 = 0)
T1
T2
T3
T4
System Clock (CLKCPU )
1
ALE
4
A15:8
7
Prev. addr.
Address
15
3a
DA7:0
Prev. data
Address
13
XX
Data
14
16
6
Write
2
WR
9
3b
Address
Data
5
Read
DA7:0 (XMBK = 0)
11
10
8
12
RD
Figure 174. External Memory Timing (SRWn1 = 0, SRWn0 = 1)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
System Clock (CLKCPU )
1
ALE
4
A15:8
7
Prev. addr.
Address
15
DA7:0
Prev. data
13
3a
Address
Data
XX
14
16
6
Write
2
WR
9
3b
Address
Data
5
Read
DA7:0 (XMBK = 0)
11
10
8
12
RD
369
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 175. External Memory Timing (SRWn1 = 1, SRWn0 = 0)
T1
T2
T3
T5
T4
T6
System Clock (CLKCPU )
1
ALE
4
A15:8
7
Address
Prev. addr.
15
3a
DA7:0
Prev. data
Address
13
XX
Data
14
16
6
Write
2
WR
9
3b
DA7:0 (XMBK = 0)
Address
11
Read
Data
5
10
8
12
RD
Figure 176. External Memory Timing (SRWn1 = 1, SRWn0 = 1)(1)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T6
T5
T7
System Clock (CLKCPU )
1
ALE
4
A15:8
7
Address
Prev. addr.
15
DA7:0
Prev. data
13
3a
Address
XX
Data
14
16
6
Write
2
WR
9
3b
Address
11
Data
5
Read
DA7:0 (XMBK = 0)
10
8
12
RD
Note:
370
1. The ALE pulse in the last period (T4-T7) is only present if the next instruction
accesses the RAM (internal or external).
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Parallel Programming Characteristics
Figure 177. Parallel Programming Timing, Including some General Timing
Requirements
tXLWL
tXHXL
XTAL1
tDVXH
tXLDX
tBVPH
tPLBX t BVWL
Data & Contol
(DATA, XA0/1, BS1, BS2)
PAGEL
tWLBX
tPHPL
tWLWH
WR
tPLWL
WLRL
RDY/BSY
tWLRH
Figure 178. Parallel Programming Timing, Loading Sequence with Timing
Requirements(1)
LOAD ADDRESS
(LOW BYTE)
LOAD DATA LOAD DATA
(HIGH BYTE)
LOAD DATA
(LOW BYTE)
t XLXH
tXLPH
LOAD ADDRESS
(LOW BYTE)
tPLXH
XTAL1
BS1
PAGEL
DATA
ADDR0 (Low Byte)
DATA (Low Byte)
DATA (High Byte)
ADDR1 (Low Byte)
XA0
XA1
Note:
1. The timing requirements shown in Figure 177 (i.e., tDVXH, tXHXL, and tXLDX) also apply
to loading operation.
371
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 179. Parallel Programming Timing, Reading Sequence (within the Same Page)
with Timing Requirements(1)
LOAD ADDRESS
(LOW BYTE)
READ DATA
(LOW BYTE)
READ DATA
(HIGH BYTE)
LOAD ADDRESS
(LOW BYTE)
tXLOL
XTAL1
tBVDV
BS1
tOLDV
OE
tOHDZ
DATA
ADDR0 (Low Byte)
DATA (High Byte)
DATA (Low Byte)
ADDR1 (Low Byte)
XA0
XA1
Note:
1. The timing requirements shown in Figure 177 (i.e., tDVXH, tXHXL, and tXLDX) also apply
to reading operation.
Table 150. Parallel Programming Characteristics, VCC = 5V ± 10%
Symbol
Parameter
Min.
VPP
Programming Enable Voltage
11.5
IPP
Programming Enable Current
tDVXH
Data and Control Valid before XTAL1 High
67
ns
tXLXH
XTAL1 Low to XTAL1 High
200
ns
tXHXL
XTAL1 Pulse Width High
150
ns
tXLDX
Data and Control Hold after XTAL1 Low
67
ns
tXLWL
XTAL1 Low to WR Low
0
ns
tXLPH
XTAL1 Low to PAGEL high
0
ns
tPLXH
PAGEL low to XTAL1 high
150
ns
tBVPH
BS1 Valid before PAGEL High
67
ns
tPHPL
PAGEL Pulse Width High
150
ns
tPLBX
BS1 Hold after PAGEL Low
67
ns
tWLBX
BS2/1 Hold after WR Low
67
ns
tPLWL
PAGEL Low to WR Low
67
ns
tBVWL
BS1 Valid to WR Low
67
ns
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width Low
150
ns
tWLRL
WR Low to RDY/BSY Low
tWLRH
372
WR Low to RDY/BSY High
(1)
tWLRH_CE
WR Low to RDY/BSY High for Chip Erase
tXLOL
XTAL1 Low to OE Low
(2)
Typ.
Max.
Units
12.5
V
250
µA
0
1
µs
3.7
5
ms
7.5
10
ms
0
ns
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table 150. Parallel Programming Characteristics, VCC = 5V ± 10% (Continued)
Symbol
Parameter
tBVDV
BS1 Valid to DATA valid
tOLDV
tOHDZ
Notes:
Min.
Max.
Units
250
ns
OE Low to DATA Valid
250
ns
OE High to DATA Tri-stated
250
ns
0
Typ.
1.
tWLRH is valid for the Write Flash, Write EEPROM, Write Fuse bits and Write Lock
bits commands.
2. tWLRH_CE is valid for the Chip Erase command.
373
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128 Typical
Characteristics
Active Supply Current
•
The following charts show typical behavior. These figures are not tested during
manufacturing. All current consumption measurements are performed with all I/O
pins configured as inputs and with internal pull-ups enabled. A sine wave generator
with rail-to-rail output is used as clock source.
•
The power consumption in Power-down mode is independent of clock selection.
•
The current consumption is a function of several factors such as: operating voltage,
operating frequency, loading of I/O pins, switching rate of I/O pins, code executed
and ambient temperature. The dominating factors are operating voltage and
frequency.
•
The current drawn from capacitive loaded pins may be estimated (for one pin) as
CL*VCC*f where CL = load capacitance, VCC = operating voltage and f = average
switching frequency of I/O pin.
•
The parts are characterized at frequencies higher than test limits. Parts are not
guaranteed to function properly at frequencies higher than the ordering code
indicates.
•
The difference between current consumption in Power-down mode with Watchdog
Timer enabled and Power-down mode with Watchdog Timer disabled represents the
differential current drawn by the Watchdog Timer.
Figure 180. Active Supply Current vs. Frequency (0.1 - 1.0 MHz)
ACTIVE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. FREQUENCY (0.1 - 1 MHz)
3
2.5
5.50V
Icc (mA)
2
5.00V
4.50V
1.5
4.00V
3.30V
3.00V
1
2.70V
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency (MHz)
374
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 181. Active Supply Current vs. Frequency (1 - 16 MHz)
ACTIVE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. FREQUENCY (1 - 16 MHz)
50
45
40
5.50V
5.00V
4.50V
4.00V
3.30V
3.00V
2.70V
Icc (mA)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Frequency (MHz)
Figure 182. Active Supply Current vs. Vcc (Internal RC Oscillator 8 MHz)
ACTIVE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (Internal RC Oscillator 8 MHz)
25
Icc (mA)
20
15
85°C
25°C
-40°C
10
5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
375
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 183. Active Supply Current vs. Vcc (Internal RC Oscillator 1 MHz)
ACTIVE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (Internal RC Oscillator 1 MHz)
3.5
3
Icc (mA)
2.5
2
85°C
25°C
1.5
-40°C
1
0.5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
Figure 184. Active Supply Current vs. Vcc (32 kHz Watch Crystal)
ACTIVE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (32 kHz Watch Crystal)
140
120
Will be updated later
Icc (uA)
100
80
25°C
60
40
20
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
376
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Idle Supply Current
Figure 185. Idle Supply Current vs. Frequency (0.1 - 1.0 MHz)
IDLE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. FREQUENCY (0.1 - 1 MHz)
1.8
1.6
1.4
Icc (mA)
5.50V
1.2
5.00V
1
4.50V
4.00V
0.8
3.30V
3.00V
0.6
2.70V
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency (MHz)
Figure 186. Idle Supply Current vs. Frequency (1 - 16 MHz)
IDLE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. FREQUENCY (1 - 16 MHz)
30
25
5.50V
5.00V
4.50V
4.00V
3.30V
3.00V
2.70V
Icc (mA)
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Frequency (MHz)
377
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 187. Idle Supply Current vs. Vcc (Internal RC Oscillator 8 MHz)
IDLE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (Internal RC Oscillator 8 MHz)
14
12
Icc (mA)
10
85°C
8
25°C
6
-40°C
4
2
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
Figure 188. Idle Supply Current vs. Vcc (Internal RC Oscillator 1 MHz)
IDLE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (Internal RC Oscillator 1 MHz)
1.8
1.6
1.4
Icc (mA)
1.2
85°C
1
25°C
0.8
-40°C
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
378
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 189. Idle Supply Current vs. Vcc (32 kHz Watch Crystal)
IDLE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (32 KHz Watch Crystal)
60
50
Icc (uA)
40
30
25°C
20
10
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
Power-down Supply
Current
Figure 190. Power-down Supply Current vs. Vcc (Watchdog Timer Disabled)
POWER-DOWN SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (Watchdog Timer Disabled)
4.5
4
3.5
Icc (uA)
3
85°C
Will be updated later
2.5
25°C
2
-40°C
1.5
1
0.5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
379
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 191. Power-down Supply Current vs. Vcc (Watchdog Timer Enabled)
POWER-DOWN SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (Watchdog Timer Enabled)
35
30
Icc (uA)
25
85°C
Will be updated later
20
25°C
15
-40°C
10
5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
Power-save Supply
Current
Figure 192. Power-save Supply Current vs. Vcc (Watchdog Timer Disabled)
POWER-SAVE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (Watchdog Timer Disabled)
4.5
4
3.5
Icc (uA)
3
85°C
Will be updated later
2.5
25°C
2
-40°C
1.5
1
0.5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
380
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Standby Supply Current
Figure 193. Power-save Supply Current vs. Vcc (25°C, Watchdog Timer Disabled)
STANDBY SUPPLY CURRENT vs. Vcc (25°C, Watchdog Timer Disabled)
0.2
0.18
Will be updated later
0.16
Icc (mA)
0.14
6 MHZ Xtal
0.12
4 MHZ Res
0.1
2 MHZ Xtal
0.08
2 MHZ Res
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
Pin Pull-up
Figure 194. I/O Pin Pull-up Resistor Current vs. Input Voltage (Vcc = 5V)
I/O PIN PULL-UP RESISTOR CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE (Vcc = 5V)
0
-20
-40
I IO (uA)
-60
85°C
25°C
-40°C
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
V IO (V)
381
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 195. I/O Pin Pull-up Resistor Current vs. Input Voltage (Vcc = 2.7V)
I/O PIN PULL-UP RESISTOR CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE (Vcc = 2.7V)
0
-10
-20
I IO (uA)
-30
85°C
-40
25°C
-50
-40°C
-60
-70
-80
-90
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
V IO (V)
Figure 196. Reset Pull-up Resistor Current vs. Reset Pin Voltage (Vcc = 5V)
RESET PULL-UP RESISTOR CURRENT vs. RESET PIN VOLTAGE (Vcc = 5V)
0
-20
I RESET (uA)
-40
85°C
25°C
-40°C
-60
-80
-100
-120
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
V RESET (V)
382
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 197. Reset Pull-up Resistor Current vs. Reset Pin Voltage (Vcc = 2.7V)
RESET PULL-UP RESISTOR CURRENT vs. RESET PIN VOLTAGE (Vcc = 2.7V)
0
-10
I RESET (uA)
-20
85°C
-30
25°C
-40
-40°C
-50
-60
-70
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
V RESET (V)
Pin Driver Strength
Figure 198. I/O Pin Source Current vs. Output Voltage (Vcc = 5V)
I/O PIN SOURCE CURRENT vs. OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vcc = 5V)
0
I OH (mA)
-5
Measurements Clamped at -20 mA by Tester
-10
85°C
25°C
-40°C
-15
-20
-25
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
V OH (V)
383
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 199. I/O Pin Source Current vs. Output Voltage (Vcc = 2.7V)
I/O PIN SOURCE CURRENT vs. OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vcc = 2.7V)
0
I OH (mA)
-5
Measurements Clamped at -20 mA by Tester
-10
85°C
25°C
-40°C
-15
-20
-25
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
V OH (V)
Figure 200. I/O Pin Sink Current vs. Output Voltage (Vcc = 5V)
I/O PIN SINK CURRENT vs. OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vcc = 5V)
25
I OL (mA)
20
15
10
85°C
25°C
-40°C
Measurements Clamped at 20 mA by Tester
5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
V OL (V)
384
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 201. I/O Pin Sink Current vs. Output Voltage (Vcc = 2.7V)
I/O PIN SINK CURRENT vs. OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vcc = 2.7V)
25
I OL (mA)
20
15
85°C
25°C
-40°C
10
Measurements Clamped at 20 mA by Tester
5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
V OL (V)
BOD Thresholds and
Analog Comparator
Offset
Figure 202. BOD Thresholds vs. Temperature (BOD level is 4.1V)
BOD THRESHOLDS vs. TEMPERATURE (BOD level is 4.1V)
4.4
Threshold (V)
4.2
4
Rising Vcc
Falling Vcc
3.8
3.6
3.4
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Temp (°C)
385
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 203. BOD Thresholds vs. Temperature (BOD level is 2.7V)
BOD THRESHOLDS vs. TEMPERATURE (BOD level is 2.7V)
3
Threshold (V)
2.8
2.6
Rising Vcc
Falling Vcc
2.4
2.2
2
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Temp (°C)
Figure 204. Bandgap Voltage vs. Operating Voltage
BANDGAP VOLTAGE vs. OPERATING VOLTAGE
1.14
Bandgap Voltage (V)
1.13
1.12
85°C
1.11
25°C
-40°C
1.1
1.09
1.08
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
386
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 205. Analog Comparator Offset vs. Common Mode Voltage (Vcc = 5V)
ANALOG COMPARATOR OFFSET vs. COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (Vcc = 5V)
Comparator Offset Voltage (V)
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
85°C
25°C
0.004
-40°C
0.002
0
-0.002
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Common Voltage Mode (V)
Internal Oscillator Speed
Figure 206. Watchdog Oscillator Frequency vs. Operating Voltage
WATCHDOG OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. VCC
1200
1150
F WATCHDOG (kHz)
1100
1050
85°C
1000
25°C
25°C
950
900
850
800
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
387
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 207. Calibrated 8 MHz RC Oscillator Frequency vs. Temperature
CALIBRATED 8MHz RC OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. TEMPERATURE
8.8
8.6
F RC (MHz)
8.4
8.2
2.7V
8
4.0V
5.5V
7.8
7.6
Will be updated later (- 40°C)
7.4
7.2
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Temp (°C)
Figure 208. Calibrated 8 MHz RC Oscillator Frequency vs. Operating Voltage
CALIBRATED 8MHz RC OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. VCC
10
9.5
F RC (MHz)
9
8.5
85°C
8
25°C
7.5
7
Will be updated later (- 40°C)
6.5
6
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
388
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 209. Calibrated 8 MHz RC Oscillator Frequency vs. OSCCAL Value
CALIBRATED 8MHz RC OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. OSCCAL VALUE
16
15
14
13
F RC (MHz)
12
Will be updated later (- 40°C)
11
85°C
10
25°C
9
8
7
6
5
4
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
OSCCAL Value
Current Consumption of
Peripheral Units
Figure 210. Brownout Detector Current vs. Operating Voltage
BROWNOUT DETECTOR CURRENT vs. Vcc
35
30
Icc (uA)
25
85°C
20
25°C
-40°C
15
10
5
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
389
4250E–CAN–12/04
Figure 211. ADC Current vs. Operating Voltage (ADC at 1 MHz)
ADC CURRENT vs. Vcc (ADC at 1 MHz)
300
250
Icc (uA)
200
85°C
150
25°C
-40°C
100
50
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
Figure 212. AREF External Reference Current vs. Operating Voltage
AREF EXTERNAL REFERENCE CURRENT vs. Vcc
200
180
IAREF (uA)
160
140
85°C
25°C
-40°C
120
100
80
60
40
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
390
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 213. Analog Comparator Current vs. Operating Voltage
ANALOG COMPARATOR CURRENT vs. Vcc
120
100
I CC (uA)
80
85°C
60
25°C
-40°C
40
20
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
Figure 214. Programming Current vs. Operating Voltage
PROGRAMMING CURRENT vs. Vcc
25
I CC (mA)
20
15
85°C
25°C
-40°C
10
5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
391
4250E–CAN–12/04
Current Consumption in
Reset and
Reset Pulse Width
Figure 215. Reset Supply Current vs. Operating Voltage (0.1 - 1.0 MHz)
(Excluding Current Through the Reset Pull-up)
RESET SUPPLY CURRENT vs. FREQUENCY (0.1 - 1 MHz)
(EXCLUDING CURRENT THROUGH THE RESET PULL-UP)
0.45
0.4
0.35
5.50V
5.00V
4.50V
4.00V
3.30V
3.00V
2.70V
Icc (mA)
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency (MHz)
Figure 216. Reset Supply Current vs. Operating Voltage (1 - 16 MHz)
(Excluding Current Through the Reset Pull-up)
RESET SUPPLY CURRENT vs. FREQUENCY (1 - 16 MHz)
(EXCLUDING CURRENT THROUGH THE RESET PULL-UP)
4
3.5
3
5.50V
5.00V
Icc (mA)
2.5
4.50V
4.00V
2
3.30V
1.5
3.00V
2.70V
1
0.5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Frequency (MHz)
392
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Figure 217. Minimum Reset Pulse Width vs. Operating Voltage
MINIMUM RESET PULSE WIDTH vs. Vcc
1500
Pulse Width (ns)
1250
1000
85°C
750
25°C
-40°C
500
250
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Vcc (V)
393
4250E–CAN–12/04
Register Summary
Address
Name
(0xFF)
Reserved
(0xFE)
Reserved
(0xFD)
Reserved
(0xFC)
Reserved
(0xFB)
Reserved
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Page
(0xFA)
CANMSG
MSG 7
MSG 6
MSG 5
MSG 4
MSG 3
MSG 2
MSG 1
MSG 0
page 259
(0xF9)
CANSTMH
TIMSTM15
TIMSTM14
TIMSTM13
TIMSTM12
TIMSTM11
TIMSTM10
TIMSTM9
TIMSTM8
page 259
(0xF8)
CANSTML
TIMSTM7
TIMSTM6
TIMSTM5
TIMSTM4
TIMSTM3
TIMSTM2
TIMSTM1
TIMSTM0
page 259
(0xF7)
CANIDM1
IDMSK28
IDMSK27
IDMSK26
IDMSK25
IDMSK24
IDMSK23
IDMSK22
IDMSK21
page 258
(0xF6)
CANIDM2
IDMSK20
IDMSK19
IDMSK18
IDMSK17
IDMSK16
IDMSK15
IDMSK14
IDMSK13
page 258
(0xF5)
CANIDM3
IDMSK12
IDMSK11
IDMSK10
IDMSK9
IDMSK8
IDMSK7
IDMSK6
IDMSK5
page 258
(0xF4)
CANIDM4
IDMSK4
IDMSK3
IDMSK2
IDMSK1
IDMSK0
RTRMSK
–
IDEMSK
page 258
page 257
(0xF3)
CANIDT1
IDT28
IDT27
IDT26
IDT25
IDT24
IDT23
IDT22
IDT21
(0xF2)
CANIDT2
IDT20
IDT19
IDT18
IDT17
IDT16
IDT15
IDT14
IDT13
page 257
(0xF1)
CANIDT3
IDT12
IDT11
IDT10
IDT9
IDT8
IDT7
IDT6
IDT5
page 257
(0xF0)
CANIDT4
IDT4
IDT3
IDT2
IDT1
IDT0
RTRTAG
RB1TAG
RB0TAG
page 257
(0xEF)
CANCDMOB
CONMOB1
CONMOB0
RPLV
IDE
DLC3
DLC2
DLC1
DLC0
page 256
(0xEE)
CANSTMOB
DLCW
TXOK
RXOK
BERR
SERR
CERR
FERR
AERR
page 254
(0xED)
CANPAGE
MOBNB3
MOBNB2
MOBNB1
MOBNB0
AINC
INDX2
INDX1
INDX0
page 254
(0xEC)
CANHPMOB
HPMOB3
HPMOB2
HPMOB1
HPMOB0
CGP3
CGP2
CGP1
CGP0
page 254
(0xEB)
CANREC
REC7
REC6
REC5
REC4
REC3
REC2
REC1
REC0
page 253
(0xEA)
CANTEC
TEC7
TEC6
TEC5
TEC4
TEC3
TEC2
TEC1
TEC0
page 253
(0xE9)
CANTTCH
TIMTTC15
TIMTTC14
TIMTTC13
TIMTTC12
TIMTTC11
TIMTTC10
TIMTTC9
TIMTTC8
page 253
(0xE8)
CANTTCL
TIMTTC7
TIMTTC6
TIMTTC5
TIMTTC4
TIMTTC3
TIMTTC2
TIMTTC1
TIMTTC0
page 253
page 253
(0xE7)
CANTIMH
CANTIM15
CANTIM14
CANTIM13
CANTIM12
CANTIM11
CANTIM10
CANTIM9
CANTIM8
(0xE6)
CANTIML
CANTIM7
CANTIM6
CANTIM5
CANTIM4
CANTIM3
CANTIM2
CANTIM1
CANTIM0
page 253
(0xE5)
CANTCON
TPRSC7
TPRSC6
TPRSC5
TPRSC4
TPRSC3
TPRSC2
TRPSC1
TPRSC0
page 252
(0xE4)
CANBT3
–
PHS22
PHS21
PHS20
PHS12
PHS11
PHS10
SMP
page 252
(0xE3)
CANBT2
–
SJW1
SJW0
–
PRS2
PRS1
PRS0
–
page 251
(0xE2)
CANBT1
–
BRP5
BRP4
BRP3
BRP2
BRP1
BRP0
–
page 251
(0xE1)
CANSIT1
–
SIT14
SIT13
SIT12
SIT11
SIT10
SIT9
SIT8
page 250
page 250
(0xE0)
CANSIT2
SIT7
SIT6
SIT5
SIT4
SIT3
SIT2
SIT1
SIT0
(0xDF)
CANIE1
–
IEMOB14
IEMOB13
IEMOB12
IEMOB11
IEMOB10
IEMOB9
IEMOB8
page 250
(0xDE)
CANIE2
IEMOB7
IEMOB6
IEMOB5
IEMOB4
IEMOB3
IEMOB2
IEMOB1
IEMOB0
page 250
(0xDD)
CANEN1
–
ENMOB14
ENMOB13
ENMOB12
ENMOB11
ENMOB10
ENMOB9
ENMOB8
page 250
(0xDC)
CANEN2
ENMOB7
ENMOB6
ENMOB5
ENMOB4
ENMOB3
ENMOB2
ENMOB1
ENMOB0
page 250
(0xDB)
CANGIE
ENIT
ENBOFF
ENRX
ENTX
ENERR
ENBX
ENERG
ENOVRT
page 249
(0xDA)
CANGIT
CANIT
BOFFIT
OVRTIM
BXOK
SERG
CERG
FERG
AERG
page 248
(0xD9)
CANGSTA
–
OVRG
–
TXBSY
RXBSY
ENFG
BOFF
ERRP
page 247
(0xD8)
CANGCON
ABRQ
OVRQ
TTC
SYNTTC
LISTEN
TEST
ENA/STB
SWRES
page 246
(0xD7)
Reserved
(0xD6)
Reserved
(0xD5)
Reserved
(0xD4)
Reserved
(0xD3)
Reserved
(0xD2)
Reserved
(0xD1)
Reserved
(0xD0)
Reserved
(0xCF)
Reserved
(0xCE)
UDR1
UDR17
UDR16
UDR15
UDR14
UDR13
UDR12
UDR11
UDR10
page 189
(0xCD)
UBRR1H
–
–
–
–
UBRR111
UBRR110
UBRR19
UBRR18
page 193
(0xCC)
UBRR1L
UBRR17
UBRR16
UBRR15
UBRR14
UBRR13
UBRR12
UBRR11
UBRR10
page 193
(0xCB)
Reserved
(0xCA)
UCSR1C
–
UMSEL1
UPM11
UPM10
USBS1
UCSZ11
UCSZ10
UCPOL1
page 192
(0xC9)
UCSR1B
RXCIE1
TXCIE1
UDRIE1
RXEN1
TXEN1
UCSZ12
RXB81
TXB81
page 191
(0xC8)
UCSR1A
RXC1
TXC1
UDRE1
FE1
DOR1
UPE1
U2X1
MPCM1
page 189
(0xC7)
Reserved
394
(0xC6)
UDR0
UDR07
UDR06
UDR05
UDR04
UDR03
UDR02
UDR01
UDR00
page 189
(0xC5)
UBRR0H
–
–
–
–
UBRR011
UBRR010
UBRR09
UBRR08
page 193
(0xC4)
UBRR0L
UBRR07
UBRR06
UBRR05
UBRR04
UBRR03
UBRR02
UBRR01
UBRR00
page 193
(0xC3)
Reserved
(0xC2)
UCSR0C
–
UMSEL0
UPM01
UPM00
USBS0
UCSZ01
UCSZ00
UCPOL0
page 191
(0xC1)
UCSR0B
RXCIE0
TXCIE0
UDRIE0
RXEN0
TXEN0
UCSZ02
RXB80
TXB80
page 190
(0xC0)
UCSR0A
RXC0
TXC0
UDRE0
FE0
DOR0
UPE0
U2X0
MPCM0
page 189
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Address
Name
(0xBF)
Reserved
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Page
(0xBE)
Reserved
(0xBD)
Reserved
(0xBC)
TWCR
TWINT
TWEA
TWSTA
TWSTO
TWWC
TWEN
–
TWIE
page 207
(0xBB)
TWDR
TWDR7
TWDR6
TWDR5
TWDR4
TWDR3
TWDR2
TWDR1
TWDR0
page 209
(0xBA)
TWAR
TWAR6
TWAR5
TWAR4
TWAR3
TWAR2
TWAR1
TWAR0
TWGCE
page 209
(0xB9)
TWSR
TWS7
TWS6
TWS5
TWS4
TWS3
–
TWPS1
TWPS0
page 208
(0xB8)
TWBR
TWBR7
TWBR6
TWBR5
TWBR4
TWBR3
TWBR2
TWBR1
TWBR0
page 207
(0xB7)
Reserved
–
–
–
EXCLK
AS2
TCN2UB
OCR2UB
TCR2UB
page 154
(0xB6)
ASSR
(0xB5)
Reserved
(0xB4)
Reserved
(0xB3)
OCR2A
OCR2A7
OCR2A6
OCR2A5
OCR2A4
OCR2A3
OCR2A2
OCR2A1
OCR2A0
page 154
(0xB2)
TCNT2
TCNT27
TCNT26
TCNT25
TCNT24
TCNT23
TCNT22
TCNT21
TCNT20
page 153
(0xB1)
Reserved
FOC2A
WGM20
COM2A1
COM2A0
WGM21
CS22
CS21
CS20
page 159
(0xB0)
TCCR2A
(0xAF)
Reserved
(0xAE)
Reserved
(0xAD)
Reserved
(0xAC)
Reserved
(0xAB)
Reserved
(0xAA)
Reserved
(0xA9)
Reserved
(0xA8)
Reserved
(0xA7)
Reserved
(0xA6)
Reserved
(0xA5)
Reserved
(0xA4)
Reserved
(0xA3)
Reserved
(0xA2)
Reserved
(0xA1)
Reserved
(0xA0)
Reserved
(0x9F)
Reserved
(0x9E)
Reserved
(0x9D)
OCR3CH
OCR3C15
OCR3C14
OCR3C13
OCR3C12
OCR3C11
OCR3C10
OCR3C9
OCR3C8
page 136
(0x9C)
OCR3CL
OCR3C7
OCR3C6
OCR3C5
OCR3C4
OCR3C3
OCR3C2
OCR3C1
OCR3C0
page 136
page 136
(0x9B)
OCR3BH
OCR3B15
OCR3B14
OCR3B13
OCR3B12
OCR3B11
OCR3B10
OCR3B9
OCR3B8
(0x9A)
OCR3BL
OCR3B7
OCR3B6
OCR3B5
OCR3B4
OCR3B3
OCR3B2
OCR3B1
OCR3B0
page 136
(0x99)
OCR3AH
OCR3A15
OCR3A14
OCR3A13
OCR3A12
OCR3A11
OCR3A10
OCR3A9
OCR3A8
page 136
(0x98)
OCR3AL
OCR3A7
OCR3A6
OCR3A5
OCR3A4
OCR3A3
OCR3A2
OCR3A1
OCR3A0
page 136
(0x97)
ICR3H
ICR315
ICR314
ICR313
ICR312
ICR311
ICR310
ICR39
ICR38
page 137
(0x96)
ICR3L
ICR37
ICR36
ICR35
ICR34
ICR33
ICR32
ICR31
ICR30
page 137
(0x95)
TCNT3H
TCNT315
TCNT314
TCNT313
TCNT312
TCNT311
TCNT310
TCNT39
TCNT38
page 135
(0x94)
TCNT3L
TCNT37
TCNT36
TCNT35
TCNT34
TCNT33
TCNT32
TCNT31
TCNT30
page 135
(0x93)
Reserved
(0x92)
TCCR3C
FOC3A
FOC3B
FOC3C
–
–
–
–
(0x91)
TCCR3B
ICNC3
ICES3
–
WGM33
WGM32
CS32
CS31
CS30
page 133
COM3A1
COM3A0
COM3B1
COM3B0
COM3C1
COM3C0
WGM31
WGM30
page 131
(0x90)
TCCR3A
(0x8F)
Reserved
page 135
(0x8E)
Reserved
(0x8D)
OCR1CH
OCR1C15
OCR1C14
OCR1C13
OCR1C12
OCR1C11
OCR1C10
OCR1C9
OCR1C8
page 136
(0x8C)
OCR1CL
OCR1C7
OCR1C6
OCR1C5
OCR1C4
OCR1C3
OCR1C2
OCR1C1
OCR1C0
page 136
(0x8B)
OCR1BH
OCR1B15
OCR1B14
OCR1B13
OCR1B12
OCR1B11
OCR1B10
OCR1B9
OCR1B8
page 136
(0x8A)
OCR1BL
OCR1B7
OCR1B6
OCR1B5
OCR1B4
OCR1B3
OCR1B2
OCR1B1
OCR1B0
page 136
(0x89)
OCR1AH
OCR1A15
OCR1A14
OCR1A13
OCR1A12
OCR1A11
OCR1A10
OCR1A9
OCR1A8
page 136
(0x88)
OCR1AL
OCR1A7
OCR1A6
OCR1A5
OCR1A4
OCR1A3
OCR1A2
OCR1A1
OCR1A0
page 136
(0x87)
ICR1H
ICR115
ICR114
ICR113
ICR112
ICR111
ICR110
ICR19
ICR18
page 136
(0x86)
ICR1L
ICR17
ICR16
ICR15
ICR14
ICR13
ICR12
ICR11
ICR10
page 136
(0x85)
TCNT1H
TCNT115
TCNT114
TCNT113
TCNT112
TCNT111
TCNT110
TCNT19
TCNT18
page 135
(0x84)
TCNT1L
TCNT17
TCNT16
TCNT15
TCNT14
TCNT13
TCNT12
TCNT11
TCNT10
page 135
(0x83)
Reserved
(0x82)
TCCR1C
FOC1A
FOC1B
FOC1C
–
–
–
–
–
page 134
(0x81)
TCCR1B
ICNC1
ICES1
–
WGM13
WGM12
CS12
CS11
CS10
page 133
page 131
(0x80)
TCCR1A
COM1A1
COM1A0
COM1B1
COM1B0
COM1C1
COM1C0
WGM11
WGM10
(0x7F)
DIDR1
–
–
–
–
–
–
AIN1D
AIN0D
page 264
(0x7E)
DIDR0
ADC7D
ADC6D
ADC5D
ADC4D
ADC3D
ADC2D
ADC1D
ADC0D
page 283
395
4250E–CAN–12/04
Address
Name
(0x7D)
Reserved
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Page
(0x7C)
ADMUX
REFS1
REFS0
ADLAR
MUX4
MUX3
MUX2
MUX1
MUX0
page 279
(0x7B)
ADCSRB
ADHSM
ACME
–
–
–
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
page 283, 262
(0x7A)
ADCSRA
ADEN
ADSC
ADATE
ADIF
ADIE
ADPS2
ADPS1
ADPS0
page 281
(0x79)
ADCH
- / ADC9
- / ADC8
- / ADC7
- / ADC6
- / ADC5
- / ADC4
ADC9 / ADC3
ADC8 / ADC2
page 282
(0x78)
ADCL
ADC7 / ADC1
ADC6 / ADC0
ADC5 / -
ADC4 / -
ADC3 / -
ADC2 / -
ADC1 / -
ADC0 /
page 282
(0x77)
Reserved
(0x76)
Reserved
(0x75)
XMCRB
XMBK
–
–
–
–
XMM2
XMM1
XMM0
page 30
(0x74)
XMCRA
SRE
SRL2
SRL1
SRL0
SRW11
SRW10
SRW01
SRW00
page 28
(0x73)
Reserved
(0x72)
Reserved
(0x71)
TIMSK3
–
–
ICIE3
–
OCIE3C
OCIE3B
OCIE3A
TOIE3
page 137
(0x70)
TIMSK2
–
–
–
–
–
–
OCIE2A
TOIE2
page 156
(0x6F)
TIMSK1
–
–
ICIE1
–
OCIE1C
OCIE1B
OCIE1A
TOIE1
page 137
(0x6E)
TIMSK0
–
–
–
–
–
–
OCIE0A
TOIE0
page 107
(0x6D)
Reserved
(0x6C)
Reserved
(0x6B)
Reserved
(0x6A)
EICRB
ISC71
ISC70
ISC61
ISC60
ISC51
ISC50
ISC41
ISC40
page 89
(0x69)
EICRA
ISC31
ISC30
ISC21
ISC20
ISC11
ISC10
ISC01
ISC00
page 88
(0x68)
Reserved
(0x67)
Reserved
–
CAL6
CAL5
CAL4
CAL3
CAL2
CAL1
CAL0
page 39
(0x66)
OSCCAL
(0x65)
Reserved
(0x64)
Reserved
(0x63)
Reserved
(0x62)
Reserved
(0x61)
CLKPR
CLKPCE
–
–
–
CLKPS3
CLKPS2
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
page 41
(0x60)
WDTCR
–
–
–
WDCE
WDE
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
page 54
0x3F (0x5F)
SREG
I
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
page 10
0x3E (0x5E)
SPH
SP15
SP14
SP13
SP12
SP11
SP10
SP9
SP8
page 12
0x3D (0x5D)
SPL
SP7
SP6
SP5
SP4
SP3
SP2
SP1
SP0
page 12
0x3C (0x5C)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
RAMPZ0
page 12
page 316
0x3B (0x5B)
RAMPZ
0x3A (0x5A)
Reserved
0x39 (0x59)
Reserved
0x38 (0x58)
Reserved
0x37 (0x57)
SPMCSR
SPMIE
RWWSB
–
RWWSRE
BLBSET
PGWRT
PGERS
SPMEN
0x36 (0x56)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x35 (0x55)
MCUCR
JTD
–
–
PUD
–
–
IVSEL
IVCE
page 59, 68, 293
0x34 (0x54)
MCUSR
–
–
–
JTRF
WDRF
BORF
EXTRF
PORF
page 51, 294
0x33 (0x53)
SMCR
–
–
–
–
SM2
SM1
SM0
SE
page 43
0x32 (0x52)
Reserved
0x31 (0x51)
OCDR
IDRD/OCDR7
OCDR6
OCDR5
OCDR4
OCDR3
OCDR2
OCDR1
OCDR0
page 288
0x30 (0x50)
ACSR
ACD
ACBG
ACO
ACI
ACIE
ACIC
ACIS1
ACIS0
page 262
0x2F (0x4F)
Reserved
page 169
0x2E (0x4E)
SPDR
SPD7
SPD6
SPD5
SPD4
SPD3
SPD2
SPD1
SPD0
0x2D (0x4D)
SPSR
SPIF
WCOL
–
–
–
–
–
SPI2X
page 168
0x2C (0x4C)
SPCR
SPIE
SPE
DORD
MSTR
CPOL
CPHA
SPR1
SPR0
page 167
0x2B (0x4B)
GPIOR2
GPIOR27
GPIOR26
GPIOR25
GPIOR24
GPIOR23
GPIOR22
GPIOR21
GPIOR20
page 33
0x2A (0x4A)
GPIOR1
GPIOR17
GPIOR16
GPIOR15
GPIOR14
GPIOR13
GPIOR12
GPIOR11
GPIOR10
page 33
0x29 (0x49)
Reserved
0x28 (0x48)
Reserved
0x27 (0x47)
OCR0A
OCR0A7
OCR0A6
OCR0A5
OCR0A4
OCR0A3
OCR0A2
OCR0A1
OCR0A0
page 107
0x26 (0x46)
TCNT0
TCNT07
TCNT06
TCNT05
TCNT04
TCNT03
TCNT02
TCNT01
TCNT00
page 106
0x25 (0x45)
Reserved
0x24 (0x44)
TCCR0A
FOC0A
WGM00
COM0A1
COM0A0
WGM01
CS02
CS01
CS00
page 104
0x23 (0x43)
GTCCR
TSM
–
–
–
–
–
PSR2
PSR310
page 92, 159
0x22 (0x42)
EEARH
–
–
–
–
EEAR11
EEAR10
EEAR9
EEAR8
page 19
0x21 (0x41)
EEARL
EEAR7
EEAR6
EEAR5
EEAR4
EEAR3
EEAR2
EEAR1
EEAR0
page 19
0x20 (0x40)
EEDR
EEDR7
EEDR6
EEDR5
EEDR4
EEDR3
EEDR2
EEDR1
EEDR0
page 19
0x1F (0x3F)
EECR
–
–
–
–
EERIE
EEMWE
EEWE
EERE
page 20
0x1E (0x3E)
GPIOR0
GPIOR07
GPIOR06
GPIOR05
GPIOR04
GPIOR03
GPIOR02
GPIOR01
GPIOR00
page 33
0x1D (0x3D)
EIMSK
INT7
INT6
INT5
INT4
INT3
INT2
INT1
INT0
page 90
0x1C (0x3C)
EIFR
INTF7
INTF6
INTF5
INTF4
INTF3
INTF2
INTF1
INTF0
page 90
396
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Address
Name
0x1B (0x3B)
Reserved
0x1A (0x3A)
Reserved
0x19 (0x39)
Reserved
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Page
page 138
0x18 (0x38)
TIFR3
–
–
ICF3
–
OCF3C
OCF3B
OCF3A
TOV3
0x17 (0x37)
TIFR2
–
–
–
–
–
–
OCF2A
TOV2
page 157
0x16 (0x36)
TIFR1
–
–
ICF1
–
OCF1C
OCF1B
OCF1A
TOV1
page 138
0x15 (0x35)
TIFR0
–
–
–
–
–
–
OCF0A
TOV0
page 107
0x14 (0x34)
PORTG
–
–
–
PORTG4
PORTG3
PORTG2
PORTG1
PORTG0
page 87
0x13 (0x33)
DDRG
–
–
–
DDG4
DDG3
DDG2
DDG1
DDG0
page 87
0x12 (0x32)
PING
–
–
–
PING4
PING3
PING2
PING1
PING0
page 87
0x11 (0x31)
PORTF
PORTF7
PORTF6
PORTF5
PORTF4
PORTF3
PORTF2
PORTF1
PORTF0
page 86
0x10 (0x30)
DDRF
DDF7
DDF6
DDF5
DDF4
DDF3
DDF2
DDF1
DDF0
page 86
0x0F (0x2F)
PINF
PINF7
PINF6
PINF5
PINF4
PINF3
PINF2
PINF1
PINF0
page 87
0x0E (0x2E)
PORTE
PORTE7
PORTE6
PORTE5
PORTE4
PORTE3
PORTE2
PORTE1
PORTE0
page 86
0x0D (0x2D)
DDRE
DDE7
DDE6
DDE5
DDE4
DDE3
DDE2
DDE1
DDE0
page 86
0x0C (0x2C)
PINE
PINE7
PINE6
PINE5
PINE4
PINE3
PINE2
PINE1
PINE0
page 86
0x0B (0x2B)
PORTD
PORTD7
PORTD6
PORTD5
PORTD4
PORTD3
PORTD2
PORTD1
PORTD0
page 86
0x0A (0x2A)
DDRD
DDD7
DDD6
DDD5
DDD4
DDD3
DDD2
DDD1
DDD0
page 86
0x09 (0x29)
PIND
PIND7
PIND6
PIND5
PIND4
PIND3
PIND2
PIND1
PIND0
page 86
0x08 (0x28)
PORTC
PORTC7
PORTC6
PORTC5
PORTC4
PORTC3
PORTC2
PORTC1
PORTC0
page 85
0x07 (0x27)
DDRC
DDC7
DDC6
DDC5
DDC4
DDC3
DDC2
DDC1
DDC0
page 85
0x06 (0x26)
PINC
PINC7
PINC6
PINC5
PINC4
PINC3
PINC2
PINC1
PINC0
page 86
0x05 (0x25)
PORTB
PORTB7
PORTB6
PORTB5
PORTB4
PORTB3
PORTB2
PORTB1
PORTB0
page 85
page 85
0x04 (0x24)
DDRB
DDB7
DDB6
DDB5
DDB4
DDB3
DDB2
DDB1
DDB0
0x03 (0x23)
PINB
PINB7
PINB6
PINB5
PINB4
PINB3
PINB2
PINB1
PINB0
page 85
0x02 (0x22)
PORTA
PORTA7
PORTA6
PORTA5
PORTA4
PORTA3
PORTA2
PORTA1
PORTA0
page 85
0x01 (0x21)
DDRA
DDA7
DDA6
DDA5
DDA4
DDA3
DDA2
DDA1
DDA0
page 85
0x00 (0x20)
PINA
PINA7
PINA6
PINA5
PINA4
PINA3
PINA2
PINA1
PINA0
page 85
Note:
1. For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addresses
should never be written.
2. I/O Registers within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these
registers, the value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions.
3. Some of the status flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that, unlike most other AVRs, the CBI and SBI
instructions will only operate on the specified bit, and can therefore be used on registers containing such status flags. The
CBI and SBI instructions work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only.
4. When using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT, the I/O addresses 0x00 - 0x3F must be used. When addressing I/O
Registers as data space using LD and ST instructions, 0x20 must be added to these addresses. The AT90CAN128 is a
complex microcontroller with more peripheral units than can be supported within the 64 location reserved in Opcode for the
IN and OUT instructions. For the Extended I/O space from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM, only the ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD
instructions can be used.
397
4250E–CAN–12/04
Instruction Set Summary
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
ADD
Rd, Rr
Add two Registers
Rd ← Rd + Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
1
ADC
Rd, Rr
Add with Carry two Registers
Rd ← Rd + Rr + C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
ADIW
Rdl,K
Add Immediate to Word
Rdh:Rdl ← Rdh:Rdl + K
Z,C,N,V,S
2
SUB
Rd, Rr
Subtract two Registers
Rd ← Rd - Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SUBI
Rd, K
Subtract Constant from Register
Rd ← Rd - K
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBC
Rd, Rr
Subtract with Carry two Registers
Rd ← Rd - Rr - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBCI
Rd, K
Subtract with Carry Constant from Reg.
Rd ← Rd - K - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBIW
Rdl,K
Subtract Immediate from Word
Rdh:Rdl ← Rdh:Rdl - K
Z,C,N,V,S
2
AND
Rd, Rr
Logical AND Registers
Rd ← Rd • Rr
Z,N,V
1
ANDI
Rd, K
Logical AND Register and Constant
Rd ← Rd • K
Z,N,V
1
OR
Rd, Rr
Logical OR Registers
Rd ← Rd v Rr
Z,N,V
1
ORI
Rd, K
Logical OR Register and Constant
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
EOR
Rd, Rr
Exclusive OR Registers
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rr
Z,N,V
1
COM
Rd
One’s Complement
Rd ← 0xFF − Rd
Z,C,N,V
1
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS
NEG
Rd
Two’s Complement
Rd ← 0x00 − Rd
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBR
Rd,K
Set Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
CBR
Rd,K
Clear Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd • (0xFF - K)
Z,N,V
1
INC
Rd
Increment
Rd ← Rd + 1
Z,N,V
1
1
DEC
Rd
Decrement
Rd ← Rd − 1
Z,N,V
TST
Rd
Test for Zero or Minus
Rd ← Rd • Rd
Z,N,V
1
CLR
Rd
Clear Register
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rd
Z,N,V
1
SER
Rd
Set Register
Rd ← 0xFF
None
1
MUL
Rd, Rr
Multiply Unsigned
R1:R0 ← Rd x Rr
Z,C
2
MULS
Rd, Rr
Multiply Signed
R1:R0 ← Rd x Rr
Z,C
2
MULSU
Rd, Rr
Multiply Signed with Unsigned
R1:R0 ← Rd x Rr
Z,C
2
FMUL
Rd, Rr
Fractional Multiply Unsigned
R1:R0 ← (Rd x Rr) << 1
Z,C
2
FMULS
Rd, Rr
Fractional Multiply Signed
R1:R0 ← (Rd x Rr) << 1
Z,C
2
FMULSU
Rd, Rr
Fractional Multiply Signed with Unsigned
R1:R0 ← (Rd x Rr) << 1
Z,C
2
RJMP
k
BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS
IJMP
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
2
PC ← Z
None
2
3
JMP
k
Direct Jump
PC ← k
None
RCALL
k
Relative Subroutine Call
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
3
Indirect Call to (Z)
PC ← Z
None
3
4
ICALL
Direct Subroutine Call
PC ← k
None
RET
Subroutine Return
PC ← STACK
None
4
RETI
Interrupt Return
PC ← STACK
I
4
CALL
398
Relative Jump
Indirect Jump to (Z)
k
CPSE
Rd,Rr
Compare, Skip if Equal
if (Rd = Rr) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
CP
Rd,Rr
Compare
Rd − Rr
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPC
Rd,Rr
Compare with Carry
Rd − Rr − C
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPI
Rd,K
Compare Register with Immediate
Rd − K
Z, N,V,C,H
1
SBRC
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register Cleared
if (Rr(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBRS
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register is Set
if (Rr(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIC
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register Cleared
if (P(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIS
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register is Set
if (P(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
1/2
BRBS
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Set
if (SREG(s) = 1) then PC←PC+k + 1
None
BRBC
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Cleared
if (SREG(s) = 0) then PC←PC+k + 1
None
1/2
BREQ
k
Branch if Equal
if (Z = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRNE
k
Branch if Not Equal
if (Z = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCS
k
Branch if Carry Set
if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCC
k
Branch if Carry Cleared
if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRSH
k
Branch if Same or Higher
if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLO
k
Branch if Lower
if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRMI
k
Branch if Minus
if (N = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRPL
k
Branch if Plus
if (N = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRGE
k
Branch if Greater or Equal, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLT
k
Branch if Less Than Zero, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHS
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Set
if (H = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHC
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Cleared
if (H = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTS
k
Branch if T Flag Set
if (T = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTC
k
Branch if T Flag Cleared
if (T = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVS
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Set
if (V = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVC
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Cleared
if (V = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
BRIE
k
Branch if Interrupt Enabled
if ( I = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRID
k
Branch if Interrupt Disabled
if ( I = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BIT AND BIT-TEST INSTRUCTIONS
SBI
P,b
Set Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ← 1
None
2
CBI
P,b
Clear Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ← 0
None
2
LSL
Rd
Logical Shift Left
Rd(n+1) ← Rd(n), Rd(0) ← 0
Z,C,N,V
1
LSR
Rd
Logical Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), Rd(7) ← 0
Z,C,N,V
1
ROL
Rd
Rotate Left Through Carry
Rd(0)←C,Rd(n+1)← Rd(n),C←Rd(7)
Z,C,N,V
1
ROR
Rd
Rotate Right Through Carry
Rd(7)←C,Rd(n)← Rd(n+1),C←Rd(0)
Z,C,N,V
1
ASR
Rd
Arithmetic Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), n=0..6
Z,C,N,V
1
SWAP
Rd
Swap Nibbles
Rd(3..0)←Rd(7..4),Rd(7..4)←Rd(3..0)
None
1
BSET
s
Flag Set
SREG(s) ← 1
SREG(s)
1
BCLR
s
Flag Clear
SREG(s) ← 0
SREG(s)
1
BST
Rr, b
Bit Store from Register to T
T ← Rr(b)
T
1
BLD
Rd, b
Bit load from T to Register
Rd(b) ← T
None
1
SEC
Set Carry
C←1
C
1
CLC
Clear Carry
C←0
C
1
SEN
Set Negative Flag
N←1
N
1
CLN
Clear Negative Flag
N←0
N
1
SEZ
Set Zero Flag
Z←1
Z
1
CLZ
Clear Zero Flag
Z←0
Z
1
SEI
Global Interrupt Enable
I←1
I
1
CLI
Global Interrupt Disable
I←0
I
1
SES
Set Signed Test Flag
S←1
S
1
CLS
Clear Signed Test Flag
S←0
S
1
SEV
Set Twos Complement Overflow.
V←1
V
1
CLV
Clear Twos Complement Overflow
V←0
V
1
SET
Set T in SREG
T←1
T
1
CLT
Clear T in SREG
T←0
T
1
SEH
CLH
Set Half Carry Flag in SREG
Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG
H←1
H←0
H
H
1
1
Rd ← Rr
Rd+1:Rd ← Rr+1:Rr
None
1
None
1
1
DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS
MOV
Rd, Rr
Move Between Registers
MOVW
Rd, Rr
Copy Register Word
LDI
Rd, K
Load Immediate
Rd ← K
None
LD
Rd, X
Load Indirect
Rd ← (X)
None
2
LD
Rd, X+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (X), X ← X + 1
None
2
LD
Rd, - X
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ← X - 1, Rd ← (X)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Y)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (Y), Y ← Y + 1
None
2
2
LD
Rd, - Y
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ← Y - 1, Rd ← (Y)
None
LDD
Rd,Y+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Y + q)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (Z), Z ← Z+1
None
2
LD
Rd, -Z
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ← Z - 1, Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LDD
Rd, Z+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Z + q)
None
2
LDS
Rd, k
Load Direct from SRAM
Rd ← (k)
None
2
ST
X, Rr
Store Indirect
(X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
X+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(X) ← Rr, X ← X + 1
None
2
ST
- X, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ← X - 1, (X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Y, Rr
Store Indirect
(Y) ← Rr
None
2
2
ST
Y+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Y) ← Rr, Y ← Y + 1
None
ST
- Y, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ← Y - 1, (Y) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Y+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Y + q) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z, Rr
Store Indirect
(Z) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Z) ← Rr, Z ← Z + 1
None
2
ST
-Z, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ← Z - 1, (Z) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Z+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Z + q) ← Rr
None
2
STS
k, Rr
LPM
Store Direct to SRAM
(k) ← Rr
None
2
Load Program Memory
R0 ← (Z)
None
3
3
LPM
Rd, Z
Load Program Memory
Rd ← (Z)
None
LPM
Rd, Z+
Load Program Memory and Post-Inc
Rd ← (Z), Z ← Z+1
None
3
Extended Load Program Memory
R0 ← (RAMPZ:Z)
None
3
ELPM
ELPM
Rd, Z
Extended Load Program Memory
Rd ← (RAMPZ:Z)
None
3
ELPM
Rd, Z+
Extended Load Program Memory and Post-Inc
Rd ← (RAMPZ:Z), RAMPZ:Z ← RAMPZ:Z+1
None
3
Store Program Memory
(Z) ← R1:R0
None
-
SPM
399
4250E–CAN–12/04
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
IN
Rd, P
In Port
Rd ← P
None
1
OUT
P, Rr
Out Port
P ← Rr
None
1
PUSH
Rr
Push Register on Stack
STACK ← Rr
None
2
POP
Rd
Pop Register from Stack
Rd ← STACK
None
2
None
1
MCU CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS
400
NOP
No Operation
SLEEP
Sleep
(see specific descr. for Sleep function)
None
1
WDR
BREAK
Watchdog Reset
Break
(see specific descr. for WDR/timer)
For On-chip Debug Only
None
None
1
N/A
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Ordering Information
Ordering Code
Speed (MHz)
Power Supply (V)
Package
Operation Range
Product Marking
AT90CAN128-16AI
16
2.7 - 5.5
64A
Industrial (-40° to +85°C)
AT90CAN128-IL
AT90CAN128-16MI
16
2.7 - 5.5
64M1
Industrial (-40° to +85°C)
AT90CAN128-IL
AT90CAN128-16AU
16
2.7 - 5.5
64A
Industrial (-40° to +85°C)
Green
AT90CAN128-UL
AT90CAN128-16MU
16
2.7 - 5.5
64M1
Industrial (-40° to +85°C)
Green
AT90CAN128-UL
Note:
This device can also be supplied in wafer form. Please contact your local Atmel sales office for detailed ordering information and
minimum quantities.
Packaging Information
Package Type
64A
64-Lead, Thin (1.0 mm) Plastic Gull Wing Quad Flat Package (TQFP)
64M1
64-Lead, Quad Flat No lead (QFN)
401
4250E–CAN–12/04
TQFP64
64 LEADS Thin Quad Flat Package
PIN 64
PIN 1
B
INDEX CORNER
E1
e
E
D1
D
11˚~13˚
C
0˚~7˚
A2
A1
A
L
MM
SYMBOL
MIN
NOM
MAX
A
–
–
1.20
–
A1
0.05
–
0.15
A2
0.95
1.00
1.05
15.75
16.00
13.90
15.75
D
D1
(2)
E
Notes:
402
1. This package conforms to JEDEC reference MS-026,
Variation AEB.
2. Dimensions D1 and E1 do not include mold protrusion.
Allowable protrusion is 0.25 mm per side. Dimensions
D1 and E1 are maximum plastic body size dimensions
including mold mismatch.
3. Lead coplanarity is 0.10 mm maximum.
INCH
E1
(2)
MIN
NOM
MAX
–
. 047
. 002
–
. 006
. 037
. 039
. 041
16.25
. 620
. 630
. 640
14.00
14.10
. 547
. 551
. 555
16.00
16.25
. 620
. 630
. 640
13.90
14.00
14.10
. 547
. 551
. 555
B
0.30
–
0.45
. 012
–
. 018
C
0.09
–
0.20
. 004
–
. 008
L
0.45
–
0.75
. 018
–
. 030
e
0.80 TYP
. 0315 TYP
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
QFN64
64 LEADS Quad Flat No lead
A
A2
D
A1
INDEX CORNER
E
SEATING PLANE
TOP VIEW
0.08 C
SIDE VIEW
J
64x b
e
INDEX CORNER
62 63 64
MM
1
2
3
INCH
MIN NOM MAX MIN NOM MAX
A
0.80
1.00 . 031
. 039
J / K 6.47 6.57 6.67 . 255 . 259 . 263
D/E
K
A1
9.00 BSC
0.00
0.05 . 000
N
A2
e
. 354 BSC
. 002
64
0.75
1.00 . 029
0.50 BSC
. 039
. 020 BSC
L
0.40 0.45 0.50 . 016 . 018 . 020
b
0.17 0.25 0.27 . 007 . 010 . 011
64x L
BOTTOM VIEW
EXPOSED DIE
ATTACH PAD
Note: Compliant JEDEC MO-220
403
4250E–CAN–12/04
Errata
The revision letter in this section refers to the revision of the AT90CAN128 device.
Rev C
Rev C (Part marked: M90CAN128 - I )
•
Asynchronous Timer-2 wakes up without interrupt
•
SPI programming timing
1. Asynchronous Timer-2 wakes up without interrupt
The asynchronous timer can wake from sleep without giving interrupt. The error only
occurs if the interrupt flag(s) is cleared by software less than 4 cycles before going
to sleep and this clear is done exactly when it is supposed to be set (compare match
or overflow). Only the interrupts flags are affected by the clear, not the signal witch
is used to wake up the part.
Problem Fix/Workaround
No known workaround, try to lock the code to avoid such a timing.
2. SPI programming timing
When the fuse high byte or the extended fuse byte has been written, it is necessary
to wait the end of the programming using “Poll RDY/BSY” instruction. If this instruction is entered too speedily after the “Write Fuse” instruction, the fuse low byte is
written instead of high fuse /extended fuse byte.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Wait sometime before applying the “Poll RDY/BSY” instruction. For 8MHz system
clock, waiting 1 µs is sufficient.
Rev A & B
- Rev A (Part marked: M128CAN11 - EL)
- Rev B (Part marked: 90CAN128 - EL)
•
Sporadic CAN error frames
•
Spike on TWI pins when TWI is enabled
•
ADC differential gain error with x1 & x10 amplification
•
Asynchronous Timer-2 wakes up without interrupt
•
SPI programming timing
•
IDCODE masks data from TDI input
6. Sporadic CAN error frames
When BRP = 0 the CAN controller may desynchronize and send one error frame to
ask for the retransmission of the incoming frame, even though it had no error.
This is likely to occur with BRP = 0 after long inter frame periods without synchronization (low bus load). The CAN macro can still properly synchronize on frames
following the error.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Set BRP greater than 0 in CANBT1.
5. Spike on TWI pins when TWI is enabled
100 ns negative spike occurs on SDA and SCL pins when TWI is enabled.
404
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Problem Fix/Workaround
No known workaround, enable AT90CAN128 TWI first versus the others nodes of
the TWI network.
4. ADC differential gain error with x1 & x10 amplification
Gain error of - 4 lsb has been characterized on the part.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Software adjustment.
3. Asynchronous Timer-2 wakes up without interrupt
The asynchronous timer can wake from sleep without giving interrupt. The error only
occurs if the interrupt flag(s) is cleared by software less than 4 cycles before going
to sleep and this clear is done exactly when it is supposed to be set (compare match
or overflow). Only the interrupts flags are affected by the clear, not the signal witch
is used to wake up the part.
Problem Fix/Workaround
No known workaround, try to lock the code to avoid such a timing.
2. SPI programming timing
When the fuse high byte or the extended fuse byte has been written, it is necessary
to wait the end of the programming using “Poll RDY/BSY” instruction. If this instruction is entered too speedily after the “Write Fuse” instruction, the fuse low byte is
written instead of high fuse /extended fuse byte.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Wait sometime before applying the “Poll RDY/BSY” instruction. For 8MHz system
clock, waiting 1 µs is sufficient.
1. IDCODE masks data from TDI input
The JTAG instruction IDCODE is not working correctly. Data to succeeding devices
are replaced by all-ones during Update-DR.
Problem Fix / Workaround
–
If AT90CAN128 is the only device in the scan chain, the problem is not
visible.
–
Select the Device ID Register of the AT90CAN128 by issuing the IDCODE
instruction or by entering the Test-Logic-Reset state of the TAP controller to
read out the contents of its Device ID Register and possibly data from
succeeding devices of the scan chain. Issue the BYPASS instruction to the
AT90CAN128 while reading the Device ID Registers of preceding devices of
the boundary scan chain.
–
If the Device IDs of all devices in the boundary scan chain must be captured
simultaneously, the AT90CAN128 must be the first device in the chain.
405
4250E–CAN–12/04
Datasheet Change Log for AT90CAN128
Please note that the referring page numbers in this section are referring to this
document. The referring revision in this section are referring to the document revision.
Changes
from 4250D-07/04
to 4250E-12/04
1. Information on PHS2 segment of CAN bit timing (See “Bit Timing” on page 235 ,
see “Baud Rate” on page 236 and see “CAN Bit Timing Register 3 - CANBT3” on
page 252).
2. Information on capacitors when using 32.768 KHz crystal on XTAL1 & 2 and TOSC1
& 2 pins.
3. Correction Table 135. "Serial Programming Instruction Set" on page 340.
4. Updated RESET, BOD & Bandgap characteristics in section “System Control and
Reset” on page 47.
5. Added curves in section “AT90CAN128 Typical Characteristics” on page 374.
6. Updated characteristics in section “Electrical Characteristics(1)” on page 355.
7. Updated Errata device REV C.
8. Changed Ordering Information.
Changes
from 4250C-03/04
to 4250D-07/04
1. Updated Errata device REV A & B.
Changes
from 4250B-02/04
to 4250C-03/04
1. Changed part number to AT90CAN128.
Changes
from 4250A-10/03
to 4250B-02/04
2. Changed Ordering Information.
1. Modified Product Ordering Information.
2. Added Errata section.
3. Updated Boundary-scan IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG) chapter.
4. Updated assembler examples.
406
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Table of Contents
Features................................................................................................. 1
Description ............................................................................................ 2
Disclaimer .............................................................................................. 2
Block Diagram ...................................................................................................... 3
Pin Configurations ................................................................................ 4
Pin Descriptions.....................................................................................................6
About Code Examples .......................................................................................... 7
AVR CPU Core ...................................................................................... 8
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 8
Architectural Overview.......................................................................................... 8
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit.................................................................................. 9
Status Register ....................................................................................................10
General Purpose Register File ........................................................................... 11
Stack Pointer ...................................................................................................... 12
Instruction Execution Timing............................................................................... 13
Reset and Interrupt Handling.............................................................................. 13
Memories ............................................................................................. 16
In-System Reprogrammable Flash Program Memory ........................................ 16
SRAM Data Memory............................................................................................17
EEPROM Data Memory.......................................................................................19
I/O Memory ..........................................................................................................24
External Memory Interface.................................................................................. 24
General Purpose I/O Registers............................................................................33
System Clock ...................................................................................... 34
Clock Systems and their Distribution .................................................................. 34
Clock Sources..................................................................................................... 35
Default Clock Source .......................................................................................... 35
Crystal Oscillator..................................................................................................36
Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator ........................................................................ 37
Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator ........................................................................ 38
External Clock..................................................................................................... 39
Clock Output Buffer ............................................................................................ 40
Timer/Counter2 Oscillator................................................................................... 40
System Clock Prescaler...................................................................................... 41
Power Management and Sleep Modes.............................................. 43
Idle Mode .............................................................................................................44
ADC Noise Reduction Mode............................................................................... 44
i
4250E–CAN–12/04
Power-down Mode..............................................................................................
Power-save Mode...............................................................................................
Standby Mode.....................................................................................................
Minimizing Power Consumption .........................................................................
44
44
45
45
System Control and Reset ................................................................. 47
Internal Voltage Reference ................................................................................. 52
Watchdog Timer ..................................................................................................53
Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the Watchdog Timer ....... 55
Interrupts ............................................................................................. 56
Interrupt Vectors in AT90CAN128 ...................................................................... 56
Moving Interrupts Between Application and Boot Space.................................... 59
I/O-Ports............................................................................................... 61
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 61
Ports as General Digital I/O ................................................................................ 62
Alternate Port Functions ..................................................................................... 67
Register Description for I/O-Ports........................................................................85
External Interrupts.............................................................................. 88
Timer/Counter3/1/0 Prescalers .......................................................... 91
Overview............................................................................................................. 91
Timer/Counter0/1/3 Prescalers Register Description ......................................... 92
8-bit Timer/Counter0 with PWM......................................................... 94
Features.............................................................................................................. 94
Overview............................................................................................................. 94
Timer/Counter Clock Sources............................................................................. 95
Counter Unit........................................................................................................ 95
Output Compare Unit.......................................................................................... 96
Compare Match Output Unit ................................................................................98
Modes of Operation .............................................................................................99
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams....................................................................... 102
8-bit Timer/Counter Register Description ......................................................... 104
16-bit Timer/Counter (Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter3)........ 108
Features............................................................................................................ 108
Overview........................................................................................................... 108
Accessing 16-bit Registers ................................................................................111
Timer/Counter Clock Sources............................................................................115
Counter Unit...................................................................................................... 115
Input Capture Unit............................................................................................. 116
Output Compare Units ...................................................................................... 118
Compare Match Output Unit ..............................................................................120
ii
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Modes of Operation .......................................................................................... 121
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams....................................................................... 128
16-bit Timer/Counter Register Description ........................................................131
8-bit Timer/Counter2 with PWM and Asynchronous Operation ... 140
Features............................................................................................................ 140
Overview........................................................................................................... 140
Timer/Counter Clock Sources........................................................................... 142
Counter Unit...................................................................................................... 142
Output Compare Unit........................................................................................ 143
Compare Match Output Unit ..............................................................................145
Modes of Operation .......................................................................................... 145
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams........................................................................150
8-bit Timer/Counter Register Description ..........................................................151
Asynchronous operation of the Timer/Counter2 ............................................... 154
Timer/Counter2 Prescaler..................................................................................158
Output Compare Modulator - OCM ................................................. 160
Overview........................................................................................................... 160
Description........................................................................................................ 160
Serial Peripheral Interface – SPI...................................................... 162
Features............................................................................................................ 162
SS Pin Functionality...........................................................................................167
Data Modes .......................................................................................................170
USART (USART0 and USART1)....................................................... 171
Features............................................................................................................ 171
Dual USART ..................................................................................................... 171
Overview........................................................................................................... 172
Clock Generation .............................................................................................. 173
Serial Frame ..................................................................................................... 175
USART Initialization.......................................................................................... 176
Data Transmission – USART Transmitter .........................................................178
Data Reception – USART Receiver...................................................................180
Asynchronous Data Reception ......................................................................... 184
Multi-processor Communication Mode ..............................................................187
USART Register Description .............................................................................189
Examples of Baud Rate Setting........................................................................ 195
Two-wire Serial Interface ................................................................. 199
Features............................................................................................................ 199
Two-wire Serial Interface Bus Definition........................................................... 199
Data Transfer and Frame Format ..................................................................... 200
Multi-master Bus Systems, Arbitration and Synchronization ............................ 202
Overview of the TWI Module .............................................................................205
iii
4250E–CAN–12/04
TWI Register Description...................................................................................207
Using the TWI ................................................................................................... 211
Transmission Modes..........................................................................................214
Multi-master Systems and Arbitration............................................................... 227
Controller Area Network - CAN ....................................................... 229
Features............................................................................................................ 229
CAN Protocol .................................................................................................... 229
CAN Controller...................................................................................................234
CAN Channel.....................................................................................................235
Message Objects ...............................................................................................237
CAN Timer .........................................................................................................240
Error Management.............................................................................................241
Interrupts............................................................................................................243
CAN Register Description..................................................................................245
General CAN Registers .................................................................................... 246
MOb Registers.................................................................................................. 254
Examples of CAN Baud Rate Setting ............................................................... 260
Analog Comparator .......................................................................... 262
Overview........................................................................................................... 262
Analog Comparator Register Description ......................................................... 262
Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input .............................................................. 264
Analog to Digital Converter - ADC .................................................. 265
Features............................................................................................................
Operation ..........................................................................................................
Starting a Conversion .......................................................................................
Prescaling and Conversion Timing ...................................................................
Changing Channel or Reference Selection ......................................................
ADC Noise Canceler.........................................................................................
ADC Conversion Result....................................................................................
ADC Register Description.................................................................................
265
267
267
268
271
272
277
279
JTAG Interface and On-chip Debug System .................................. 284
Features............................................................................................................
Overview...........................................................................................................
Test Access Port – TAP....................................................................................
TAP Controller ..................................................................................................
Using the Boundary-scan Chain .......................................................................
Using the On-chip Debug System ....................................................................
On-chip Debug Specific JTAG Instructions ......................................................
On-chip Debug Related Register in I/O Memory ..............................................
Using the JTAG Programming Capabilities ......................................................
Bibliography ......................................................................................................
iv
284
284
284
286
287
287
288
288
289
289
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
AT90CAN128
Boundary-scan IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG) ............................................... 290
Features............................................................................................................ 290
System Overview.............................................................................................. 290
Data Registers .................................................................................................. 290
Boundary-scan Specific JTAG Instructions ...................................................... 292
Boundary-scan Related Register in I/O Memory .............................................. 293
Boundary-scan Chain ....................................................................................... 294
AT90CAN128 Boundary-scan Order .................................................................305
Boundary-scan Description Language Files ..................................................... 310
Boot Loader Support – Read-While-Write Self-Programming ...... 311
Features............................................................................................................
Application and Boot Loader Flash Sections ....................................................
Read-While-Write and No Read-While-Write Flash Sections...........................
Boot Loader Lock Bits.......................................................................................
Entering the Boot Loader Program ...................................................................
Addressing the Flash During Self-Programming ..............................................
Self-Programming the Flash .............................................................................
311
311
311
314
315
317
318
Memory Programming ...................................................................... 325
Program and Data Memory Lock Bits............................................................... 325
Fuse Bits........................................................................................................... 326
Signature Bytes ................................................................................................ 328
Calibration Byte ................................................................................................ 328
Parallel Programming Overview ........................................................................329
Parallel Programming ....................................................................................... 331
SPI Serial Programming Overview ....................................................................337
SPI Serial Programming ................................................................................... 338
JTAG Programming Overview ...........................................................................342
Electrical Characteristics(1) .............................................................. 355
Absolute Maximum Ratings*............................................................................. 355
DC Characteristics............................................................................................ 356
External Clock Drive Characteristics .................................................................358
Two-wire Serial Interface Characteristics ..........................................................359
SPI Timing Characteristics ................................................................................361
CAN Physical Layer Characteristics ................................................................. 362
ADC Characteristics ......................................................................................... 363
External Data Memory Characteristics ..............................................................365
Parallel Programming Characteristics ...............................................................371
AT90CAN128 Typical Characteristics............................................. 374
Active Supply Current .......................................................................................
Idle Supply Current ...........................................................................................
Power-down Supply Current.............................................................................
Power-save Supply Current..............................................................................
374
377
379
380
v
4250E–CAN–12/04
Standby Supply Current....................................................................................
Pin Pull-up ........................................................................................................
Pin Driver Strength ...........................................................................................
BOD Thresholds and Analog Comparator Offset .............................................
Internal Oscillator Speed ..................................................................................
Current Consumption of Peripheral Units .........................................................
Current Consumption in Reset and Reset Pulse Width....................................
381
381
383
385
387
389
392
Register Summary ............................................................................ 394
Instruction Set Summary ................................................................. 398
Ordering Information........................................................................ 401
Packaging Information ..................................................................... 401
TQFP64 ............................................................................................................ 402
QFN64 .............................................................................................................. 403
Errata ................................................................................................. 404
Rev C................................................................................................................ 404
Rev A & B ......................................................................................................... 404
Datasheet Change Log for AT90CAN128 ....................................... 406
Changes from 4250D-07/04 to 4250E-12/04....................................................
Changes from 4250C-03/04 to 4250D-07/04....................................................
Changes from 4250B-02/04 to 4250C-03/04....................................................
Changes from 4250A-10/03 to 4250B-02/04 ....................................................
406
406
406
406
Table of Contents ................................................................................. 1
vi
AT90CAN128
4250E–CAN–12/04
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4250E–CAN–12/04
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