ATMEL ATTINY43U

Features
• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
– 120 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
Non-Volatile Program and Data Memories
– 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable Program Memory Flash
– 64 Bytes of In-System Programmable EEPROM
– 256 Bytes of Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/ 100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/ 100 years at 25°C(1)
– Programming Lock for Software Security
Peripheral Features
– Two 8-Bit Timer/Counters with two PWM Channels, Each
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-Chip Analog Comparator
– 10-bit ADC
4 Single-Ended Channels
– Universal Serial Interface
– Boost Converter
Special Microcontroller Features
– debugWIRE On-chip Debug System
– In-System Programmable via SPI Port
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Pin Change Interrupt on 16 Pins
– Low Power Idle, ADC Noise Reduction and Power-Down Modes
– Enhanced Power-On Reset Circuit
– Programmable Brown-Out Detection Circuit
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
– Temperature Sensor On Chip
I/O and Packages
– Available in 20-Pin SOIC and 20-Pin QFN/MLF
– 16 Programmable I/O Lines
Operating Voltage:
– 0.7 – 1.8V (via On-Chip Boost Converter)
– 1.8 – 5.5V (Boost Converter Bypassed)
Speed Grade
– Using On-Chip Boost Converter
0 – 4 MHz
– External Power Supply
0 – 4 MHz @ 1.8 – 5.5V
0 – 8 MHz @ 2.7 – 5.5V
Low Power Consumption
– Active Mode, 1 MHz System Clock (Without Boost Converter)
400 µA @ 3V
– Power-Down Mode (Without Boost Converter)
150 nA @ 3V
Note:
1. See “Data Retention” on page 6 for details.
8-bit
Microcontroller
with 4K Bytes
In-System
Programmable
Flash and Boost
Converter
ATtiny43U
Preliminary
Rev. 8048B–AVR–03/09
1. Pin Configurations
Figure 1-1.
Pinout of ATtiny43U
SOIC
(T0/PCINT8) PB0
(OC0A/PCINT9) PB1
(OC0B/PCINT10) PB2
(T1/CLKO/PCINT11) PB3
(DI/OC1A/PCINT12) PB4
(DO/OC1B/PCINT13) PB5
(USCK/SCL/PCINT14) PB6
(INT0/PCINT15) PB7
VCC
GND
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
PA7 (RESET/dW/PCINT7)
PA6 (CLKI/PCINT6)
PA5 (AIN1/PCINT5)
PA4 (AIN0/PCINT4)
PA3 (ADC3/PCINT3)
PA2 (ADC2/PCINT2)
PA1 (ADC1/PCINT1)
PA0 (ADC0/PCINT0)
VBAT
LSW
PB0 (T0/PCINT8)
PA7 (RESET/dW/PCINT7)
PA6 (CLKI)
PA5 (AIN1/PCINT5)
20
19
18
17
16
PB1 (OC0A/PCINT9)
QFN/MLF Top View
(OC0B/PCINT9) PB2
(T1/CLKO/PCINT11) PB3
(DI/OC1A/PCINT12) PB4
(DO/OC1B/PCINT13) PB5
PA4 (AIN0/PCINT4)
PA3 (ADC3/PCINT3)
PA2 (ADC2/PCINT2)
PA1 (ADC1/PCINT1)
PA0 (ADC0/PCINT0)
NOTE: Bottom pad should
be Soldered to ground.
1.1
1.1.1
VCC
GND
LSW
VBAT
(INT0/PCINT15) PB7
6
7
8
9
10
(USCK/SCL/PCINT14) PB6
15
14
13
12
11
1
2
3
4
5
Pin Descriptions
VCC
Supply voltage.
1.1.2
GND
Ground.
1.1.3
2
Port A (PA7:PA0)
Port A is a 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
capability except PA7 which has the RESET capability. To use pin PA7 as an I/O pin, instead of
RESET pin, program (‘0’) RSTDISBL fuse. As inputs, Port A pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a
reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port A has an alternate functions as analog inputs for the ADC, analog comparator, timer/counter, SPI and pin change interrupt as described in “Alternate Port Functions” on page 67.
1.1.4
RESET
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a
reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 20-4 on page
158. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
1.1.5
Port B (PB7:PB0)
Port B is a 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features as listed in Section 11.3 “Alternate
Port Functions” on page 67.
1.1.6
LSW
Boost converter external inductor connection. Connect to ground when boost converter is disabled permanently.
1.1.7
VBAT
Battery supply voltage. Connect to ground when boost converter is disabled permanently.
3
8048B–AVR–03/09
2. Overview
The ATtiny43U is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATtiny43U achieves
throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.
Figure 2-1.
Block Diagram
VCC
VBAT
LSW
RESET
POWER
SUPERVISION
BOOST
CONVERTER
INTERNAL
OSCILLATOR
CALIBRATED
OSCILLATOR
WATCHDOG
TIMER
TIMING AND
CONTROL
POR
BOD
RESET
GND
PROGRAMMING
LOGIC
PROGRAM
COUNTER
PROGRAM
FLASH
STACK
POINTER
INSTRUCTION
REGISTER
SRAM
INSTRUCTION
DECODER
GENERAL
PURPOSE
REGISTERS
CONTROL
LINES
X
Y
Z
MCU CONTROL
REGISTER
MCU STATUS
REGISTER
TIMER/
COUNTER0
TIMER/
COUNTER1
INTERRUPT
UNIT
ANALOG
COMPARATOR
ON-CHIP
DEBUG
ALU
EEPROM
VOLTAGE
REFERENCE
ISP
INTERFACE
STATUS
REGISTER
USI
ADC
DATA REGISTER
PORT A
DIRECTION REG.
PORT A
DATA REGISTER
PORT B
DIRECTION REG.
PORT B
DRIVERS
PORT A
DRIVERS
PORT B
PA7:0
PB7:0
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the
32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent
registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting
4
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
The ATtiny43U provides the following features: 4K byte of In-System Programmable Flash, 64
bytes EEPROM, 256 bytes SRAM, 16 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working
registers, two 8-bit Timer/Counters with two PWM channels, Internal and External Interrupts, a
4-channel 10-bit ADC, Universal Serial Interface, a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal
Oscillator, internal calibrated oscillator, and three software selectable power saving modes. The
Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counter, ADC, Analog Comparator,
and Interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register contents, disabling all chip functions until the next Interrupt or Hardware Reset. The ADC Noise
Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except ADC, to minimize switching noise
during ADC conversions.
A special feature of ATtiny43U is the built-in boost voltage converter, which provides 3V supply
voltage from an external, low voltage.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The
On-chip ISP Flash allows the Program memory to be re-programmed In-System through an SPI
serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer or by an On-chip boot code
running on the AVR core.
The ATtiny43U AVR is supported by a full suite of program and system development tools
including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit Emulators,
and Evaluation kits.
5
8048B–AVR–03/09
3. About
3.1
Resources
A comprehensive set of development tools, drivers and application notes, and datasheets are
available for download on http://www.atmel.com/avr.
3.2
Code Examples
This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use various parts of
the device. These code examples assume that the part specific header file is included before
compilation. Be aware that not all C compiler vendors include bit definitions in the header files
and interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent. Please confirm with the C compiler documentation for more details.
For I/O Registers located in extended I/O map, “IN”, “OUT”, “SBIS”, “SBIC”, “CBI”, and “SBI”
instructions must be replaced with instructions that allow access to extended I/O. Typically
“LDS” and “STS” combined with “SBRS”, “SBRC”, “SBR”, and “CBR”.
3.3
Data Retention
Reliability Qualification results show that the projected data retention failure rate is much less
than 1 PPM over 20 years at 85°C or 100 years at 25°C.
3.4
Disclaimer
Typical values contained in this data sheet are based on simulations and characterization of
other AVR microcontrollers manufactured on the same process technology. Min and Max values will be available after the device is characterized.
6
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
4. AVR CPU Core
4.1
Introduction
This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU core
is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access memories,
perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts.
4.2
Architectural Overview
Figure 4-1.
Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture
Data Bus 8-bit
Flash
Program
Memory
Program
Counter
Status
and Control
32 x 8
General
Purpose
Registrers
Control Lines
Direct Addressing
Instruction
Decoder
Indirect Addressing
Instruction
Register
Interrupt
Unit
Watchdog
Timer
ALU
Analog
Comparator
Timer/Counter 0
Data
SRAM
Timer/Counter 1
Universal
Serial Interface
EEPROM
I/O Lines
In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture – with
separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the Program memory are
executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the Program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed
in every clock cycle. The Program memory is In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory.
7
8048B–AVR–03/09
The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single
clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed,
and the result is stored back in the Register File – in one clock cycle.
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for Data
Space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the these address pointers
can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash Program memory. These
added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section.
The ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and
a register. Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic operation, the Status Register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to
directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format. Every Program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is stored on the
Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the Stack
size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must
initialize the SP in the Reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are executed). The Stack
Pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the I/O space. The data SRAM can easily be accessed
through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.
A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional Global
Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate Interrupt Vector in the
Interrupt Vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their Interrupt Vector position. The lower the Interrupt Vector address, the higher the priority.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control Registers, SPI, and other I/O functions. The I/O memory can be accessed directly, or as the Data
Space locations following those of the Register File, 0x20 - 0x5F.
4.3
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose
working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose
registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The ALU operations are divided
into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations of the
architecture also provide a powerful multiplier supporting both signed/unsigned multiplication
and fractional format. See the “Instruction Set” section for a detailed description.
4.4
Status Register
The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform
conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated after all ALU operations, as
specified in the Instruction Set Reference. This will in many cases remove the need for using the
dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code.
The Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored
when returning from an interrupt. This must be handled by software.
8
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
4.4.1
SREG - AVR Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x3F (0x5F)
I
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SREG
• Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable
The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual interrupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the Global Interrupt Enable
Register is cleared, none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual interrupt
enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred, and is set by
the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts. The I-bit can also be set and cleared by
the application with the SEI and CLI instructions, as described in the instruction set reference.
• Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage
The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source or destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the Register File can be copied into T by the
BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the Register File by the
BLD instruction.
• Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag
The Half Carry Flag H indicates a Half Carry in some arithmetic operations. Half Carry is useful
in BCD arithmetic. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N ⊕ V
The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the Negative Flag N and the Two’s Complement
Overflow Flag V. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See the
“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag
The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the
“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag
The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction
Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag
The Carry Flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction Set
Description” for detailed information.
9
8048B–AVR–03/09
4.5
General Purpose Register File
The Register File is optimized for the AVR Enhanced RISC instruction set. In order to achieve
the required performance and flexibility, the following input/output schemes are supported by the
Register File:
• One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input
• Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input
• Two 8-bit output operands and one 16-bit result input
• One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input
Figure 4-2 on page 10 shows the structure of the 32 general purpose working registers in the
CPU.
Figure 4-2.
AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers
7
0
Addr.
R0
0x00
R1
0x01
R2
0x02
…
R13
0x0D
General
R14
0x0E
Purpose
R15
0x0F
Working
R16
0x10
Registers
R17
0x11
…
R26
0x1A
X-register Low Byte
R27
0x1B
X-register High Byte
R28
0x1C
Y-register Low Byte
R29
0x1D
Y-register High Byte
R30
0x1E
Z-register Low Byte
R31
0x1F
Z-register High Byte
Most of the instructions operating on the Register File have direct access to all registers, and
most of them are single cycle instructions.
As shown in Figure 4-2, each register is also assigned a Data memory address, mapping them
directly into the first 32 locations of the user Data Space. Although not being physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great flexibility in access of the
registers, as the X-, Y- and Z-pointer registers can be set to index any register in the file.
4.5.1
10
The X-register, Y-register, and Z-register
The registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage. These registers are 16-bit address pointers for indirect addressing of the data space. The three indirect
address registers X, Y, and Z are defined as described in Figure 4-3 on page 11.
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 4-3.
The X-, Y-, and Z-registers
15
X-register
XH
7
XL
0
R27 (0x1B)
15
Y-register
0
R26 (0x1A)
YH
7
YL
0
R29 (0x1D)
Z-register
0
7
0
7
0
R28 (0x1C)
15
ZH
7
0
R31 (0x1F)
ZL
7
0
0
R30 (0x1E)
In the different addressing modes these address registers have functions as fixed displacement,
automatic increment, and automatic decrement (see the instruction set reference for details).
4.6
Stack Pointer
The Stack is mainly used for storing temporary data, for storing local variables and for storing
return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. Note that the Stack is implemented as
growing from higher to lower memory locations. The Stack Pointer Register always points to the
top of the Stack. The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM Stack area where the Subroutine
and Interrupt Stacks are located. A Stack PUSH command will decrease the Stack Pointer.
The Stack in the data SRAM must be defined by the program before any subroutine calls are
executed or interrupts are enabled. Initial Stack Pointer value equals the last address of the
internal SRAM and the Stack Pointer must be set to point above start of the SRAM, see Figure
5-2 on page 16.
See Table 4-1 for Stack Pointer details.
Table 4-1.
Stack Pointer instructions
Instruction
Stack pointer
Description
PUSH
Decremented by 1
Data is pushed onto the stack
CALL
ICALL
RCALL
Decremented by 2
Return address is pushed onto the stack with a subroutine call or
interrupt
POP
Incremented by 1
Data is popped from the stack
RET
RETI
Incremented by 2
Return address is popped from the stack with return from
subroutine or return from interrupt
The AVR Stack Pointer is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space. The number of
bits actually used is implementation dependent. Note that the data space in some implementations of the AVR architecture is so small that only SPL is needed. In this case, the SPH Register
will not be present.
11
8048B–AVR–03/09
4.6.1
SPH and SPL — Stack Pointer Register
Bit
4.7
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
0x3E (0x5E)
SP15
SP14
SP13
SP12
SP11
SP10
SP9
SP8
SPH
0x3D (0x5D)
SP7
SP6
SP5
SP4
SP3
SP2
SP1
SP0
SPL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
Initial Value
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
RAMEND
Instruction Execution Timing
This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution. The AVR
CPU is driven by the CPU clock clkCPU, directly generated from the selected clock source for the
chip. No internal clock division is used.
Figure 4-4 on page 12 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled
by the Harvard architecture and the fast access Register File concept. This is the basic pipelining concept to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results for functions
per cost, functions per clocks, and functions per power-unit.
Figure 4-4.
The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions
T1
T2
T3
T4
clkCPU
1st Instruction Fetch
1st Instruction Execute
2nd Instruction Fetch
2nd Instruction Execute
3rd Instruction Fetch
3rd Instruction Execute
4th Instruction Fetch
Figure 4-5 on page 12 shows the internal timing concept for the Register File. In a single clock
cycle an ALU operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back to
the destination register.
Figure 4-5.
Single Cycle ALU Operation
T1
T2
T3
T4
clkCPU
Total Execution Time
Register Operands Fetch
ALU Operation Execute
Result Write Back
12
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
4.8
Reset and Interrupt Handling
The AVR provides several different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate Reset
Vector each have a separate Program Vector in the Program memory space. All interrupts are
assigned individual enable bits which must be written logic one together with the Global Interrupt
Enable bit in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt.
The lowest addresses in the Program memory space are by default defined as the Reset and
Interrupt Vectors. The complete list of vectors is shown in “Interrupts” on page 57. The list also
determines the priority levels of the different interrupts. The lower the address the higher is the
priority level. RESET has the highest priority, and next is INT0 – the External Interrupt Request
0.
When an interrupt occurs, the Global Interrupt Enable I-bit is cleared and all interrupts are disabled. The user software can write logic one to the I-bit to enable nested interrupts. All enabled
interrupts can then interrupt the current interrupt routine. The I-bit is automatically set when a
Return from Interrupt instruction – RETI – is executed.
There are basically two types of interrupts. The first type is triggered by an event that sets the
Interrupt Flag. For these interrupts, the Program Counter is vectored to the actual Interrupt Vector in order to execute the interrupt handling routine, and hardware clears the corresponding
Interrupt Flag. Interrupt Flags can also be cleared by writing a logic one to the flag bit position(s)
to be cleared. If an interrupt condition occurs while the corresponding interrupt enable bit is
cleared, the Interrupt Flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled, or the flag is
cleared by software. Similarly, if one or more interrupt conditions occur while the Global Interrupt
Enable bit is cleared, the corresponding Interrupt Flag(s) will be set and remembered until the
Global Interrupt Enable bit is set, and will then be executed by order of priority.
The second type of interrupts will trigger as long as the interrupt condition is present. These
interrupts do not necessarily have Interrupt Flags. If the interrupt condition disappears before the
interrupt is enabled, the interrupt will not be triggered.
When the AVR exits from an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and execute one
more instruction before any pending interrupt is served.
Note that the Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine, nor
restored when returning from an interrupt routine. This must be handled by software.
When using the CLI instruction to disable interrupts, the interrupts will be immediately disabled.
No interrupt will be executed after the CLI instruction, even if it occurs simultaneously with the
CLI instruction. The following example shows how this can be used to avoid interrupts during the
timed EEPROM write sequence.
13
8048B–AVR–03/09
Assembly Code Example
in r16, SREG
cli
; store SREG value
; disable interrupts during timed sequence
sbi EECR, EEMPE
; start EEPROM write
sbi EECR, EEPE
out SREG, r16
; restore SREG value (I-bit)
C Code Example
char cSREG;
cSREG = SREG; /* store SREG value */
/* disable interrupts during timed sequence */
_CLI();
EECR |= (1<<EEMPE); /* start EEPROM write */
EECR |= (1<<EEPE);
SREG = cSREG; /* restore SREG value (I-bit) */
When using the SEI instruction to enable interrupts, the instruction following SEI will be executed before any pending interrupts, as shown in this example.
Assembly Code Example
sei
; set Global Interrupt Enable
sleep; enter sleep, waiting for interrupt
; note: will enter sleep before any pending
; interrupt(s)
C Code Example
_SEI(); /* set Global Interrupt Enable */
_SLEEP(); /* enter sleep, waiting for interrupt */
/* note: will enter sleep before any pending interrupt(s) */
4.8.1
Interrupt Response Time
The interrupt execution response for all the enabled AVR interrupts is four clock cycles minimum. After four clock cycles the Program Vector address for the actual interrupt handling routine
is executed. During this four clock cycle period, the Program Counter is pushed onto the Stack.
The vector is normally a jump to the interrupt routine, and this jump takes three clock cycles. If
an interrupt occurs during execution of a multi-cycle instruction, this instruction is completed
before the interrupt is served. If an interrupt occurs when the MCU is in sleep mode, the interrupt
execution response time is increased by four clock cycles. This increase comes in addition to the
start-up time from the selected sleep mode.
A return from an interrupt handling routine takes four clock cycles. During these four clock
cycles, the Program Counter (two bytes) is popped back from the Stack, the Stack Pointer is
incremented by two, and the I-bit in SREG is set.
14
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
5. Memories
5.1
Overview
This section describes the different memories in ATtiny43U. The AVR architecture has two main
memory spaces, the Data memory and the Program memory space. In addition, the ATtiny43U
features an EEPROM Memory for data storage. All three memory spaces are linear and regular.
5.2
In-System Re-programmable Flash Program Memory
The ATtiny43U contains 4K byte On-chip In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory for program storage. Since all AVR instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, the Flash is organized as 2048 x
16.
The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. The ATtiny43U Program Counter (PC) is 11 bits wide, thus addressing the 2048 Program memory locations.
“Memory Programming” on page 139 contains a detailed description on Flash data downloading.
Constant tables can be allocated within the entire Program memory address space (see the
LPM – Load Program memory instruction description).
Timing diagrams for instruction fetch and execution are presented in “Instruction Execution Timing” on page 12.
Figure 5-1.
Program Memory Map
Program Memory
0x0000
0x07FF
5.3
SRAM Data Memory
Figure 5-2 on page 16 shows how the ATtiny43U SRAM Memory is organized.
The low Data memory locations address both the Register File, the I/O memory and the internal
data SRAM, as follows:
• The first 32 locations address the Register File
• The next 64 locations address the standard I/O memory
• The last 256 locations address the internal data SRAM
The five different addressing modes for the Data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with Pre-decrement, and Indirect with Post-increment. In the Register
File, registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect addressing pointer registers.
15
8048B–AVR–03/09
The direct addressing reaches the entire data space.
The Indirect with Displacement mode reaches 63 address locations from the base address given
by the Y- or Z-register.
When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and post-increment, the address registers X, Y, and Z are decremented or incremented.
The 32 general purpose working registers, 64 I/O Registers, and the 256 bytes of internal data
SRAM in ATtiny43U are all accessible through all these addressing modes. The Register File is
described in “General Purpose Register File” on page 10.
Figure 5-2.
Data Memory Map
Data Memory
32 Registers
64 I/O Registers
0x0000 - 0x001F
0x0020 - 0x005F
0x0060
Internal SRAM
(256 x 8)
0x15F
5.3.1
Data Memory Access Times
This section describes the general access timing concepts for internal memory access. The
internal data SRAM access is performed in two clkCPU cycles as described in Figure 5-3 on page
16.
Figure 5-3.
On-chip Data SRAM Access Cycles
T1
T2
T3
clkCPU
Address
Compute Address
Address valid
Write
Data
WR
Read
Data
RD
Memory Access Instruction
5.4
Next Instruction
EEPROM Data Memory
The ATtiny43U contains 64 bytes of data EEPROM memory. It is organized as a separate data
space, in which single bytes can be read and written. The EEPROM has an endurance of at
least 100,000 write/erase cycles. The access between the EEPROM and the CPU is described
in the following, specifying the EEPROM Address Registers, the EEPROM Data Register, and
16
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
the EEPROM Control Register. For a detailed description of Serial data downloading to the
EEPROM, see “Serial Programming” on page 151.
5.4.1
EEPROM Read/Write Access
The EEPROM Access Registers are accessible in the I/O space.
The write access times for the EEPROM are given in Table 5-1 on page 21. A self-timing function, however, lets the user software detect when the next byte can be written. If the user code
contains instructions that write the EEPROM, some precautions must be taken. In heavily filtered power supplies, VCC is likely to rise or fall slowly on Power-up/down. This causes the
device for some period of time to run at a voltage lower than specified as minimum for the clock
frequency used. See “Preventing EEPROM Corruption” on page 19 for details on how to avoid
problems in these situations.
In order to prevent unintentional EEPROM writes, a specific write procedure must be followed.
See “Atomic Byte Programming” on page 17 and “Split Byte Programming” on page 17 for
details on this.
When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four clock cycles before the next instruction is
executed. When the EEPROM is written, the CPU is halted for two clock cycles before the next
instruction is executed.
5.4.2
Atomic Byte Programming
Using Atomic Byte Programming is the simplest mode. When writing a byte to the EEPROM, the
user must write the address into the EEAR Register and data into EEDR Register. If the EEPMn
bits are zero, writing EEPE (within four cycles after EEMPE is written) will trigger the erase/write
operation. Both the erase and write cycle are done in one operation and the total programming
time is given in Table 1. The EEPE bit remains set until the erase and write operations are completed. While the device is busy with programming, it is not possible to do any other EEPROM
operations.
5.4.3
Split Byte Programming
It is possible to split the erase and write cycle in two different operations. This may be useful if
the system requires short access time for some limited period of time (typically if the power supply voltage falls). In order to take advantage of this method, it is required that the locations to be
written have been erased before the write operation. But since the erase and write operations
are split, it is possible to do the erase operations when the system allows doing time-critical
operations (typically after Power-up).
5.4.4
Erase
To erase a byte, the address must be written to EEAR. If the EEPMn bits are 0b01, writing the
EEPE (within four cycles after EEMPE is written) will trigger the erase operation only (programming time is given in Table 1). The EEPE bit remains set until the erase operation completes.
While the device is busy programming, it is not possible to do any other EEPROM operations.
5.4.5
Write
To write a location, the user must write the address into EEAR and the data into EEDR. If the
EEPMn bits are 0b10, writing the EEPE (within four cycles after EEMPE is written) will trigger
the write operation only (programming time is given in Table 1). The EEPE bit remains set until
the write operation completes. If the location to be written has not been erased before write, the
17
8048B–AVR–03/09
data that is stored must be considered as lost. While the device is busy with programming, it is
not possible to do any other EEPROM operations.
The calibrated Oscillator is used to time the EEPROM accesses. Make sure the Oscillator frequency is within the requirements described in “OSCCAL – Oscillator Calibration Register” on
page 28.
The following code examples show one assembly and one C function for erase, write, or atomic
write of the EEPROM. The examples assume that interrupts are controlled (e.g., by disabling
interrupts globally) so that no interrupts will occur during execution of these functions.
Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_write:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEPE
rjmp EEPROM_write
; Set Programming mode
ldi
r16, (0<<EEPM1)|(0<<EEPM0)
out
EECR, r16
; Set up address (r17) in address register
out EEAR, r17
; Write data (r19) to data register
out EEDR,r19
; Write logical one to EEMPE
sbi EECR,EEMPE
; Start eeprom write by setting EEPE
sbi EECR,EEPE
ret
C Code Example
void EEPROM_write(unsigned char ucAddress, unsigned char ucData)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEPE))
;
/* Set Programming mode */
EECR = (0<<EEPM1)|(0<<EEPM0)
/* Set up address and data registers */
EEAR = ucAddress;
EEDR = ucData;
/* Write logical one to EEMPE */
EECR |= (1<<EEMPE);
/* Start eeprom write by setting EEPE */
EECR |= (1<<EEPE);
}
18
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
The next code examples show assembly and C functions for reading the EEPROM. The examples assume that interrupts are controlled so that no interrupts will occur during execution of
these functions.
Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_read:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEPE
rjmp EEPROM_read
; Set up address (r17) in address register
out EEAR, r17
; Start eeprom read by writing EERE
sbi EECR,EERE
; Read data from data register
in
r16,EEDR
ret
C Code Example
unsigned char EEPROM_read(unsigned char ucAddress)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEPE))
;
/* Set up address register */
EEAR = ucAddress;
/* Start eeprom read by writing EERE */
EECR |= (1<<EERE);
/* Return data from data register */
return EEDR;
}
5.4.6
Preventing EEPROM Corruption
During periods of low VCC, the EEPROM data can be corrupted because the supply voltage is
too low for the CPU and the EEPROM to operate properly. These issues are the same as for
board level systems using EEPROM, and the same design solutions should be applied.
An EEPROM data corruption can be caused by two situations when the voltage is too low. First,
a regular write sequence to the EEPROM requires a minimum voltage to operate correctly. Secondly, the CPU itself can execute instructions incorrectly, if the supply voltage is too low.
EEPROM data corruption can easily be avoided by following this design recommendation:
Keep the AVR RESET active (low) during periods of insufficient power supply voltage. This can
be done by enabling the internal Brown-out Detector (BOD). If the detection level of the internal
BOD does not match the needed detection level, an external low VCC reset protection circuit can
be used. If a reset occurs while a write operation is in progress, the write operation will be completed provided that the power supply voltage is sufficient.
19
8048B–AVR–03/09
5.5
I/O Memory
The I/O space definition of the ATtiny43U is shown in “Register Summary” on page 167.
All I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. All I/O locations may be accessed by the
LD/LDS/LDD and ST/STS/STD instructions, transferring data between the 32 general purpose
working registers and the I/O space. I/O Registers within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are
directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these registers, the value of single
bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. See the instruction set section for
more details. When using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT, the I/O addresses 0x00 0x3F must be used. When addressing I/O Registers as data space using LD and ST instructions, 0x20 must be added to these addresses.
For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed.
Reserved I/O memory addresses should never be written.
Some of the Status Flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that, unlike most
other AVRs, the CBI and SBI instructions will only operate on the specified bit, and can therefore
be used on registers containing such Status Flags. The CBI and SBI instructions work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only.
The I/O and Peripherals Control Registers are explained in later sections.
5.5.1
5.6
5.6.1
General Purpose I/O Registers
ATtiny43U contains three General Purpose I/O Registers. These registers can be used for storing any information, and they are particularly useful for storing global variables and status flags.
General Purpose I/O Registers within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible
using the SBI, CBI, SBIS, and SBIC instructions.
Register Description
EEAR – EEPROM Address Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1E (0x3E)
-
-
EEAR5
EEAR4
EEAR3
EEAR2
EEAR1
EEAR0
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
EEAR
• Bits 7:6 – Res: Reserved Bit
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bits 5:0 – EEAR[5:0]: EEPROM Address
The EEPROM Address Register – EEAR – specifies the EEPROM address. The EEPROM data
bytes are addressed linearly in the range 0...(64-1). The initial value of EEAR is undefined. A
proper value must be written before the EEPROM may be accessed.
20
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
5.6.2
EEDR – EEPROM Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EEDR7
EEDR6
EEDR5
EEDR4
EEDR3
EEDR2
EEDR1
EEDR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0x1D (0x3D)
EEDR
• Bits 7:0 – EEDR[7:0]: EEPROM Data
For the EEPROM write operation the EEDR Register contains the data to be written to the
EEPROM in the address given by the EEAR Register. For the EEPROM read operation, the
EEDR contains the data read out from the EEPROM at the address given by EEAR.
5.6.3
EECR – EEPROM Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1C (0x3C)
–
–
EEPM1
EEPM0
EERIE
EEMPE
EEPE
EERE
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
X
X
0
0
X
0
EECR
• Bit 7 – Res: Reserved Bit
These bits are reserved and will always read zero. For compatibility with future AVR devices,
always write this bit to zero. After reading, mask out this bit.
• Bit 6 – Res: Reserved Bit
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bits 5, 4 – EEPM1 and EEPM0: EEPROM Mode Bits
The EEPROM Programming mode bits setting defines which programming action that will be
triggered when writing EEPE. It is possible to program data in one atomic operation (erase the
old value and program the new value) or to split the Erase and Write operations in two different
operations. The Programming times for the different modes are shown in Table 5-1. While EEPE
is set, any write to EEPMn will be ignored. During reset, the EEPMn bits will be reset to 0b00
unless the EEPROM is busy programming.
Table 5-1.
EEPROM Mode Bits
EEPM1
EEPM0
Programming
Time
0
0
3.4 ms
Erase and Write in one operation (Atomic Operation)
0
1
1.8 ms
Erase Only
1
0
1.8 ms
Write Only
1
1
–
Operation
Reserved for future use
• Bit 3 – EERIE: EEPROM Ready Interrupt Enable
Writing EERIE to one enables the EEPROM Ready Interrupt if the I-bit in SREG is set. Writing
EERIE to zero disables the interrupt. The EEPROM Ready Interrupt generates a constant interrupt when Non-volatile memory is ready for programming.
• Bit 2 – EEMPE: EEPROM Master Program Enable
The EEMPE bit determines whether writing EEPE to one will have effect or not.
21
8048B–AVR–03/09
When EEMPE is set, setting EEPE within four clock cycles will program the EEPROM at the
selected address. If EEMPE is zero, setting EEPE will have no effect. When EEMPE has been
written to one by software, hardware clears the bit to zero after four clock cycles.
• Bit 1 – EEPE: EEPROM Program Enable
The EEPROM Program Enable Signal EEPE is the programming enable signal to the EEPROM.
When EEPE is written, the EEPROM will be programmed according to the EEPMn bits setting.
The EEMPE bit must be written to one before a logical one is written to EEPE, otherwise no
EEPROM write takes place. When the write access time has elapsed, the EEPE bit is cleared
by hardware. When EEPE has been set, the CPU is halted for two cycles before the next
instruction is executed.
• Bit 0 – EERE: EEPROM Read Enable
The EEPROM Read Enable Signal – EERE – is the read strobe to the EEPROM. When the correct address is set up in the EEAR Register, the EERE bit must be written to one to trigger the
EEPROM read. The EEPROM read access takes one instruction, and the requested data is
available immediately. When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four cycles before the
next instruction is executed. The user should poll the EEPE bit before starting the read operation. If a write operation is in progress, it is neither possible to read the EEPROM, nor to change
the EEAR Register.
5.6.4
GPIOR2 – General Purpose I/O Register 2
Bit
5.6.5
5
4
3
2
1
0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LSB
5
4
3
2
1
GPIOR2
GPIOR1 – General Purpose I/O Register 1
7
6
0
0x14 (0x34)
MSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LSB
5
4
3
2
1
GPIOR1
GPIOR0 – General Purpose I/O Register 0
Bit
22
6
MSB
Bit
5.6.6
7
0x15 (0x35)
7
6
0
0x13 (0x33)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GPIOR0
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
6. System Clock and Clock Options
6.1
Clock Systems and their Distribution
Figure 6-1 presents the principal clock systems in the AVR and their distribution. All of the clocks
need not be active at a given time. In order to reduce power consumption, the clocks to modules
not being used can be halted by using different sleep modes, as described in “Power Management and Sleep Modes” on page 31. The clock systems are detailed below.
Figure 6-1.
Clock Distribution
General I/O
Modules
ADC
CPU Core
RAM
Flash and
EEPROM
clkADC
clkI/O
AVR Clock
Control Unit
clkCPU
clkFLASH
System Clock
Prescaler
Source clock
Clock
Multiplexer
External Clock
Reset Logic
Watchdog Timer
Watchdog clock
Watchdog
Oscillator
Calibrated RC
Oscillator
6.1.1
CPU Clock – clkCPU
The CPU clock is routed to parts of the system concerned with operation of the AVR core.
Examples of such modules are the General Purpose Register File, the Status Register and the
data memory holding the Stack Pointer. Halting the CPU clock inhibits the core from performing
general operations and calculations.
6.1.2
I/O Clock – clkI/O
The I/O clock is used by the majority of the I/O modules, like Timer/Counters. The I/O clock is
also used by the External Interrupt module, but note that some external interrupts are detected
by asynchronous logic, allowing such interrupts to be detected even if the I/O clock is halted.
Also note that start condition detection in the USI module is carried out asynchronously when
clkI/O is halted.
6.1.3
Flash Clock – clkFLASH
The Flash clock controls operation of the Flash interface. The Flash clock is usually active simultaneously with the CPU clock.
23
8048B–AVR–03/09
6.1.4
6.2
ADC Clock – clkADC
The ADC is provided with a dedicated clock domain. This allows halting the CPU and I/O clocks
in order to reduce noise generated by digital circuitry. This gives more accurate ADC conversion
results.
Clock Sources
The device has the following clock source options, selectable by Flash Fuse bits as shown
below. The clock from the selected source is input to the AVR clock generator, and routed to the
appropriate modules.
Table 6-1.
Device Clocking Options Select(1)
Device Clocking Option
CKSEL3..0
External Clock (see page 24)
0000
Calibrated Internal 8 MHz Oscillator (see page 25)
0010
Internal 128 kHz Oscillator (see page 26)
0011
Reserved
Note:
6.2.1
0001, 0100-1111
1. For all fuses “1” means unprogrammed while “0” means programmed.
External Clock
To drive the device from an external clock source, CLKI should be driven as shown in Figure 6-2
on page 24. To run the device on an external clock, the CKSEL Fuses must be programmed to
“0000” (see Table 6-2).
Table 6-2.
Figure 6-2.
Crystal Oscillator Clock Frequency
CKSEL3..0
Frequency
0000
0 - 8 MHz
External Clock Drive Configuration
EXTERNAL
CLOCK
SIGNAL
CLKI
GND
24
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
When this clock source is selected, start-up times are determined by SUT Fuses as shown in
Table 6-3.
Table 6-3.
Start-up Times for the External Clock Selection
SUT1..0
Start-up Time
from Power-down
Additional Delay
from Reset
00
6 CK
14CK
01
6 CK
14CK + 4 ms
Fast rising power
10
6 CK
14CK + 64 ms
Slowly rising power
11
Recommended Usage
BOD enabled
Reserved
When applying an external clock, it is required to avoid sudden changes in the applied clock frequency to ensure stable operation of the MCU. A variation in frequency of more than 2% from
one clock cycle to the next can lead to unpredictable behavior. If changes of more than 2% is
required, ensure that the MCU is kept in Reset during the changes.
Note that the System Clock Prescaler can be used to implement run-time changes of the internal
clock frequency while still ensuring stable operation. Refer to “Power Management and Sleep
Modes” on page 31 for details.
6.2.2
Calibrated Internal 8 MHz Oscillator
By default, the Internal RC Oscillator provides an approximate 8.0 MHz clock. Though voltage
and temperature dependent, this clock can be very accurately calibrated by the user. See Table
20-2 on page 157 for more details. The device is shipped with the CKDIV8 Fuse programmed.
See “System Clock Prescaler” on page 27 for more details.
This clock may be selected as the system clock by programming the CKSEL Fuses as shown in
Table 6-4. If selected, it will operate with no external components. During reset, hardware loads
the pre-programmed calibration value into the OSCCAL Register and thereby automatically calibrates the RC Oscillator. The accuracy of this calibration is shown as Factory calibration in
Table 20-2 on page 157.
By changing the OSCCAL register from SW, see “OSCCAL – Oscillator Calibration Register” on
page 28, it is possible to get a higher calibration accuracy than by using the factory calibration.
The accuracy of this calibration is shown as User calibration in Table 20-2 on page 157.
When this Oscillator is used as the chip clock, the Watchdog Oscillator will still be used for the
Watchdog Timer and for the Reset Time-out. For more information on the pre-programmed calibration value, see the section “Calibration Byte” on page 142.
Table 6-4.
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator Operating Modes
CKSEL3..0
(1)
0010
Notes:
Nominal Frequency (MHz)
8.0
1. The device is shipped with this option selected.
25
8048B–AVR–03/09
When this Oscillator is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as shown in
Table 6-5 below.
Table 6-5.
SUT1..0
Start-up times for Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator Clock Selection
Start-up Time
from Power-down
Additional Delay from
Reset (VCC = 5.0V)
(1)
00
6 CK
01
6 CK
14CK + 4 ms
Fast rising power
10(2)
6 CK
14CK + 64 ms
Slowly rising power
11
Note:
14CK
Recommended Usage
BOD enabled
Reserved
1. If the RSTDISBL fuse is programmed, this start-up time will be increased to
14CK + 4 ms to ensure programming mode can be entered.
2. The device is shipped with this option selected.
6.2.3
Internal 128 kHz Oscillator
The 128 kHz internal oscillator is a low power oscillator providing a clock of 128 kHz. The frequency is nominal at 3V and 25°C. This clock may be select as the system clock by
programming the CKSEL Fuses to “11” as shown in Table 6-6 below.
Table 6-6.
128 kHz Internal Oscillator Operating Modes
CKSEL3..0
Nominal Frequency
0011
128 kHz
When this clock source is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as shown in
Table 6-7 below.
Table 6-7.
SUT1..0
Additional Delay
from Reset
(1)
14CK
Recommended Usage
BOD enabled
6 CK
01
6 CK
14CK + 4 ms
Fast rising power
10
6 CK
14CK + 64 ms
Slowly rising power
Note:
26
Start-up Time
from Power-down
00
11
6.2.4
Start-up Times for the 128 kHz Internal Oscillator
Reserved
1. If the RSTDISBL fuse is programmed, this start-up time will be increased to 14CK + 4 ms to
ensure programming mode can be entered.
Default Clock Source
The device is shipped with CKSEL = "0010", SUT = "10", and CKDIV8 programmed. The default
clock source is therefore the internal RC oscillator running at 8.0 MHz with the longest start-up
time and an initial system clock prescale setting of 8, resulting in a 1 MHz system clock. The
default setting ensures every user can make the desired clock source setting using any available
programming interface.
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
6.2.5
Clock Startup Sequence
Any clock source needs a sufficient VCC to start oscillating and a minimum number of oscillating
cycles before it can be considered stable.
To ensure sufficient VCC, the device issues an internal reset with a time-out delay (tTOUT) after
the device reset is released by all other reset sources. The section “System Control and Reset”
on page 48 describes the start conditions for the internal reset. The delay (tTOUT) is timed from
the Watchdog Oscillator and the number of cycles in the delay is set by the SUTn and CKSELn
fuse bits. The available delays are shown in Table 6-8.
Table 6-8.
Number of Watchdog Oscillator Cycles
Typ Time-out (VCC = 5.0V)
Typ Time-out (VCC = 3.0V)
Number of Cycles
0 ms
0 ms
0
4.1 ms
4.3 ms
512
65 ms
69 ms
8K (8,192)
Note:
The frequency of the Watchdog Oscillator is voltage dependent as shown in TBD.
The main purpose of the delay is to keep the AVR in reset until VCC has risen to a sufficient level.
The delay will not monitor the actual voltage and, hence, the user must make sure the delay time
is longer than the VCC rise time. If this is not possible, an internal or external Brown-Out Detection circuit should be used. A BOD circuit ensures there is sufficient VCC before it releases the
reset line, and the time-out delay can then be disabled. It is not recommended to disable the
time-out delay without implementing a Brown-Out Detection circuit.
The oscillator is required to oscillate for a minimum number of cycles before the clock is considered stable. An internal ripple counter monitors the oscillator output clock, and keeps the internal
reset active for a given number of clock cycles. The reset is then released and the device will
start to execute.
The start-up sequence for the clock includes both the time-out delay and the start-up time when
the device starts up from reset. When starting up from Power-down mode, VCC is assumed to be
at a sufficient level and only the start-up time is included.
6.3
System Clock Prescaler
The ATtiny43U has a system clock prescaler, which means the system clock can be divided as
described in section “CLKPR – Clock Prescale Register” on page 28. This feature can be used
to lower system clock frequency and decrease the power consumption at times when requirements for processing power is low. This can be used with all clock source options, and it will
affect the clock frequency of the CPU and all synchronous peripherals. Clock signals clkI/O,
clkADC, clkCPU, and clkFLASH are divided by a factor as shown in Table 20-4 on page 158.
6.3.1
Switching Time
When changing prescaler settings, the System Clock Prescaler ensures that no glitches occurs
in the clock system. It also ensures that no intermediate frequency is higher than either the clock
frequency corresponding to the previous setting or the clock frequency corresponding to the new
setting. The ripple counter of the prescaler runs at the same frequency as the undivided clock,
which may be higher than the CPU's clock frequency. Hence, even if it was readable, it is not
possible to determine the state of the prescaler, and it is not possible to predict the exact time it
takes to switch from one clock division to the other. From the time the CLKPS values are written,
27
8048B–AVR–03/09
it takes between T1 + T2 and T1 + 2 * T2 before the new clock frequency is active. In this interval, two active clock edges are produced. Here, T1 is the previous clock period, and T2 is the
period corresponding to the new prescaler setting.
6.4
Clock Output Buffer
The device can output the system clock on the CLKO pin. To enable the output, the CKOUT
Fuse has to be programmed. This mode is suitable when the chip clock is used to drive other circuits on the system. The clock also will be output during reset, and the normal operation of I/O
pin will be overridden when the fuse is programmed. Any clock source, including the internal RC
Oscillator, can be selected when the clock is output on CLKO. If the System Clock Prescaler is
used, it is the divided system clock that is output.
6.5
6.5.1
Register Description
OSCCAL – Oscillator Calibration Register
Bit
Read/Write
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CAL7
CAL6
CAL5
CAL4
CAL3
CAL2
CAL1
CAL0
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
OSCCAL
Device Specific Calibration Value
• Bits 7:0 – CAL[7:0]: Oscillator Calibration Value
The Oscillator Calibration Register is used to trim the Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator to
remove process variations from the oscillator frequency. A pre-programmed calibration value is
automatically written to this register during chip reset, giving the Factory calibrated frequency as
specified in Table 20-2 on page 157. The application software can write this register to change
the oscillator frequency. The oscillator can be calibrated to frequencies as specified in Table 202 on page 157. Calibration outside that range is not guaranteed.
Note that this oscillator is used to time EEPROM and Flash write accesses, and these write
times will be affected accordingly. If the EEPROM or Flash are written, do not calibrate to more
than 8.8 MHz. Otherwise, the EEPROM or Flash write may fail.
The CAL7 bit determines the range of operation for the oscillator. Setting this bit to 0 gives the
lowest frequency range, setting this bit to 1 gives the highest frequency range. The two frequency ranges are overlapping, in other words a setting of OSCCAL = 0x7F gives a higher
frequency than OSCCAL = 0x80.
The CAL6..0 bits are used to tune the frequency within the selected range. A setting of 0x00
gives the lowest frequency in that range, and a setting of 0x7F gives the highest frequency in the
range.
6.5.2
CLKPR – Clock Prescale Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CLKPCE
–
–
–
CLKPS3
CLKPS2
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
CLKPR
See Bit Description
• Bit 7 – CLKPCE: Clock Prescaler Change Enable
The CLKPCE bit must be written to logic one to enable change of the CLKPS bits. The CLKPCE
bit is only updated when the other bits in CLKPR are simultaneously written to zero. CLKPCE is
28
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
cleared by hardware four cycles after it is written or when CLKPS bits are written. Rewriting the
CLKPCE bit within this time-out period does neither extend the time-out period, nor clear the
CLKPCE bit.
• Bits 3:0 – CLKPS[3:0]: Clock Prescaler Select Bits 3 - 0
These bits define the division factor between the selected clock source and the internal system
clock. These bits can be written run-time to vary the clock frequency to suit the application
requirements. As the divider divides the master clock input to the MCU, the speed of all synchronous peripherals is affected. The division factors are given in Table 6-9.
The CKDIV8 Fuse determines the initial value of the CLKPS bits. If CKDIV8 is unprogrammed,
the CLKPS bits will be reset to “0000”. If CKDIV8 is programmed, CLKPS bits are reset to
“0011”, giving a division factor of 8 at start up. This feature should be used if the selected clock
source has a higher frequency than the maximum frequency of the device at the present operating conditions. Note that any value can be written to the CLKPS bits regardless of the CKDIV8
Fuse setting. The Application software must ensure that a sufficient division factor is chosen if
the selected clock source has a higher frequency than the maximum frequency of the device at
the present operating conditions. The device is shipped with the CKDIV8 Fuse programmed.
Table 6-9.
Clock Prescaler Select
CLKPS3
CLKPS2
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Clock Division Factor
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
4
0
0
1
1
8
0
1
0
0
16
0
1
0
1
32
0
1
1
0
64
0
1
1
1
128
1
0
0
0
256
1
0
0
1
Reserved
1
0
1
0
Reserved
1
0
1
1
Reserved
1
1
0
0
Reserved
1
1
0
1
Reserved
1
1
1
0
Reserved
1
1
1
1
Reserved
To avoid unintentional changes of clock frequency, a special write procedure must be followed
to change the CLKPS bits:
1. Write the Clock Prescaler Change Enable (CLKPCE) bit to one and all other bitsin
CLKPR to zero.
2. Within four cycles, write the desired value to CLKPS while writing a zero to CLKPCE.
29
8048B–AVR–03/09
Interrupts must be disabled when changing prescaler setting to make sure the write procedure is
not interrupted.
30
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
7. Power Management and Sleep Modes
Sleep modes enable the application to shut down unused modules in the MCU, thereby saving
power. The AVR provides various sleep modes allowing the user to tailor the power consumption to the application’s requirements.
When enabled, the Brown-out Detector (BOD) actively monitors the power supply voltage during
the sleep periods. To further save power, it is possible to disable the BOD in some sleep modes.
See “Software BOD Disable” on page 32 for more details.
7.1
Sleep Modes
Figure 6-1 on page 23 presents the different clock systems in ATtiny43U, and their distribution.
The figure is helpful in selecting an appropriate sleep mode. Table 7-1 below shows the different
sleep modes and their wake-up sources.
Table 7-1.
Active Clock Domains and Wake-up Sources in the Different Sleep Modes
ADC Noise Reduction
Power-down
Note:
Main Clock
Source Enabled
INT0 and
Pin Change
SPM/EEPROM
Ready
ADC
Other I/O
Watchdog
Interrupt
Wake-up Sources
clkADC
Idle
Oscillators
clkIO
clkFLASH
Sleep Mode
clkCPU
Active Clock Domains
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(1)
X(1)
X
X
X
X
1. For INT0, only level interrupt.
To enter any of the sleep modes, the SE bit in MCUCR must be written to logic one and a
SLEEP instruction must be executed. The SM1:0 bits in the MCUCR Register select which sleep
mode (Idle, ADC Noise Reduction or Power-down) will be activated by the SLEEP instruction.
See Table 7-2 on page 34 for a summary.
If an enabled interrupt occurs while the MCU is in a sleep mode, the MCU wakes up. The MCU
is then halted for four cycles in addition to the start-up time, executes the interrupt routine, and
resumes execution from the instruction following SLEEP. The contents of the Register File and
SRAM are unaltered when the device wakes up from sleep. If a reset occurs during sleep mode,
the MCU wakes up and executes from the Reset Vector.
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up the changed level must be held for
some time to wake up the MCU (and for the MCU to enter the interrupt service routine). See
“External Interrupts” on page 58 for details.
7.1.1
Idle Mode
When the SM1:0 bits are written to 00, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Idle mode,
stopping the CPU but allowing Analog Comparator, ADC, Timer/Counter, Watchdog, and the
interrupt system to continue operating. This sleep mode basically halts clkCPU and clkFLASH, while
allowing the other clocks to run.
31
8048B–AVR–03/09
Idle mode enables the MCU to wake up from external triggered interrupts as well as internal
ones like the Timer Overflow. If wake-up from the Analog Comparator interrupt is not required,
the Analog Comparator can be powered down by setting the ACD bit in the “ACSR – Analog
Comparator Control and Status Register” on page 113. This will reduce power consumption in
Idle mode. If the ADC is enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is entered.
7.1.2
ADC Noise Reduction Mode
When the SM1..0 bits are written to 01, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter ADC Noise
Reduction mode, stopping the CPU but allowing the ADC, the external interrupts, and the
Watchdog to continue operating (if enabled). This sleep mode halts clkI/O, clkCPU, and clkFLASH,
while allowing the other clocks to run.
This improves the noise environment for the ADC, enabling higher resolution measurements. If
the ADC is enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is entered. Apart form the
ADC Conversion Complete interrupt, only an External Reset, a Watchdog Reset, a Brown-out
Reset, an SPM/EEPROM ready interrupt, an external level interrupt on INT0 or a pin change
interrupt can wake up the MCU from ADC Noise Reduction mode.
7.1.3
7.2
Power-Down Mode
When the SM1..0 bits are written to 10, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Powerdown mode. In this mode, the Oscillator is stopped, while the external interrupts, and the Watchdog continue operating (if enabled). Only an External Reset, a Watchdog Reset, a Brown-out
Reset, an external level interrupt on INT0, or a pin change interrupt can wake up the MCU. This
sleep mode halts all generated clocks, allowing operation of asynchronous modules only.
Software BOD Disable
When the Brown-out Detector (BOD) is enabled by BODLEVEL fuses (see Table 19.2 on page
140), the BOD is actively monitoring the power supply voltage during a sleep period. To save
power, it is possible for software to disable the BOD in Power-Down Mode (see “Power-Down
Mode” on page 32). The sleep mode power consumption will then be at the same level as when
BOD is globally disabled by fuses. If disabled by software, the BOD is turned off immediately
after entering the sleep mode and automatically turned on upon wake-up. This ensures safe
operation in case the VCC level has dropped during the sleep period.
When the BOD has been disabled the wake-up time from sleep mode will be the same as the
wake-up time from RESET. This is in order to ensure the BOD is working correctly before the
MCU continues executing code.
BOD disable is controlled by bit 7 (BODS — BOD Sleep) of MCU Control Register, see “MCUCR
– MCU Control Register” on page 34. Writing this bit to one turns off the BOD in Power-Down
Mode, while a zero in this bit keeps BOD active. The default setting is zero, i.e. BOD active.
Writing to the BODS bit is controlled by a timed sequence and an enable bit, see “MCUCR –
MCU Control Register” on page 34.
7.3
Power Reduction Register
The Power Reduction Register (PRR), see “PRR – Power Reduction Register” on page 35, provides a method to stop the clock to individual peripherals to reduce power consumption. The
current state of the peripheral is frozenand the I/O registers can not be read or written.
Resources used by the peripheral when stopping the clock will remain occupied, hence the
32
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
peripheral should in most cases be disabled before stopping the clock. Waking up a module,
which is done by clearing the bit in PRR, puts the module in the same state as before shutdown.
Module shutdown can be used in Idle mode and Active mode to significantly reduce the overall
power consumption. In all other sleep modes, the clock is already stopped
7.4
Minimizing Power Consumption
There are several issues to consider when trying to minimize the power consumption in an AVR
controlled system. In general, sleep modes should be used as much as possible, and the sleep
mode should be selected so that as few as possible of the device’s functions are operating. All
functions not needed should be disabled. In particular, the following modules may need special
consideration when trying to achieve the lowest possible power consumption.
7.4.1
Analog to Digital Converter
If enabled, the ADC will be enabled in all sleep modes. To save power, the ADC should be disabled before entering any sleep mode. When the ADC is turned off and on again, the next
conversion will be an extended conversion. See “Analog to Digital Converter” on page 115 for
details on ADC operation.
7.4.2
Analog Comparator
When entering Idle mode, the Analog Comparator should be disabled if not used. When entering
ADC Noise Reduction mode, the Analog Comparator should be disabled. In the other sleep
modes, the Analog Comparator is automatically disabled. However, if the Analog Comparator is
set up to use the Internal Voltage Reference as input, the Analog Comparator should be disabled in all sleep modes. Otherwise, the Internal Voltage Reference will be enabled,
independent of sleep mode. See “Analog Comparator” on page 112 for details on how to configure the Analog Comparator.
7.4.3
Brown-out Detector
If the Brown-out Detector is not needed in the application, this module should be turned off. If the
Brown-out Detector is enabled it will be active in all sleep modes and, hence, always consume
power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. See “Brown-out Detection” on page 50 and “Software BOD Disable” on page 32 for details
on how to configure the Brown-out Detector.
7.4.4
Internal Voltage Reference
The Internal Voltage Reference will be enabled when needed by the Brown-out Detection, the
Analog Comparator or the ADC. If these modules are disabled as described in the sections
above, the internal voltage reference will be disabled and it will not be consuming power. When
turned on again, the user must allow the reference to start up before the output is used. If the
reference is kept on in sleep mode, the output can be used immediately. See “Internal Voltage
Reference” on page 51 for details on the start-up time.
7.4.5
Watchdog Timer
If the Watchdog Timer is not needed in the application, this module should be turned off. If the
Watchdog Timer is enabled, it will be enabled in all sleep modes, and hence, always consume
power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. See “Watchdog Timer” on page 51 for details on how to configure the Watchdog Timer.
33
8048B–AVR–03/09
7.4.6
Port Pins
When entering a sleep mode, all port pins should be configured to use minimum power. The
most important thing is then to ensure that no pins drive resistive loads. In sleep modes where
both the I/O clock (clkI/O) and the ADC clock (clkADC) are stopped, the input buffers of the device
will be disabled. This ensures that no power is consumed by the input logic when not needed. In
some cases, the input logic is needed for detecting wake-up conditions, and it will then be
enabled. See the section “Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes” on page 66 for details on
which pins are enabled. If the input buffer is enabled and the input signal is left floating or has an
analog signal level close to VCC/2, the input buffer will use excessive power.
For analog input pins, the digital input buffer should be disabled at all times. An analog signal
level close to VCC/2 on an input pin can cause significant current even in active mode. Digital
input buffers can be disabled by writing to the Digital Input Disable Register (DIDR0). See
“DIDR0 – Digital Input Disable Register 0” on page 130 for details.
7.5
7.5.1
Register Description
MCUCR – MCU Control Register
The MCU Control Register contains control bits for power management.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x35 (0x55)
BODS
PUD
SE
SM1
SM0
BODSE
ISC01
ISC00
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
• Bit 7 – BODS: BOD Sleep
The BODS bit must be written to logic one in order to turn off BOD during sleep, see Table 7-1
on page 31. Writing to the BODS bit is controlled by a timed sequence and an enable bit,
BODSE in MCUCR. To disable BOD in relevant sleep modes, both BODS and BODSE must first
be set to one. Then, to set the BODS bit, BODS must be set to one and BODSE must be set to
zero within four clock cycles.
The BODS bit is active three clock cycles after it is set. A sleep instruction must be executed
while BODS is active in order to turn off the BOD for the actual sleep mode. The BODS bit is
automatically cleared after three clock cycles.
• Bit 5 – SE: Sleep Enable
The SE bit must be written to logic one to make the MCU enter the sleep mode when the SLEEP
instruction is executed. To avoid the MCU entering the sleep mode unless it is the programmer’s
purpose, it is recommended to write the Sleep Enable (SE) bit to one just before the execution of
the SLEEP instruction and to clear it immediately after waking up.
• Bits 4, 3 – SM[1:0]: Sleep Mode Select Bits 2:0
These bits select between the three available sleep modes as shown in Table 7-2 below.
Table 7-2.
34
Sleep Mode Select
SM1
SM0
0
0
Sleep Mode
Idle
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 7-2.
Sleep Mode Select
SM1
SM0
Sleep Mode
0
1
ADC Noise Reduction
1
0
Power-down
1
1
Reserved
• Bit 2 – BODSE: BOD Sleep Enable
BODSE enables setting of BODS control bit, as explained in BODS bit description. BOD disable
is controlled by a timed sequence.
7.5.2
PRR – Power Reduction Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x00 (0x20)
PRE2
PRE1
PRE0
–
PRTIM1
PRTIM0
PRUSI
PRADC
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PRR
• Bits 7:5 – PRE[2:0]: Prepared Read Enable
These bits are used for prepared read operations. See sections “Software Control of Boost Converter” on page 42 and “ADCSRB – ADC Control and Status Register B” on page 47.
• Bit 4 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved and will always read zero.
• Bit 3 – PRTIM1: Power Reduction Timer/Counter1
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter1 module. When the Timer/Counter1
is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
• Bit 2 – PRTIM0: Power Reduction Timer/Counter0
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter0 module. When the Timer/Counter0
is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
• Bit 1 – PRUSI: Power Reduction USI
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the USI by stopping the clock to the module. When
waking up the USI again, the USI should be re-initialized to ensure proper operation.
• Bit 0 – PRADC: Power Reduction ADC
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the ADC. The ADC must be disabled before shut down.
The analog comparator cannot use the ADC input MUX when the ADC is shut down.
35
8048B–AVR–03/09
8. Power Supply and On-Chip Boost Converter
In order to work properly microcontrollers typically require a supply voltage level that can not be
provided by battery packs of less than two or three battery cells. This constraint adds to size,
cost and complexity of the design. The integrated boost converter of ATtiny43U bridges the gap
between minimum supply voltage of the device and typical output voltages of single-cell standard, alkaline, Lithium, NiCd or NiMH batteries. The boost converter enables the device to be
powered from a source with a supply voltage well below 1V.
A block diagram illustrating the use of the boost converter is shown in Figure 8-1, below.
Figure 8-1.
Block Diagram of Boost Converter Usage.
VCC
ATtiny43U
VBAT
VIN
EXTERNAL
COMPONENTS
LSW
16
REGULATOR
MCU
I/O
GND
8.1
Overview
A boost converter is a device that converts a DC voltage to a higher level. The integrated boost
converter of ATtiny43U provides the microcontroller (and its peripherals) with a fixed supply voltage, generated from an external supply of lower voltage.
The ATtiny43U boost converter is a switching type, step-up converter that uses an external
inductor, a diode and bypass capacitors. The boost converter is self-sufficient, completely independent and does not need any control from the MCU. The converter starts automatically as
soon as there is sufficient voltage at the VBAT pin. See Table 20-7 on page 159 for electrical
characteristics.
The microcontroller starts as soon as the regulated output of the boost converter rises above
power-on and brown-out reset levels (if enabled), as described in section “System Control and
Reset” on page 48. After the MCU is released from reset and has started running the application
software can then measure the battery voltage and decide if there is sufficient voltage to continue operation.
The boost converter continuously switches between storing energy in and draining energy from
the external inductor. During the charge phase the current through the inductor ramps up at a
rate determined by the converter input voltage. During the discharge phase energy stored in the
inductor is released to the load and the current in the inductor ramps down at a rate determined
by the difference between the input and output voltages.
The boost converter requires some external components to operate. See Figure 8-2 on page 37
for component placement. The circuit is completed by inserting an inductor between node VIN
and pin LSW, and a Schottky diode between pins LSW and VCC. In addition, an input capacitor
and external bypass capacitor from VCC to GND are typically required. See “Typical Applications” on page 46 for more details.
36
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 8-2.
C4
Typical Connection of Boost Converter.
C3
PB0
PB1
PA7
PA6
PB2
PB3
PB4
PB5
PA5
PA4
PA3
PA2
PB6
PB7
VCC
PA1
PA0
VBAT
GND
LSW
R1
VIN
C2
C1
D1
L1
When the boost converter is not connected the microcontroller can be powered directly from an
external source and is then subject to the standard supply voltage limits defined in “Electrical
Characteristics” on page 155.
It is recommended to disable the Brown-Out Detection (BOD) circuit when using the integrated
boost converter. This is because supply voltage of the microcontroller can drop to lowest BOD
levels during regular operation. See “Brown-out Detection” on page 50.
8.2
Modes of Operation
The boost converter has three main modes of operation; Stop, Start, and Active. Operation
begins from Stop Mode and is transferred to Start Mode when input voltage, VBAT, is sufficiently
high for stable operation. When the converter has managed to raise the output voltage, VCC, to a
sustainable level control is then transferred to the main mode of operation, Active Mode.
The modes of operation are illustrated in Figure 8-3, below.
Figure 8-3.
Operating Modes of Boost Converter.
STOP
MODE
ENTRY
f( IL O A D )
RE
P
TO
LOW CURRENT
f( IL O A D )
ACTIVE
MODE
TART
< VS
REGULATED
> VS
BA
T
T
A
MW
R
I
F
V BAT
V
P
TO
V BA
<
VS
V CC < VBOO
ST
VC >
C VBOOST
START
MODE
37
8048B–AVR–03/09
8.2.1
Stop Mode
The boost converter enters Stop Mode (see Figure 8-3 on page 37 for modes of operation) when
input voltage ,VBAT, is below the shutdown voltage, VSTOP (see Table 20-7 on page 159). Alternatively, the boost converter enters Stop Mode when instructed by firmware to do so.
In this mode of operation the boost converter is not active and current consumption is decreased
to a minimum. This is in order to prevent battery discharge and to avoid battery damage.
The voltage at the converter output, VCC, has no effect in this mode. The converter monitors the
voltage of the input pin, VBAT, and waits for it to rise above the start voltage, VSTART (see Table
20-7 on page 159). When there is sufficient voltage at the input the converter exits Stop Mode
and enters Start Mode.
8.2.2
Start Mode
The converter switches from Stop Mode to Start Mode (see Figure 8-3 on page 37) as soon as
the input voltage, VBAT, goes above the start voltage, VSTART (see Table 20-7 on page 159).
Alternatively, the boost converter switches from Active Mode to Start Mode when the output voltage drops below VBOOST.
In this mode of operation the boost converter pumps up the VCC voltage by switcing at a 50%
duty cycle and high frequency, until it reaches VBOOST.
All loads should be disconnected during this stage. The boost converter is designed to remain in
Start Mode for a short moment, but it is optimised to bring the microcontroller on line, only. If
there are additional loads connected to the VCC pin the boost converter may not reach the VCC
voltage required to go into Active Mode.
8.2.3
Active Mode
The converter enters Active Mode of operation (see Figure 8-3 on page 37) when both input and
output voltages are sufficiently high. This means that VBAT is above VSTART and VCC is above
VBOOST. If input voltage drops below VSTOP or output voltage drops below VBOOST the converter
will exit Active Mode. Alternatively, firmware can force the boost converter to exit Active Mode
and enter Stop Mode.
In this mode of operation, the boost converter keeps VCC within limits given in Table 20-7 on
page 159 by constantly adjusting the duty cycle between energy charge and discharge phases.
The duty cycle is affected mainly by input voltage, VBAT, load current, ILOAD, and temperature.
By default, the boost converter operates in Active Regulated Mode but when load current drops
sufficiently low it will enter Active Low Current Mode, as explained in “Output Voltage versus
Load Current” . In Active Low Current Mode current consumption is minimised on the expense of
output voltage regulation.
8.2.4
Examples
Figure 8-4 illustrates operating modes and input and output voltages of the boost converter. As
input voltage, VBAT, rises above VSTART (see “Boost Converter Characteristics” on page 159) the
converter enters Start Mode and output voltage, VCC, begins to rise. At VBOOST output voltage
the converter exits Start Mode and goes into Active Mode. When output voltage exceeds the
power-on threshold VPOT (see “System and Reset Characteristics” on page 158) the microcontroller is released from reset.
38
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 8-4.
Input and Output Voltages of Boost Converter.
VCC
VBAT
VPOT
VSTART
VBOOST
VSTOP
t
CONVERTER:
MCU CORE:
STOP
RESET
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
STOP
RESET
When input voltage VBAT falls below VSTOP the converter enters Stop Mode and output voltage
VCC begins to fall. When converter output voltage, i.e. the supply voltage of the microcontroller,
falls below VPOT the MCU will go into reset.
Figure 8-5 illustrates how the boost converter output changes with load current. As converter
output voltage rises above the power-on threshold the microcontroller is brought on-line and current consumption steps up to a level sufficiently high for the converter to remain in Active
Regulated Mode of operation.
Figure 8-5.
Output Voltage vs. Load Current of Boost Converter.
V/A
VCCMAX
VCCNOM
VCC
VCCMIN
ILOAD
IMS
MODE:
Note:
t
ACTIVE, REGULATED
LOW CURRENT MODE
REGULATED
The figure is not to scale. Typically, the switching time (rising voltage) is measured in hundreds of
microseconds and idle time (falling voltage) is measured in seconds.
39
8048B–AVR–03/09
As current consumption goes below IMS (see Figure 8-5) the converter goes from Active Regulated Mode to Active Low Current Mode. After this, the more the load current is decreased the
longer the discharge time of the output capacitor, i.e. the time when the converter is not switching, will be. Similarly, the charge time, i.e. the time when the converter is switching, will be
shorter. Note that in Active Low Current Mode only the last part of the rising/switching slope is
changed.
Charge time can be minimised by forcing the device into Full Duty Cycle mode of operation (see
“Full Duty Cycle” on page 41).
When load current increases above IMS the converter goes back to Active Regulated Mode.
8.3
Output Voltage versus Load Current
The output voltage of the boost converter depends on the amount of load and method of duty
cycle control.
In Active Mode the boost converter operates in one of two sub-modes called (Active) Regulated
Mode and (Active) Low Current Mode. In Regulated Mode the emphasis is on maintaining a stable output voltage, while in Low Current Mode the emphasis is on minimising current
consumption. The converter always enters Active Regulated Mode at first and switches to Low
Current Mode automatically when required but it is possible to design the application such that
the converter always stays in Active Regulated Mode.
The boost converter goes from Active Regulated Mode to Active Low Current Mode when the
duty cycle reaches its minimum and the output voltage reaches its maximum. At this point the
converter stops switching and the output voltage starts to fall. The converter starts switching
again when the output voltage has fallen to the low limit defined for Low Current Mode. If load
current increases sufficiently the converter will go back from Active Low Current Mode to Active
Regulated Mode. See Figure 21-1 on page 165.
The boost converter goes back to Start Mode if output voltage drops below VBOOST, and starts
over from Stop Mode if input voltage drops below VSTOP, or when instructed by firmware to do
so.
8.3.1
Active Regulated Mode
This is the default method of operation in Active Mode. The converter will remain in this mode
provided that load current is sufficiently high. See “Active Low Current Mode” on page 41.
In this mode of operation the output voltage is constantly regulated. This means a stable output
voltage with a low amplitude, high frequency ripple superimposed. See Figure 8-6 and Table 207 on page 159.
The firmware can instruct the converter to leave this mode and enter Stop Mode. See “Software
Control of Boost Converter” on page 42.
40
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 8-6.
Typical Output Voltage of Boost Converter in Active Regulated Mode.
VCC
OD
E
ACTIVE REGULATED MODE
STA
RT
M
VRPP
fSW
t
8.3.2
Active Low Current Mode
The boost converter enters Active Low Current Mode from Active Regulated Mode when output
voltage reaches its maximum and duty cycle is at its minimum. In practice, this means that the
load current drops below a threshold. The threshold varies with converter input voltage and temperature but a typical plot is shown in Figure 21-1 on page 165.
From Figure 21-1 on page 165 can be seen that at low input voltages (VBAT typically below 1.0V)
and high load currents (ILOAD typically above 0.6mA) the boost converter will never enter Low
Current Mode. Using Full Duty Cycle mode the boost converter can be forced to enter Active
Low Current Mode at input voltages lower than those shown in Figure 21-1 on page 165. See
“Full Duty Cycle” on page 41.
In Low Current Mode the boost converter stops switching and reduces current consumption to a
minimum, while still remaining active. Provided there are no external loads active the boost converter enters Low Current Mode automatically when the microcontroller goes into Power Down
Mode (see “Sleep Modes” on page 31).
In this mode of operation the converter periodically reaches its duty cycle low limit. When this
happens the converter stops switching and the output voltage starts dropping. The converter
starts switching again when the output voltage has decreased to the low limit of Active Low Current Mode. This results in a periodical pattern as illustrated in Figure 8-5 on page 39.
If the output voltage, VCC, drops below VBOOST (due to an overload or a short circuit) the converter goes back to Start Mode. In addition, the firmware can instruct the converter to leave this
mode and enter Stop Mode. See “Software Control of Boost Converter” on page 42.
8.3.3
Full Duty Cycle
By default, the boost converter keeps VCC within limits by controlling the duty cycle of the switching waveform. It is possible to bypass the duty cycle regulation and lock the duty cycle at its
maximum, resulting in a VCC voltage that quickly ramps up to the maximum limit and then starts
dropping when the boost converter enters Low Current Mode. See Figure 8-7, below.
41
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 8-7.
Typical Output Voltage of Boost Converter at Constant Full Duty Cycle.
VCC
FDC = ON
BL
E
VA
RI
A
FULL
FDC = OFF
DUTY
CYCLE
See section “Software Control of Boost Converter” on page 42 for instructions on how to turn on
and off duty cycle control.
The use of Full Duty Cycle mode is recommended only at low load currents.
8.4
Overload Behaviour
The output is considered overloaded when the load current, ILOAD, exceeds the maximum given
in Table 20-7 on page 159. During an overload condition the boost converter operates at maximum duty cycle and can no longer regulate VCC. If the overload condition prevails the output
voltage will drop as load current increases. If VCC drops below its minimum level the converter
will switch to Start Mode.
In Start Mode the converter has a low load current capability, which means nearly all overload
current will be drained straight from the battery (or other power source) via the inductor and the
diode. The resistance of the inductor is typically very low and, provided the voltage of the power
source remains constant, the output voltage during overload will stabilise to battery voltage,
VBAT, minus the forward voltage drop, VF, of the diode used.
8.5
Software Control of Boost Converter
The boost converter is an independent hardware module that requires no interaction by the
microcontroller, although some features can be controlled by firmware. Features that can be
controlled by firmware are described in the following sections.
8.5.1
42
Stopping the Boost Converter
The device firmware can stop the boost converter on demand. When issued a stop signal, the
boost converter will exit Active Mode and enter Stop Mode, as illustrated in Figure 8-3 on page
37. This procedure allows the device to read true battery voltage using the on-board ADC,
assess if the voltage is sufficient for the selected battery chemistry and then control the boost
converter accordingly.
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
To stop the boost converter, follow the below procedure:
1. Write 110x xxxx to the Power Reduction Register, PRR
2. Within 3 clock cycles of the above, write 10xx xxxx to PRR
3. Within 4 clock cycles of the first step, write 01xx xxxx to PRR
8.5.2
Switching to Full Duty Cycle Mode of Operation
When duty cycle control is disabled the output voltage of the boost converter will rise as fast as
possible, resulting in a minimum switching time and a maximum idle time for the converter.
To turn on Full Duty Cycle (FDC) mode, follow the below procedure:
1. Write 110x xxxx to the Power Reduction Register, PRR
2. Within 3 clock cycles of the above, write 10xx xxxx to PRR
3. Within 4 clock cycles of the first step, write 111x xxxx to PRR
8.5.3
Switching to Normal (Variable Duty Cycle) Mode of Operation
To return duty cycle control to the boost converter, follow the below procedure:
1. Write 111x xxxx to the Power Reduction Register, PRR
8.6
Component Selection
Refer to Figure 8-2 on page 37 for component placement and numbering.
8.6.1
Inductor
Low inductance increases peak currents of the inductor, creating more interference noise and
lowering the overall efficiency of the converter. Too high inductance values force the converter
into non-stable operation. The boost converter has been optimized for a certain size inductance,
L, and may not work reliably if other inductance values are used. See “Boost Converter Component Values” on page 45.
The inductor must be able to tolerate the following input current:
V CC × I LOAD
I IN = -------------------------------V BAT × η
... where η is the efficiency of the converter at given voltages and load current. See “Boost Converter Efficiency vs. Load Current and VBAT Voltage” on page 166.
The inductor must also be able to tolerate short peak currents. At steady state, i.e. when the
converter has stabilised after a constant load current has been introduced, the peak current is
calculated as follows:
V BAT × T S × D
I PEAK = ----------------------------------L
43
8048B–AVR–03/09
... where D is the duty cycle and TS the switching period of the boost converter. See “Boost Converter Characteristics” on page 159 for limits. The steady-state duty cycle is calculated as
follows:
V CC 1⎞
D = ⎛ ------------ – --- × I LOAD
⎝V
2⎠
BAT
Overall efficiency of the boost converter is also affected by the resistance of the inductor.
8.6.2
Diode
It is recommended to use a Schottky diode with forward voltage, VF, and reverse leakage current, IR, values as low as possible. This is because converter efficiency mainly depends on the
forward voltage of the diode when ILOAD is at maximum and VBAT is at minimum. It should be
noted that the reverse leakage current easily becomes a dominant factor, especially in Active
Low Current Mode. For reference, see converter current consumption during Low Current Mode
in Table 20-7 on page 159.
The diode is subject to peak currents the same magnitude as the inductor. See “Inductor” on
page 43.
It should be noted that reverse leakage current is a highly temperature dependent variable.
8.6.3
Input Capacitors
A voltage drop occurs between the voltage source and inductor L1 because voltage sources are
not ideal and tracks have a non-zero resistance. The voltage drop is application specific and
depends on the quality of the voltage source, inductor current, track size and track length.
Capacitor C1 counteracts the voltage drop by providing energy to the inductor during high peak
currents.
The highest inductor peak currents are reached at highest load current and lowest VBAT of the
application. The input capacitor stabilises the input voltage and guarantees stable operation at
all load currents. The size of the capacitor can be decreased if load currents remain low, or if a
voltage supply with low internal resistance is available. Also, a good low-pass filter design (see
section “RC Filter” below) reduces the size requirements of the capacitor.
8.6.4
RC Filter
A secondary input capacitor, C2, and a series input resistor, R1, are recommended. Together
they form a Low-Pass Filter (LPF), the purpose of which is to reduce the voltage ripple at the
VBAT pin. The corner frequency of the filter can be calculated as follows:
1
f LPF = -------------------------------------2 × π × R1 × C2
Component values are application specific and depend on the stability of the supply voltage. The
LPF reduces voltage ripple at the VBAT pin and helps to prevent the boost converter unintentionally entering Stop Mode.
44
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Too high resistor values may lead to Start Mode failures. See “Boost Converter Component Values” on page 45 for component recommendations and limits.
Capacitor C2 should be located close to the device.
8.6.5
Output Capacitors
An output capacitor, C3, is required to keep the output voltage stable at times when energy is
transferred to the inductor. It is recommended to use a capacitor with high capacitance and low
Equivalent Series Resistance, ESR. A large capacitance helps to reduce the voltage ripple at
the output and a low ESR reduces voltage ripple and helps to keep the temperature of the
capacitor within limits.
The recommended capacitance at a given, steady-state load is calculated as follows:
I LOAD × T S × D
C OUT = ------------------------------------V PP
... where TS is the switching frequency of the boost converter, VPP is the allowed voltage ripple
and D is the duty cycle, calculated as shown in “Inductor” on page 43.
The recommended ESR is calculated as follows:
V PP
ESR ≤ --------------I PEAK
A secondary output capacitor, C4, is recommended and should be placed close to the device.
8.6.6
Summary
The table below summarises recommended component values for a typical application.
Table 8-1.
Boost Converter Component Values
Component
Recommended Value
C1
C = 4.7µF
Min (2)
Max (2)
1µF
(1)
C2
C = 100nF
C3
C = 22µF, ESR < 100mΩ
10µF
C4
C = 100nF
100nF
100nF
D1
IR = 1µA @ 25°C, VF = 0.5V @ 1A
L1
L = 15µH ±20%, IMAX = 700mA, R < 150mΩ
15µH
15µH
R1
R = 680Ω (1)
Note:
1kΩ
1. With these values the LPF provides a 32dB attenuation at the switching frequency of the boost
converter while permitting a supply voltage ripple of about ±200mV
2. Application specific limits may be tighter
45
8048B–AVR–03/09
8.7
Typical Applications
A typical use of the boost converter is illustrated in Figure 8-2 on page 37. Components can be
optimized depending on the type of application. Table 8-2, below, presents recommendations for
three different types of applications (cost effective, high output current and long battery life). All
values are guidelines, only.
Table 8-2.
Symbol
L1
Recommended Components and Values for Various Designs
Component
Inductor
Cost Effective
15
15
(1)
15
(2)
(1)
Unit
µH
R1
Resistor
680
680
680
Ω
C1
Input Capacitor
1 (4)
4.7
4.7
µF
C2
Secondary Input Cap.
100
100
100
nF
22
22
µF
22
22
nF
Output Capacitor
C4
Secondary Output Cap.
Notes:
10
–
10BQ040
(3)
Schottky diode
(5)
10BQ015
Battery Life
D1
C3
10MQ100N
High Current
1. Low ESR required.
2. High reverse leakage current, increases current consumption.
3. The diode is the largest individual contributor to battery life. The example diode keeps the
boost converter running and maintains a reasonable efficiency level.
4. Depends on internal resistance of power supply.
5. Depends on load current. May not be sufficient for maximum current rating.
8.8
Characteristics
Electrical characteristics of the boost converter are given in Table 20-7 on page 159. Typical
characteristics can be found under section “Boost Converter” on page 165.
8.9
Potential Limitations
When the device is powered via the boost converter some usage limitiations may apply. For
example, the highest allowed operating frequency of the device depends on supply voltage (see
“Speed Grades” on page 156) and the boost converter output voltage varies within the limits
given in Table 20-7 on page 159. This means that if the design allows the boost converter to go
into Active Low Current Mode the supply voltage will drop periodically, affecting the maximum
allowed operating frequency.
Provided the load current remains sufficiently high the boost converter will never enter Active
Low Current Mode and the supply voltage will remain high enough to run the device at higher
frequencies. The boost converter status bit BS can be used to determine if the boost converter is
in Low Current Mode (see “ADCSRB – ADC Control and Status Register B” on page 47).
Since the entire device is powered from the boost converter output variations will show in all
peripherals. This means that, for example, high levels of I/O pins may vary with supply voltage.
8.10
Bypassing the Boost Converter
It is possible to bypass and disable the boost converter so that the device can be powered
directly from an external supply. To force the boost converter into Stop Mode, connect pin VBAT
to ground and provide the device with supply directly to the VCC pin. To permanently disable the
46
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
boost converter, connect pins V BAT and LSW to ground and provide the device with supply
directly to the VCC pin.
8.11
8.11.1
Register Description
ADCSRB – ADC Control and Status Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x03 (0x23)
BS
ACME
–
ADLAR
–
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRB
• Bit 7 – BS: Boost Status
The BS bit can be used to identify silent periods of the boost converter. When this bit is one the
boost converter is active and switching, i.e. it is either in Active Regulated Mode, or in the switching period of Active Low Current Mode. When this bit is zero the boost converter is not switching,
i.e. it is either in Stop Mode or in the non-switching period of Active Low Current Mode.
Alternatively, the BS bit can be programmed to return the state of the duty cycle controller, as
follows:
1. Write 11xx xxxx to register PRR
2. Within 3 clock cycles of the above, write 10xx xxxx to register PRR
3. Wait (issue a single-cycle no operation)
4. Within 5 clock cycles of first write, read the BS bit
If the BS bit now is zero the converter is operating in normal duty cycle control mode. If the bit is
one the converter is working in full duty cycle mode.
47
8048B–AVR–03/09
9. System Control and Reset
9.1
Resetting the AVR
During reset, all I/O Registers are set to their initial values, and the program starts execution
from the Reset Vector. The instruction placed at the Reset Vector must be a RJMP – Relative
Jump – instruction to the reset handling routine. If the program never enables an interrupt
source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program code can be placed at these
locations. The circuit diagram in Figure 9-1 shows the reset logic. Table 20-4 on page 158
defines the electrical parameters of the reset circuitry.
Figure 9-1.
Reset Logic
DATA BUS
PORF
BORF
EXTRF
WDRF
MCU Status
Register (MCUSR)
Power-on Reset
Circuit
Brown-out
Reset Circuit
BODLEVEL [2..0]
Pull-up Resistor
SPIKE
FILTER
Watchdog
Oscillator
Clock
Generator
CK
Delay Counters
TIMEOUT
CKSEL[1:0]
SUT[1:0]
The I/O ports of the AVR are immediately reset to their initial state when a reset source goes
active. This does not require any clock source to be running.
After all reset sources have gone inactive, a delay counter is invoked, stretching the internal
reset. This allows the power to reach a stable level before normal operation starts. The time-out
period of the delay counter is defined by the user through the SUT and CKSEL Fuses. The different selections for the delay period are presented in “Clock Sources” on page 24.
48
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
9.2
Reset Sources
The ATtiny43U has four sources of reset:
• Power-on Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage is below the Power-on Reset
threshold (VPOT).
• External Reset. The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET pin for longer
than the minimum pulse length when RESET function is enabled.
• Watchdog Reset. The MCU is reset when the Watchdog Timer period expires and the
Watchdog is enabled.
• Brown-out Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage VCC is below the Brown-out
Reset threshold (VBOT) and the Brown-out Detector is enabled.
9.3
Power-on Reset
A Power-on Reset (POR) pulse is generated by an On-chip detection circuit. The detection level
is defined in Table 20-4 on page 158. The POR is activated whenever VCC is below the detection
level. The POR circuit can be used to trigger the Start-up Reset, as well as to detect a failure in
supply voltage.
A Power-on Reset (POR) circuit ensures that the device is reset from Power-on. Reaching the
Power-on Reset threshold voltage invokes the delay counter, which determines how long the
device is kept in RESET after VCC rise. The RESET signal is activated again, without any delay,
when VCC decreases below the detection level.
Figure 9-2.
VCC
RESET
MCU Start-up, RESET Tied to VCC
VPOT
VRST
tTOUT
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
Figure 9-3.
VCC
RESET
TIME-OUT
MCU Start-up, RESET Extended Externally
VPOT
VRST
tTOUT
INTERNAL
RESET
49
8048B–AVR–03/09
9.4
External Reset
An External Reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin if enabled. Reset pulses longer
than the minimum pulse width (see Table 20-4 on page 158) will generate a reset, even if the
clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. When the applied
signal reaches the Reset Threshold Voltage – VRST – on its positive edge, the delay counter
starts the MCU after the Time-out period – tTOUT – has expired.
Figure 9-4.
External Reset During Operation
CC
9.5
Brown-out Detection
ATtiny43U has an On-chip Brown-out Detection (BOD) circuit for monitoring the VCC level during
operation by comparing it to a fixed trigger level. The trigger level for the BOD can be selected
by the BODLEVEL Fuses. The trigger level has a hysteresis to ensure spike free Brown-out
Detection. The hysteresis on the detection level should be interpreted as VBOT+ = VBOT + VHYST/2
and VBOT- = VBOT - VHYST/2.
When the BOD is enabled, and VCC decreases to a value below the trigger level (VBOT- in Figure
9-5 on page 50), the Brown-out Reset is immediately activated. When VCC increases above the
trigger level (VBOT+ in Figure 9-5 on page 50), the delay counter starts the MCU after the Timeout period tTOUT has expired.
The BOD circuit will only detect a drop in VCC if the voltage stays below the trigger level for longer than tBOD given in Table 20-4 on page 158.
Figure 9-5.
Brown-out Reset During Operation
VCC
VBOT-
VBOT+
RESET
TIME-OUT
tTOUT
INTERNAL
RESET
50
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
It is recommended to disable the BOD when using the integrated boost converter. See “Power
Supply and On-Chip Boost Converter” on page 36
9.6
Watchdog Reset
When the Watchdog times out, it will generate a short reset pulse of one CK cycle duration. On
the falling edge of this pulse, the delay timer starts counting the Time-out period tTOUT. See
“Watchdog Timer” on page 51 for details on operation of the Watchdog Timer.
Figure 9-6.
Watchdog Reset During Operation
CC
CK
9.7
Internal Voltage Reference
ATtiny43U features an internal bandgap reference. This reference is used for Brown-out Detection, and it can be used as an input to the Analog Comparator or the ADC.
9.7.1
Voltage Reference Enable Signals and Start-up Time
The voltage reference has a start-up time that may influence the way it should be used. The
start-up time is given in Table 20-4 on page 158. To save power, the reference is not always
turned on. The reference is on during the following situations:
1. When the BOD is enabled (by programming the BODLEVEL [2..0] Fuse).
2. When the bandgap reference is connected to the Analog Comparator (by setting the
ACBG bit in ACSR).
3. When the ADC is enabled.
Thus, when the BOD is not enabled, after setting the ACBG bit or enabling the ADC, the user
must always allow the reference to start up before the output from the Analog Comparator or
ADC is used. To reduce power consumption in Power-down mode, the user can avoid the three
conditions above to ensure that the reference is turned off before entering Power-down mode.
9.8
Watchdog Timer
The Watchdog Timer is clocked from an On-chip Oscillator which runs at 128 kHz. By controlling
the Watchdog Timer prescaler, the Watchdog Reset interval can be adjusted as shown in Table
9-3 on page 56. The WDR – Watchdog Reset – instruction resets the Watchdog Timer. The
Watchdog Timer is also reset when it is disabled and when a Chip Reset occurs. Ten different
51
8048B–AVR–03/09
clock cycle periods can be selected to determine the reset period. If the reset period expires
without another Watchdog Reset, the ATtiny43U resets and executes from the Reset Vector.
For timing details on the Watchdog Reset, refer to Table 9-3 on page 56.
The Wathdog Timer can also be configured to generate an interrupt instead of a reset. This can
be very helpful when using the Watchdog to wake-up from Power-down.
To prevent unintentional disabling of the Watchdog or unintentional change of time-out period,
two different safety levels are selected by the fuse WDTON as shown in Table 9-1. See “Timed
Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the Watchdog Timer” on page 52 for details.
Table 9-1.
WDT Configuration as a Function of the Fuse Settings of WDTON
Safety
Level
WDTON
WDT Initial
State
How to Disable the
WDT
How to Change Timeout
Unprogrammed
1
Disabled
Timed sequence
No limitations
Programmed
2
Enabled
Always enabled
Timed sequence
Watchdog Timer
OSC/512K
OSC/1024K
OSC/256K
OSC/64K
OSC/128K
OSC/8K
OSC/4K
OSC/2K
WATCHDOG
RESET
OSC/32K
WATCHDOG
PRESCALER
128 kHz
OSCILLATOR
OSC/16K
Figure 9-7.
WDP0
WDP1
WDP2
WDP3
WDE
MCU RESET
9.8.1
9.8.1.1
Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the Watchdog Timer
The sequence for changing configuration differs slightly between the two safety levels. Separate
procedures are described for each level.
Safety Level 1
In this mode, the Watchdog Timer is initially disabled, but can be enabled by writing the WDE bit
to one without any restriction. A timed sequence is needed when disabling an enabled Watchdog Timer. To disable an enabled Watchdog Timer, the following procedure must be followed:
1. In the same operation, write a logic one to WDCE and WDE. A logic one must be written to WDE regardless of the previous value of the WDE bit.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, in the same operation, write the WDE and WDP bits
as desired, but with the WDCE bit cleared.
52
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
9.8.1.2
Safety Level 2
In this mode, the Watchdog Timer is always enabled, and the WDE bit will always read as one. A
timed sequence is needed when changing the Watchdog Time-out period. To change the
Watchdog Time-out, the following procedure must be followed:
1. In the same operation, write a logical one to WDCE and WDE. Even though the WDE
always is set, the WDE must be written to one to start the timed sequence.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, in the same operation, write the WDP bits as desired,
but with the WDCE bit cleared. The value written to the WDE bit is irrelevant.
9.8.2
Code Example
The following code example shows one assembly and one C function for turning off the WDT.
The example assumes that interrupts are controlled (e.g., by disabling interrupts globally) so that
no interrupts will occur during execution of these functions.
Assembly Code Example(1)
WDT_off:
wdr
; Clear WDRF in MCUSR
ldi
r16, (0<<WDRF)
out
MCUSR, r16
; Write logical one to WDCE and WDE
; Keep old prescaler setting to prevent unintentional Watchdog Reset
in
r16, WDTCR
ori r16, (1<<WDCE)|(1<<WDE)
out WDTCR, r16
; Turn off WDT
ldi r16, (0<<WDE)
out WDTCR, r16
ret
C Code Example(1)
void WDT_off(void)
{
_WDR();
/* Clear WDRF in MCUSR */
MCUSR = 0x00
/* Write logical one to WDCE and WDE */
WDTCR |= (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE);
/* Turn off WDT */
WDTCR = 0x00;
}
Note:
1. See “Code Examples” on page 6.
53
8048B–AVR–03/09
9.9
9.9.1
Register Description
MCUSR – MCU Status Register
The MCU Status Register provides information on which reset source caused an MCU Reset.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x34 (0x54)
–
–
–
–
WDRF
BORF
EXTRF
PORF
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
MCUSR
See Bit Description
• Bits 7:4 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bit 3 – WDRF: Watchdog Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Watchdog Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 2 – BORF: Brown-out Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Brown-out Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 1 – EXTRF: External Reset Flag
This bit is set if an External Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 0 – PORF: Power-on Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Power-on Reset occurs. The bit is reset only by writing a logic zero to the flag.
To make use of the Reset Flags to identify a reset condition, the user should read and then reset
the MCUSR as early as possible in the program. If the register is cleared before another reset
occurs, the source of the reset can be found by examining the Reset Flags.
9.9.2
WDTCSR – Watchdog Timer Control and Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x21 (0x41)
WDIF
WDIE
WDP3
WDCE
WDE
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
X
0
0
0
WDTCSR
• Bit 7 – WDIF: Watchdog Timeout Interrupt Flag
This bit is set when a time-out occurs in the Watchdog Timer and the Watchdog Timer is configured for interrupt. WDIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt
handling vector. Alternatively, WDIF is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag. When the I-bit in
SREG and WDIE are set, the Watchdog Time-out Interrupt is executed.
• Bit 6 – WDIE: Watchdog Timeout Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, WDE is cleared, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Watchdog Time-out Interrupt is enabled. In this mode the corresponding interrupt is executed
instead of a reset if a timeout in the Watchdog Timer occurs.
If WDE is set, WDIE is automatically cleared by hardware when a time-out occurs. This is useful
for keeping the Watchdog Reset security while using the interrupt. After the WDIE bit is cleared,
54
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
the next time-out will generate a reset. To avoid the Watchdog Reset, WDIE must be set after
each interrupt.
Table 9-2.
Watchdog Timer Configuration
WDE
WDIE
Watchdog Timer State
Action on Time-out
0
0
Stopped
None
0
1
Running
Interrupt
1
0
Running
Reset
1
1
Running
Interrupt
• Bit 4 – WDCE: Watchdog Change Enable
This bit must be set when the WDE bit is written to logic zero. Otherwise, the Watchdog will not
be disabled. Once written to one, hardware will clear this bit after four clock cycles. See the
description of the WDE bit for a Watchdog disable procedure. This bit must also be set when
changing the prescaler bits. See “Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the
Watchdog Timer” on page 52.
• Bit 3 – WDE: Watchdog Enable
When the WDE is written to logic one, the Watchdog Timer is enabled, and if the WDE is written
to logic zero, the Watchdog Timer function is disabled. WDE can only be cleared if the WDCE bit
has logic level one. To disable an enabled Watchdog Timer, the following procedure must be
followed:
1. In the same operation, write a logic one to WDCE and WDE. A logic one must be written to WDE even though it is set to one before the disable operation starts.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, write a logic 0 to WDE. This disables the Watchdog.
In safety level 2, it is not possible to disable the Watchdog Timer, even with the algorithm
described above. See “Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the Watchdog
Timer” on page 52.
In safety level 1, WDE is overridden by WDRF in MCUSR. See “MCUSR – MCU Status Register” on page 54 for description of WDRF. This means that WDE is always set when WDRF is set.
To clear WDE, WDRF must be cleared before disabling the Watchdog with the procedure
described above. This feature ensures multiple resets during conditions causing failure, and a
safe start-up after the failure.
Note:
If the watchdog timer is not going to be used in the application, it is important to go through a
watchdog disable procedure in the initialization of the device. If the Watchdog is accidentally
enabled, for example by a runaway pointer or brown-out condition, the device will be reset, which
in turn will lead to a new watchdog reset. To avoid this situation, the application software should
always clear the WDRF flag and the WDE control bit in the initialization routine.
55
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Bits 5, 2:0 – WDP[3:0]: Watchdog Timer Prescaler 3, 2, 1, and 0
The WDP[3:0] bits determine the Watchdog Timer prescaling when the Watchdog Timer is
enabled. The different prescaling values and their corresponding Timeout Periods are shown in
Table 9-3 on page 56.
Table 9-3.
Watchdog Timer Prescale Select
WDP3
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Number of WDT Oscillator
Cycles
Typical Time-out at
VCC = 5.0V
0
0
0
0
2K cycles
16 ms
0
0
0
1
4K cycles
32 ms
0
0
1
0
8K cycles
64 ms
0
0
1
1
16K cycles
0.125 s
0
1
0
0
32K cycles
0.25 s
0
1
0
1
64K cycles
0.5 s
0
1
1
0
128K cycles
1.0 s
0
1
1
1
256K cycles
2.0 s
1
0
0
0
512K cycles
4.0 s
1
0
0
1
1024K cycles
8.0 s
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
Reserved
56
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
10. Interrupts
This section describes the specifics of the interrupt handling as performed in ATtiny43U. For a
general explanation of the AVR interrupt handling, see “Reset and Interrupt Handling” on page
13.
10.1
Interrupt Vectors
Table 10-1.
Reset and Interrupt Vectors
Vector No.
Program Address
Source
Interrupt Definition
1
0x0000
RESET
External Pin, Power-on Reset,
Brown-out Reset, Watchdog Reset
2
0x0001
INT0
External Interrupt Request 0
3
0x0002
PCINT0
Pin Change Interrupt Request 0
4
0x0003
PCINT1
Pin Change Interrupt Request 1
5
0x0004
WDT
Watchdog Time-out
6
0x0005
TIMER1_COMPA
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A
7
0x0006
TIMER1_COMPB
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B
8
0x0007
TIMER1_OVF
Timer/Counter1 Overflow
9
0x0008
TIMER0_COMPA
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A
10
0x0009
TIMER0_COMPB
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match B
11
0x000A
TIMER0_OVF
Timer/Counter0 Overflow
12
0x000B
ANA_COMP
Analog Comparator
13
0x000C
ADC
ADC Conversion Complete
14
0x000D
EE_RDY
EEPROM Ready
15
0x000E
USI_START
USI Start
16
0x000F
USI_OVF
USI Overflow
If the program never enables an interrupt source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular
program code can be placed at these locations. The most typical and general program setup for
the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses in ATtiny43U is:
Address Labels Code
Comments
0x0000
rjmp
RESET
; Reset Handler
0x0001
rjmp
INT0
; IRQ0 Handler
0x0002
rjmp
PCINT0
; PCINT0 Handler
0x0003
rjmp
PCINT1
; PCINT1 Handler
0x0004
rjmp
WDT
; Watchdog Interrupt Handler
0x0005
rjmp
TIM1_COMPA
; Timer1 Compare A Handler
0x0006
rjmp
TIM1_COMPB
; Timer1 Compare B Handler
0x0007
rjmp
TIM1_OVF
; Timer1 Overflow Handler
57
8048B–AVR–03/09
0x0008
rjmp
TIM0_COMPA
; Timer0 Compare A Handler
0x0009
rjmp
TIM0_COMPB
; Timer0 Compare B Handler
0x000A
rjmp
TIM0_OVF
; Timer0 Overflow Handler
0x000B
rjmp
ANA_COMP
; Analog Comparator Handler
0x000C
rjmp
ADC
; ADC Conversion Handler
0x000D
rjmp
EE_RDY
; EEPROM Ready Handler
0x000E
rjmp
USI_STR
; USI Start Handler
0x000F
rjmp
USI_OVF
; USI Overflow Handler
;
0x0010
RESET: ldi
0x0011
out
0x0012
0x0013
...
10.2
r16, low(RAMEND); Main program start
SPL,r16
sei
<instr>
...
; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
; Enable interrupts
xxx
...
...
External Interrupts
The External Interrupts are triggered by the INT0 pin or any of the PCINT pins. Observe that, if
enabled, the interrupts will trigger even if INT0 or the PCINT pins are configured as outputs. This
feature provides a way of generating a software interrupt, as follows.
• Pin Change Interrupt PCI0 triggers if a pin in PCINT7:0 is toggled while enabled
• Pin Change Interrupt PCI1 triggers if a pin in PCINT15:8 is toggled while enabled
The PCMSK0 and PCMSK1 Registers control which pins contribute to the pin change interrupts.
Pin change interrupts on PCINT15..0 are detected asynchronously. This means that these interrupts can be used for waking the part also from sleep modes other than Idle mode.
The INT0 interrupt can be triggered by a falling or rising edge, or a low level. This is configured
as described in “MCUCR – MCU Control Register” on page 59. When the INT0 interrupt is
enabled and is configured as level triggered, the interrupt will trigger as long as the pin is held
low. Low level and edge interrupts on INT0 are detected asynchronously. This implies that these
interrupts can be used for waking the part also from sleep modes other than Idle mode. The I/O
clock is halted in all sleep modes except Idle mode.
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-down, the required level
must be held long enough for the MCU to complete the wake-up to trigger the level interrupt.
If the level disappears before the end of the Start-up Time, the MCU will still wake up, but no
interrupt will be generated and execution will continue from the instruction following the SLEEP
command. The start-up time is defined by the SUT and CKSEL fuses, as described in “System
Clock and Clock Options” on page 23.
10.2.1
58
Pin Change Interrupt Timing
An example of timing of a pin change interrupt is shown in Figure 10-1 below.
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 10-1. Timing of pin change interrupts
pin_lat
PCINT(0)
D
pcint_in_(0)
Q
clk
0
pcint_syn
pcint_setflag
PCIF
pin_sync
LE
x
PCINT(0) in PCMSK(x)
clk
clk
PCINT(0)
pin_lat
pin_sync
pcint_in_(0)
pcint_syn
pcint_setflag
PCIF
10.3
10.3.1
Register Description
MCUCR – MCU Control Register
The External Interrupt Control Register A contains control bits for interrupt sense control.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x35 (0x55)
BODS
PUD
SE
SM1
SM0
BODSE
ISC01
ISC00
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
• Bits 1, 0 – ISC01, ISC00: Interrupt Sense Control 0 Bit 1 and Bit 0
External Interrupt 0 is activated by the external pin INT0 if the I-flag of SREG and the corresponding interrupt mask are set. The level and edges on the external INT0 pin that activate the
interrupt are defined in Table 10-2 on page 60.
Edges on INT0 are registered asynchronously. Pulses on INT0 wider than the pulse width given
in Table 20-6 on page 158 will generate an interrupt. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate an interrupt.
59
8048B–AVR–03/09
If low level interrupt is selected, the low level must be held until the completion of the currently
executing instruction to generate an interrupt.
Table 10-2.
10.3.2
Interrupt 0 Sense Control
ISC01
ISC00
Description
0
0
The low level of INT0 generates an interrupt request asynchronously
0
1
Any logical change on INT0 generates an interrupt request asynchronously
1
0
The falling edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request asynchronously
1
1
The rising edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request asynchronously
GIMSK – General Interrupt Mask Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0x3B (0x5B)
–
INT0
PCIE1
PCIE0
–
–
–
0
–
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GIMSK
• Bits 7, 3:0 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bit 6 – INT0: External Interrupt Request 0 Enable
When the INT0 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), the external pin interrupt is enabled. The Interrupt Sense Control0 bits 1/0 (ISC01 and ISC00) in the MCU
Control Register (MCUCR) define whether the external interrupt is activated on rising and/or falling edge of the INT0 pin or level sensed. Activity on the pin will cause an interrupt request even
if INT0 is configured as an output. The corresponding interrupt of External Interrupt Request 0 is
executed from the INT0 Interrupt Vector.
• Bit 5 – PCIE1: Pin Change Interrupt Enable 1
When the PCIE1 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), pin
change interrupt 1 is enabled. Any change on any enabled PCINT15..8 pin will cause an interrupt. The corresponding interrupt of Pin Change Interrupt Request is executed from the PCI1
Interrupt Vector. PCINT15..8 pins are enabled individually by the PCMSK1 Register.
• Bit 4 – PCIE0: Pin Change Interrupt Enable 0
When the PCIE0 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), pin
change interrupt 0 is enabled. Any change on any enabled PCINT7..0 pin will cause an interrupt.
The corresponding interrupt of Pin Change Interrupt Request is executed from the PCI0 Interrupt Vector. PCINT7..0 pins are enabled individually by the PCMSK0 Register.
10.3.3
GIFR – General Interrupt Flag Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0x3A (0x5A)
–
INTF0
PCIF1
PCIF0
–
–
–
0
–
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GIFR
• Bits 7, 3:0 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
60
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Bit 6 – INTF0: External Interrupt Flag 0
When an edge or logic change on the INT0 pin triggers an interrupt request, INTF0 becomes set
(one). If the I-bit in SREG and the INT0 bit in GIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed.
Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it. This flag is always cleared
when INT0 is configured as a level interrupt.
• Bit 5 – PCIF1: Pin Change Interrupt Flag 1
When a logic change on any PCINT15..8 pin triggers an interrupt request, PCIF1 becomes set
(one). If the I-bit in SREG and the PCIE1 bit in GIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the
corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
• Bit 4 – PCIF0: Pin Change Interrupt Flag 0
When a logic change on any PCINT7..0 pin triggers an interrupt request, PCIF0 becomes set
(one). If the I-bit in SREG and the PCIE0 bit in GIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the
corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
10.3.4
PCMSK1 – Pin Change Mask Register 1
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x20 (0x40)
PCINT15
PCINT14
PCINT13
PCINT12
PCINT11
PCINT10
PCINT9
PCINT8
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PCMSK1
• Bits 7:0 – PCINT[15:8]: Pin Change Enable Mask 15:8
Each PCINT15:8 bit selects whether pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O
pin, or not. If PCINT15:8 is set and the PCIE1 bit in GIMSK is set, pin change interrupt is
enabled on the corresponding I/O pin. If PCINT15:8 is cleared, pin change interrupt on the corresponding I/O pin is disabled.
10.3.5
PCMSK0 – Pin Change Mask Register 0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x12 (0x32)
PCINT7
PCINT6
PCINT5
PCINT4
PCINT3
PCINT2
PCINT1
PCINT0
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PCMSK0
• Bits 7:0 – PCINT[7:0]: Pin Change Enable Mask 7:0
Each PCINT7:0 bit selects whether pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O pin.
If PCINT7:0 is set and the PCIE0 bit in GIMSK is set, pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O pin. If PCINT7:0 is cleared, pin change interrupt on the corresponding I/O pin is
disabled.
61
8048B–AVR–03/09
11. I/O Ports
11.1
Introduction
All AVR ports have true Read-Modify-Write functionality when used as general digital I/O ports.
This means that the direction of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally changing
the direction of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. The same applies when changing drive value (if configured as output) or enabling/disabling of pull-up resistors (if configured as
input). Each output buffer has symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. The pin driver is strong enough to drive LED displays directly. All port pins have individually selectable pull-up resistors with a supply-voltage invariant resistance. All I/O pins have
protection diodes to both VCC and Ground as indicated in Figure 11-1 on page 62. See “Electrical Characteristics” on page 155 for a complete list of parameters.
Figure 11-1. I/O Pin Equivalent Schematic
Rpu
Logic
Pxn
Cpin
See Figure
"General Digital I/O" for
Details
All registers and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “x” represents the numbering letter for the port, and a lower case “n” represents the bit number. However,
when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used. For example,
PORTB3 for bit no. 3 in Port B, here documented generally as PORTxn.
Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for each port, one each for the Data Register
– PORTx, Data Direction Register – DDRx, and the Port Input Pins – PINx. The Port Input Pins
I/O location is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are read/write.
However, writing a logic one to a bit in the PINx Register, will result in a toggle in the corresponding bit in the Data Register. In addition, the Pull-up Disable – PUD bit in MCUCR disables the
pull-up function for all pins in all ports when set.
Using the I/O port as General Digital I/O is described in “Ports as General Digital I/O” on page
63. Most port pins are multiplexed with alternate functions for the peripheral features on the
device. How each alternate function interferes with the port pin is described in “Alternate Port
Functions” on page 67. Refer to the individual module sections for a full description of the alternate functions.
Note that enabling the alternate function of some of the port pins does not affect the use of the
other pins in the port as general digital I/O.
62
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
11.2
Ports as General Digital I/O
The ports are bi-directional I/O ports with optional internal pull-ups. Figure 11-2 shows a functional description of one I/O-port pin, here generically called Pxn.
Figure 11-2. General Digital I/O(1)
PUD
Q
D
DDxn
Q CLR
WDx
RESET
DATA BUS
RDx
1
Q
Pxn
D
0
PORTxn
Q CLR
RESET
WRx
SLEEP
WPx
RRx
SYNCHRONIZER
D
Q
L
Q
D
RPx
Q
PINxn
Q
clk I/O
PUD:
SLEEP:
clkI/O:
Note:
11.2.1
PULLUP DISABLE
SLEEP CONTROL
I/O CLOCK
WDx:
RDx:
WRx:
RRx:
RPx:
WPx:
WRITE DDRx
READ DDRx
WRITE PORTx
READ PORTx REGISTER
READ PORTx PIN
WRITE PINx REGISTER
1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O,
SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports.
Configuring the Pin
Each port pin consists of three register bits: DDxn, PORTxn, and PINxn. The DDxn bits are
accessed at the DDRx I/O address, the PORTxn bits at the PORTx I/O address, and the PINxn
bits at the PINx I/O address.
The DDxn bit in the DDRx Register selects the direction of this pin. If DDxn is written logic one,
Pxn is configured as an output pin. If DDxn is written logic zero, Pxn is configured as an input
pin.
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an input pin, the pull-up resistor is
activated. To switch the pull-up resistor off, PORTxn has to be written logic zero or the pin has to
63
8048B–AVR–03/09
be configured as an output pin. The port pins are tri-stated when reset condition becomes active,
even if no clocks are running.
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port pin is driven
high (one). If PORTxn is written logic zero when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port
pin is driven low (zero).
11.2.2
Toggling the Pin
Writing a logic one to PINxn toggles the value of PORTxn, independent on the value of DDRxn.
Note that the SBI instruction can be used to toggle one single bit in a port.
11.2.3
Switching Between Input and Output
When switching between tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) and output high ({DDxn, PORTxn}
= 0b11), an intermediate state with either pull-up enabled {DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01) or output
low ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b10) must occur. Normally, the pull-up enabled state is fully acceptable, as a high-impedant environment will not notice the difference between a strong high driver
and a pull-up. If this is not the case, the PUD bit in the MCUCR Register can be set to disable all
pull-ups in all ports.
Switching between input with pull-up and output low generates the same problem. The user
must use either the tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) or the output high state ({DDxn, PORTxn}
= 0b10) as an intermediate step.
Table 11-1 on page 64 summarizes the control signals for the pin value.
Table 11-1.
11.2.4
64
Port Pin Configurations
DDxn
PORTxn
PUD
(in MCUCR)
I/O
Pull-up
0
0
X
Input
No
Tri-state (Hi-Z)
0
1
0
Input
Yes
Pxn will source current if ext. pulled low.
0
1
1
Input
No
Tri-state (Hi-Z)
1
0
X
Output
No
Output Low (Sink)
1
1
X
Output
No
Output High (Source)
Comment
Reading the Pin Value
Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through the
PINxn Register bit. As shown in Figure 11-2 on page 63, the PINxn Register bit and the preceding latch constitute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin
changes value near the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a delay. Figure 11-3 on
page 65 shows a timing diagram of the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin
value. The maximum and minimum propagation delays are denoted t pd,max and t pd,min
respectively.
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 11-3. Synchronization when Reading an Externally Applied Pin value
SYSTEM CLK
INSTRUCTIONS
XXX
XXX
in r17, PINx
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00
0xFF
t pd, max
t pd, min
Consider the clock period starting shortly after the first falling edge of the system clock. The latch
is closed when the clock is low, and goes transparent when the clock is high, as indicated by the
shaded region of the “SYNC LATCH” signal. The signal value is latched when the system clock
goes low. It is clocked into the PINxn Register at the succeeding positive clock edge. As indicated by the two arrows tpd,max and tpd,min, a single signal transition on the pin will be delayed
between ½ and 1½ system clock period depending upon the time of assertion.
When reading back a software assigned pin value, a nop instruction must be inserted as indicated in Figure 11-4 on page 65. The out instruction sets the “SYNC LATCH” signal at the
positive edge of the clock. In this case, the delay tpd through the synchronizer is one system
clock period.
Figure 11-4. Synchronization when Reading a Software Assigned Pin Value
SYSTEM CLK
r16
INSTRUCTIONS
0xFF
out PORTx, r16
nop
in r17, PINx
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00
0xFF
t pd
65
8048B–AVR–03/09
The following code example shows how to set port A pins 0 and 1 high, 2 and 3 low, and define
the port pins from 4 to 5 as input with a pull-up assigned to port pin 4. The resulting pin values
are read back again, but as previously discussed, a nop instruction is included to be able to read
back the value recently assigned to some of the pins.
Assembly Code Example(1)
...
; Define pull-ups and set outputs high
; Define directions for port pins
ldi
r16,(1<<PA4)|(1<<PA1)|(1<<PA0)
ldi
r17,(1<<DDA3)|(1<<DDA2)|(1<<DDA1)|(1<<DDA0)
out
PORTA,r16
out
DDRA,r17
; Insert nop for synchronization
nop
; Read port pins
in
r16,PINA
...
C Code Example
unsigned char i;
...
/* Define pull-ups and set outputs high */
/* Define directions for port pins */
PORTA = (1<<PA4)|(1<<PA1)|(1<<PA0);
DDRA = (1<<DDA3)|(1<<DDA2)|(1<<DDA1)|(1<<DDA0);
/* Insert nop for synchronization*/
_NOP();
/* Read port pins */
i = PINA;
...
Note:
11.2.5
1. For the assembly program, two temporary registers are used to minimize the time from pullups are set on pins 0, 1 and 4, until the direction bits are correctly set, defining bit 2 and 3 as
low and redefining bits 0 and 1 as strong high drivers.
Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes
As shown in Figure 11-2 on page 63, the digital input signal can be clamped to ground at the
input of the schmitt-trigger. The signal denoted SLEEP in the figure, is set by the MCU Sleep
Controller in Power-down mode, Power-save mode, and Standby mode to avoid high power
consumption if some input signals are left floating, or have an analog signal level close to VCC/2.
SLEEP is overridden for port pins enabled as external interrupt pins. If the external interrupt
request is not enabled, SLEEP is active also for these pins. SLEEP is also overridden by various
other alternate functions as described in “Alternate Port Functions” on page 67.
If a logic high level (“one”) is present on an asynchronous external interrupt pin configured as
“Interrupt on Rising Edge, Falling Edge, or Any Logic Change on Pin” while the external interrupt
66
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
is not enabled, the corresponding External Interrupt Flag will be set when resuming from the
above mentioned Sleep mode, as the clamping in these sleep mode produces the requested
logic change.
11.2.6
Unconnected Pins
If some pins are unused, it is recommended to ensure that these pins have a defined level. Even
though most of the digital inputs are disabled in the deep sleep modes as described above, floating inputs should be avoided to reduce current consumption in all other modes where the digital
inputs are enabled (Reset, Active mode and Idle mode).
The simplest method to ensure a defined level of an unused pin, is to enable the internal pull-up.
In this case, the pull-up will be disabled during reset. If low power consumption during reset is
important, it is recommended to use an external pull-up or pulldown. Connecting unused pins
directly to VCC or GND is not recommended, since this may cause excessive currents if the pin is
accidentally configured as an output.
11.3
Alternate Port Functions
Most port pins have alternate functions in addition to being general digital I/Os. Figure 11-5 on
page 68 shows how the port pin control signals from the simplified Figure 11-2 on page 63 can
be overridden by alternate functions. The overriding signals may not be present in all port pins,
but the figure serves as a generic description applicable to all port pins in the AVR microcontroller family.
67
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 11-5. Alternate Port Functions(1)
PUOExn
PUOVxn
1
PUD
0
DDOExn
DDOVxn
1
Q D
DDxn
0
Q CLR
WDx
PVOExn
RESET
RDx
1
DATA BUS
PVOVxn
1
Pxn
Q
0
D
0
PORTxn
PTOExn
Q CLR
DIEOExn
WPx
RESET
DIEOVxn
WRx
1
0
RRx
SLEEP
SYNCHRONIZER
D
SET
Q
D
RPx
Q
PINxn
L
CLR
Q
CLR
Q
clk I/O
DIxn
AIOxn
PUOExn:
PUOVxn:
DDOExn:
DDOVxn:
PVOExn:
PVOVxn:
DIEOExn:
DIEOVxn:
SLEEP:
PTOExn:
Note:
68
Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE VALUE
SLEEP CONTROL
Pxn, PORT TOGGLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
PUD:
WDx:
RDx:
RRx:
WRx:
RPx:
WPx:
clkI/O:
DIxn:
AIOxn:
PULLUP DISABLE
WRITE DDRx
READ DDRx
READ PORTx REGISTER
WRITE PORTx
READ PORTx PIN
WRITE PINx
I/O CLOCK
DIGITAL INPUT PIN n ON PORTx
ANALOG INPUT/OUTPUT PIN n ON PORTx
1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O,
SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports. All other signals are unique for each pin.
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 11-2 summarizes the function of the overriding signals. The pin and port indexes from Figure 11-5 on page 68 are not shown in the succeeding tables. The overriding signals are
generated internally in the modules having the alternate function.
Table 11-2.
Generic Description of Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions
Signal Name
Full Name
Description
PUOE
Pull-up Override
Enable
If this signal is set, the pull-up enable is controlled by the PUOV
signal. If this signal is cleared, the pull-up is enabled when
{DDxn, PORTxn, PUD} = 0b010.
PUOV
Pull-up Override
Value
If PUOE is set, the pull-up is enabled/disabled when PUOV is
set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the DDxn, PORTxn,
and PUD Register bits.
DDOE
Data Direction
Override Enable
If this signal is set, the Output Driver Enable is controlled by the
DDOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Output driver is
enabled by the DDxn Register bit.
DDOV
Data Direction
Override Value
If DDOE is set, the Output Driver is enabled/disabled when
DDOV is set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the DDxn
Register bit.
PVOE
Port Value
Override Enable
If this signal is set and the Output Driver is enabled, the port
value is controlled by the PVOV signal. If PVOE is cleared, and
the Output Driver is enabled, the port Value is controlled by the
PORTxn Register bit.
PVOV
Port Value
Override Value
If PVOE is set, the port value is set to PVOV, regardless of the
setting of the PORTxn Register bit.
PTOE
Port Toggle
Override Enable
If PTOE is set, the PORTxn Register bit is inverted.
DIEOE
Digital Input
Enable Override
Enable
If this bit is set, the Digital Input Enable is controlled by the
DIEOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Digital Input Enable
is determined by MCU state (Normal mode, sleep mode).
DIEOV
Digital Input
Enable Override
Value
If DIEOE is set, the Digital Input is enabled/disabled when
DIEOV is set/cleared, regardless of the MCU state (Normal
mode, sleep mode).
DI
Digital Input
This is the Digital Input to alternate functions. In the figure, the
signal is connected to the output of the schmitt-trigger but
before the synchronizer. Unless the Digital Input is used as a
clock source, the module with the alternate function will use its
own synchronizer.
AIO
Analog
Input/Output
This is the Analog Input/Output to/from alternate functions. The
signal is connected directly to the pad, and can be used bidirectionally.
The following subsections shortly describe the alternate functions for each port, and relate the
overriding signals to the alternate function. Refer to the alternate function description for further
details.
69
8048B–AVR–03/09
11.3.1
Alternate Functions of Port A
The Port A pins with alternate function are shown in Table 11-3 on page 70.
Table 11-3.
Port A Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PA0
ADC0: ADC input channel 0.
PCINT0:Pin change interrupt 0 source 0.
PA1
ADC1: ADC input channel 1.
PCINT1:Pin change interrupt 0 source 1.
PA2
ADC2: ADC input channel 2.
PCINT2: Pin change interrupt 0 source 2.
PA3
ADC3: ADC input channel 3.
PCINT3: Pin change interrupt 0 source 3.
PA4
AIN0:
Analog Comparator Positive Input.
PCINT4: Pin change interrupt 0 source 4.
PA5
AIN1:
Analog Comparator Negative Input.
PCINT5: Pin change interrupt 0 source 5.
PA6
PCINT6: Pin change interrupt 0 source 6.
CLKI:
External Clock Input.
PA7
RESET: Reset pin.
dW:
debugWire I/O.
PCINT7: Pin change interrupt 0 source 7
• Port A, Bit 0 – ADC0/PCINT0
ADC0: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 0.
PCINT0: Pin Change Interrupt source 0. The PA0 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 1 – ADC1/PCINT1
ADC1: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 1.
PCINT1: Pin Change Interrupt source 1. The PA1 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 2 – ADC2/PCINT2
ADC2: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 2.
PCINT2: Pin Change Interrupt source 2. The PA2 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 3 – ADC3/PCINT3
ADC3: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 3.
PCINT3: Pin Change Interrupt source 3. The PA3 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 0.
70
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Port A, Bit 4 – AIN0/PCINT4
AIN0: Analog Comparator Positive Input. Configure the port pin as input with the internal pull-up
switched off to avoid the digital port function from interfering with the function of the Analog
Comparator.
PCINT4: Pin Change Interrupt source 4. The PA4 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 5 – AIN1/PCINT5
AIN1: Analog Comparator Negative Input. Configure the port pin as input with the internal pull-up
switched off to avoid the digital port function from interfering with the function of the Analog
Comparator.
PCINT5: Pin Change Interrupt source 5. The PA5 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 6 – CLKI/PCINT6
CLKI: External Clock Input. When used as a clock pin, the pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
PCINT6: Pin Change Interrupt source 6. The PA6 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 7 – RESET/dW/PCINT7
RESET: External Reset input is active low and enabled by unprogramming (“1”) the RSTDISBL
Fuse. Pullup is activated and output driver and digital input are deactivated when the pin is used
as the RESET pin.
dW: When the debugWIRE Enable (DWEN) Fuse is programmed and Lock bits are unprogrammed, the debugWIRE system within the target device is activated. The RESET port pin is
configured as a wire-AND (open-drain) bi-directional I/O pin with pull-up enabled and becomes
the communication gateway between target and emulator.
PCINT7: Pin Change Interrupt source 7. The PA7 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 0.
71
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 11-4 on page 72 to Table 11-6 on page 73 relate the alternate functions of Port A to the
overriding signals shown in Figure 11-5 on page 68.
Table 11-4.
Signal
Name
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA7..PA6
PA7/RESET/dW/PCINT7
(1)
PA6/ PCINT6
EXT_CLK (2)
PUOE
RSTDISBL
PUOV
1
0
DDOE
RSTDISBL(1) + MONCOM_ENABLE
EXT_CLK(2)
DDOV
MONCOM_ENABLE • debugWire
Transmit
0
PVOE
RSTDISBL(1) + MONCOM_ENABLE
EXT_CLK(2)
PVOV
0
0
PTOE
0
0
DIEOE
RSTDISBL(1) + MONCOM_ENABLE +
PCINT7 • PCIE0
EXT_CLK(2) + (PCINT6 • PCIE0)
DIEOV
MONCOM_ENABLE +
MONCOM_ENABLE • RSTDISBL(1) •
PCINT7 • PCIE0)
(EXT_CLK(2) • PWR_DOWN) +
(EXT_CLK(2) • PCINT7 • PCIE0)
DI
dW/PCINT7 Input
CLKI/PCINT6 Input
+ MONCOM_ENABLE
AIO
1.
RSTDISBL is 1 when the Fuse is “0” (Programmed).
2.
EXT_CLOCK = external clock is selected as system clock
Table 11-5.
72
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA5..PA4
Signal
Name
PA5/AIN1/ PCINT5
PA4/AIN0/PCINT4
PUOE
0
0
PUOV
0
0
DDOE
0
0
DDOV
0
0
PVOE
0
0
PVOV
0
0
PTOE
0
0
DIEOE
(PCINT5 • PCIE) + AIN1D
(PCINT4 • PCIE0) + AIN0D
DIEOV
PCINT5 • PCIE0
PCINT4 • PCIE0
DI
PCINT5 Input
PCINT4 input
AIO
Analog Comparator Negative Input
Analog Comparator Positive Input
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 11-6.
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA3..PA2
Signal
Name
PA3/ADC3/PCINT3
PUOE
0
PUOV
0
DDOE
0
DDOV
0
PVOE
0
PVOV
0
0
PTOE
0
0
DIEOE
(PCINT3 • PCIE0) + ADC3D
(PCINT2 • PCIE) + ADC2D
DIEOV
PCINT3 • PCIE0
PCINT2 • PCIE0
DI
PCINT3 Input
PCINT2 Input
AIO
ADC3 Input
ADC2
Table 11-7.
PA2/ADC2/PCINT2
0
0
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA1..PA0
Signal
Name
PA1/ADC1/PCINT1
PUOE
0
PUOV
0
DDOE
0
DDOV
0
PVOE
0
PVOV
0
0
PTOE
0
0
DIEOE
(PCINT1 • PCIE) + ADC1D
(PCINT0 • PCIE0) + ADC0D
DIEOV
PCINT1 • PCIE0
PCINT0 • PCIE0
DI
PCINT1 Input
PCINT0 Input
AIO
ADC1 Input
ADC0 Input
PA0/ADC0/PCINT0
0
0
73
8048B–AVR–03/09
11.3.2
Alternate Functions of Port B
The Port B pins with alternate function are shown in Table 11-8 on page 74.
Table 11-8.
Port B Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PB0
T0:
Timer/Counter0 Counter Source.
PCINT8: Pin change interrupt 1 source 8.
PB1
OC0A: Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A output.
PCINT9: Pin change interrupt 1 source 9.
PB2
OC0B: Timer/Counter0 Compare Match B output.
PCINT10:Pin change interrupt 1 source 10.
PB3
T1:
Timer/Counter1 Counter Source.
CLKO: System Clock Output.
PCINT11:Pin change interrupt 1 source 11.
PB4
OC1A: Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A output.
DI:
USI Data Input three wire mode.
SDA:
USI Data Input two wire mode.
PCINT12:Pin change interrupt 1 source 12.
PB5
OC1B: Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B output.
DO:
USI Data Output three wire mode.
PCINT13:Pin change interrupt 1 source 13.
PB6
USCK: USI Clock three wire mode.
SCL:
USI Clock two wire mode.
PCINT14:Pin change interrupt 1 source 14.
PB7
INT0:
External Interrupt 0 input.
PCINT15:Pin change interrupt 1 source 15.
• Port B, Bit 0 – T0/PCINT8
T0: Timer/Counter0 Counter Source.
PCINT8: Pin Change Interrupt source 8. The PB0 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 1.
• Port B, Bit 1 – OC0A/PCINT9
OC0A: Output Compare Match output: The PB1 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A. The PB1 pin has to be configured as an output (DDB1 set
(one)) to serve this function. The OC0A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer
function.
PCINT9: Pin Change Interrupt source 9. The PB1 pin can serve as an external interrupt source
for pin change interrupt 1.
• Port B, Bit 2 – OC0B/PCINT10
OC0B: Output Compare Match output: The PB2 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A. The PB2 pin has to be configured as an output (DDB2 set
(one)) to serve this function. The OC0B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer
function.
74
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
PCINT10: Pin Change Interrupt source 10. The PB2 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
• Port B, Bit 3 – T1/CLKO/PCINT11
T1: Timer/Counter1 Counter source.
CLKO: System Clock Output. The system clock can be output on the PB3 pin. The system clock
will be output if the CKOUT Fuse is programmed, regardless of the PORTB3 and DDB3 settings.
It will also be output during reset.
PCINT11: Pin Change Interrupt source 11. The PB3 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
• Port B, Bit 4 – DI/SDA/OC1A/PCINT12
DI: Data Input in USI Three-wire mode. USI Three-wire mode does not override normal port
functions, so pin must be configure as an input for DI function.
SDA: Two-wire mode Serial Interface Data.
OC1A, Output Compare Match output: The PB4 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A. The PB4 pin has to be configured as an output (DDB4 set
(one)) to serve this function. The OC1A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer
function.
PCINT12: Pin Change Interrupt source 12. The PB4 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
• Port B, Bit 5 – DO/OC1B/PCINT13
DO: Data Output in USI Three-wire mode. Data output (DO) overrides PORTB5 value and it is
driven to the port when the data direction bit DDB5 is set (one). However the PORTB5 bit still
controls the pullup, enabling pullup if direction is input and PORTB5 is set (one).
OC1B: Output Compare Match output: The PB5 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B. The PB5 pin has to be configured as an output (DDB5 set
(one)) to serve this function. The OC1B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer
function.
PCINT13: Pin Change Interrupt source 13. The PB5 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
• Port B, Bit 6 – USCK/SCL/PCINT14
USCK: Three-wire mode Universal Serial Interface Clock.
SCL: Two-wire mode Serial Clock for USI Two-wire mode.
PCINT14: Pin Change Interrupt source 14. The PB6 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
• Port B, Bit 7 – INT0/PCINT15
INT0: External Interrupt Request 0.
PCINT15: Pin Change Interrupt source 15. The PB7 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
75
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 11-9 on page 76 to Table 11-12 on page 77 relate the alternate functions of Port B to the
overriding signals shown in Figure 11-5 on page 68.
Table 11-9.
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB7..PB6
Signal
Name
PB7/INT0/PCINT15
PB6/PCINT14
PUOE
0
0
PUOV
0
0
DDOE
0
USIWM1
DDOV
0
USI_SCL_HOLD + PORTB6
PVOE
0
USIWM1
PVOV
0
0
PTOE
0
USIPTOE
DIEOE
(PCINT15 • PCIE1) + INT0
(PCINT14 • PCIE1) + USISIE
DIEOV
(PCINT15 • PCIE1) + INT0
(PCINT14 • PCIE1) + USISIE
DI
INT0/PCINT15
PCINT14/USCK/SCL
AIO
Table 11-10. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB5..PB4
Signal
Name
PB5/OC1B/PCINT13
PB4/OC1A/PCINT10
PUOE
0
0
PUOV
0
0
DDOE
0
USIWM1
DDOV
0
(SDA + PORTB4) • DDRB4
PVOE
OC1B Enable + (USIWM1 • USIWM0)
OC1A Enable + (USIWM1 • DDRB4)
PVOV
OC1B • (~USIWM1• USIWM0) + USIWM1
• USIWM0 • DO
OC1A • (USIWM1• DDRB4)
PTOE
0
0
DIEOE
PCINT13 • PCIE1
PCINT10 • PCIE1 + USISIE
DIEOV
PCINT13 • PCIE1
PCINT10 • PCIE1 + USISIE
DI
PCINT13
PCINT10/DI/SDA
AIO
76
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 11-11. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB3..PB2
Signal
Name
PB3/T1/CLKO/PCINT9
PB2/OC0B/PCINT8
PUOE
CKOUT
0
PUOV
0
0
DDOE
CKOUT
0
DDOV
1’b1
0
PVOE
CKOUT
OC0B Enable
PVOV
CKOUT • System Clock
OC0B
PTOE
0
0
DIEOE
PCINT9 • PCIE1
PCINT8 • PCIE1
DIEOV
PCINT9 • PCIE1
PCINT8 • PCIE1
DI
T1/PCINT9 Input
PCINT8 Input
AIO
Table 11-12. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB1..PB0
Signal
Name
PB1/OC0A/PCINT7
PB0/T0/PCINT6
PUOE
0
0
PUOV
0
0
DDOE
0
0
DDOV
0
0
PVOE
0
0
PVOV
OC0A Enable
0
PTOE
OC0A
0
DIEOE
PCINT7 • PCIE1
PCINT6 • PCIE1
DIEOV
PCINT7 • PCIE1
PCINT6 • PCIE1
DI
PCINT7 Input
PCINT6 Input
AIO
77
8048B–AVR–03/09
11.4
11.4.1
Register Description
MCUCR – MCU Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x35 (0x55)
BODS
PUD
SE
SM1
SM0
BODSE
ISC01
ISC00
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
• Bit 6 – PUD: Pull-up Disable
When this bit is written to one, the pull-ups in the I/O ports are disabled even if the DDxn and
PORTxn Registers are configured to enable the pull-ups ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01). See “Configuring the Pin” on page 63 for more details about this feature.
11.4.2
PORTA – Port A Data Register
Bit
11.4.3
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1B (0x3B)
PORTA7
PORTA6
PORTA5
PORTA4
PORTA3
PORTA2
PORTA1
PORTA0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DDRA – Port A Data Direction Register
Bit
11.4.4
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1A (0x3A)
DDA7
DDA6
DDA5
DDA4
DDA3
DDA2
DDA1
DDA0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x19 (0x39)
PINA7
PINA6
PINA5
PINA4
PINA3
PINA2
PINA1
PINA0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x18 (0x38)
PORTB7
PORTB6
PORTB5
PORTB4
PORTB3
PORTB2
PORTB1
PORTB0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x17 (0x37)
DDB7
DDB6
DDB5
DDB4
DDB3
DDB2
DDB1
DDB0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DDRB
PINB – Port BInput Pins Address
Bit
78
PORTB
DDRB – Port B Data Direction Register
Bit
11.4.7
PINA
PORTB – Port B Data Register
Bit
11.4.6
DDRA
PINA – Port A Input Pins Address
Bit
11.4.5
PORTA
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x16 (0x36)
PINB7
PINB6
PINB5
PINB4
PINB3
PINB2
PINB1
PINB0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PINB
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
12. 8-bit Timer/Counter with PWM (Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1)
12.1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
12.2
Two Independent Output Compare Units
Double Buffered Output Compare Registers
Clear Timer on Compare Match (Auto Reload)
Glitch Free, Phase Correct Pulse Width Modulator (PWM)
Variable PWM Period
Frequency Generator
Six Independent Interrupt Sources (TOV0, OCF0A, OCF0B, TOV1, OCF1A, and OCF1B)
Overview
Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Conter1 are general purpose Timer/Counter modules with two independent Output Compare Units, each, and with PWM support. They allow accurate program
execution timing (event management) and wave generation.
Register and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “n” replaces
the Timer/Counter number, and a lower case “x” replaces the Output Compare Unit, in this case
Compare Unit A or Compare Unit B. However, when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used, i.e., TCNT0 for accessing Timer/Counter0 counter value
and so on.
A simplified block diagram of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is shown in Figure 12-1 on page 79. For
the actual placement of I/O pins, refer to Figure 1-1 on page 2. CPU accessible I/O Registers,
including I/O bits and I/O pins, are shown in bold. The device-specific I/O Register and bit locations are listed in the “Register Description” on page 90.
Figure 12-1. 8-bit Timer/Counter Block Diagram
Count
Clear
Direction
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
Control Logic
clkTn
Clock Select
Edge
Detector
TOP
Tn
BOTTOM
( From Prescaler )
Timer/Counter
TCNTn
=
=0
OCnA
(Int.Req.)
Waveform
Generation
=
OCnA
DATA BUS
OCRnA
Fixed
TOP
Value
OCnB
(Int.Req.)
Waveform
Generation
=
OCnB
OCRnB
TCCRnA
TCCRnB
79
8048B–AVR–03/09
12.2.1
Registers
The Timer/Counter (TCNTn) and Output Compare Registers (OCRnA and OCRnB) are 8-bit
registers. Interrupt request (abbreviated to Int.Req. in the figure) signals are all visible in the
Timer Interrupt Flag Register (TIFRn). All interrupts are individually masked with the Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSKn). TIFRn and TIMSKn are not shown in the figure.
The Timer/Counter can be clocked internally, via the prescaler, or by an external clock source on
the Tn pin. The Clock Select logic block controls which clock source and edge the Timer/Counter
uses to increment (or decrement) its value. The Timer/Counter is inactive when no clock source
is selected. The output from the Clock Select logic is referred to as the timer clock (clkTn).
The double buffered Output Compare Registers (OCRnA and OCRnB) is compared with the
Timer/Counter value at all times. The result of the compare can be used by the Waveform Generator to generate a PWM or variable frequency output on the Output Compare pins (OCnA and
OCnB). See “Output Compare Unit” on page 81 for details. The Compare Match event will also
set the Compare Flag (OCFnA or OCFnB) which can be used to generate an Output Compare
interrupt request.
12.2.2
Definitions
The definitions in Table 12-1 are used extensively throughout the document.
Table 12-1.
12.3
Definitions
BOTTOM
The counter reaches the BOTTOM when it becomes 0x00.
MAX
The counter reaches its MAXimum when it becomes 0xFF (decimal 255).
TOP
The counter reaches the TOP when it becomes equal to the highest value in the
count sequence. The TOP value can be assigned to be the fixed value 0xFF
(MAX) or the value stored in the OCRnA Register. The assignment is dependent on the mode of operation.
Timer/Counter Clock Sources
The Timer/Counter can be clocked by an internal or an external clock source. The clock source
is selected by the Clock Select logic which is controlled by the Clock Select (CSn2:0) bits
located in the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCRnB). For details on clock sources and prescaler, see “Timer/Counter Prescaler” on page 98.
12.4
Counter Unit
The main part of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is the programmable bi-directional counter unit. Figure
12-2 on page 81 shows a block diagram of the counter and its surroundings.
80
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 12-2. Counter Unit Block Diagram
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
DATA BUS
Clock Select
count
clear
TCNTn
Control Logic
clkTn
Edge
Detector
Tn
direction
( From Prescaler )
bottom
top
Signal description (internal signals):
count
Increment or decrement TCNTn by 1.
direction
Select between increment and decrement.
clear
Clear TCNTn (set all bits to zero).
clkTn
Timer/Counter clock, referred to as clkTn in the following.
top
Signalize that TCNTn has reached maximum value.
bottom
Signalize that TCNTn has reached minimum value (zero).
Depending of the mode of operation used, the counter is cleared, incremented, or decremented
at each timer clock (clkTn). clkTn can be generated from an external or internal clock source,
selected by the Clock Select bits (CSn2:0). When no clock source is selected (CSn2:0 = 0) the
timer is stopped. However, the TCNTn value can be accessed by the CPU, regardless of
whether clkTn is present or not. A CPU write overrides (has priority over) all counter clear or
count operations.
The counting sequence is determined by the setting of the WGMn1 and WGMn0 bits located in
the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCRnA) and the WGMn2 bit located in the Timer/Counter
Control Register B (TCCRnB). There are close connections between how the counter behaves
(counts) and how waveforms are generated on the Output Compare output OCnA. For more
details about advanced counting sequences and waveform generation, see “Modes of Operation” on page 84.
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) is set according to the mode of operation selected by
the WGMn1:0 bits. TOVn can be used for generating a CPU interrupt.
12.5
Output Compare Unit
The 8-bit comparator continuously compares TCNTn with the Output Compare Registers
(OCRnA and OCRnB). Whenever TCNTn equals OCRnA or OCRnB, the comparator signals a
match. A match will set the Output Compare Flag (OCFnA or OCFnB) at the next timer clock
cycle. If the corresponding interrupt is enabled, the Output Compare Flag generates an Output
Compare interrupt. The Output Compare Flag is automatically cleared when the interrupt is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit
location. The Waveform Generator uses the match signal to generate an output according to
operating mode set by the WGMn2:0 bits and Compare Output mode (COMnx1:0) bits. The max
and bottom signals are used by the Waveform Generator for handling the special cases of the
extreme values in some modes of operation. See “Modes of Operation” on page 84.
Figure 12-3 on page 82 shows a block diagram of the Output Compare unit.
81
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 12-3. Output Compare Unit, Block Diagram
DATA BUS
TCNTn
OCRnx
= (8-bit Comparator )
OCFnx (Int.Req.)
top
bottom
Waveform Generator
OCnx
FOCn
WGMn1:0
COMnx1:0
The OCRnx Registers are double buffered when using any of the Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) modes. For the normal and Clear Timer on Compare (CTC) modes of operation, the double buffering is disabled. The double buffering synchronizes the update of the OCRnx Compare
Registers to either top or bottom of the counting sequence. The synchronization prevents the
occurrence of odd-length, non-symmetrical PWM pulses, thereby making the output glitch-free.
The OCRnx Register access may seem complex, but this is not case. When the double buffering
is enabled, the CPU has access to the OCRnx Buffer Register, and if double buffering is disabled the CPU will access the OCRnx directly.
12.5.1
Force Output Compare
In non-PWM waveform generation modes, the match output of the comparator can be forced by
writing a one to the Force Output Compare (nx) bit. Forcing Compare Match will not set the
OCFnx Flag or reload/clear the timer, but the OCnx pin will be updated as if a real Compare
Match had occurred (the COMnx1:0 bits settings define whether the OCnx pin is set, cleared or
toggled).
12.5.2
Compare Match Blocking by TCNTn Write
All CPU write operations to the TCNTn Register will block any Compare Match that occur in the
next timer clock cycle, even when the timer is stopped. This feature allows OCRnx to be initialized to the same value as TCNTn without triggering an interrupt when the Timer/Counter clock is
enabled.
12.5.3
Using the Output Compare Unit
Since writing TCNTn in any mode of operation will block all Compare Matches for one timer
clock cycle, there are risks involved when changing TCNTn when using the Output Compare
Unit, independently of whether the Timer/Counter is running or not. If the value written to TCNTn
equals the OCRnx value, the Compare Match will be missed, resulting in incorrect waveform
82
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
generation. Similarly, do not write the TCNTn value equal to BOTTOM when the counter is
down-counting.
The setup of the OCnx should be performed before setting the Data Direction Register for the
port pin to output. The easiest way of setting the OCnx value is to use the Force Output Compare (nx) strobe bits in Normal mode. The OCnx Registers keep their values even when
changing between Waveform Generation modes.
Be aware that the COMnx1:0 bits are not double buffered together with the compare value.
Changing the COMnx1:0 bits will take effect immediately.
12.6
Compare Match Output Unit
The Compare Output mode (COMnx1:0) bits have two functions. The Waveform Generator uses
the COMnx1:0 bits for defining the Output Compare (OCnx) state at the next Compare Match.
Also, the COMnx1:0 bits control the OCnx pin output source. Figure 12-4 on page 83 shows a
simplified schematic of the logic affected by the COMnx1:0 bit setting. The I/O Registers, I/O
bits, and I/O pins in the figure are shown in bold. Only the parts of the general I/O Port Control
Registers (DDR and PORT) that are affected by the COMnx1:0 bits are shown. When referring
to the OCnx state, the reference is for the internal OCnx Register, not the OCnx pin. If a system
reset occur, the OCnx Register is reset to “0”.
Figure 12-4. Compare Match Output Unit, Schematic (non-PWM Mode)
COMnx1
COMnx0
FOCn
Waveform
Generator
D
Q
1
OCnx
DATA BUS
D
0
OCn
Pin
Q
PORT
D
Q
DDR
clk I/O
The general I/O port function is overridden by the Output Compare (OCnx) from the Waveform
Generator if either of the COMnx1:0 bits are set. However, the OCnx pin direction (input or output) is still controlled by the Data Direction Register (DDR) for the port pin. The Data Direction
Register bit for the OCnx pin (DDR_OCnx) must be set as output before the OCnx value is visible on the pin. The port override function is independent of the Waveform Generation mode.
83
8048B–AVR–03/09
The design of the Output Compare pin logic allows initialization of the OCnx state before the output is enabled. Note that some COMnx1:0 bit settings are reserved for certain modes of
operation, see “Register Description” on page 90
12.6.1
Compare Output Mode and Waveform Generation
The Waveform Generator uses the COMnx1:0 bits differently in Normal, CTC, and PWM modes.
For all modes, setting the COMnx1:0 = 0 tells the Waveform Generator that no action on the
OCnx Register is to be performed on the next Compare Match. For compare output actions in
the non-PWM modes refer to Table 12-2 on page 90. For fast PWM mode, refer to Table 12-3 on
page 91, and for phase correct PWM refer to Table 12-4 on page 91.
A change of the COMnx1:0 bits state will have effect at the first Compare Match after the bits are
written. For non-PWM modes, the action can be forced to have immediate effect by using the
FOCnx strobe bits.
12.7
Modes of Operation
The mode of operation, i.e., the behavior of the Timer/Counter and the Output Compare pins, is
defined by the combination of the Waveform Generation mode (WGMn2:0) and Compare Output
mode (COMnx1:0) bits. The Compare Output mode bits do not affect the counting sequence,
while the Waveform Generation mode bits do. The COMnx1:0 bits control whether the PWM output generated should be inverted or not (inverted or non-inverted PWM). For non-PWM modes
the COMnx1:0 bits control whether the output should be set, cleared, or toggled at a Compare
Match (See “Modes of Operation” on page 84).
For detailed timing information refer to Figure 12-8 on page 89, Figure 12-9 on page 89, Figure
12-10 on page 89 and Figure 12-11 on page 90 in “Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams” on page
88.
12.7.1
Normal Mode
The simplest mode of operation is the Normal mode (WGMn2:0 = 0). In this mode the counting
direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The counter simply
overruns when it passes its maximum 8-bit value (TOP = 0xFF) and then restarts from the bottom (0x00). In normal operation the Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) will be set in the same
timer clock cycle as the TCNTn becomes zero. The TOVn Flag in this case behaves like a ninth
bit, except that it is only set, not cleared. However, combined with the timer overflow interrupt
that automatically clears the TOVn Flag, the timer resolution can be increased by software.
There are no special cases to consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value can be written
anytime.
The Output Compare Unit can be used to generate interrupts at some given time. Using the Output Compare to generate waveforms in Normal mode is not recommended, since this will
occupy too much of the CPU time.
12.7.2
84
Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) Mode
In Clear Timer on Compare or CTC mode (WGMn2:0 = 2), the OCRnA Register is used to
manipulate the counter resolution. In CTC mode the counter is cleared to zero when the counter
value (TCNTn) matches the OCRnA. The OCRnA defines the top value for the counter, hence
also its resolution. This mode allows greater control of the Compare Match output frequency. It
also simplifies the operation of counting external events.
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
The timing diagram for the CTC mode is shown in Figure 12-5 on page 85. The counter value
(TCNTn) increases until a Compare Match occurs between TCNTn and OCRnA, and then counter (TCNTn) is cleared.
Figure 12-5. CTC Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCn
(Toggle)
Period
(COMnx1:0 = 1)
1
2
3
4
An interrupt can be generated each time the counter value reaches the TOP value by using the
OCFnA Flag. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating
the TOP value. However, changing TOP to a value close to BOTTOM when the counter is running with none or a low prescaler value must be done with care since the CTC mode does not
have the double buffering feature. If the new value written to OCRnA is lower than the current
value of TCNTn, the counter will miss the Compare Match. The counter will then have to count to
its maximum value (0xFF) and wrap around starting at 0x00 before the Compare Match can
occur.
For generating a waveform output in CTC mode, the OCnA output can be set to toggle its logical
level on each Compare Match by setting the Compare Output mode bits to toggle mode
(COMnA1:0 = 1). The OCnA value will not be visible on the port pin unless the data direction for
the pin is set to output. The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of fOCnx =
fclk_I/O/2 when OCRnA is set to zero (0x00). The waveform frequency is defined by the following
equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnx = ------------------------------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ ( 1 + OCRnx )
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
As for the Normal mode of operation, the TOVn Flag is set in the same timer clock cycle that the
counter counts from MAX to 0x00.
12.7.3
Fast PWM Mode
The fast Pulse Width Modulation or fast PWM mode (WGMn2:0 = 3 or 7) provides a high frequency PWM waveform generation option. The fast PWM differs from the other PWM option by
its single-slope operation. The counter counts from BOTTOM to TOP then restarts from BOTTOM. TOP is defined as 0xFF when WGMn2:0 = 3, and OCRnA when WGMn2:0 = 7. In noninverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare (OCnx) is cleared on the Compare Match
between TCNTn and OCRnx, and set at BOTTOM. In inverting Compare Output mode, the output is set on Compare Match and cleared at BOTTOM. Due to the single-slope operation, the
operating frequency of the fast PWM mode can be twice as high as the phase correct PWM
mode that use dual-slope operation. This high frequency makes the fast PWM mode well suited
85
8048B–AVR–03/09
for power regulation, rectification, and DAC applications. High frequency allows physically small
sized external components (coils, capacitors), and therefore reduces total system cost.
In fast PWM mode, the counter is incremented until the counter value matches the TOP value.
The counter is then cleared at the following timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the fast
PWM mode is shown in Figure 12-6 on page 86. The TCNTn value is in the timing diagram
shown as a histogram for illustrating the single-slope operation. The diagram includes noninverted and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNTn slopes represent Compare Matches between OCRnx and TCNTn.
Figure 12-6. Fast PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCRnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCRnx Update and
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCn
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCn
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) is set each time the counter reaches TOP. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating the compare value.
In fast PWM mode, the compare unit allows generation of PWM waveforms on the OCnx pins.
Setting the COMnx1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM and an inverted PWM output
can be generated by setting the COMnx1:0 to three: Setting the COMnA1:0 bits to one allowes
the OCnA pin to toggle on Compare Matches if the WGMn2 bit is set. This option is not available
for the OCnB pin (See Table 12-3 on page 91). The actual OCnx value will only be visible on the
port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output. The PWM waveform is generated by
setting (or clearing) the OCnx Register at the Compare Match between OCRnx and TCNTn, and
clearing (or setting) the OCnx Register at the timer clock cycle the counter is cleared (changes
from TOP to BOTTOM).
The PWM frequency for the output can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPWM = ----------------N ⋅ 256
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCRnA Register represents special cases when generating a PWM
waveform output in the fast PWM mode. If the OCRnA is set equal to BOTTOM, the output will
be a narrow spike for each MAX+1 timer clock cycle. Setting the OCRnA equal to MAX will result
86
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
in a constantly high or low output (depending on the polarity of the output set by the COMnA1:0
bits.)
A frequency (with 50% duty cycle) waveform output in fast PWM mode can be achieved by setting OCnx to toggle its logical level on each Compare Match (COMnx1:0 = 1). The waveform
generated will have a maximum frequency of fOCnx = fclk_I/O/2 when OCRnA is set to zero. This
feature is similar to the OCnA toggle in CTC mode, except the double buffer feature of the Output Compare unit is enabled in the fast PWM mode.
12.7.4
Phase Correct PWM Mode
The phase correct PWM mode (WGMn2:0 = 1 or 5) provides a high resolution phase correct
PWM waveform generation option. The phase correct PWM mode is based on a dual-slope
operation. The counter counts repeatedly from BOTTOM to TOP and then from TOP to BOTTOM. TOP is defined as 0xFF when WGMn2:0 = 1, and OCRnA when WGMn2:0 = 5. In noninverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare (OCnx) is cleared on the Compare Match
between TCNTn and OCRnx while upcounting, and set on the Compare Match while downcounting. In inverting Output Compare mode, the operation is inverted. The dual-slope operation
has lower maximum operation frequency than single slope operation. However, due to the symmetric feature of the dual-slope PWM modes, these modes are preferred for motor control
applications.
In phase correct PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter value matches TOP.
When the counter reaches TOP, it changes the count direction. The TCNTn value will be equal
to TOP for one timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the phase correct PWM mode is shown
on Figure 12-7 on page 87. The TCNTn value is in the timing diagram shown as a histogram for
illustrating the dual-slope operation. The diagram includes non-inverted and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNTn slopes represent Compare Matches
between OCRnx and TCNTn.
Figure 12-7. Phase Correct PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCRnx Update
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCn
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCn
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
87
8048B–AVR–03/09
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) is set each time the counter reaches BOTTOM. The
Interrupt Flag can be used to generate an interrupt each time the counter reaches the BOTTOM
value.
In phase correct PWM mode, the compare unit allows generation of PWM waveforms on the
OCnx pins. Setting the COMnx1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM. An inverted
PWM output can be generated by setting the COMnx1:0 to three: Setting the COMnA0 bits to
one allows the OCnA pin to toggle on Compare Matches if the WGMn2 bit is set. This option is
not available for the OCnB pin (See Table 12-4 on page 91). The actual OCnx value will only be
visible on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output. The PWM waveform is
generated by clearing (or setting) the OCnx Register at the Compare Match between OCRnx
and TCNTn when the counter increments, and setting (or clearing) the OCnx Register at Compare Match between OCRnx and TCNTn when the counter decrements. The PWM frequency for
the output when using phase correct PWM can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPCPWM = ----------------N ⋅ 510
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCRnA Register represent special cases when generating a PWM
waveform output in the phase correct PWM mode. If the OCRnA is set equal to BOTTOM, the
output will be continuously low and if set equal to MAX the output will be continuously high for
non-inverted PWM mode. For inverted PWM the output will have the opposite logic values.
At the very start of period 2 in Figure 12-7 on page 87 OCn has a transition from high to low
even though there is no Compare Match. The point of this transition is to guaratee symmetry
around BOTTOM. There are two cases that give a transition without Compare Match.
• OCRnA changes its value from MAX, like in Figure 12-7 on page 87. When the OCRnA value
is MAX the OCn pin value is the same as the result of a down-counting Compare Match. To
ensure symmetry around BOTTOM the OCn value at MAX must correspond to the result of
an up-counting Compare Match.
• The timer starts counting from a value higher than the one in OCRnA, and for that reason
misses the Compare Match and hence the OCn change that would have happened on the
way up.
12.8
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams
The Timer/Counter is a synchronous design and the timer clock (clkTn) is therefore shown as a
clock enable signal in the following figures. The figures include information on when Interrupt
Flags are set. Figure 12-8 on page 89 contains timing data for basic Timer/Counter operation.
The figure shows the count sequence close to the MAX value in all modes other than phase correct PWM mode.
88
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 12-8. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, no Prescaling
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /1)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
Figure 12-9 on page 89 shows the same timing data, but with the prescaler enabled.
Figure 12-9. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
Figure 12-10 on page 89 shows the setting of OCFnB in all modes and OCFnA in all modes
except CTC mode and PWM mode, where OCRnA is TOP.
Figure 12-10. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Setting of OCFnx, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
OCRnx
OCRnx - 1
OCRnx
OCRnx + 1
OCRnx + 2
OCRnx Value
OCFnx
Figure 12-11 on page 90 shows the setting of OCFnA and the clearing of TCNTn in CTC mode
and fast PWM mode where OCRnA is TOP.
89
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 12-11. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Clear Timer on Compare Match mode, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
(CTC)
TOP - 1
TOP
OCRnx
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOP
OCFnx
12.9
12.9.1
Register Description
TCCR0A – Timer/Counter Control Register A
Bit
12.9.2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x30 (0x50)
COM0A1
COM0A0
COM0B1
COM0B0
–
–
WGM01
WGM00
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR0A
TCCR1A – Timer/Counter Control Register A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x2F (0x4F)
COM1A1
COM1A0
COM1B1
COM1B0
–
–
WGM11
WGM10
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR1A
• Bits 7:6 – COMnA[1:0]: Compare Match Output A Mode
These bits control the Output Compare pin (OCnA) behavior. If one or both of the COMnA[1:0]
bits are set, the OCnA output overrides the normal port functionality of the I/O pin it is connected
to. However, note that the Data Direction Register (DDR) bit corresponding to the OCnA pin
must be set in order to enable the output driver.
When OCnA is connected to the pin, the function of the COMnA[1:0] bits depends on the
WGMn[2:0] bit setting. Table 12-2 on page 90 shows the COMnA[1:0] bit functionality when the
WGMn[2:0] bits are set to a normal or CTC mode (non-PWM).
Table 12-2.
90
Compare Output Mode, non-PWM Mode
COMnA1
COMnA0
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OCnA disconnected.
0
1
Toggle OCnA on Compare Match
1
0
Clear OCnA on Compare Match
1
1
Set OCnA on Compare Match
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 12-3 on page 91 shows the COMnA[1:0] bit functionality when the WGMn[1:0] bits are set
to fast PWM mode.
Table 12-3.
Compare Output Mode, Fast PWM Mode(1)
COMnA1
COMnA0
0
0
Normal port operation, OCnA disconnected.
0
1
WGMn2 = 0: Normal Port Operation, OCnA Disconnected.
WGMn2 = 1: Toggle OCnA on Compare Match.
1
0
Clear OCnA on Compare Match, set OCnA at TOP
1
1
Set OCnA on Compare Match, clear OCnA at TOP
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCRnA equals TOP and COMnA1 is set. In this case, the Compare Match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See “Fast PWM Mode” on page 85
for more details.
Table 12-4 on page 91 shows the COMnA[1:0] bit functionality when the WGMn[2:0] bits are set
to phase correct PWM mode.
Table 12-4.
Compare Output Mode, Phase Correct PWM Mode(1)
COMnA1
COMnA0
0
0
Normal port operation, OCnA disconnected.
0
1
WGMn2 = 0: Normal Port Operation, OCnA Disconnected.
WGMn2 = 1: Toggle OCnA on Compare Match.
1
0
Clear OCnA on Compare Match when up-counting. Set OCnA on
Compare Match when down-counting.
1
1
Set OCnA on Compare Match when up-counting. Clear OCnA on
Compare Match when down-counting.
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCRnA equals TOP and COMnA1 is set. In this case, the Compare Match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See “Phase Correct PWM Mode” on
page 87 for more details.
• Bits 5:4 – COMnB[1:0]: Compare Match Output B Mode
These bits control the Output Compare pin (OCnB) behavior. If one or both of the COMnB1:0
bits are set, the OCnB output overrides the normal port functionality of the I/O pin it is connected
to. However, note that the Data Direction Register (DDR) bit corresponding to the OCnB pin
must be set in order to enable the output driver.
When OCnB is connected to the pin, the function of the COMnB[1:0] bits depends on the
WGMn[2:0] bit setting. Table 12-5 on page 91 shows the COMnB[1:0] bit functionality when the
WGMn[2:0] bits are set to a normal or CTC mode (non-PWM).
Table 12-5.
Compare Output Mode, non-PWM Mode
COMnB1
COMnB0
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OCnB disconnected.
0
1
Toggle OCnB on Compare Match
1
0
Clear OCnB on Compare Match
1
1
Set OCnB on Compare Match
91
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 12-6 on page 92 shows the COMnB[1:0] bit functionality when the WGMn[2:0] bits are set
to fast PWM mode.
Table 12-6.
Compare Output Mode, Fast PWM Mode(1)
COMnB1
COMnB0
0
0
Normal port operation, OCnB disconnected.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Clear OCnB on Compare Match, set OC0B at TOP
1
1
Set OCnB on Compare Match, clear OC0B at TOP
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCRnB equals TOP and COMnB1 is set. In this case, the Compare Match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See “Fast PWM Mode” on page 85
for more details.
Table 12-7 shows the COMnB[1:0] bit functionality when the WGMn2:0 bits are set to phase correct PWM mode.
Table 12-7.
Compare Output Mode, Phase Correct PWM Mode(1)
COMnB1
COMnB0
0
0
Normal port operation, OCnB disconnected.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Clear OCnB on Compare Match when up-counting. Set OCnB on
Compare Match when down-counting.
1
1
Set OCnB on Compare Match when up-counting. Clear OCnB on
Compare Match when down-counting.
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCRnB equals TOP and COMnB1 is set. In this case, the Compare Match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See “Phase Correct PWM Mode” on
page 87 for more details.
• Bits 3, 2 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bits 1:0 – WGMn[1:0]: Waveform Generation Mode
Combined with the WGMn2 bit found in the TCCRnB Register, these bits control the counting
sequence of the counter, the source for maximum (TOP) counter value, and what type of waveform generation to be used, see Table 12-8 on page 93. Modes of operation supported by the
Timer/Counter unit are: Normal mode (counter), Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) mode,
and two types of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) modes (see “Modes of Operation” on page 84).
92
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 12-8.
TOP
Update of
OCRx at
TOV Flag
Set on(1)
WGMn2
WGMn1
WGMn0
0
0
0
0
Normal
0xFF
Immediate
MAX
1
0
0
1
PWM, Phase
Correct
0xFF
TOP
BOTTOM
2
0
1
0
CTC
OCRnA
Immediate
MAX
3
0
1
1
Fast PWM
0xFF
TOP
MAX
4
1
0
0
Reserved
–
–
–
5
1
0
1
PWM, Phase
Correct
OCRnA
TOP
BOTTOM
6
1
1
0
Reserved
–
–
–
7
1
1
1
Fast PWM
OCRnA
TOP
TOP
1. MAX = 0xFF, BOTTOM = 0x00
TCCR0B – Timer/Counter Control Register B
Bit
12.9.4
Timer/Counter
Mode of
Operation
Mode
Note:
12.9.3
Waveform Generation Mode Bit Description
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x33 (0x53)
FOC0A
FOC0B
–
–
WGM02
CS02
CS01
CS00
Read/Write
W
W
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR0B
TCCR1B – Timer/Counter Control Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x2E (0x4E)
FOC1A
FOC1B
–
–
WGM12
CS12
CS11
CS10
Read/Write
W
W
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR1B
• Bit 7 – FOCnA: Force Output Compare A
The FOCnA bit is only active when the WGM bits specify a non-PWM mode.
However, for ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must be set to zero when
TCCRnB is written when operating in PWM mode. When writing a logical one to the FOCnA bit,
an immediate Compare Match is forced on the Waveform Generation unit. The OCnA output is
changed according to its COMnA1:0 bits setting. Note that the FOCnA bit is implemented as a
strobe. Therefore it is the value present in the COMnA1:0 bits that determines the effect of the
forced compare.
A FOCnA strobe will not generate any interrupt, nor will it clear the timer in CTC mode using
OCRnA as TOP.
The FOCnA bit is always read as zero.
• Bit 6 – FOCnB: Force Output Compare B
The FOCnB bit is only active when the WGM bits specify a non-PWM mode.
93
8048B–AVR–03/09
However, for ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must be set to zero when
TCCR0B is written when operating in PWM mode. When writing a logical one to the FOCnB bit,
an immediate Compare Match is forced on the Waveform Generation unit. The OCnB output is
changed according to its COMnB1:0 bits setting. Note that the FOCnB bit is implemented as a
strobe. Therefore it is the value present in the COMnB1:0 bits that determines the effect of the
forced compare.
A FOCnB strobe will not generate any interrupt, nor will it clear the timer in CTC mode using
OCRnB as TOP.
The FOCnB bit is always read as zero.
• Bits 5, 4 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bit 3 – WGMn2: Waveform Generation Mode
See the description in the “Register Description” on page 90.
• Bits 2:0 – CSn[2:0]: Clock Select
The three Clock Select bits select the clock source to be used by the Timer/Counter.
Table 12-9.
Clock Select Bit Description
CSn2
CSn1
CSn0
Description
0
0
0
No clock source (Timer/Counter stopped)
0
0
1
clkI/O/(No prescaling)
0
1
0
clkI/O/8 (From prescaler)
0
1
1
clkI/O/64 (From prescaler)
1
0
0
clkI/O/256 (From prescaler)
1
0
1
clkI/O/1024 (From prescaler)
1
1
0
External clock source on Tn pin. Clock on falling edge.
1
1
1
External clock source on Tn pin. Clock on rising edge.
If external pin modes are used for the Timer/Countern, transitions on the Tn pin will clock the
counter even if the pin is configured as an output. This feature allows software control of the
counting.
12.9.5
TCNT0 – Timer/Counter Register
Bit
7
6
5
0x32 (0x52)
94
4
3
2
1
0
TCNT0[7:0]
TCNT0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
12.9.6
TCNT1 – Timer/Counter Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
0x2D (0x4D)
3
2
1
0
TCNT1[7:0]
TCNT1
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Timer/Counter Register gives direct access, both for read and write operations, to the
Timer/Counter unit 8-bit counter. Writing to the TCNTn Register blocks (removes) the Compare
Match on the following timer clock. Modifying the counter (TCNTn) while the counter is running,
introduces a risk of missing a Compare Match between TCNTn and the OCRnx Registers.
12.9.7
OCR0A – Output Compare Register A
Bit
7
6
5
0x36 (0x56)
12.9.8
4
3
2
1
0
OCR0A[7:0]
OCR0A
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR1A – Output Compare Register A
Bit
7
0x2C (0x4C)
OCR1A[7:0]
OCR1A
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Register A contains an 8-bit value that is continuously compared with the
counter value (TCNTn). A match can be used to generate an Output Compare interrupt, or to
generate a waveform output on the OCnA pin.
12.9.9
OCR0B – Output Compare Register B
Bit
7
6
5
0x3C (0x5C)
12.9.10
4
3
2
1
0
OCR0B[7:0]
OCR0B
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCR1B – Output Compare Register B
Bit
7
0x2B (0x4B)
OCR1B[7:0]
OCR1B
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Register B contains an 8-bit value that is continuously compared with the
counter value (TCNTn). A match can be used to generate an Output Compare interrupt, or to
generate a waveform output on the OCnB pin.
12.9.11
TIMSK0 – Timer/Counter 0 Interrupt Mask Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x39 (0x59)
–
–
–
–
–
OCIE0B
OCIE0A
TOIE0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIMSK0
95
8048B–AVR–03/09
12.9.12
TIMSK1 – Timer/Counter 1 Interrupt Mask Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x0C (0x2C)
–
–
–
–
–
OCIE1B
OCIE1A
TOIE1
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIMSK1
• Bits 7:3 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bit 2 – OCIEnB: Timer/Countern Output Compare Match B Interrupt Enable
When the OCIEnB bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Timer/Counter Compare Match B interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed if
a Compare Match in Timer/Countern occurs, i.e., when the OCFnB bit is set in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register – TIFRn.
• Bit 1 – OCIEnA: Timer/Countern Output Compare Match A Interrupt Enable
When the OCIEnA bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Timer/Countern Compare Match A interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed
if a Compare Match in Timer/Countern occurs, i.e., when the OCFnA bit is set in the
Timer/Counter n Interrupt Flag Register – TIFRn.
• Bit 0 – TOIEn: Timer/Countern Overflow Interrupt Enable
When the TOIEn bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the Timer/Countern Overflow interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed if an overflow in
Timer/Countern occurs, i.e., when the TOVn bit is set in the Timer/Counter n Interrupt Flag Register – TIFRn.
12.9.13
12.9.14
TIFR0 – Timer/Counter 0 Interrupt Flag Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x38 (0x58)
–
–
–
–
–
OCF0B
OCF0A
TOV0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIFR0
TIFR1 – Timer/Counter 1 Interrupt Flag Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x0B (0x2B)
–
–
–
–
–
OCF1B
OCF1A
TOV1
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIFR1
• Bits 7:3 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bit 2 – OCFnB: Output Compare Flag n B
The OCFnB bit is set when a Compare Match occurs between the Timer/Countern and the data
in OCRnB – Output Compare Registern B. OCFnB is cleared by hardware when executing the
corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCFnB is cleared by writing a logic one to
the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, OCIEnB (Timer/Counter Compare B Match Interrupt Enable),
and OCFnB are set, the Timer/Countern Compare Match Interrupt is executed.
96
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Bit 1 – OCFnA: Output Compare Flag n A
The OCFnA bit is set when a Compare Match occurs between the Timer/Countern and the data
in OCRnA – Output Compare Registern A. OCFnA is cleared by hardware when executing the
corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCFnA is cleared by writing a logic one to
the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, OCIEnA (Timer/Countern Compare Match Interrupt Enable),
and OCFnA are set, the Timer/Countern Compare Match Interrupt is executed.
• Bit 0 – TOVn: Timer/Countern Overflow Flag
The bit TOVn is set when an overflow occurs in Timer/Countern. TOVn is cleared by hardware
when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, TOVn is cleared by
writing a logic one to the flag. When the SREG I-bit, TOIEn (Timer/Countern Overflow Interrupt
Enable), and TOVn are set, the Timer/Countern Overflow interrupt is executed.
97
8048B–AVR–03/09
13. Timer/Counter Prescaler
Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1 share the same prescaler module, but the Timer/Counters
can have different prescaler settings. The description below applies to both Timer/Counters. Tn
is used as a general name, n = 0, 1.
The Timer/Counter can be clocked directly by the system clock (by setting the CSn2:0 = 1). This
provides the fastest operation, with a maximum Timer/Counter clock frequency equal to system
clock frequency (fCLK_I/O). Alternatively, one of four taps from the prescaler can be used as a
clock source. The prescaled clock has a frequency of either fCLK_I/O/8, fCLK_I/O/64, fCLK_I/O/256, or
fCLK_I/O/1024.
13.1
Prescaler Reset
The prescaler is free running, i.e., operates independently of the Clock Select logic of the
Timer/CounterCounter, and it is shared by the Timer/Counter Tn. Since the prescaler is not
affected by the Timer/Counter’s clock select, the state of the prescaler will have implications for
situations where a prescaled clock is used. One example of prescaling artifacts occurs when the
timer is enabled and clocked by the prescaler (6 > CSn2:0 > 1). The number of system clock
cycles from when the timer is enabled to the first count occurs can be from 1 to N+1 system
clock cycles, where N equals the prescaler divisor (8, 64, 256, or 1024).
It is possible to use the Prescaler Reset for synchronizing the Timer/Counter to program
execution.
13.2
External Clock Source
An external clock source applied to the Tn pin can be used as Timer/Counter clock (clkTn). The
Tn pin is sampled once every system clock cycle by the pin synchronization logic. The synchronized (sampled) signal is then passed through the edge detector. Figure 13-1 on page 98 shows
a functional equivalent block diagram of the Tn synchronization and edge detector logic. The
registers are clocked at the positive edge of the internal system clock (clkI/O). The latch is transparent in the high period of the internal system clock.
The edge detector generates one clkT0 pulse for each positive (CSn2:0 = 7) or negative (CSn2:0
= 6) edge it detects.
Figure 13-1. Tn Pin Sampling
Tn
D
Q
D
Q
D
Tn_sync
(To Clock
Select Logic)
Q
LE
clk I/O
Synchronization
Edge Detector
The synchronization and edge detector logic introduces a delay of 2.5 to 3.5 system clock cycles
from an edge has been applied to the Tn pin to the counter is updated.
Enabling and disabling of the clock input must be done when Tn has been stable for at least one
system clock cycle, otherwise it is a risk that a false Timer/Counter clock pulse is generated.
Each half period of the external clock applied must be longer than one system clock cycle to
ensure correct sampling. The external clock must be guaranteed to have less than half the sys-
98
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
tem clock frequency (fExtClk < fclk_I/O/2) given a 50/50% duty cycle. Since the edge detector uses
sampling, the maximum frequency of an external clock it can detect is half the sampling frequency (Nyquist sampling theorem). However, due to variation of the system clock frequency
and duty cycle caused by Oscillator source (crystal, resonator, and capacitors) tolerances, it is
recommended that maximum frequency of an external clock source is less than fclk_I/O/2.5.
An external clock source can not be prescaled.
Figure 13-2. Prescaler for Timer/Countern
clk I/O
Clear
PSR10
Tn
Synchronization
0
CSn0
CSn1
CSn2
TIMER/COUNTERn CLOCK SOURCE
clkTn
Note:
13.3
13.3.1
1. The synchronization logic on the input pins (Tn) is shown in Figure 13-1 on page 98.
Register Description
GTCCR – General Timer/Counter Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x23 (0x43)
TSM
–
–
–
–
–
–
PSR10
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GTCCR
• Bit 7 – TSM: Timer/Counter Synchronization Mode
Writing the TSM bit to one activates the Timer/Counter Synchronization mode. In this mode, the
value that is written to the PSR10 bit is kept, hence keeping the Prescaler Reset signal asserted.
This ensures that the Timer/Counter is halted and can be configured without the risk of advancing during configuration. When the TSM bit is written to zero, the PSR10 bit is cleared by
hardware, and the Timer/Counter start counting.
• Bit 0 – PSR10: Prescaler Reset Timer/Counter
When this bit is one, the Timer/Counter prescaler will be reset. This bit is normally cleared immediately by hardware, except if the TSM bit is set.
99
8048B–AVR–03/09
14. USI – Universal Serial Interface
14.1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
14.2
Two-wire Synchronous Data Transfer (Master or Slave)
Three-wire Synchronous Data Transfer (Master or Slave)
Data Received Interrupt
Wakeup from Idle Mode
In Two-wire Mode: Wake-up from All Sleep Modes, Including Power-down Mode
Two-wire Start Condition Detector with Interrupt Capability
Overview
The Universal Serial Interface (USI), provides the basic hardware resources needed for serial
communication. Combined with a minimum of control software, the USI allows significantly
higher transfer rates and uses less code space than solutions based on software only. Interrupts
are included to minimize the processor load.
A simplified block diagram of the USI is shown in Figure 14-1 on page 100. For actual placement
of I/O pins, refer to “Pinout of ATtiny43U” on page 2. CPU accessible I/O Registers, including I/O
bits and I/O pins, are shown in bold. The device-specific I/O Register and bit locations are listed
in the “Register Descriptions” on page 107.
Figure 14-1. Universal Serial Interface, Block Diagram
Bit7
Bit0
D Q
LE
DO
(Output only)
DI/SDA
(Input/Open Drain)
USCK/SCL
(Input/Open Drain)
3
2
USIDR
1
0
TIM0 COMP
USIPF
4-bit Counter
USIDC
USISIF
USIOIF
DATA BUS
USIDB
3
2
0
1
1
0
CLOCK
HOLD
[1]
Two-wire Clock
Control Unit
USISR
USITC
USICLK
USICS0
USICS1
USIWM0
USIWM1
USISIE
USIOIE
2
USICR
The 8-bit USI Data Register (USIDR) contains the incoming and outgoing data. It is directly
accessible via the data bus but a copy of the contents is also placed in the USI Buffer Register
(USIBR) where it can be retrieved later. If reading the USI Data Register directly, the register
must be read as quickly as possible to ensure that no data is lost.
The most significant bit of the USI Data Register is connected to one of two output pins (depending on the mode configuration, see Table 14-1 on page 108). There is a transparent latch
between the output of the USI Data Register and the output pin, which delays the change of data
100
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
output to the opposite clock edge of the data input sampling. The serial input is always sampled
from the Data Input (DI) pin independent of the configuration.
The 4-bit counter can be both read and written via the data bus, and it can generate an overflow
interrupt. Both the USI Data Register and the counter are clocked simultaneously by the same
clock source. This allows the counter to count the number of bits received or transmitted and
generate an interrupt when the transfer is complete. Note that when an external clock source is
selected the counter counts both clock edges. This means the counter registers the number of
clock edges and not the number of data bits. The clock can be selected from three different
sources: The USCK pin, Timer/Counter0 Compare Match or from software.
The two-wire clock control unit can be configured to generate an interrupt when a start condition
has been detected on the two-wire bus. It can also be set to generate wait states by holding the
clock pin low after a start condition is detected, or after the counter overflows.
14.3
14.3.1
Functional Descriptions
Three-wire Mode
The USI Three-wire mode is compliant to the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) mode 0 and 1, but
does not have the slave select (SS) pin functionality. However, this feature can be implemented
in software if necessary. Pin names used by this mode are: DI, DO, and USCK.
Figure 14-2. Three-wire Mode Operation, Simplified Diagram
DO
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
DI
Bit0
USCK
SLAVE
DO
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
DI
Bit0
USCK
PORTxn
MASTER
Figure 14-2 shows two USI units operating in three-wire mode, one as Master and one as Slave.
The two USI Data Registers are interconnected in such way that after eight USCK clocks, the
data in each register has been interchanged. The same clock also increments the USI’s 4-bit
counter. The Counter Overflow (interrupt) Flag, or USIOIF, can therefore be used to determine
when a transfer is completed. The clock is generated by the Master device software by toggling
the USCK pin via the PORTA register or by writing a one to bit USITC bit in USICR.
101
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 14-3. Three-wire Mode, Timing Diagram
CYCLE
( Reference )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
USCK
USCK
DO
MSB
DI
MSB
A
B
C
6
5
4
3
2
1
LSB
6
5
4
3
2
1
LSB
D
E
The three-wire mode timing is shown in Figure 14-3 At the top of the figure is a USCK cycle reference. One bit is shifted into the USI Data Register (USIDR) for each of these cycles. The
USCK timing is shown for both external clock modes. In external clock mode 0 (USICS0 = 0), DI
is sampled at positive edges, and DO is changed (USI Data Register is shifted by one) at negative edges. In external clock mode 1 (USICS0 = 1) the opposite edges with respect to mode 0
are used. In other words, data is sampled at negative and output is changed at positive edges.
The USI clock modes corresponds to the SPI data mode 0 and 1.
Referring to the timing diagram (Figure 14-3), a bus transfer involves the following steps:
1. The slave and master devices set up their data outputs and, depending on the protocol
used, enable their output drivers (mark A and B). The output is set up by writing the
data to be transmitted to the USI Data Register. The output is enabled by setting the
corresponding bit in the Data Direction Register of Port A. Note that there is not a preferred order of points A and B in the figure, but both must be at least one half USCK
cycle before point C, where the data is sampled. This is in order to ensure that the data
setup requirement is satisfied. The 4-bit counter is reset to zero.
2. The master software generates a clock pulse by toggling the USCK line twice (C and
D). The bit values on the data input (DI) pins are sampled by the USI on the first edge
(C), and the data output is changed on the opposite edge (D). The 4-bit counter will
count both edges.
3. Step 2. is repeated eight times for a complete register (byte) transfer.
4. After eight clock pulses (i.e., 16 clock edges) the counter will overflow and indicate that
the transfer has been completed. If USI Buffer Registers are not used the data bytes
that have been transferred must now be processed before a new transfer can be initiated. The overflow interrupt will wake up the processor if it is set to Idle mode.
Depending on the protocol used the slave device can now set its output to high
impedance.
14.3.2
SPI Master Operation Example
The following code demonstrates how to use the USI module as a SPI Master:
SPITransfer:
out
USIDR,r16
ldi
r16,(1<<USIOIF)
out
USISR,r16
ldi
r17,(1<<USIWM0)|(1<<USICS1)|(1<<USICLK)|(1<<USITC)
<continues>
102
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
<continued>
SPITransfer_loop:
out
USICR,r17
in
r16, USISR
sbrs
r16, USIOIF
rjmp
SPITransfer_loop
in
r16,USIDR
ret
The code is size optimized using only eight instructions (plus return). The code example
assumes that the DO and USCK pins have been enabled as outputs in DDRA. The value stored
in register r16 prior to the function is called is transferred to the slave device, and when the
transfer is completed the data received from the slave is stored back into the register r16.
The second and third instructions clear the USI Counter Overflow Flag and the USI counter
value. The fourth and fifth instructions set three-wire mode, positive edge clock, count at USITC
strobe, and toggle USCK. The loop is repeated 16 times.
The following code demonstrates how to use the USI as an SPI master with maximum speed
(fSCK = fCK/2):
SPITransfer_Fast:
out
USIDR,r16
ldi
r16,(1<<USIWM0)|(0<<USICS0)|(1<<USITC)
ldi
r17,(1<<USIWM0)|(0<<USICS0)|(1<<USITC)|(1<<USICLK)
out
USICR,r16 ; MSB
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16 ; LSB
out
USICR,r17
in
r16,USIDR
ret
103
8048B–AVR–03/09
14.3.3
SPI Slave Operation Example
The following code demonstrates how to use the USI module as a SPI Slave:
init:
ldi
r16,(1<<USIWM0)|(1<<USICS1)
out
USICR,r16
...
SlaveSPITransfer:
out
USIDR,r16
ldi
r16,(1<<USIOIF)
out
USISR,r16
SlaveSPITransfer_loop:
in
r16, USISR
sbrs
r16, USIOIF
rjmp
SlaveSPITransfer_loop
in
r16,USIDR
ret
The code is size optimized using only eight instructions (plus return). The code example
assumes that the DO and USCK pins have been enabled as outputs in DDRA. The value stored
in register r16 prior to the function is called is transferred to the master device, and when the
transfer is completed the data received from the master is stored back into the register r16.
Note that the first two instructions are for initialization, only, and need only be executed once.
These instructions set three-wire mode and positive edge clock. The loop is repeated until the
USI Counter Overflow Flag is set.
14.3.4
Two-wire Mode
The USI two-wire mode is compliant to the Inter IC (TWI) bus protocol, but without slew rate limiting on outputs and without input noise filtering. Pin names used in this mode are SCL and SDA.
Figure 14-4 shows two USI units operating in two-wire mode, one as master and one as slave. It
is only the physical layer that is shown since the system operation is highly dependent of the
communication scheme used. The main differences between the master and slave operation at
this level is the serial clock generation which is always done by the master. Only the slave uses
the clock control unit.
Clock generation must be implemented in software, but the shift operation is done automatically
in both devices. Note that clocking only on negative edges for shifting data is of practical use in
this mode. The slave can insert wait states at start or end of transfer by forcing the SCL clock
low. This means that the master must always check if the SCL line was actually released after it
has generated a positive edge.
Since the clock also increments the counter, a counter overflow can be used to indicate that the
transfer is completed. The clock is generated by the master by toggling the USCK pin via the
PORTA register.
104
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 14-4. Two-wire Mode Operation, Simplified Diagram
VCC
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
SDA
Bit0
SCL
HOLD
SCL
Two-wire Clock
Control Unit
SLAVE
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
SDA
Bit0
SCL
PORTxn
MASTER
The data direction is not given by the physical layer. A protocol, like the one used by the TWIbus, must be implemented to control the data flow.
Figure 14-5. Two-wire Mode, Typical Timing Diagram
SDA
SCL
S
A
B
1-7
8
9
1-8
9
1-8
9
ADDRESS
R/W
ACK
DATA
ACK
DATA
ACK
C
D
E
P
F
Referring to the timing diagram (Figure 14-5), a bus transfer involves the following steps:
1. The start condition is generated by the master by forcing the SDA low line while keeping the SCL line high (A). SDA can be forced low either by writing a zero to bit 7 of the
USI Data Register, or by setting the corresponding bit in the PORTA register to zero.
Note that the Data Direction Register bit must be set to one for the output to be
enabled. The start detector logic of the slave device (see Figure 14-6 on page 106)
105
8048B–AVR–03/09
detects the start condition and sets the USISIF Flag. The flag can generate an interrupt
if necessary.
2. In addition, the start detector will hold the SCL line low after the master has forced a
negative edge on this line (B). This allows the slave to wake up from sleep or complete
other tasks before setting up the USI Data Register to receive the address. This is done
by clearing the start condition flag and resetting the counter.
3. The master set the first bit to be transferred and releases the SCL line (C). The slave
samples the data and shifts it into the USI Data Register at the positive edge of the SCL
clock.
4. After eight bits containing slave address and data direction (read or write) have been
transferred, the slave counter overflows and the SCL line is forced low (D). If the slave
is not the one the master has addressed, it releases the SCL line and waits for a new
start condition.
5. When the slave is addressed, it holds the SDA line low during the acknowledgment
cycle before holding the SCL line low again (i.e., the USI Counter Register must be set
to 14 before releasing SCL at (D)). Depending on the R/W bit the master or slave
enables its output. If the bit is set, a master read operation is in progress (i.e., the slave
drives the SDA line) The slave can hold the SCL line low after the acknowledge (E).
6. Multiple bytes can now be transmitted, all in same direction, until a stop condition is
given by the master (F), or a new start condition is given.
If the slave is not able to receive more data it does not acknowledge the data byte it has last
received. When the master does a read operation it must terminate the operation by forcing the
acknowledge bit low after the last byte transmitted.
14.3.5
Start Condition Detector
The start condition detector is shown in Figure 14-6. The SDA line is delayed (in the range of 50
to 300 ns) to ensure valid sampling of the SCL line. The start condition detector is only enabled
in two-wire mode.
Figure 14-6. Start Condition Detector, Logic Diagram
USISIF
D Q
D Q
CLR
CLR
SDA
CLOCK
HOLD
SCL
Write( USISIF)
The start condition detector works asynchronously and can therefore wake up the processor
from power-down sleep mode. However, the protocol used might have restrictions on the SCL
hold time. Therefore, when using this feature the oscillator start-up time (set by CKSEL fuses,
see “Clock Sources” on page 24) must also be taken into consideration. Refer to the description
of the USISIF bit on page 112 for further details.
106
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
14.4
Alternative USI Usage
The flexible design of the USI allows it to be used for other tasks when serial communication is
not needed. Below are some examples.
14.4.1
Half-Duplex Asynchronous Data Transfer
Using the USI Data Register in three-wire mode it is possible to implement a more compact and
higher performance UART than by software, only.
14.4.2
4-Bit Counter
The 4-bit counter can be used as a stand-alone counter with overflow interrupt. Note that if the
counter is clocked externally, both clock edges will increment the counter value.
14.4.3
12-Bit Timer/Counter
Combining the 4-bit USI counter with one of the 8-bit timer/counters creates a 12-bit counter.
14.4.4
Edge Triggered External Interrupt
By setting the counter to maximum value (F) it can function as an additional external interrupt.
The Overflow Flag and Interrupt Enable bit are then used for the external interrupt. This feature
is selected by the USICS1 bit.
14.4.5
Software Interrupt
The counter overflow interrupt can be used as a software interrupt triggered by a clock strobe.
14.5
14.5.1
Register Descriptions
USICR – USI Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
USISIE
USIOIE
USIWM1
USIWM0
USICS1
USICS0
USICLK
USITC
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
W
W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0x0D (0x2D)
USICR
The Control Register includes interrupt enable control, wire mode setting, Clock Select setting,
and clock strobe.
• Bit 7 – USISIE: Start Condition Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit to one enables the Start Condition detector interrupt. If there is a pending interrupt when the USISIE and the Global Interrupt Enable Flag is set to one, this will immediately be
executed. See the USISIF bit description in “Analog Comparator” on page 112 for further details.
• Bit 6 – USIOIE: Counter Overflow Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit to one enables the Counter Overflow interrupt. If there is a pending interrupt when
the USIOIE and the Global Interrupt Enable Flag is set to one, this will immediately be executed.
See the USIOIF bit description in “Analog Comparator” on page 112 for further details.
• Bit 5:4 – USIWM[1:0]: Wire Mode
These bits set the type of wire mode to be used. Basically only the function of the outputs are
affected by these bits. Data and clock inputs are not affected by the mode selected and will
always have the same function. The counter and Shift Register can therefore be clocked exter-
107
8048B–AVR–03/09
nally, and data input sampled, even when outputs are disabled. The relations between
USIWM1..0 and the USI operation is summarized in Table 14-1.
Table 14-1.
Relationship between USIWM[1:0] and USI Operation
USIWM1
USIWM0
0
0
Outputs, clock hold, and start detector disabled.
Port pins operate as normal.
1
Three-wire mode. Uses DO, DI, and USCK pins.
The Data Output (DO) pin overrides the corresponding bit in the PORTA
register. However, the corresponding DDRA bit still controls the data direction.
When the port pin is set as input the pin pull-up is controlled by the PORTA bit.
The Data Input (DI) and Serial Clock (USCK) pins do not affect the normal port
operation. When operating as master, clock pulses are software generated by
toggling the PORTA register, while the data direction is set to output. The
USITC bit in the USICR Register can be used for this purpose.
0
Two-wire mode. Uses SDA (DI) and SCL (USCK) pins(1).
The Serial Data (SDA) and the Serial Clock (SCL) pins are bi-directional and
use open-collector output drives. The output drivers are enabled by setting the
corresponding bit for SDA and SCL in the DDRA register.
When the output driver is enabled for the SDA pin, the output driver will force the
line SDA low if the output of the USI Data Register or the corresponding bit in
the PORTA register is zero. Otherwise, the SDA line will not be driven (i.e., it is
released). When the SCL pin output driver is enabled the SCL line will be forced
low if the corresponding bit in the PORTA register is zero, or by the start
detector. Otherwise the SCL line will not be driven.
The SCL line is held low when a start detector detects a start condition and the
output is enabled. Clearing the Start Condition Flag (USISIF) releases the line.
The SDA and SCL pin inputs is not affected by enabling this mode. Pull-ups on
the SDA and SCL port pin are disabled in Two-wire mode.
1
Two-wire mode. Uses SDA and SCL pins.
Same operation as in two-wire mode above, except that the SCL line is also
held low when a counter overflow occurs, and until the Counter Overflow Flag
(USIOIF) is cleared.
0
1
1
Note:
Description
1. The DI and USCK pins are renamed to Serial Data (SDA) and Serial Clock (SCL) respectively
to avoid confusion between the modes of operation.
• Bit 3:2 – USICS[1:0]: Clock Source Select
These bits set the clock source for the USI Data Register and counter. The data output latch
ensures that the output is changed at the opposite edge of the sampling of the data input
(DI/SDA) when using external clock source (USCK/SCL). When software strobe or
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match clock option is selected, the output latch is transparent and
therefore the output is changed immediately.
Clearing the USICS[1:0] bits enables software strobe option. When using this option, writing a
one to the USICLK bit clocks both the USI Data Register and the counter. For external clock
source (USICS1 = 1), the USICLK bit is no longer used as a strobe, but selects between external
clocking and software clocking by the USITC strobe bit.
108
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 14-2 shows the relationship between the USICS[1:0] and USICLK setting and clock
source used for the USI Data Register and the 4-bit counter.
Table 14-2.
Relationship between the USICS1:0 and USICLK Setting
USICS1
USICS0
USICLK
Clock Source
4-bit Counter Clock Source
0
0
0
No Clock
No Clock
0
0
1
Software clock strobe (USICLK)
Software clock strobe (USICLK)
0
1
X
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match
1
0
0
External, positive edge
External, both edges
1
1
0
External, negative edge
External, both edges
1
0
1
External, positive edge
Software clock strobe (USITC)
1
1
1
External, negative edge
Software clock strobe (USITC)
• Bit 1 – USICLK: Clock Strobe
Writing a one to this bit location strobes the USI Data Register to shift one step and the counter
to increment by one, provided that the software clock strobe option has been selected by writing
USICS1:0 bits to zero. The output will change immediately when the clock strobe is executed,
i.e., during the same instruction cycle. The value shifted into the USI Data Register is sampled
the previous instruction cycle.
When an external clock source is selected (USICS1 = 1), the USICLK function is changed from
a clock strobe to a Clock Select Register. Setting the USICLK bit in this case will select the
USITC strobe bit as clock source for the 4-bit counter (see Table 14-2).
The bit will be read as zero.
• Bit 0 – USITC: Toggle Clock Port Pin
Writing a one to this bit location toggles the USCK/SCL value either from 0 to 1, or from 1 to 0.
The toggling is independent of the setting in the Data Direction Register, but if the PORT value is
to be shown on the pin the corresponding DDR pin must be set as output (to one). This feature
allows easy clock generation when implementing master devices.
When an external clock source is selected (USICS1 = 1) and the USICLK bit is set to one, writing to the USITC strobe bit will directly clock the 4-bit counter. This allows an early detection of
when the transfer is done when operating as a master device.
The bit will read as zero.
14.5.2
USISR – USI Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x0E (0x2E)
USISIF
USIOIF
USIPF
USIDC
USICNT3
USICNT2
USICNT1
USICNT0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
USISR
The Status Register contains interrupt flags, line status flags and the counter value.
• Bit 7 – USISIF: Start Condition Interrupt Flag
When two-wire mode is selected, the USISIF Flag is set (to one) when a start condition has
been detected. When three-wire mode or output disable mode has been selected any edge on
the SCK pin will set the flag.
109
8048B–AVR–03/09
If USISIE bit in USICR and the Global Interrupt Enable Flag are set, an interrupt will be generated when this flag is set. The flag will only be cleared by writing a logical one to the USISIF bit.
Clearing this bit will release the start detection hold of USCL in two-wire mode.
A start condition interrupt will wakeup the processor from all sleep modes.
• Bit 6 – USIOIF: Counter Overflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set (one) when the 4-bit counter overflows (i.e., at the transition from 15 to 0). If the
USIOIE bit in USICR and the Global Interrupt Enable Flag are set an interrupt will also be generated when the flag is set. The flag will only be cleared if a one is written to the USIOIF bit.
Clearing this bit will release the counter overflow hold of SCL in two-wire mode.
A counter overflow interrupt will wakeup the processor from Idle sleep mode.
• Bit 5 – USIPF: Stop Condition Flag
When two-wire mode is selected, the USIPF Flag is set (one) when a stop condition has been
detected. The flag is cleared by writing a one to this bit. Note that this is not an interrupt flag.
This signal is useful when implementing two-wire bus master arbitration.
• Bit 4 – USIDC: Data Output Collision
This bit is logical one when bit 7 in the USI Data Register differs from the physical pin value. The
flag is only valid when two-wire mode is used. This signal is useful when implementing Two-wire
bus master arbitration.
• Bits 3:0 – USICNT[3:0]: Counter Value
These bits reflect the current 4-bit counter value. The 4-bit counter value can directly be read or
written by the CPU.
The 4-bit counter increments by one for each clock generated either by the external clock edge
detector, by a Timer/Counter0 Compare Match, or by software using USICLK or USITC strobe
bits. The clock source depends on the setting of the USICS1:0 bits.
For external clock operation a special feature is added that allows the clock to be generated by
writing to the USITC strobe bit. This feature is enabled by choosing an external clock source
(USICS1 = 1) and writing a one to the USICLK bit.
Note that even when no wire mode is selected (USIWM1..0 = 0) the external clock input
(USCK/SCL) can still be used by the counter.
14.5.3
USIDR – USI Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x0F (0x2F)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
USIDR
The USI Data Register can be accessed directly but a copy of the data can also be found in the
USI Buffer Register.
Depending on the USICS[1:0] bits of the USI Control Register a (left) shift operation may be performed. The shift operation can be synchronised to an external clock edge, to a Timer/Counter0
Compare Match, or directly to software via the USICLK bit. If a serial clock occurs at the same
cycle the register is written, the register will contain the value written and no shift is performed.
110
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Note that even when no wire mode is selected (USIWM[1:0] = 0) both the external data input
(DI/SDA) and the external clock input (USCK/SCL) can still be used by the USI Data Register.
The output pin (DO or SDA, depending on the wire mode) is connected via the output latch to
the most significant bit (bit 7) of the USI Data Register. The output latch ensures that data input
is sampled and data output is changed on opposite clock edges. The latch is open (transparent)
during the first half of a serial clock cycle when an external clock source is selected (USICS1 =
1) and constantly open when an internal clock source is used (USICS1 = 0). The output will be
changed immediately when a new MSB is written as long as the latch is open.
Note that the Data Direction Register bit corresponding to the output pin must be set to one in
order to enable data output from the USI Data Register.
14.5.4
USIBR – USI Data Buffer
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x10 (0x30)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
USIBR
Instead of reading data from the USI Data Register the USI Buffer Register can be used. This
makes controlling the USI less time critical and gives the CPU more time to handle other program tasks. USI flags as set similarly as when reading the USIDR register.
The content of the USI Data Register is loaded to the USI Buffer Register when the transfer has
been completed.
111
8048B–AVR–03/09
15. Analog Comparator
The Analog Comparator compares the input values on the positive pin AIN0 and negative pin
AIN1. When the voltage on the positive pin AIN0 is higher than the voltage on the negative pin
AIN1, the Analog Comparator output, ACO, is set. The comparator can trigger a separate interrupt, exclusive to the Analog Comparator. The user can select Interrupt triggering on comparator
output rise, fall or toggle. A block diagram of the comparator and its surrounding logic is shown
in Figure 15-1 on page 112.
Figure 15-1. Analog Comparator Block Diagram
BANDGAP
REFERENCE
ACBG
ACME
ADEN
ADC MULTIPLEXER
OUTPUT (1)
Notes:
1. See Table 15-1 on page 113.
See Figure 1-1 on page 2 and Table 11-3 on page 70 for Analog Comparator pin placement.
The ADC Power Reduction bit, PRADC, must be disabled in order to use the ADC input multiplexer. This is done by clearing the PRADC bit in the Power Reduction Register, PRR. See
“PRR – Power Reduction Register” on page 35 for more details.
15.1
Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input
It is possible to select any of the ADC[3:0] pins to replace the negative input to the Analog Comparator. The ADC multiplexer is used to select this input, and consequently, the ADC must be
switched off to utilize this feature. If the Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enable bit (ACME in
ADCSRB) is set and the ADC is switched off (ADEN in ADCSRA is zero), MUX[1:0] in ADMUX
select the input pin to replace the negative input to the Analog Comparator, as shown in Table
15-1. If ACME is cleared or ADEN is set, AIN1 is applied to the negative input to the Analog
Comparator.
112
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 15-1.
15.2
15.2.1
Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input
ACME
ADEN
MUX2..0
Analog Comparator Negative Input
0
X
XXX
AIN1
1
1
XXX
AIN1
1
0
000
ADC0
1
0
001
ADC1
1
0
010
ADC2
1
0
011
ADC3
Register Description
ADCSRB – ADC Control and Status Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x03 (0x23)
BS
ACME
–
ADLAR
–
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRB
• Bit 6 – ACME: Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enable
When this bit is written logic one and the ADC is switched off (ADEN in ADCSRA is zero), the
ADC multiplexer selects the negative input to the Analog Comparator. When this bit is written
logic zero, AIN1 is applied to the negative input of the Analog Comparator. For a detailed
description of this bit, see “Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input” on page 112.
15.2.2
ACSR – Analog Comparator Control and Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x08 (0x28)
ACD
ACBG
ACO
ACI
ACIE
–
ACIS1
ACIS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
ACSR
• Bit 7 – ACD: Analog Comparator Disable
When this bit is written logic one, the power to the Analog Comparator is switched off. This bit
can be set at any time to turn off the Analog Comparator. This will reduce power consumption in
Active and Idle mode. When changing the ACD bit, the Analog Comparator Interrupt must be
disabled by clearing the ACIE bit in ACSR. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when the bit is
changed.
• Bit 6 – ACBG: Analog Comparator Bandgap Select
When this bit is set, a fixed bandgap reference voltage replaces the positive input to the Analog
Comparator. When this bit is cleared, AIN0 is applied to the positive input of the Analog
Comparator.
• Bit 5 – ACO: Analog Comparator Output
The output of the Analog Comparator is synchronized and then directly connected to ACO. The
synchronization introduces a delay of 1 - 2 clock cycles.
113
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Bit 4 – ACI: Analog Comparator Interrupt Flag
This bit is set by hardware when a comparator output event triggers the interrupt mode defined
by ACIS1 and ACIS0. The Analog Comparator interrupt routine is executed if the ACIE bit is set
and the I-bit in SREG is set. ACI is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, ACI is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag.
• Bit 3 – ACIE: Analog Comparator Interrupt Enable
When the ACIE bit is written logic one and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the Analog Comparator interrupt is activated. When written logic zero, the interrupt is disabled.
• Bit 2 – Res: Reserved Bit
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bits 1, 0 – ACIS1, ACIS0: Analog Comparator Interrupt Mode Select
These bits determine which comparator events that trigger the Analog Comparator interrupt. The
different settings are shown in Table 15-2.
Table 15-2.
ACIS1/ACIS0 Settings
ACIS1
ACIS0
Interrupt Mode
0
0
Comparator Interrupt on Output Toggle.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Comparator Interrupt on Falling Output Edge.
1
1
Comparator Interrupt on Rising Output Edge.
When changing the ACIS1/ACIS0 bits, the Analog Comparator Interrupt must be disabled by
clearing its Interrupt Enable bit in the ACSR Register. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when the
bits are changed.
15.2.3
DIDR0 – Digital Input Disable Register 0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x01 (0x21)
–
–
AIN1D
AIN0D
ADC3D
ADC2D
ADC1D
ADC0D
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DIDR0
• Bits 7, 6 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bits 5, 4 – AIN1D, AIN0D: Analog Comparator I/O
When this bit is written logic one, the digital input buffer on the AIN1/0 pin is disabled. The corresponding PIN Register bit will always read as zero when this bit is set. When an analog signal is
applied to the AIN1/0 pin and the digital input from this pin is not needed, this bit should be written logic one to reduce power consumption in the digital input buffer.
114
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
16. Analog to Digital Converter
16.1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
16.2
10-bit Resolution
1 LSB Integral Non-linearity
± 2 LSB Absolute Accuracy
13µs Conversion Time
15 kSPS at Maximum Resolution
Four Multiplexed Single Ended Input Channels
Temperature Sensor Input Channel
Optional Left Adjustment for ADC Result Readout
0 - VCC ADC Input Voltage Range
1.1V ADC Reference Voltage
Free Running or Single Conversion Mode
ADC Start Conversion by Auto Triggering on Interrupt Sources
Interrupt on ADC Conversion Complete
Sleep Mode Noise Cancele
Overview
ATtiny43U features a 10-bit, successive approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). A
block diagram of the ADC is shown in Figure 16-1.
Figure 16-1. Analog to Digital Converter Block Schematic
ADCH+ADCL
ADIE
ADEN
ADPS0
ADPS1
ADPS2
ADSC
ADCSRA
ADATE
ADTS2:0
ADCSRB
TRIGGER
SELECT
ADC IRQ
PRESCALER
ADIF
START
CHANNEL
DECODER
ADC9:0
ADLAR
MUX2:0
REFS
ADMUX
INTERRUPT FLAGS
8-BIT DATA BUS
CONVERSION LOGIC
VCC
10-BIT DAC
INTERNAL
REFERENCE
+
SAMPLE & HOLD
COMPARATOR
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
VBAT
-
1/2
ADC3
INPUT
MUX
ADC2
ADC MUX OUTPUT
ADC1
ADC0
AGND
115
8048B–AVR–03/09
The ADC contains a Sample and Hold circuit which ensures that the input voltage to the ADC is
held at a constant level during conversion.
The analog multiplexer allows eight single-ended channels to be connected to the ADC, including the low four bits of port A, the internal temperature sensor, the internal voltage reference,
supply voltage (VBAT) and ground (GND).
Internal reference voltage of nominally 1.1V is provided on-chip. Alternatively, VCC can be used
as reference voltage.
16.3
ADC Operation
The ADC converts an analog input voltage to a 10-bit digital value through successive approximation. The minimum value represents GND and the maximum value represents the reference
voltage.The voltage reference for the ADC may be selected by writing to the REFS bit in
ADMUX. The VCC supply or an internal 1.1V voltage reference may be selected as the ADC
voltage reference.
The analog input channel is selected by writing to the MUX2..0 bits in ADMUX. Any of the four
ADC input pins ADC3..0, and VBAT input pin can be selected as single ended input to the ADC.
The on-chip temperature sensor is selected by writing “111” to the MUX2..0 bits in the ADMUX
register.
The ADC is enabled by setting the ADC Enable bit, ADEN in ADCSRA. Voltage reference and
input channel selections will not go into effect until ADEN is set. The ADC does not consume
power when ADEN is cleared, so it is recommended to switch off the ADC before entering power
saving sleep modes.
The ADC generates a 10-bit result which is presented in the ADC Data Registers, ADCH and
ADCL. By default, the result is presented right adjusted, but can optionally be presented left
adjusted by setting the ADLAR bit in ADCSRB.
If the result is left adjusted and no more than 8-bit precision is required, it is sufficient to read
ADCH. Otherwise, ADCL must be read first, then ADCH, to ensure that the content of the data
registers belongs to the same conversion. Once ADCL is read, ADC access to data registers is
blocked. This means that if ADCL has been read, and a conversion completes before ADCH is
read, neither register is updated and the result from the conversion is lost. When ADCH is read,
ADC access to the ADCH and ADCL Registers is re-enabled.
The ADC has its own interrupt which can be triggered when a conversion completes. When ADC
access to the data registers is prohibited between reading of ADCH and ADCL, the interrupt will
trigger even if the result is lost.
16.4
Starting a Conversion
Make sure the ADC is powered by clearing the ADC Power Reduction bit, PRADC, in the Power
Reduction Register, PRR (see “PRR – Power Reduction Register” on page 35).
A single conversion is started by writing a logical one to the ADC Start Conversion bit, ADSC.
This bit stays high as long as the conversion is in progress and will be cleared by hardware
when the conversion is completed. If a different data channel is selected while a conversion is in
progress, the ADC will finish the current conversion before performing the channel change.
Alternatively, a conversion can be triggered automatically by various sources. Auto Triggering is
enabled by setting the ADC Auto Trigger Enable bit, ADATE in ADCSRA. The trigger source is
selected by setting the ADC Trigger Select bits, ADTS in ADCSRB (see description of the ADTS
116
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
bits for a list of the trigger sources). When a positive edge occurs on the selected trigger signal,
the ADC prescaler is reset and a conversion is started. This provides a method of starting conversions at fixed intervals. If the trigger signal still is set when the conversion completes, a new
conversion will not be started. If another positive edge occurs on the trigger signal during conversion, the edge will be ignored. Note that an Interrupt Flag will be set even if the specific
interrupt is disabled or the Global Interrupt Enable bit in SREG is cleared. A conversion can thus
be triggered without causing an interrupt. However, the Interrupt Flag must be cleared in order to
trigger a new conversion at the next interrupt event.
Figure 16-2. ADC Auto Trigger Logic
ADTS[2:0]
PRESCALER
START
ADIF
CLKADC
ADATE
SOURCE 1
.
.
.
.
SOURCE n
CONVERSION
LOGIC
EDGE
DETECTOR
ADSC
Using the ADC Interrupt Flag as a trigger source makes the ADC start a new conversion as soon
as the ongoing conversion has finished. The ADC then operates in Free Running mode, constantly sampling and updating the ADC Data Register. The first conversion must be started by
writing a logical one to the ADSC bit in ADCSRA. In this mode the ADC will perform successive
conversions independently of whether the ADC Interrupt Flag, ADIF is cleared or not.
If Auto Triggering is enabled, single conversions can be started by writing ADSC in ADCSRA to
one. ADSC can also be used to determine if a conversion is in progress. The ADSC bit will be
read as one during a conversion, independently of how the conversion was started.
16.5
Prescaling and Conversion Timing
By default, the successive approximation circuitry requires an input clock frequency between 50
kHz and 200 kHz to get maximum resolution. If a lower resolution than 10 bits is needed, the
input clock frequency to the ADC can be higher than 200 kHz to get a higher sample rate. It is
not recommended to use a higher input clock frequency than 1 MHz.
The ADC module contains a prescaler, as illustrated in Figure 16-3 on page 118, which generates an acceptable ADC clock frequency from any CPU frequency above 100 kHz. The
prescaling is set by the ADPS bits in ADCSRA. The prescaler starts counting from the moment
the ADC is switched on by setting the ADEN bit in ADCSRA. The prescaler keeps running for as
long as the ADEN bit is set, and is continuously reset when ADEN is low.
117
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 16-3. ADC Prescaler
ADEN
START
Reset
7-BIT ADC PRESCALER
CK/64
CK/128
CK/32
CK/8
CK/16
CK/4
CK/2
CK
ADPS0
ADPS1
ADPS2
ADC CLOCK SOURCE
When initiating a single ended conversion by setting the ADSC bit in ADCSRA, the conversion
starts at the following rising edge of the ADC clock cycle.
A normal conversion takes 13 ADC clock cycles, as summarised in Table 16-1 on page 120. The
first conversion after the ADC is switched on (ADEN in ADCSRA is set) takes 25 ADC clock
cycles in order to initialize the analog circuitry, as shown in Figure 16-4 below.
Figure 16-4. ADC Timing Diagram, First Conversion (Single Conversion Mode)
Next
Conversion
First Conversion
Cycle Number
1
2
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
2
3
ADC Clock
ADEN
ADSC
ADIF
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCH
LSB of Result
ADCL
MUX and REFS
Update
Sample & Hold
Conversion
Complete
MUX and REFS
Update
The actual sample-and-hold takes place 1.5 ADC clock cycles after the start of a normal conversion and 13.5 ADC clock cycles after the start of a first conversion. See Figure 16-5. When a
conversion is complete, the result is written to the ADC Data Registers, and ADIF is set. In Single Conversion mode, ADSC is cleared simultaneously. The software may then set ADSC again,
and a new conversion will be initiated on the first rising ADC clock edge.
118
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 16-5. ADC Timing Diagram, Single Conversion
One Conversion
Cycle Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Next Conversion
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
ADC Clock
ADSC
ADIF
ADCH
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCL
LSB of Result
Sample & Hold
Conversion
Complete
MUX and REFS
Update
MUX and REFS
Update
When Auto Triggering is used, the prescaler is reset when the trigger event occurs, as shown in
Figure 16-6 below. This assures a fixed delay from the trigger event to the start of conversion. In
this mode, the sample-and-hold takes place two ADC clock cycles after the rising edge on the
trigger source signal. Three additional CPU clock cycles are used for synchronization logic.
Figure 16-6. ADC Timing Diagram, Auto Triggered Conversion
One Conversion
Cycle Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Next Conversion
10
11
12
13
1
2
ADC Clock
Trigger
Source
ADATE
ADIF
ADCH
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCL
LSB of Result
Prescaler
Reset
Sample &
Hold
Conversion
Complete
Prescaler
Reset
MUX and REFS
Update
In Free Running mode, a new conversion will be started immediately after the conversion completes, while ADSC remains high. See Figure 16-7.
119
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 16-7. ADC Timing Diagram, Free Running Conversion
One Conversion
Cycle Number
11
12
Next Conversion
13
1
2
3
4
ADC Clock
ADSC
ADIF
ADCH
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCL
LSB of Result
Sample & Hold
Conversion
Complete
MUX and REFS
Update
For a summary of conversion times, see Table 16-1.
Table 16-1.
ADC Conversion Time
Condition
Sample & Hold (Cycles from
Start of Conversion)
First conversion
13.5
25
Normal conversions
1.5
13
2
13.5
2.5
14
Auto Triggered conversions
Free Running conversion
16.6
Conversion Time (Cycles)
Changing Channel or Reference Selection
The MUX[2:0] and REFS bits in the ADMUX Register are single buffered through a temporary
register to which the CPU has random access. This ensures that the channels and reference
selection only takes place at a safe point during the conversion. The channel and reference
selection is continuously updated until a conversion is started. Once the conversion starts, the
channel and reference selection is locked to ensure a sufficient sampling time for the ADC. Continuous updating resumes in the last ADC clock cycle before the conversion completes (ADIF in
ADCSRA is set). Note that the conversion starts on the following rising ADC clock edge after
ADSC is written. The user is thus advised not to write new channel or reference selection values
to ADMUX until one ADC clock cycle after ADSC is written.
If Auto Triggering is used, the exact time of the triggering event can be indeterministic. Special
care must be taken when updating the ADMUX Register, in order to control which conversion
will be affected by the new settings.
120
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
If both ADATE and ADEN is written to one, an interrupt event can occur at any time. If the
ADMUX Register is changed in this period, the user cannot tell if the next conversion is based
on the old or the new settings. ADMUX can be safely updated in the following ways:
• When ADATE or ADEN is cleared.
• During conversion, minimum one ADC clock cycle after the trigger event.
• After a conversion, before the Interrupt Flag used as trigger source is cleared.
When updating ADMUX in one of these conditions, the new settings will affect the next ADC
conversion.
16.6.1
ADC Input Channels
When changing channel selections, the user should observe the following guidelines to ensure
that the correct channel is selected:
• In Single Conversion mode, always select the channel before starting the conversion. The
channel selection may be changed one ADC clock cycle after writing one to ADSC. However,
the simplest method is to wait for the conversion to complete before changing the channel
selection.
• In Free Running mode, always select the channel before starting the first conversion. The
channel selection may be changed one ADC clock cycle after writing one to ADSC. However,
the simplest method is to wait for the first conversion to complete, and then change the
channel selection. Since the next conversion has already started automatically, the next
result will reflect the previous channel selection. Subsequent conversions will reflect the new
channel selection.
16.6.2
ADC Voltage Reference
The ADC reference voltage (VREF) indicates the conversion range for the ADC. Single ended
channels that exceed VREF will result in codes close to 0x3FF. VREF can be selected as either
VCC, or internal 1.1V reference, or external AREF pin. The internal 1.1V reference is generated
from the internal bandgap reference (VBG) through an internal amplifier.
The first ADC conversion result after switching reference voltage source may be inaccurate, and
the user is advised to discard this result.
16.7
ADC Noise Canceler
The ADC features a noise canceler that enables conversion during sleep mode. This reduces
noise induced from the CPU core and other I/O peripherals. The noise canceler can be used
with ADC Noise Reduction and Idle mode. To make use of this feature, the following procedure
should be used:
• Make sure that the ADC is enabled and is not busy converting. Single Conversion mode must
be selected and the ADC conversion complete interrupt must be enabled.
• Enter ADC Noise Reduction mode (or Idle mode). The ADC will start a conversion once the
CPU has been halted.
• If no other interrupts occur before the ADC conversion completes, the ADC interrupt will wake
up the CPU and execute the ADC Conversion Complete interrupt routine. If another interrupt
wakes up the CPU before the ADC conversion is complete, that interrupt will be executed,
and an ADC Conversion Complete interrupt request will be generated when the ADC
121
8048B–AVR–03/09
conversion completes. The CPU will remain in active mode until a new sleep command is
executed.
Note that the ADC will not automatically be turned off when entering other sleep modes than Idle
mode and ADC Noise Reduction mode. The user is advised to write zero to ADEN before entering such sleep modes to avoid excessive power consumption.
16.8
Analog Input Circuitry
The analog input circuitry for single ended channels is illustrated in Figure 16-8. An analog
source applied to ADCn is subjected to the pin capacitance and input leakage of that pin, regardless of whether that channel is selected as input for the ADC. When the channel is selected, the
source must drive the S/H capacitor through the series resistance (combined resistance in the
input path).
The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10kΩ or
less. If such a source is used, the sampling time will be negligible. If a source with higher impedance is used, the sampling time will depend on how long time the source needs to charge the
S/H capacitor, which can vary widely. With slowly varying signals the user is recommended to
use sources with low impedance, only, since this minimizes the required charge transfer to the
S/H capacitor.
In order to avoid distortion from unpredictable signal convolution, signal components higher than
the Nyquist frequency (fADC/2) should not be present. The user is advised to remove high frequency components with a low-pass filter before applying the signals as inputs to the ADC.
Figure 16-8. Analog Input Circuitry
IIH
ADCn
1..100 kohm
CS/H= 14 pF
IIL
VCC/2
Note:
16.9
The capacitor in the figure depicts the total capacitance, including the sample/hold capacitor and
any stray or parasitic capacitance inside the device. The value given is worst case.
Analog Noise Canceling Techniques
Digital circuitry inside and outside the device generates EMI which might affect the accuracy of
analog measurements. If conversion accuracy is critical, the noise level can be reduced by
applying the following techniques:
• Keep analog signal paths as short as possible.
• Make sure analog tracks run over the analog ground plane.
122
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Keep analog tracks well away from high-speed switching digital tracks.
• Use the ADC noise canceler function to reduce induced noise from the CPU.
• If any port pin is used as a digital output, it mustn’t switch while a conversion is in progress.
• Place bypass capacitors as close to VCC and GND pins as possible.
Where high ADC accuracy is required it is recommended to use ADC Noise Reduction Mode, as
described in Section 16.7 on page 121. This is especially the case when system clock frequency
is above 1 MHz, or when the ADC is used for reading the internal temperature sensor. A good
system design with properly placed, external bypass capacitors does reduce the need for using
ADC Noise Reduction Mode
16.10 ADC Accuracy Definitions
An n-bit single-ended ADC converts a voltage linearly between GND and V REF in 2 n steps
(LSBs). The lowest code is read as 0, and the highest code is read as 2n-1.
Several parameters describe the deviation from the ideal behavior:
• Offset: The deviation of the first transition (0x000 to 0x001) compared to the ideal transition
(at 0.5 LSB). Ideal value: 0 LSB.
Figure 16-9. Offset Error
Output Code
Ideal ADC
Actual ADC
Offset
Error
VREF Input Voltage
123
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Gain Error: After adjusting for offset, the Gain Error is found as the deviation of the last
transition (0x3FE to 0x3FF) compared to the ideal transition (at 1.5 LSB below maximum).
Ideal value: 0 LSB
Figure 16-10. Gain Error
Gain
Error
Output Code
Ideal ADC
Actual ADC
VREF Input Voltage
• Integral Non-linearity (INL): After adjusting for offset and gain error, the INL is the maximum
deviation of an actual transition compared to an ideal transition for any code. Ideal value: 0
LSB.
Figure 16-11. Integral Non-linearity (INL)
Output Code
INL
Ideal ADC
Actual ADC
VREF
124
Input Voltage
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Differential Non-linearity (DNL): The maximum deviation of the actual code width (the interval
between two adjacent transitions) from the ideal code width (1 LSB). Ideal value: 0 LSB.
Figure 16-12. Differential Non-linearity (DNL)
Output Code
0x3FF
1 LSB
DNL
0x000
0
VREF Input Voltage
• Quantization Error: Due to the quantization of the input voltage into a finite number of codes,
a range of input voltages (1 LSB wide) will code to the same value. Always ± 0.5 LSB.
• Absolute Accuracy: The maximum deviation of an actual (unadjusted) transition compared to
an ideal transition for any code. This is the compound effect of offset, gain error, differential
error, non-linearity, and quantization error. Ideal value: ± 0.5 LSB
16.11 ADC Conversion Result
After the conversion is complete (ADIF is high), the conversion result can be found in the ADC
Result Registers (ADCL, ADCH). For single ended conversion, the result is
V IN ⋅ 1024
ADC = -------------------------V REF
where VIN is the voltage on the selected input pin and VREF the selected voltage reference (see
Table 16-3 on page 126 and Table 16-4 on page 127). 0x000 represents analog ground, and
0x3FF represents the selected reference voltage minus one LSB. The result is presented in onesided form, from 0x3FF to 0x000.
16.12 Temperature Measurement
The temperature measurement is based on an on-chip temperature sensor that is coupled to a
single ended ADC channel. Selecting the ADC4 channel by writing the MUX2:0 bits in ADMUX
register to “111” enables the temperature sensor. The internal 1.1V reference must also be
selected for the ADC reference source in the temperature sensor measurement. When the tem-
125
8048B–AVR–03/09
perature sensor is enabled, the ADC converter can be used in single conversion mode to
measure the voltage over the temperature sensor.
The measured voltage has a linear relationship to the temperature as described in Table 16-2
The sensitivity is approximately 1 LSB / °C and the accuracy depends on the method of user calibration. Typically, the measurement accuracy after a single temperature calibration is ±10°C,
assuming calibration at room temperature. Better accuracies are achieved by using two
temperature points for calibration.
Table 16-2.
Temperature vs. Sensor Output Voltage (Typical Case)
Temperature
ADC
-40 °C
+25 °C
+85 °C
230 LSB
300 LSB
370 LSB
The values described in Table 16-2 are typical values. However, due to process variation the
temperature sensor output voltage varies from one chip to another. To be capable of achieving
more accurate results the temperature measurement can be calibrated in the application software. The sofware calibration can be done using the formula:
T = k * [(ADCH << 8) | ADCL] + TOS
where ADCH and ADCL are the ADC data registers, k is the fixed slope coefficient and TOS is the
temperature sensor offset. Typically, k is very close to 1.0 and in single-point calibration the
coefficient may be omitted. Where higher accuracy is required the slope coefficient should be
evaluated based on measurements at two temperatures.
16.13 Register Description
16.13.1
ADMUX – ADC Multiplexer Selection Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x07 (0x27)
–
REFS
–
–
–
MUX2
MUX1
MUX0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADMUX
• Bit 7 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved and must always be written zero.
• Bit 6 – REFS: Reference Selection Bit
This bit selects the voltage reference for the ADC, as shown in Table 16-3 on page 126. If this bit
is changed during a conversion, the change will not go in effect until this conversion is complete
(ADIF in ADCSR is set).
Table 16-3.
Voltage Reference Selections for ADC
REFS
Voltage Reference Selection
0
VCC used as analog reference.
1
Internal 1.1V Voltage Reference.
• Bits 5:3 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
126
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Bits 2:0 – MUX[2:0]: Analog Channel Selection Bits
The value of these bits selects which analog input is connected to the ADC, as shown in Table
16-4. Selecting channel ADC4 enables temperature measurement.
Table 16-4.
ADC Multiplexer Channel Selections.
Single Ended Input
MUX[2:0]
ADC0 (PA0)
000
ADC1 (PA1)
001
ADC2 (PA2)
010
ADC3 (PA3)
011
0V (GND)
100
1.1V (I Ref)
101
VBAT (1)
110
(2)
111
ADC4
Notes:
1. Due to the voltage divider present, a current will flow from VBAT to ground via a 100kΩ resistor
divider as long as this channel is selected.
2. See “Temperature Measurement” on page 125.
If these bits are changed during a conversion, the change will not go into effect until this
conversion is complete (ADIF in ADCSRA is set).
16.13.2
ADCSRA – ADC Control and Status Register A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x06 (0x26)
ADEN
ADSC
ADATE
ADIF
ADIE
ADPS2
ADPS1
ADPS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRA
• Bit 7 – ADEN: ADC Enable
Writing this bit to one enables the ADC. By writing it to zero, the ADC is turned off. Turning the
ADC off while a conversion is in progress, will terminate this conversion.
• Bit 6 – ADSC: ADC Start Conversion
In Single Conversion mode, write this bit to one to start each conversion. In Free Running mode,
write this bit to one to start the first conversion. The first conversion after ADSC has been written
after the ADC has been enabled, or if ADSC is written at the same time as the ADC is enabled,
will take 25 ADC clock cycles instead of the normal 13. This first conversion performs initialization of the ADC.
ADSC will read as one as long as a conversion is in progress. When the conversion is complete,
it returns to zero. Writing zero to this bit has no effect.
• Bit 5 – ADATE: ADC Auto Trigger Enable
When this bit is written to one, Auto Triggering of the ADC is enabled. The ADC will start a conversion on a positive edge of the selected trigger signal. The trigger source is selected by setting
the ADC Trigger Select bits, ADTS in ADCSRB.
127
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Bit 4 – ADIF: ADC Interrupt Flag
This bit is set when an ADC conversion completes and the data registers are updated. The ADC
Conversion Complete Interrupt is executed if the ADIE bit and the I-bit in SREG are set. ADIF is
cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively,
ADIF is cleared by writing a logical one to the flag. Beware that if doing a Read-Modify-Write on
ADCSRA, a pending interrupt can be disabled. This also applies if the SBI instruction is used.
• Bit 3 – ADIE: ADC Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one and the I-bit in SREG is set, the ADC Conversion Complete Interrupt is activated.
• Bits 2:0 – ADPS2:0: ADC Prescaler Select Bits
These bits determine the division factor between the system clock frequency and the input clock
to the ADC.
Table 16-5.
16.13.3
16.13.3.1
ADPS2
ADPS1
ADPS0
Division Factor
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
8
1
0
0
16
1
0
1
32
1
1
0
64
1
1
1
128
ADCL and ADCH – ADC Data Register
ADLAR = 0
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
0x05 (0x25)
–
–
–
–
–
–
ADC9
ADC8
ADCH
0x04 (0x24)
ADC7
ADC6
ADC5
ADC4
ADC3
ADC2
ADC1
ADC0
ADCL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
Initial Value
16.13.3.2
ADLAR = 1
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
0x05 (0x25)
ADC9
ADC8
ADC7
ADC6
ADC5
ADC4
ADC3
ADC2
ADCH
0x04 (0x24)
ADC1
ADC0
–
–
–
–
–
–
ADCL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
Initial Value
128
ADC Prescaler Selections
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
When an ADC conversion is complete, the result is found in these two registers.
When ADCL is read, the ADC Data Register is not updated until ADCH is read. Consequently, if
the result is left adjusted and no more than 8-bit precision is required, it is sufficient to read
ADCH. Otherwise, ADCL must be read first, then ADCH.
The ADLAR bit in ADCSRB, and the MUXn bits in ADMUX affect the way the result is read from
the registers. If ADLAR is set, the result is left adjusted. If ADLAR is cleared (default), the result
is right adjusted.
• ADC[9:0]: ADC Conversion Result
These bits represent the result from the conversion, as detailed in “ADC Conversion Result” on
page 125.
16.13.4
ADCSRB – ADC Control and Status Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x03 (0x23)
BS
ACME
–
ADLAR
–
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRB
• Bit 5 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved and will always read what was written.
• Bit 4 – ADLAR: ADC Left Adjust Result
The ADLAR bit affects the presentation of the ADC conversion result in the ADC Data Register.
Write one to ADLAR to left adjust the result. Otherwise, the result is right adjusted. Changing the
ADLAR bit will affect the ADC Data Register immediately, regardless of any ongoing conversions. For a comple the description of this bit, see “ADCL and ADCH – ADC Data Register” on
page 128.
• Bit 3 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved and will always read what was written.
• Bits 2:0 – ADTS[2:0]: ADC Auto Trigger Source
If ADATE in ADCSRA is written to one, the value of these bits selects which source will trigger
an ADC conversion. If ADATE is cleared, the ADTS[2:0] settings will have no effect. A conversion will be triggered by the rising edge of the selected Interrupt Flag. Note that switching from a
trigger source that is cleared to a trigger source that is set, will generate a positive edge on the
trigger signal. If ADEN in ADCSRA is set, this will start a conversion. Switching to Free Running
mode (ADTS[2:0]=0) will not cause a trigger event, even if the ADC Interrupt Flag is set.
Table 16-6.
ADC Auto Trigger Source Selections
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Trigger Source
0
0
0
Free Running mode
0
0
1
Analog Comparator
0
1
0
External Interrupt Request 0
0
1
1
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A
1
0
0
Timer/Counter0 Overflow
129
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 16-6.
16.13.5
ADC Auto Trigger Source Selections (Continued)
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Trigger Source
1
0
1
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A
1
1
0
Timer/Counter1 Overflow
1
1
1
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B
DIDR0 – Digital Input Disable Register 0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x01 (0x21)
–
–
AIN1D
AIN0D
ADC3D
ADC2D
ADC1D
ADC0D
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DIDR0
• Bits 3:0 – ADC[3:0]D: ADC[3:0] Digital Input Disable
When this bit is written logic one, the digital input buffer on the corresponding ADC pin is disabled. The corresponding PIN register bit will always read as zero when this bit is set. When an
analog signal is applied to the ADC[3:0] pin and the digital input from this pin is not needed, this
bit should be written logic one to reduce power consumption in the digital input buffer.
130
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
17. debugWIRE On-chip Debug System
17.1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
17.2
Complete Program Flow Control
Emulates All On-chip Functions, Both Digital and Analog , except RESET Pin
Real-time Operation
Symbolic Debugging Support (Both at C and Assembler Source Level, or for Other HLLs)
Unlimited Number of Program Break Points (Using Software Break Points)
Non-intrusive Operation
Electrical Characteristics Identical to Real Device
Automatic Configuration System
High-Speed Operation
Programming of Non-volatile Memories
Overview
The debugWIRE On-chip debug system uses a One-wire, bi-directional interface to control the
program flow, execute AVR instructions in the CPU and to program the different non-volatile
memories.
17.3
Physical Interface
When the debugWIRE Enable (DWEN) Fuse is programmed and Lock bits are unprogrammed,
the debugWIRE system within the target device is activated. The RESET port pin is configured
as a wire-AND (open-drain) bi-directional I/O pin with pull-up enabled and becomes the communication gateway between target and emulator.
Figure 17-1. The debugWIRE Setup
1.8 - 5.5V
VCC
dW
dW(RESET)
GND
Figure 17-1 shows the schematic of a target MCU, with debugWIRE enabled, and the emulator
connector. The system clock is not affected by debugWIRE and will always be the clock source
selected by the CKSEL Fuses.
131
8048B–AVR–03/09
When designing a system where debugWIRE will be used, the following observations must be
made for correct operation:
• Pull-Up resistor on the dW/(RESET) line must be in the range of 10k to 20 kΩ. However, the
pull-up resistor is optional.
• Connecting the RESET pin directly to VCC will not work.
• Capacitors inserted on the RESET pin must be disconnected when using debugWire.
• All external reset sources must be disconnected.
17.4
Software Break Points
debugWIRE supports Program memory Break Points by the AVR Break instruction. Setting a
Break Point in AVR Studio® will insert a BREAK instruction in the Program memory. The instruction replaced by the BREAK instruction will be stored. When program execution is continued, the
stored instruction will be executed before continuing from the Program memory. A break can be
inserted manually by putting the BREAK instruction in the program.
The Flash must be re-programmed each time a Break Point is changed. This is automatically
handled by AVR Studio through the debugWIRE interface. The use of Break Points will therefore
reduce the Falsh Data retention. Devices used for debugging purposes should not be shipped to
end customers.
17.5
Limitations of debugWIRE
The debugWIRE communication pin (dW) is physically located on the same pin as External
Reset (RESET). An External Reset source is therefore not supported when the debugWIRE is
enabled.
The debugWIRE system accurately emulates all I/O functions when running at full speed, i.e.,
when the program in the CPU is running. When the CPU is stopped, care must be taken while
accessing some of the I/O Registers via the debugger (AVR Studio). See the debugWIRE documentation for detailed description of the limitations.
A programmed DWEN Fuse enables some parts of the clock system to be running in all sleep
modes. This will increase the power consumption while in sleep. Thus, the DWEN Fuse should
be disabled when debugWire is not used.
17.6
Register Description
The following section describes the registers used with the debugWire.
17.6.1
DWDR – debugWire Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
0x27 (0x47)
4
3
2
1
0
DWDR[7:0]
DWDR
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The DWDR Register provides a communication channel from the running program in the MCU
to the debugger. This register is only accessible by the debugWIRE and can therefore not be
used as a general purpose register in the normal operations.
132
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
18. Self-Programming the Flash
The device provides a Self-Programming mechanism for downloading and uploading program
code by the MCU itself. The Self-Programming can use any available data interface and associated protocol to read code and write (program) that code into the Program memory. The SPM
instruction is disabled by default but it can be enabled by programming the SELFPRGEN fuse
(to “0”).
The Program memory is updated in a page by page fashion. Before programming a page with
the data stored in the temporary page buffer, the page must be erased. The temporary page buffer is filled one word at a time using SPM and the buffer can be filled either before the Page
Erase command or between a Page Erase and a Page Write operation:
Alternative 1, fill the buffer before a Page Erase
• Fill temporary page buffer
• Perform a Page Erase
• Perform a Page Write
Alternative 2, fill the buffer after Page Erase
• Perform a Page Erase
• Fill temporary page buffer
• Perform a Page Write
If only a part of the page needs to be changed, the rest of the page must be stored (for example
in the temporary page buffer) before the erase, and then be re-written. When using alternative 1,
the Boot Loader provides an effective Read-Modify-Write feature which allows the user software
to first read the page, do the necessary changes, and then write back the modified data. If alternative 2 is used, it is not possible to read the old data while loading since the page is already
erased. The temporary page buffer can be accessed in a random sequence. It is essential that
the page address used in both the Page Erase and Page Write operation is addressing the same
page.
18.1
Performing Page Erase by SPM
To execute Page Erase, set up the address in the Z-pointer, write “00000011” to SPMCSR and
execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The data in R1 and R0 is ignored.
The page address must be written to PCPAGE in the Z-register. Other bits in the Z-pointer will
be ignored during this operation.
• The CPU is halted during the Page Erase operation.
18.2
Filling the Temporary Buffer (Page Loading)
To write an instruction word, set up the address in the Z-pointer and data in R1:R0, write
“00000001” to SPMCSR and execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The
content of PCWORD in the Z-register is used to address the data in the temporary buffer. The
temporary buffer will auto-erase after a Page Write operation or by writing the CTPB bit in
SPMCSR. It is also erased after a system reset. Note that it is not possible to write more than
one time to each address without erasing the temporary buffer.
If the EEPROM is written in the middle of an SPM Page Load operation, all data loaded will be
lost.
133
8048B–AVR–03/09
18.3
Performing a Page Write
To execute Page Write, set up the address in the Z-pointer, write “00000101” to SPMCSR and
execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The data in R1 and R0 is ignored.
The page address must be written to PCPAGE. Other bits in the Z-pointer must be written to
zero during this operation.
• The CPU is halted during the Page Write operation.
18.4
Addressing the Flash During Self-Programming
The Z-pointer is used to address the SPM commands.
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
ZH (R31)
Z15
Z14
Z13
Z12
Z11
Z10
Z9
Z8
ZL (R30)
Z7
Z6
Z5
Z4
Z3
Z2
Z1
Z0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Since the Flash is organized in pages (see Table 19-8 on page 142), the Program Counter can
be treated as having two different sections. One section, consisting of the least significant bits, is
addressing the words within a page, while the most significant bits are addressing the pages.
This is shown in Figure 19-7 on page 151. Note that the Page Erase and Page Write operations
are addressed independently. Therefore it is of major importance that the software addresses
the same page in both the Page Erase and Page Write operation.
The LPM instruction uses the Z-pointer to store the address. Since this instruction addresses the
Flash byte-by-byte, also the LSB (bit Z0) of the Z-pointer is used.
Figure 18-1. Addressing the Flash During SPM(1)
BIT
15
ZPCMSB
ZPAGEMSB
Z - REGISTER
1 0
0
PCMSB
PROGRAM
COUNTER
PAGEMSB
PCPAGE
PAGE ADDRESS
WITHIN THE FLASH
PROGRAM MEMORY
PAGE
PCWORD
WORD ADDRESS
WITHIN A PAGE
PAGE
INSTRUCTION WORD
PCWORD[PAGEMSB:0]:
00
01
02
PAGEEND
Note:
134
1. The different variables used in Figure 18-1 are listed in Table 19-8 on page 142.
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
18.5
EEPROM Write Prevents Writing to SPMCSR
Note that an EEPROM write operation will block all software programming to Flash. Reading the
Fuses and Lock bits from software will also be prevented during the EEPROM write operation. It
is recommended that the user checks the status bit (EEPE) in the EECR Register and verifies
that the bit is cleared before writing to the SPMCSR Register.
18.6
Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits from Software
It is possible for firmware to read device fuse and lock bits. In addition, firmware can also read
data from the device signature imprint table (see page 141).
Note:
18.6.1
Fuse and Lock bits that are programmed, will be read as zero. Fuse and Lock bits that are unprogrammed, will be read as one.
Reading Lock Bits from Firmware
Lock bit values are returned in the destination register after an LPM instruction has been issued
within three CPU cycles after RFLB and SPMEN bits have been set in SPMCSR. The RFLB and
SPMEN bits automatically clear upon completion of reading the lock bits, or if no LPM instruction
is executed within three CPU cycles, or if no SPM instruction is executed within four CPU cycles.
When RFLB and SPMEN are cleared LPM functions normally.
To read the lock bits, follow the below procedure:
1. Load the Z-pointer with 0x0001.
2. Set RFLB and SPMEN bits in SPMCSR.
3. Issue an LPM instruction within three clock cycles.
4. Read the lock bits from the LPM destination register.
If successful, the contents of the destination register are as follows.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd
–
–
–
–
–
–
LB2
LB1
See section “Program And Data Memory Lock Bits” on page 139 for more information.
18.6.2
Reading Fuse Bits from Firmware
The algorithm for reading fuse bytes is similar to the one described above for reading lock bits,
only the addresses are different. To read the Fuse Low Byte (FLB), follow the below procedure:
1. Load the Z-pointer with 0x0000.
2. Set RFLB and SPMEN bits in SPMCSR.
3. Issue an LPM instruction within three clock cycles.
4. Read the FLB from the LPM destination register.
If successful, the contents of the destination register are as follows.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd
FLB7
FLB6
FLB5
FLB4
FLB3
FLB2
FLB1
FLB0
Refer to Table 19-5 on page 141 for a detailed description and mapping of the Fuse Low Byte.
135
8048B–AVR–03/09
To read the Fuse High Byte (FHB), simply replace the address in the Z-pointer with 0x0003 and
repeat the procedure above. If successful, the contents of the destination register are as follows.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd
FHB7
FHB6
FHB5
FHB4
FHB3
FHB2
FHB1
FHB0
Refer to Table 19-4 on page 140 for detailed description and mapping of the Fuse High Byte.
To read the Fuse Extended Byte (FEB), replace the address in the Z-pointer with 0x0002 and
repeat the previous procedure. If successful, the contents of the destination register are as
follows.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd
FEB7
FEB6
FEB5
FEB4
FEB3
FEB2
FEB1
FEB0
Refer to Table 19-3 on page 140 for detailed description and mapping of the Fuse Extended
Byte.
18.6.3
Reading Device Signature Imprint Table from Firmware
To read the contents of the device signature imprint table, follow the below procedure:
1. Load the Z-pointer with the table index.
2. Set RSIG and SPMEN bits in SPMCSR.
3. Issue an LPM instruction within three clock cycles.
4. Read table data from the LPM destination register.
See program example below.
Assembly Code Example
DSIT_read:
; Uses Z-pointer as table index
ldi
ZH, 0
ldi
ZL, 1
; Preload SPMCSR bits into R16, then write to SPMCSR
ldi
r16, (1<<RSIG)|(1<<SPMEN)
out SPMCSR, r16
; Issue LPM. Table data will be returned into r17
lpm r17, Z
ret
Note:
See “Code Examples” on page 6.
If successful, the contents of the destination register are as described in section “Device Signature Imprint Table” on page 141.
136
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
18.7
Preventing Flash Corruption
During periods of low VCC, the Flash program can be corrupted because the supply voltage is
too low for the CPU and the Flash to operate properly. These issues are the same as for board
level systems using the Flash, and the same design solutions should be applied.
A Flash program corruption can be caused by two situations when the voltage is too low. First, a
regular write sequence to the Flash requires a minimum voltage to operate correctly. Secondly,
the CPU itself can execute instructions incorrectly, if the supply voltage for executing instructions
is too low.
Flash corruption can easily be avoided by following these design recommendations (one is
sufficient):
1. Keep the AVR RESET active (low) during periods of insufficient power supply voltage.
This can be done by enabling the internal Brown-out Detector (BOD) if the operating
voltage matches the detection level. If not, an external low VCC reset protection circuit
can be used. If a reset occurs while a write operation is in progress, the write operation
will be completed provided that the power supply voltage is sufficient.
2. Keep the AVR core in Power-down sleep mode during periods of low VCC. This will prevent the CPU from attempting to decode and execute instructions, effectively protecting
the SPMCSR Register and thus the Flash from unintentional writes.
18.8
Programming Time for Flash when Using SPM
The calibrated RC Oscillator is used to time Flash accesses. Table 18-1 shows the typical programming time for Flash accesses from the CPU.
Table 18-1.
18.9
18.9.1
SPM Programming Time
Symbol
Min Programming Time
Max Programming Time
Flash write (Page Erase, Page Write, and
write Lock bits by SPM)
3.7 ms
4.5 ms
Register Description
SPMCSR – Store Program Memory Control and Status Register
The Store Program Memory Control and Status Register contains the control bits needed to control the Program memory operations.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x37 (0x57)
–
–
–
CTPB
RFLB
PGWRT
PGERS
SPMEN
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SPMCSR
• Bits 7:5 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read zero.
• Bit 4 – CTPB: Clear Temporary Page Buffer
If the CTPB bit is written while filling the temporary page buffer, the temporary page buffer will be
cleared and the data will be lost.
137
8048B–AVR–03/09
• Bit 3 – RFLB: Read Fuse and Lock Bits
An LPM instruction within three cycles after RFLB and SPMEN are set in the SPMCSR Register,
will read either the Lock bits or the Fuse bits (depending on Z0 in the Z-pointer) into the destination register. See “EEPROM Write Prevents Writing to SPMCSR” on page 135 for details.
• Bit 2 – PGWRT: Page Write
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next SPM instruction within four clock
cycles executes Page Write, with the data stored in the temporary buffer. The page address is
taken from the high part of the Z-pointer. The data in R1 and R0 are ignored. The PGWRT bit
will auto-clear upon completion of a Page Write, or if no SPM instruction is executed within four
clock cycles. The CPU is halted during the entire Page Write operation.
• Bit 1 – PGERS: Page Erase
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next SPM instruction within four clock
cycles executes Page Erase. The page address is taken from the high part of the Z-pointer. The
data in R1 and R0 are ignored. The PGERS bit will auto-clear upon completion of a Page Erase,
or if no SPM instruction is executed within four clock cycles. The CPU is halted during the entire
Page Write operation.
• Bit 0 – SPMEN: Store Program Memory Enable
This bit enables the SPM instruction for the next four clock cycles. If written to one together with
either CTPB, RFLB, PGWRT, or PGERS, the following SPM instruction will have a special
meaning, see description above. If only SPMEN is written, the following SPM instruction will
store the value in R1:R0 in the temporary page buffer addressed by the Z-pointer. The LSB of
the Z-pointer is ignored. The SPMEN bit will auto-clear upon completion of an SPM instruction,
or if no SPM instruction is executed within four clock cycles. During Page Erase and Page Write,
the SPMEN bit remains high until the operation is completed.
Writing any other combination than “10001”, “01001”, “00101”, “00011” or “00001” in the lower
five bits will have no effect.
138
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
19. Memory Programming
This section describes the different methods for Programming the ATtiny43U memories.
19.1
Program And Data Memory Lock Bits
The ATtiny43U provides two Lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (“1”) or can be programmed (“0”) to obtain the additional security listed in Table 19-2 on page 139. The Lock bits
can only be erased to “1” with the Chip Erase command.
The device has no separate boot loader section. The SPM instruction is enabled for the whole
Flash, if the SELFPROGEN fuse is programmed (“0”), otherwise it is disabled.
Program memory can be read out via the debugWIRE interface when the DWEN fuse is programmed, even if lock bits are set. Thus, when lock bit security is required, debugWIRE should
always be disabled by clearing the DWEN fuse.
Table 19-1.
Lock Bit Byte(1)
Lock Bit Byte
Description
Default Value
7
–
1 (unprogrammed)
6
–
1 (unprogrammed)
5
–
1 (unprogrammed)
4
–
1 (unprogrammed)
3
–
1 (unprogrammed)
2
–
1 (unprogrammed)
LB2
1
Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
LB1
0
Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
Note:
Bit No
1. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
Table 19-2.
Lock Bit Protection Modes.
Memory Lock Bits (1)
(2)
Protection Type
LB Mode
LB2
LB1
1
1
1
No memory lock features enabled.
0
Further programming of the Flash and EEPROM is disabled in
High-voltage and Serial Programming mode. The Fuse bits are
locked in both Serial and High-voltage Programming mode.(1)
debugWire is disabled.
0
Further programming and verification of the Flash and EEPROM
is disabled in High-voltage and Serial Programming mode. The
Fuse bits are locked in both Serial and High-voltage
Programming mode.(1) debugWire is disabled.
2
3
Notes:
1
0
1. Program fuse bits before programming LB1 and LB2.
2. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
Lock bits can also be read by device firmware. See section “Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits
from Software” on page 135.
139
8048B–AVR–03/09
19.2
Fuse Bytes
The ATtiny43U has three Fuse bytes. Table 19-3, Table 19-4 and Table 19-5 briefly describe the
functionality of all the fuses and how they are mapped into the Fuse bytes. Note that the fuses
are read as logical zero, “0”, if they are programmed..
Table 19-3.
Fuse Extended Byte
Fuse High Byte
SELFPRGEN(1)
Notes:
Bit No
Description
Default Value
7
-
1 (unprogrammed)
6
-
1 (unprogrammed)
5
-
1 (unprogrammed)
4
-
1 (unprogrammed)
3
-
1 (unprogrammed)
2
-
1 (unprogrammed)
1
-
1 (unprogrammed)
0
Self-Programming Enable
1 (unprogrammed)
1. Enables SPM instruction. See “Self-Programming the Flash” on page 133.
Table 19-4.
Fuse High Byte
Fuse High Byte
Description
Default Value
7
External Reset disable
1 (unprogrammed)
DWEN(2)
6
DebugWIRE Enable
1 (unprogrammed)
SPIEN(3)
5
Enable Serial Program and Data
Downloading
0 (programmed, SPI prog.
enabled)
WDTON(4)
4
Watchdog Timer always on
1 (unprogrammed)
EESAVE
3
EEPROM memory is preserved
through the Chip Erase
1 (unprogrammed,
EEPROM not preserved)
BODLEVEL2(5)
2
Brown-out Detector trigger level
1 (unprogrammed)
(5)
BODLEVEL1
1
Brown-out Detector trigger level
1 (unprogrammed)
BODLEVEL0(5)
0
Brown-out Detector trigger level
1 (unprogrammed)
RSTDISBL
Notes:
(1)
Bit No
1. See “Alternate Functions of Port B” on page 74 for description of RSTDISBL and DWEN
Fuses. When programming the RSTDISBL Fuse, TBD programming has to be used to change
fuses to perform further programming
2. DWEN must be unprogrammed when Lock Bit security is required. See “Program And Data
Memory Lock Bits” on page 139.
3. The SPIEN Fuse is not accessible in SPI Programming mode.
4. See “WDT Configuration as a Function of the Fuse Settings of WDTON” on page 52 for
details.
5. See Table 20-5 on page 158 for BODLEVEL Fuse decoding.
140
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 19-5.
Fuse Low Byte
Fuse Low Byte
Bit No
(1)
Description
Default Value
CKDIV8
7
Divide clock by 8
0 (programmed)
CKOUT
6
Clock Output Enable
1 (unprogrammed)
SUT1
5
Select start-up time
1 (unprogrammed)(2)
SUT0
4
Select start-up time
0 (programmed)(2)
CKSEL3
3
Select Clock source
0 (programmed)(3)
CKSEL2
2
Select Clock source
0 (programmed)(3)
CKSEL1
1
Select Clock source
1 (unprogrammed)(3)
CKSEL0
0
Select Clock source
0 (programmed)(3)
Notes:
1. See “Power Management and Sleep Modes” on page 31 for details.
2. The default value of SUT1..0 results in maximum start-up time for the default clock source.
See Table 6-5 on page 26 for details.
3. The default setting of CKSEL3..0 results in internal RC Oscillator @ 8.0 MHz. See Table 6-4
on page 25 for details.
Note that fuse bits are locked if Lock Bit 1 (LB1) is programmed. Fuse bits should be programmed before lock bits. The status of fuse bits is not affected by chip erase.
Fuse bits can also be read by device firmware. See section “Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits
from Software” on page 135.
19.2.1
19.3
Latching of Fuses
Fuse values are latched when the device enters programming mode and changes to fuse values
have no effect until the part leaves programming mode. This does not apply to the EESAVE
Fuse which will take effect once it is programmed. Fuses are also latched on power-up.
Device Signature Imprint Table
The device signature imprint table is a dedicated memory area used for storing miscellaneous
device information, such as the device signature and oscillator calibaration data. Most of this
memory segment is reserved for internal use, as outlined in Table 19-6.
Table 19-6.
Contents of Device Signature Imprint Table.
Address
High Byte
0x00
Signature byte 0 (1)
0x01
Calibration data for internal oscillator (2)
0x02
Signature byte 1 (1)
0x03
Reserved for internal use
0x04
Signature byte 2 (1)
0x05 ... 0x2A
Reserved for internal use
Notes:
1. See section “Signature Bytes” for more information.
2. See section “Calibration Byte” for more information.
141
8048B–AVR–03/09
19.3.1
Signature Bytes
All Atmel microcontrollers have a three-byte signature code which identifies the device. This
code can be read in both serial and High-voltage Programming mode, also when the device is
locked.
Signature bytes can also be read by the device firmware. See section “Reading the Fuse and
Lock Bits from Software” on page 135.
The three signature bytes reside in a separate address space called the device signature imprint
table. The signature data for ATtiny43U is given in Table 19-7.
Table 19-7.
Device Signature Byte
Part
ATtiny43U
19.3.2
Signature Byte 0
Signature Byte 1
Signature Byte 0
0x1E
0x92
0x0C
Calibration Byte
The device signature imprint table of ATtiny43U contains one byte of calibration data for the
internal oscillator, as shown in Table 19-6 on page 141. During reset, this byte is automatically
written into the OSCCAL register to ensure correct frequency of the calibrated oscillator.
Calibration bytes can also be read by the device firmware. See section “Reading the Fuse and
Lock Bits from Software” on page 135.
19.4
Page Size
Table 19-8.
Device
ATtiny43U
Table 19-9.
Device
ATtiny43U
19.5
No. of Words in a Page and No. of Pages in the Flash
Flash Size
2K words
(4K bytes)
Page Size
PCWORD
No. of Pages
PCPAGE
PCMSB
32 words
PC[4:0]
64
PC[10:5]
10
No. of Words in a Page and No. of Pages in the EEPROM
EEPROM Size
Page Size
PCWORD
No. of Pages
PCPAGE
EEAMSB
64 bytes
4 bytes
EEA[1:0]
16
EEA[5:2]
5
Parallel Programming Parameters, Pin Mapping, and Commands
This section describes how to parallel program and verify Flash Program memory, EEPROM
Data memory, Memory Lock bits, and Fuse bits in the ATtiny43U. Pulses are assumed to be at
least 250 ns unless otherwise noted.
19.5.1
Signal Names
In this section, some pins of the ATtiny43U are referenced by signal names describing their
functionality during parallel programming, see Figure 19-1 and Table 19-10. Pins not described
in the following table are referenced by pin names.
142
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 19-1. Parallel Programming
+5V
WR
PA0
XA0
PA1
XA1/BS2
PA2
PAGEL/BS1
PA3
OE
PA4
RDY/BSY
PA5
VCC
PB7 - PB0
DATA
CLKI/PA6
+12 V
RESET/PA7
GND
Table 19-10. Pin Name Mapping
Signal Name in
Programming Mode
Pin
Name
I/O
WR
PA0
I
Write Pulse (Active low).
XA0
PA1
I
CLKI Action Bit 0
XA1/BS2
PA2
I
CLKI Action Bit 1. Byte Select 2 (“0” selects low byte, “1”
selects 2’nd high byte).
PAGEL/BS1
PA3
I
Byte Select 1 (“0” selects low byte, “1” selects high byte).
Program Memory and EEPROM Data Page Load.
OE
PA5
I
Output Enable (Active low).
RDY/BSY
PA6
O
0: Device is busy programming, 1: Device is ready for new
command.
DATA I/O
PB7-PB0
I/O
Bi-directional Data bus (Output when OE is low).
Function
Table 19-11. Pin Values Used to Enter Programming Mode
Pin
Symbol
Value
PAGEL/BS1
Prog_enable[3]
0
XA1/BS2
Prog_enable[2]
0
XA0
Prog_enable[1]
0
WR
Prog_enable[0]
0
143
8048B–AVR–03/09
The XA1/XA0 pins determine the action executed when the CLKI pin is given a positive pulse.
The bit coding is shown in Table 19-12.
Table 19-12. XA1 and XA0 Coding
XA1
XA0
Action when CLKI is Pulsed
0
0
Load Flash or EEPROM Address (High or low address byte determined by BS1).
0
1
Load Data (High or Low data byte for Flash determined by BS1).
1
0
Load Command
1
1
No Action, Idle
When pulsing WR or OE, the command loaded determines the action executed. The different
Commands are shown in Table 19-13.
Table 19-13. Command Byte Bit Coding
Command Byte
19.6
19.6.1
Command Executed
1000 0000
Chip Erase
0100 0000
Write Fuse bits
0010 0000
Write Lock bits
0001 0000
Write Flash
0001 0001
Write EEPROM
0000 1000
Read Signature Bytes and Calibration byte
0000 0100
Read Fuse and Lock bits
0000 0010
Read Flash
0000 0011
Read EEPROM
Parallel Programming
Enter Programming Mode
The following algorithm puts the device in parallel programming mode:
1. Apply 4.5 - 5.5V between VCC and GND.
2. Set RESET to “0” and toggle CLKI at least six times.
3. Set the Prog_enable pins listed in Table 19-11 on page 143 to “0000” and wait at least
100 ns.
4. Apply 11.5 - 12.5V to RESET. Any activity on Prog_enable pins within 100 ns after
+12V has been applied to RESET, will cause the device to fail entering programming
mode.
5. Wait at least 50 µs before sending a new command.
19.6.2
144
Considerations for Efficient Programming
The loaded command and address are retained in the device during programming. For efficient
programming, the following should be considered.
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
• The command needs only be loaded once when writing or reading multiple memory
locations.
• Skip writing the data value 0xFF, that is the contents of the entire EEPROM (unless the
EESAVE Fuse is programmed) and Flash after a Chip Erase.
• Address high byte needs only be loaded before programming or reading a new 256 word
window in Flash or 256 byte EEPROM. This consideration also applies to Signature bytes
reading.
19.6.3
Chip Erase
The Chip Erase will erase the Flash and EEPROM(1) memories plus Lock bits. The Lock bits are
not reset until the program memory has been completely erased. The Fuse bits are not
changed. A Chip Erase must be performed before the Flash and/or EEPROM are
reprogrammed.
Note:
1. The EEPRPOM memory is preserved during Chip Erase if the EESAVE Fuse is programmed.
Load Command “Chip Erase”
1. Set XA1, XA0 to “10”. This enables command loading.
2. Set BS1 to “0”.
3. Set DATA to “1000 0000”. This is the command for Chip Erase.
4. Give CLKI a positive pulse. This loads the command.
5. Give WR a negative pulse. This starts the Chip Erase. RDY/BSY goes low.
6. Wait until RDY/BSY goes high before loading a new command.
19.6.4
Programming the Flash
The Flash is organized in pages, see Table 19-8 on page 142. When programming the Flash,
the program data is latched into a page buffer. This allows one page of program data to be programmed simultaneously. The following procedure describes how to program the entire Flash
memory:
A. Load Command “Write Flash”
1. Set XA1, XA0 to “10”. This enables command loading.
2. Set BS1 to “0”.
3. Set DATA to “0001 0000”. This is the command for Write Flash.
4. Give CLKI a positive pulse. This loads the command.
B. Load Address Low byte
1. Set XA1, XA0 to “00”. This enables address loading.
2. Set BS1 to “0”. This selects low address.
3. Set DATA = Address low byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Give CLKI a positive pulse. This loads the address low byte.
C. Load Data Low Byte
1. Set XA1, XA0 to “01”. This enables data loading.
2. Set DATA = Data low byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
3. Give CLKI a positive pulse. This loads the data byte.
D. Load Data High Byte
145
8048B–AVR–03/09
1. Set BS1 to “1”. This selects high data byte.
2. Set XA1, XA0 to “01”. This enables data loading.
3. Set DATA = Data high byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Give CLKI a positive pulse. This loads the data byte.
E. No action
F. Repeat B through E until the entire buffer is filled or until all data within the page is loaded.
While the lower bits in the address are mapped to words within the page, the higher bits address
the pages within the FLASH. This is illustrated in Figure 19-2 on page 147. Note that if less than
eight bits are required to address words in the page (pagesize < 256), the most significant bit(s)
in the address low byte are used to address the page when performing a Page Write.
G. Load Address High byte
1. Set XA1, XA0 to “00”. This enables address loading.
2. Set BS1 to “1”. This selects high address.
3. Set DATA = Address high byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Give CLKI a positive pulse. This loads the address high byte.
H. Program Page
1. Give WR a negative pulse. This starts programming of the entire page of data.
RDY/BSY goes low.
2. Wait until RDY/BSY goes high (See Figure 19-3 for signal waveforms).
I. Repeat B through H until the entire Flash is programmed or until all data has been
programmed.
J. End Page Programming
1. 1. Set XA1, XA0 to “10”. This enables command loading.
2. Set DATA to “0000 0000”. This is the command for No Operation.
3. Give CLKI a positive pulse. This loads the command, and the internal write signals are
reset.
146
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 19-2. Addressing the Flash Which is Organized in Pages(1)
PCMSB
PROGRAM
COUNTER
PAGEMSB
PCPAGE
PCWORD
PAGE ADDRESS
WITHIN THE FLASH
WORD ADDRESS
WITHIN A PAGE
PROGRAM MEMORY
PAGE
PAGE
PCWORD[PAGEMSB:0]:
00
INSTRUCTION WORD
01
02
PAGEEND
Note:
1. PCPAGE and PCWORD are listed in Table 19-8 on page 142.
Figure 19-3. Programming the Flash Waveforms(1)
F
DATA
A
B
0x10
ADDR. LOW
C
DATA LOW
D
E
DATA HIGH
XX
B
ADDR. LOW
C
D
DATA LOW
DATA HIGH
E
XX
G
ADDR. HIGH
H
XX
XA1/BS2
XA0
PAGEL/BS1
CLKI
WR
RDY/BSY
RESET +12V
OE
Note:
19.6.5
1. “XX” is don’t care. The letters refer to the programming description above.
Programming the EEPROM
The EEPROM is organized in pages, see Table 19-9 on page 142. When programming the
EEPROM, the program data is latched into a page buffer. This allows one page of data to be
programmed simultaneously. The programming algorithm for the EEPROM data memory is as
follows (refer to “Programming the Flash” on page 145 for details on Command, Address and
Data loading):
1. A: Load Command “0001 0001”.
2. G: Load Address High Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
3. B: Load Address Low Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. C: Load Data (0x00 - 0xFF).
147
8048B–AVR–03/09
5. E: No action.
K: Repeat 3 through 5 until the entire buffer is filled.
L: Program EEPROM page
1. Set BS1 to “0”.
2. Give WR a negative pulse. This starts programming of the EEPROM page. RDY/BSY
goes low.
3. Wait until to RDY/BSY goes high before programming the next page (See Figure 19-4
for signal waveforms).
Figure 19-4. Programming the EEPROM Waveforms
K
DATA
A
G
0x11
ADDR. HIGH
B
ADDR. LOW
C
DATA
E
XX
B
ADDR. LOW
C
DATA
E
L
XX
XA1/BS2
XA0
PAGEL/BS1
CLKI
WR
RDY/BSY
RESET +12V
OE
19.6.6
Reading the Flash
The algorithm for reading the Flash memory is as follows (refer to “Programming the Flash” on
page 145 for details on Command and Address loading):
1. A: Load Command “0000 0010”.
2. G: Load Address High Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
3. B: Load Address Low Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Set OE to “0”, and BS1 to “0”. The Flash word low byte can now be read at DATA.
5. Set BS1 to “1”. The Flash word high byte can now be read at DATA.
6. Set OE to “1”.
19.6.7
Reading the EEPROM
The algorithm for reading the EEPROM memory is as follows (refer to “Programming the Flash”
on page 145 for details on Command and Address loading):
1. A: Load Command “0000 0011”.
2. G: Load Address High Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
3. B: Load Address Low Byte (0x00 - 0xFF).
4. Set OE to “0”, and BS1 to “0”. The EEPROM Data byte can now be read at DATA.
5. Set OE to “1”.
148
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
19.6.8
Programming the Fuse Low Bits
The algorithm for programming the Fuse Low bits is as follows (refer to “Programming the Flash”
on page 145 for details on Command and Data loading):
1. A: Load Command “0100 0000”.
2. C: Load Data Low Byte. Bit n = “0” programs and bit n = “1” erases the Fuse bit.
3. Give WR a negative pulse and wait for RDY/BSY to go high.
19.6.9
Programming the Fuse High Bits
The algorithm for programming the Fuse High bits is as follows (refer to “Programming the
Flash” on page 145 for details on Command and Data loading):
1. A: Load Command “0100 0000”.
2. C: Load Data Low Byte. Bit n = “0” programs and bit n = “1” erases the Fuse bit.
3. Set BS1 to “1” and BS2 to “0”. This selects high data byte.
4. Give WR a negative pulse and wait for RDY/BSY to go high.
5. Set BS1 to “0”. This selects low data byte.
19.6.10
Programming the Extended Fuse Bits
The algorithm for programming the Extended Fuse bits is as follows (refer to “Programming the
Flash” on page 145 for details on Command and Data loading):
1. 1. A: Load Command “0100 0000”.
2. 2. C: Load Data Low Byte. Bit n = “0” programs and bit n = “1” erases the Fuse bit.
3. 3. Set BS1 to “0” and BS2 to “1”. This selects extended data byte.
4. 4. Give WR a negative pulse and wait for RDY/BSY to go high.
5. 5. Set BS2 to “0”. This selects low data byte.
Figure 19-5. Programming the FUSES Waveforms
Write Fuse Low byte
DATA
A
C
0x40
DATA
XX
Write Fuse high byte
A
C
0x40
DATA
XX
Write Extended Fuse byte
A
C
0x40
DATA
XX
XA1/BS2
XA0
PAGEL/BS1
CLKI
WR
RDY/BSY
RESET +12V
OE
19.6.11
Programming the Lock Bits
The algorithm for programming the Lock bits is as follows (refer to “Programming the Flash” on
page 145 for details on Command and Data loading):
149
8048B–AVR–03/09
1. A: Load Command “0010 0000”.
2. C: Load Data Low Byte. Bit n = “0” programs the Lock bit. If LB mode 3 is programmed
(LB1 and LB2 is programmed), it is not possible to program the Boot Lock bits by any
External Programming mode.
3. Give WR a negative pulse and wait for RDY/BSY to go high.
The Lock bits can only be cleared by executing Chip Erase.
19.6.12
Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits
The algorithm for reading the Fuse and Lock bits is as follows (refer to “Programming the Flash”
on page 145 for details on Command loading):
1. A: Load Command “0000 0100”.
2. Set OE to “0”, BS2 to “0” and BS1 to “0”. The status of the Fuse Low bits can now be
read at DATA (“0” means programmed).
3. Set OE to “0”, BS2 to “1” and BS1 to “1”. The status of the Fuse High bits can now be
read at DATA (“0” means programmed).
4. Set OE to “0”, BS2 to “1”, and BS1 to “0”. The status of the Extended Fuse bits can now
be read at DATA (“0” means programmed).
5. Set OE to “0”, BS2 to “0” and BS1 to “1”. The status of the Lock bits can now be read at
DATA (“0” means programmed).
6. Set OE to “1”.
Figure 19-6. Mapping Between BS1, BS2 and the Fuse and Lock Bits During Read
Fuse Low Byte
0
Extended Fuse Byte
1
0
DATA
BS2
0
Lock Bits
1
Fuse High Byte
1
BS1
BS2
19.6.13
Reading the Signature Bytes
The algorithm for reading the Signature bytes is as follows (refer to “Programming the Flash” on
page 145 for details on Command and Address loading):
1. A: Load Command “0000 1000”.
2. B: Load Address Low Byte (0x00 - 0x02).
3. Set OE to “0”, and BS to “0”. The selected Signature byte can now be read at DATA.
4. Set OE to “1”.
19.6.14
150
Reading the Calibration Byte
The algorithm for reading the Calibration byte is as follows (refer to “Programming the Flash” on
page 145 for details on Command and Address loading):
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
1. A: Load Command “0000 1000”.
2. B: Load Address Low Byte, 0x00.
3. Set OE to “0”, and BS1 to “1”. The Calibration byte can now be read at DATA.
4. Set OE to “1”.
19.7
Serial Programming
Both the Flash and EEPROM memory arrays can be programmed using the serial SPI bus while
RESET is pulled to GND. The serial interface consists of pins SCK, MOSI (input) and MISO (output). See Figure 19-7 below.
Figure 19-7. Serial Programming and Verify
+1.8 - 5.5V
VCC
MOSI
PB4
MISO
PB5
SCK
PB6
RESET/PA7
GND
Note:
If clocked by internal oscillator there is no need to connect a clock source to the CLKI pin.
After RESET is set low, the Programming Enable instruction needs to be executed first before
program/erase operations can be executed
Table 19-14. Pin Mapping Serial Programming
Symbol
Pins
I/O
Description
MOSI
PB4
I
Serial Data in
MISO
PB5
O
Serial Data out
SCK
PB6
I
Serial Clock
When programming the EEPROM, an auto-erase cycle is built into the self-timed programming
operation (in the Serial mode ONLY) and there is no need to first execute the Chip Erase
instruction. The Chip Erase operation turns the content of every memory location in both the
Program and EEPROM arrays into 0xFF.
Depending on CKSEL Fuses, a valid clock must be present. The minimum low and high periods
for the serial clock (SCK) input are defined as follows:
Low:> 2 CPU clock cycles for fck < 12 MHz, 3 CPU clock cycles for fck >= 12 MHz
High:> 2 CPU clock cycles for fck < 12 MHz, 3 CPU clock cycles for fck >= 12 MHz
151
8048B–AVR–03/09
19.7.1
Serial Programming Algorithm
When writing serial data to the ATtiny43U, data is clocked on the rising edge of SCK.
When reading data from the ATtiny43U, data is clocked on the falling edge of SCK. See Figure
20-6 and Figure 20-7 for timing details.
To program and verify the ATtiny43U in the Serial Programming mode, the following sequence
is recommended (see four byte instruction formats in Table 19-16):
1. Power-up sequence:
Apply power between VCC and GND while RESET and SCK are set to “0”. In some systems, the programmer can not guarantee that SCK is held low during power-up. In this
case, RESET must be given a positive pulse of at least two CPU clock cycles duration
after SCK has been set to “0”.
2. Wait for at least 20 ms and enable serial programming by sending the Programming
Enable serial instruction to pin MOSI.
3. The serial programming instructions will not work if the communication is out of synchronization. When in sync. the second byte (0x53), will echo back when issuing the
third byte of the Programming Enable instruction. Whether the echo is correct or not, all
four bytes of the instruction must be transmitted. If the 0x53 did not echo back, give
RESET a positive pulse and issue a new Programming Enable command.
4. The Flash is programmed one page at a time. The memory page is loaded one byte at
a time by supplying the 5 LSB of the address and data together with the Load Program
memory Page instruction. To ensure correct loading of the page, the data low byte must
be loaded before data high byte is applied for a given address. The Program memory
Page is stored by loading the Write Program memory Page instruction with the 3 MSB
of the address. If polling (RDY/BSY) is not used, the user must wait at least tWD_FLASH
before issuing the next page. (See Table 19-15 on page 153.) Accessing the serial programming interface before the Flash write operation completes can result in incorrect
programming.
5. A: The EEPROM array is programmed one byte at a time by supplying the address and
data together with the appropriate Write instruction. An EEPROM memory location is
first automatically erased before new data is written. If polling (RDY/BSY) is not used,
the user must wait at least tWD_EEPROM before issuing the next byte. (See Table 19-15 on
page 153.) In a chip erased device, no 0xFFs in the data file(s) need to be programmed.
B: The EEPROM array is programmed one page at a time. The Memory page is loaded
one byte at a time by supplying the 2 LSB of the address and data together with the
Load EEPROM Memory Page instruction. The EEPROM Memory Page is stored by
loading the Write EEPROM Memory Page Instruction with the 4 MSB of the address.
When using EEPROM page access only byte locations loaded with the Load EEPROM
Memory Page instruction is altered. The remaining locations remain unchanged. If polling (RDY/BSY) is not used, the used must wait at least tWD_EEPROM before issuing the
next page (See Table 19-15 on page 153). In a chip erased device, no 0xFF in the data
file(s) need to be programmed.
6. Any memory location can be verified by using the Read instruction which returns the
content at the selected address at serial output MISO.
7. At the end of the programming session, RESET can be set high to commence normal
operation.
152
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
8. Power-off sequence (if needed):
Set RESET to “1”.
Turn VCC power off.
Table 19-15. Minimum Wait Delay Before Writing the Next Flash or EEPROM Location
19.7.2
Symbol
Minimum Wait Delay
tWD_FLASH
4.5 ms
tWD_EEPROM
4.0 ms
tWD_ERASE
4.0 ms
tWD_FUSE
4.5 ms
Serial Programming Instruction set
Table 19-16 on page 153 and Figure 19-8 on page 154 describes the Instruction set.
Table 19-16. Serial Programming Instruction Set
Instruction Format
Instruction/Operation(1)
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte4
Programming Enable
$AC
$53
$00
$00
Chip Erase (Program Memory/EEPROM)
$AC
$80
$00
$00
Poll RDY/BSY
$F0
$00
$00
data byte out
Load Extended Address byte
$4D
$00
Extended adr
$00
Load Program Memory Page, High byte
$48
adr MSB
adr LSB
high data byte in
Load Program Memory Page, Low byte
$40
adr MSB
adr LSB
low data byte in
Load EEPROM Memory Page (page access)
$C1
$00
adr LSB
data byte in
Read Program Memory, High byte
$28
adr MSB
adr LSB
high data byte out
Read Program Memory, Low byte
$20
adr MSB
adr LSB
low data byte out
Read EEPROM Memory
$A0
$00
adr LSB
data byte out
Read Lock bits
$58
$00
$00
data byte out
Read Signature Byte
$30
$00
adr LSB
data byte out
Read Fuse bits
$50
$00
$00
data byte out
Read Fuse High bits
$58
$08
$00
data byte out
Read Extended Fuse Bits
$50
$08
$00
data byte out
Read Calibration Byte
$38
$00
$00
data byte out
Write Program Memory Page
$4C
adr MSB
adr LSB
$00
Write EEPROM Memory
$C0
$00
adr LSB
data byte in
Write EEPROM Memory Page (page access)
$C2
$00
adr LSB
$00
Write Lock bits
$AC
$E0
$00
data byte in
Load Instructions
Read Instructions
Write Instructions
153
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 19-16. Serial Programming Instruction Set (Continued)
Instruction Format
(1)
Instruction/Operation
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte4
Write Fuse bits
$AC
$A0
$00
data byte in
Write Fuse High bits
$AC
$A8
$00
data byte in
Write Extended Fuse Bits
$AC
$A4
$00
data byte in
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Not all instructions are applicable for all parts.
a = address
Bits are programmed ‘0’, unprogrammed ‘1’.
To ensure future compatibility, unused Fuses and Lock bits should be unprogrammed (‘1’) .
Refer to the correspondig section for Fuse and Lock bits, Calibration and Signature bytes and
Page size.
6. See htt://www.atmel.com/avr for Application Notes regarding programming and programmers.
If the LSB in RDY/BSY data byte out is ‘1’, a programming operation is still pending. Wait until
this bit returns ‘0’ before the next instruction is carried out.
Within the same page, the low data byte must be loaded prior to the high data byte.
After data is loaded to the page buffer, program the EEPROM page, see Figure 19-8 on page
154.
Figure 19-8. Serial Programming Instruction example
Serial Programming Instruction
Load Program Memory Page (High/Low Byte)/
Load EEPROM Memory Page (page access)
Byte 1
Byte 2
Adr
A
drr MS
MSB
MSB
Bit 15 B
Byte 3
Write Program Memory Page/
Write EEPROM Memory Page
Byte 1
Byte 4
Byte 2
Adr LSB
Adr MSB
Bit 15 B
0
Byte 3
Byte 4
Adr
A
dr LSB
LS
SB
0
Page Buffer
Page Offset
Page 0
Page 1
Page 2
Page Number
Page N-1
Program Memory/
EEPROM Memory
154
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
20. Electrical Characteristics
20.1
Absolute Maximum Ratings*
Operating Temperature.................................. -55°C to +125°C
*NOTICE:
Storage Temperature ..................................... -65°C to +150°C
Voltage on any Pin except RESET
with respect to Ground ................................-0.5V to VCC+0.5V
Voltage on RESET with respect to Ground......-0.5V to +13.0V
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute
Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and
functional operation of the device at these or
other conditions beyond those indicated in the
operational sections of this specification is not
implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating
conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
Maximum Operating Voltage ............................................ 6.0V
DC Current per I/O Pin ............................................... 40.0 mA
DC Current VCC and GND Pins................................ 200.0 mA
20.2
DC Characteristics
Note:
All DC Characteristics contained in this data sheet are based on simulation and characterization of other AVR microcontrollers
manufactured in the same process technology. These values are preliminary values representing design targets, and will be
updated after characterization of actual silicon.
Table 20-1.
Symbol
DC Characteristics. TA = -40°C to 85°C
Parameter
Input Low Voltage,
Any Pin as I/O
VIL
Input Low Voltage,
RESET Pin as Reset (2)
Input High-voltage,
Any Pin as I/O
VIH
Input High-voltage,
RESET Pin as Reset (2)
Output Low Voltage (4),
Pins PB1, PB2, PB4 and PB5 (5)
VOL
Output Low Voltage (4),
All Other I/O Pins, except RESET
pin
VOH
Output High-voltage (6)
All I/O Pins, except RESET pin
Condition
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
(1)
V
VCC = 1.8V - 2.4V
-0.5
0.2VCC
VCC = 2.4V - 5.5V
-0.5
0.3VCC (1)
V
VCC = 1.8V - 5.5V
-0.5
0.2VCC (1)
V
VCC = 1.8V - 2.4V
0.7VCC
(3)
VCC +0.5
V
VCC = 2.4V - 5.5V
0.6VCC
(3)
VCC +0.5
V
VCC = 1.8V to 5.5V
0.9 VCC
(3)
VCC +0.5
V
IOL = 20 mA, VCC = 5V
0.8
V
IOL = 10 mA, VCC = 3V
0.8
V
IOL = 4 mA, VCC = 1.8V
0.8
V
IOL = 10 mA, VCC = 5V
0.8
V
IOL = 5 mA, VCC = 3V
0.8
V
IOL = 2 mA, VCC = 1.8V
0.8
V
IOH = 10 mA, VCC = 5V
4.0
V
IOH = 5 mA, VCC = 3V
2.3
V
IOH = 2 mA, VCC = 1.8V
1.4
V
ILIL
Input Leakage Current, I/O Pin
VCC = 5.5V, pin low
-1
1
µA
ILIH
Input Leakage Current, I/O Pin
VCC = 5.5V, pin high
-1
1
µA
155
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 20-1.
Symbol
RPU
DC Characteristics. TA = -40°C to 85°C (Continued)
Parameter
Condition
Pull-up Resistor, I/O Pin
VCC = 5.5V, input low
Pull-up Resistor, RESET Pin
VCC = 5.5V, input low
Supply Current,
Active Mode,
Without Boost Converter (7)
ICC
Supply Current,
Idle Mode,
Without Boost Converter (7)
Supply Current,
Power-Down Mode,
Without Boost Converter (7)
Notes:
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
20
50
kΩ
30
80
kΩ
f = 1MHz, VCC = 2V
0.2
0.55
mA
f = 4MHz, VCC = 3V
1.3
2.5
mA
f = 8MHz, VCC = 5V
4
7
mA
f = 1MHz, VCC = 2V
0.04
0.15
mA
f = 4MHz, VCC = 3V
0.25
0.6
mA
f = 8MHz, VCC = 5V
1.0
2.0
mA
WDT enabled, VCC = 3V
4.5
10
µA
WDT disabled, VCC = 3V
0.35
2
µA
1. “Max” means the highest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as low.
2. Not tested in production.
3. “Min” means the lowest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as high.
4. Although each I/O port can under steady state (non-transient) conditions sink more than indicated, the sum of all IOL currents
may not exceed 60 mA, or the boost converter limits. If IOL limits are exceeded the corresponding VOL levels can not be guaranteed. Pins are not guaranteed to sink currents greater than those listed.
5. Pins PB1, PB2, PB4 and PB5 are high sink I/O pins.
6. Although each I/O port can under steady state (non-transient) conditions source more than indicated, the sum of all IOH currents may not exceed 60 mA, or the boost converter limits. If IOH limits are exceeded the corresponding VOH levels can not be
guaranteed. Pins are not guaranteed to source currents greater than those listed.
7. See “Boost Converter Characteristics” on page 159 for current consumption of entire device, including boost converter.
20.3
Speed Grades
Figure 20-1. Maximum Frequency vs. VCC (Boost Converter Disregarded).
8 MHz
Safe Operating Area
4 MHz
1.8V
156
2.7V
5.5V
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
20.4
Clock Characteristics
20.4.1
Calibrated Internal Oscillator Accuracy
It is possible to manually calibrate the internal oscillator to be more accurate than default factory calibration. Please note
that the oscillator frequency depends on temperature and voltage.
Table 20-2.
Calibration
Method
Calibration Accuracy of Internal Oscillator
Target Frequency
VCC
Temperature
Accuracy at given Voltage
& Temperature (1)
Factory
Calibration
8.0 MHz
3V
25°C
±10%
User
Calibration
Fixed frequency within:
7.3 - 8.1 MHz
Fixed voltage within:
1.8V - 5.5V
Fixed temperature within:
-40°C - 85°C
±1%
Notes:
1. Accuracy of oscillator frequency at calibration point (fixed temperature and fixed voltage).
20.4.2
External Clock Drive
Figure 20-2. External Clock Drive Waveforms
V IH1
V IL1
Table 20-3.
External Clock Drive Characteristics
VCC = 1.8 - 5.5V
VCC = 2.7 - 5.5V
Symbol
Parameter
1/tCLCL
Clock Frequency
tCLCL
Clock Period
250
125
ns
tCHCX
High Time
100
50
ns
tCLCX
Low Time
100
50
ns
tCLCH
Rise Time
2.0
1.6
μs
tCHCL
Fall Time
2.0
1.6
μs
ΔtCLCL
Period change from clock cycle to next
2
2
%
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Units
0
4
0
8
MHz
157
8048B–AVR–03/09
20.5
System and Reset Characteristics
Table 20-4.
Symbol
Reset, Brown-Out and Internal Voltage Characteristics
Parameter
Condition
Min
Typ
Max
Units
TA = -40 - 85°C
1.1
1.4
1.6
V
Power-on Reset Threshold Voltage (falling)
TA = -40 - 85°C
0.6
1.3
1.6
V
VPSR
Power-On Slope Rate
TA = -40 - 85°C
0.01
VRST
RESET Pin Threshold
tRST
Minimum pulse width on RESET Pin
Power-on Reset Threshold Voltage (rising)
VPOT
(1)
V/ms
0.2 VCC
V
2000
700
400
ns
Brown-out Detector Hysteresis
50
mV
tBOD
Min Pulse Width on Brown-out Reset
2
µs
VBG
Internal bandgap reference voltage
VCC = 2.7V
TA = 25°C
tBG
Internal bandgap reference start-up time
IBG
Internal bandgap reference current consumption
VHYST
Note:
VCC = 1.8V
VCC = 3V
VCC = 5V
0.9 VCC
1.0
1.1
1.2
V
VCC = 2.7V
TA = 25°C
40
70
µs
VCC = 2.7V,
TA = 25°C
15
µA
1. The Power-on Reset will not work unless the supply voltage has been below VPOT (falling)
Table 20-5.
BODLEVEL Fuse Coding(1)
BODLEVEL [2..0] Fuses
Min VBOT
Typ VBOT
111
Max VBOT
Units
BOD Disabled
110
1.7
1.8
2.0
101
2.5
2.7
2.9
100
4.1
4.3
4.5
011
V
010
Reserved
001
000
Note:
1. VBOT may be below nominal minimum operating voltage for some devices. For devices where this is the case, the device is
tested down to VCC = VBOT during the production test. This guarantees that a Brown-out Reset will occur before VCC drops to
a voltage where correct operation of the microcontroller is no longer guaranteed.
20.6
External Interrupt Characteristics
Table 20-6.
Symbol
tINT
158
Characteristics of Asynchronous External Interrupt
Parameter
Minimum pulse width for asynchronous external interrupt
Condition
Min
Typ
50
Max
Unit
ns
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
20.7
Boost Converter Characteristics
Table 20-7.
Characteristics of Boost Converter. T = -20°C ... +85°C, unless otherwise noted
Symbol
Parameter
VSTART
Condition
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Start Voltage
1.05
1.2
1.35
V
VBAT
Input Voltage
0.7
1.8
V
VSTOP
Shutdown Voltage
0.45
0.7
V
1.0
VBOOST
Active Mode, ILOAD > 1mA
2.7
Low Current Mode
3.3
V
1.8
3.6
V
VBAT = 0.7V
0
10
mA
VBAT = 1.0V
0
30
mA
VCC
Output Voltage
ILOAD
Load Current
VRPP
Output Voltage Ripple
VBAT = 1.0V, ILOAD = 30mA, CLOAD = 22µF
tSTART
Start-up Time
IIN
Current consumption of entire
device
fS
Switching frequency
TS
Switching period
DSW
Duty Cycle
VBATOL
Lowest VBAT voltage where
device recovers from overload
3.0
V
100
mV
VBAT = Step Change from 0V to 1.2V
2
ms
VBAT = 0.45V, Converter in Stop Mode
MCU not powered
1
µA
VBAT = 1.05V, Converter in Stop Mode
MCU not powered
2
µA
VBAT = 1.2V, Active Low Current Mode
MCU in Power Down, WD disabled
5
µA
VBAT = 1.2V, Active Regulated Mode
MCU active, 4MHz
5
mA
TS = 1 / fS
75
100
125
kHz
8
10
13.3
µs
72
%
TBD
V
3
Output overload or short circuit removed
TBD
1.05
Load Regulation:
V CC
– V CC
LOADMIN
LOADMAX
----------------------------------------------------------------------------V CC
T = 25°C, VBAT = 1.2V
Boost converter in Active Mode
2.7
%
Line Regulation:
V CC
– V CC
VBATMAX
VBATMIN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------V CC
T = 25°C, ILOAD = 1mA
Boost converter in Active Mode
1.0
%
Temperature Regulation:
V CC
– V CC
TEMPMAX
TEMPMIN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------V CC
VBAT = 1.2V, ILOAD = 1mA
Boost converter in Active Mode
2.3
%
LOADMAX
VBATNOM
TEMPNOM
159
8048B–AVR–03/09
20.8
ADC Characteristics – Preliminary Data
Table 20-8.
Symbol
ADC Characteristics, Single_Ended Conversion, TA = -40°C - 85°C, Boost Converter Disabled.
Parameter
Condition
Min
Typ
Resolution
10
Bits
4.0
TBD
LSB
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 1 MHz
5.0
TBD
LSB
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
Noise Reduction Mode
3.0
TBD
LSB
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 1 MHz
Noise Reduction Mode
4.0
TBD
LSB
Integral Non-linearity (INL)
(Accuracy after Offset and
Gain Calibration)
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
1.0
TBD
LSB
Differential Non-linearity
(DNL)
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
0.5
TBD
LSB
Gain Error
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
5.0
TBD
LSB
Offset Error
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
-3.0
TBD
LSB
Conversion Time
Free Running Conversion
14
280
µs
50
1000
kHz
GND
VREF
V
Clock Frequency
Input Voltage
Input Bandwidth
VINT
Internal Voltage Reference
RAIN
Analog Input Resistance
160
Units
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
Absolute accuracy
(Including INL, DNL, and
quantization, Gain and Offset
Errors)
VIN
Max
38.4
1.0
1.1
100
kHz
1.2
V
MΩ
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table 20-9.
Symbol
ADC Characteristics, Single_Ended Conversion, TA = -40°C - 85°C, Boost Converter Enabled.
Parameter
Condition
Min
Typ
Resolution
Units
10
Bits
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
TBD
TBD
LSB
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 1 MHz
TBD
TBD
LSB
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
Noise Reduction Mode
TBD
TBD
LSB
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 1 MHz
Noise Reduction Mode
TBD
TBD
LSB
Integral Non-linearity (INL)
(Accuracy after Offset and
Gain Calibration)
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
TBD
TBD
LSB
Differential Non-linearity
(DNL)
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
TBD
TBD
LSB
Gain Error
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
TBD
TBD
LSB
Offset Error
VREF = 4V, VCC = 4V,
ADC clock = 200 kHz
TBD
TBD
LSB
Conversion Time
Free Running Conversion
14
280
µs
50
1000
kHz
GND
VREF
V
Absolute accuracy
(Including INL, DNL, and
quantization, Gain and Offset
Errors)
Clock Frequency
VIN
Max
Input Voltage
Input Bandwidth
VINT
Internal Voltage Reference
RAIN
Analog Input Resistance
38.4
1.0
1.1
100
kHz
1.2
V
MΩ
161
8048B–AVR–03/09
20.9
Parallel Programming Characteristics
Figure 20-3. Parallel Programming Timing, Including some General Timing Requirements
tXLWL
tXHXL
CLKI
tDVXH
tXLDX
tBVPH
tPLBX t BVWL
Data & Contol
(DATA, XA0, XA1/BS2, PAGEL/BS1)
tWLBX
tWLWH
WR
tPLWL
WLRL
RDY/BSY
tWLRH
Note:
The timing requirements in Figure 20-3 (i.e., tDVXH, tXHXL, and tXLDX) also apply to reading operation.
Figure 20-4. Parallel Programming Timing, Reading Sequence (within the Same Page) with Timing Requirements
LOAD ADDRESS
(LOW BYTE)
READ DATA
(LOW BYTE)
READ DATA
(HIGH BYTE)
LOAD ADDRESS
(LOW BYTE)
tXLOL
CLKI
tBVDV
PAGEL/BS1
tOLDV
OE
DATA
tOHDZ
ADDR0 (Low Byte)
DATA (Low Byte)
DATA (High Byte)
ADDR1 (Low Byte)
XA0
XA1/BS2
162
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 20-5. Parallel Programming Timing, Loading Sequence with Timing Requirements
LOAD ADDRESS
(LOW BYTE)
LOAD DATA
(LOW BYTE)
LOAD DATA
(HIGH BYTE)
LOAD ADDRESS
(LOW BYTE)
t XLXH
CLKI
PAGEL/BS1
DATA
ADDR0 (Low Byte)
DATA (Low Byte)
DATA (High Byte)
ADDR1 (Low Byte)
XA0
XA1/BS2
Table 20-10. Parallel Programming Characteristics, VCC = 5V ± 10%
Symbol
Parameter
Min
VPP
Programming Enable Voltage
11.5
IPP
Programming Enable Current
tDVXH
Data and Control Valid before CLKI High
67
ns
tXLXH
CLKI Low to CLKI High
200
ns
tXHXL
CLKI Pulse Width High
150
ns
tXLDX
Data and Control Hold after CLKI Low
67
ns
tXLWL
CLKI Low to WR Low
0
ns
tBVPH
BS1 Valid before PAGEL High
67
ns
tPHPL
PAGEL Pulse Width High
150
ns
tPLBX
BS1 Hold after PAGEL Low
67
ns
tWLBX
BS2/1 Hold after WR Low
67
ns
tPLWL
PAGEL Low to WR Low
67
ns
tBVWL
BS1 Valid to WR Low
67
ns
tWLWH
WR Pulse Width Low
150
ns
tWLRL
WR Low to RDY/BSY Low
(1)
Typ
Max
Units
12.5
V
250
μA
0
1
μs
tWLRH
WR Low to RDY/BSY High
3.7
4.5
ms
tWLRH_CE
WR Low to RDY/BSY High for Chip Erase(2)
7.5
9
ms
tXLOL
CLKI Low to OE Low
0
tBVDV
BS1 Valid to DATA valid
0
tOLDV
tOHDZ
Note:
ns
250
ns
OE Low to DATA Valid
250
ns
OE High to DATA Tri-stated
250
ns
1.
tWLRH is valid for the Write Flash, Write EEPROM, Write Fuse bits and Write Lock bits commands.
2.
tWLRH_CE is valid for the Chip Erase command.
163
8048B–AVR–03/09
20.10 Serial Programming Characteristics
Figure 20-6. Serial Programming Timing
MOSI
tSHOX
tOVSH
SCK
tSLSH
tSHSL
MISO
tSLIV
Figure 20-7. Serial Programming Waveforms
SERIAL DATA INPUT
(MOSI)
MSB
LSB
SERIAL DATA OUTPUT
(MISO)
MSB
LSB
SERIAL CLOCK INPUT
(SCK)
SAMPLE
Table 20-11. Serial Programming Characteristics, TA = -40°C to 85°C, VCC = 1.8 - 5.5V (Unless Otherwise Noted)
Symbol
Parameter
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency
tCLCL
Oscillator Period
1/tCLCL
164
Oscillator Frequency (VCC = 4.5V - 5.5V)
tCLCL
Oscillator Period (VCC = 4.5V - 5.5V)
tSHSL
Min
Typ
0
Max
Units
4
MHz
250
ns
0
8
MHz
125
ns
SCK Pulse Width High
2 tCLCL
ns
tSLSH
SCK Pulse Width Low
2 tCLCL
ns
tOVSH
MOSI Setup to SCK High
tCLCL
ns
tSHOX
MOSI Hold after SCK High
2 tCLCL
ns
tSLIV
SCK Low to MISO Valid
TBD
TBD
TBD
ns
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
21. Typical Characteristics – TBD
The data contained in this section is largely based on simulations and characterization of similar
devices in the same process and design methods. Thus, the data should be treated as indications of how the part will behave.
The following charts show typical behavior. These figures are not tested during manufacturing.
During characterisation devices are operated at frequencies higher than test limits but they are
not guaranteed to function properly at frequencies higher than the ordering code indicates.
All current consumption measurements are performed with all I/O pins configured as inputs and
with internal pull-ups enabled. Current consumption is a function of several factors such as operating voltage, operating frequency, loading of I/O pins, switching rate of I/O pins, code executed
and ambient temperature. The dominating factors are operating voltage and frequency.
A sine wave generator with rail-to-rail output is used as clock source but current consumption in
Power-Down mode is independent of clock selection. The difference between current consumption in Power-Down mode with Watchdog Timer enabled and Power-Down mode with Watchdog
Timer disabled represents the differential current drawn by the Watchdog Timer.
The current drawn from pins with a capacitive load may be estimated (for one pin) as follows:
I CP ≈ V CC × C L × f SW
where VCC = operating voltage, CL = load capacitance and fSW = average switching frequency of
I/O pin.
21.1
Boost Converter
Figure 21-1. Typical Transition Range Between Active Modes of Operation
TYPICAL TRANSITION RANGES BETWEEN MODES OF OPERATION
2.0
ACTIVE LOW CURRENT MODE
VBAT (V)
1.6
1.2
T
AC
IVE
ODE
ODE
ED M
TM
ULAT
N
G
E
E
URR CTIVE R
A
WC
LO
0.8
ACTIVE REGULATED MODE
STOP MODE
0.4
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Load Current (mA)
0.5
0.6
0.7
165
8048B–AVR–03/09
Figure 21-2. Boost Converter Efficiency vs. Load Current and VBAT Voltage
BOOST CONVERTER EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT
90
VBAT = 1.8 V
80
Efficiency (%)
VBAT = 1.5 V
VBAT = 1.2 V
70
VBAT = 1.0 V
VBAT = 0.7 V
60
0
10
20
30
Load Current (mA)
Figure 21-3. Input Voltage Required to Maintain Regulation vs. Load Current
TYPICAL VBAT VOLTAGES REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN OUTPUT REGULATION
1.2
1.1
VBAT (V)
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0
10
20
30
Load Current (mA)
166
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
22. Register Summary
Address
Name
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Page
0x3F (0x5F)
SREG
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
Page 8
–
–
–
–
–
SP8
Page 12
SP6
SP1
SP0
0x3E (0x5E)
SPH
I
–
0x3D (0x5D)
SPL
SP7
0x3C (0x5C)
OCR0B
–
SP5
SP4
SP3
SP2
Timer/Counter0 – Output Compare Register B
Page 12
Page 95
0x3B (0x5B)
GIMSK
–
INT0
PCIE1
PCIE0
–
–
–
–
Page 60
0x3A (0x5A)
GIFR
–
INTF0
PCIF1
PCIF0
–
–
–
–
Page 60
0x39 (0x59)
TIMSK0
–
–
–
–
–
OCIE0B
OCIE0A
TOIE0
Page 95
0x38 (0x58)
TIFR0
–
–
–
–
–
OCF0B
OCF0A
TOV0
Page 96
0x37 (0x57)
SPMCSR
–
–
–
CTPB
RFLB
PGWRT
Timer/Counter0 – Output Compare Register A
PGERS
SPMEN
Page 137
BODS
PUD
SE
SM1
0x36 (0x56)
OCR0A
0x35 (0x55)
MCUCR
Page 95
SM0
BODSE
ISC01
ISC00
Page 34, Page 59, Page 78
0x34 (0x54)
MCUSR
–
–
–
–
WDRF
BORF
EXTRF
PORF
Page 54
0x33 (0x53)
TCCR0B
FOC0A
FOC0B
–
–
WGM02
CS02
CS01
CS00
Page 93
0x32 (0x52)
TCNT0
0x31 (0x51)
OSCCAL
CAL2
CAL1
CAL0
Page 28
Page 90
Timer/Counter0
CAL7
CAL6
CAL5
CAL4
CAL3
Page 94
0x30 (0x50)
TCCR0A
COM0A1
COM0A0
COM0B1
COM0B0
–
WGM01
WGM00
0x2F (0x4F)
TCCR1A
COM1A1
COM1A0
COM1B1
COM1B0
–
WGM11
WGM10
Page 90
0x2E (0x4E)
TCCR1B
FOC1A
FOC1B
–
–
WGM12
CS11
CS10
Page 93
CS12
0x2D (0x4D)
TCNT1
Timer/Counter1
Page 95
0x2C (0x4C)
OCR1A
Timer/Counter1 – Output Compare Register A
Page 95
0x2B (0x4B)
OCR1B
Timer/Counter1 – Output Compare Register B
Page 95
0x2A (0x4A)
Reserved
–
0x29 (0x49)
Reserved
–
0x28 (0x48)
Reserved
–
0x27 (0x47)
DWDR
DWDR[7:0]
0x26 (0x46)
CLKPR
0x25 (0x45)
Reserved
0x24 (0x44)
Reserved
0x23 (0x43)
GTCCR
0x22 (0x42)
Reserved
0x21 (0x41)
WDTCSR
WDIF
WDIE
WDP3
WDCE
WDE
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Page 54
0x20 (0x40)
PCMSK1
PCINT15
PCINT14
PCINT13
PCINT12
PCINT11
PCINT10
PCINT9
PCINT8
Page 61
–
–
EEAR5
EEAR4
EEAR3
EEAR2
EEAR1
EEAR0
0x1F (0x3F)
Reserved
0x1E (0x3E)
EEAR
0x1D (0x3D)
EEDR
CLKPCE
–
–
–
Page 132
CLKPS3
CLKPS2
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Page 28
–
–
–
PSR10
Page 99
–
–
TSM
–
–
–
–
–
EEPROM Data Register
Page 20
Page 21
0x1C (0x3C)
EECR
–
–
EEPM1
EEPM0
EERIE
EEMPE
EEPE
EERE
Page 21
0x1B (0x3B)
PORTA
PORTA7
PORTA6
PORTA5
PORTA4
PORTA3
PORTA2
PORTA1
PORTA0
Page 78
0x1A (0x3A)
DDRA
DDA7
DDA6
DDA5
DDA4
DDA3
DDA2
DDA1
DDA0
Page 78
0x19 (0x39)
PINA
PINA7
PINA6
PINA5
PINA4
PINA3
PINA2
PINA1
PINA0
Page 78
0x18 (0x38)
PORTB
PORTB7
PORTB6
PORTB5
PORTB4
PORTB3
PORTB2
PORTB1
PORTB0
Page 78
0x17 (0x37)
DDRB
DDB7
DDB6
DDB5
DDB4
DDB3
DDB2
DDB1
DDB0
Page 78
0x16 (0x36)
PINB
PINB7
PINB6
PINB5
PINB4
PINB3
PINB2
PINB1
PINB0
Page 78
0x15 (0x35)
GPIOR2
General Purpose I/O Register 2
Page 22
0x14 (0x34)
GPIOR1
General Purpose I/O Register 1
Page 22
0x13 (0x33)
GPIOR0
General Purpose I/O Register 0
0x12 (0x32)
PCMSK0
0x11 (0x31)
Reserved
–
0x10 (0x30)
USIBR
USI Buffer Register
Page 111
0x0F (0x2F)
USIDR
USI Data Register
Page 112
PCINT7
PCINT6
PCINT5
PCINT4
PCINT3
Page 22
PCINT2
PCINT1
PCINT0
Page 61
0x0E (0x2E)
USISR
USISIF
USIOIF
USIPF
USIDC
USICNT3
USICNT2
USICNT1
USICNT0
Page 112
0x0D (0x2D)
USICR
USISIE
USIOIE
USIWM1
USIWM0
USICS1
USICS0
USICLK
USITC
Page 112
0x0C (0x2C)
TIMSK1
–
–
–
–
OCIE1B
OCIE1A
TOIE1
Page 96
0x0B (0x2B)
TIFR1
–
–
–
–
–
–
OCF1B
OCF1A
TOV1
Page 96
0x0A (0x2A)
Reserved
0x09 (0x29)
Reserved
0x08 (0x28)
ACSR
ACD
ACBG
ACO
ACI
ACIE
–
ACIS1
ACIS0
Page 113
0x07 (0x27)
ADMUX
–
REFS
–
–
–
MUX2
MUX1
MUX0
Page 126
0x06 (0x26)
ADCSRA
ADEN
ADSC
ADATE
ADIF
ADIE
ADPS2
ADPS1
ADPS0
0x05 (0x25)
ADCH
0x04 (0x24)
ADCL
0x03 (0x23)
ADCSRB
0x02 (0x22)
Reserved
0x01 (0x21)
DIDR0
0x00 (0x20)
PRR
–
–
ADC Data Register High Byte
ADC Data Register Low Byte
BS
ACME
–
ADLAR
AIN1D
AIN0D
PRE0
–
–
Page 127
Page 128
Page 128
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Pages 47, 113, 129
ADC3D
ADC2D
PRTIM1
PRTIM0
ADC1D
ADC0D
Page 114, Page 130
PRUSI
PRADC
Page 35
–
PRE2
PRE1
167
8048B–AVR–03/09
Note:
1. For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addresses
should never be written.
2. I/O Registers within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these
registers, the value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions.
3. Some of the Status Flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that, unlike most other AVRs, the CBI and SBI
instructions will only operation the specified bit, and can therefore be used on registers containing such Status Flags. The
CBI and SBI instructions work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only.
168
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
23. Instruction Set Summary
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS
ADD
Rd, Rr
Add two Registers
Rd ← Rd + Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
ADC
Rd, Rr
Add with Carry two Registers
Rd ← Rd + Rr + C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
ADIW
Rdl,K
Add Immediate to Word
Rdh:Rdl ← Rdh:Rdl + K
Z,C,N,V,S
2
SUB
Rd, Rr
Subtract two Registers
Rd ← Rd - Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SUBI
Rd, K
Subtract Constant from Register
Rd ← Rd - K
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBC
Rd, Rr
Subtract with Carry two Registers
Rd ← Rd - Rr - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBCI
Rd, K
Subtract with Carry Constant from Reg.
Rd ← Rd - K - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBIW
Rdl,K
Subtract Immediate from Word
Rdh:Rdl ← Rdh:Rdl - K
Z,C,N,V,S
2
AND
Rd, Rr
Logical AND Registers
Rd ← Rd • Rr
Z,N,V
1
ANDI
Rd, K
Logical AND Register and Constant
Rd ← Rd • K
Z,N,V
1
OR
Rd, Rr
Logical OR Registers
Rd ← Rd v Rr
Z,N,V
1
ORI
Rd, K
Logical OR Register and Constant
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
EOR
Rd, Rr
Exclusive OR Registers
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rr
Z,N,V
1
1
COM
Rd
One’s Complement
Rd ← 0xFF − Rd
Z,C,N,V
1
NEG
Rd
Two’s Complement
Rd ← 0x00 − Rd
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBR
Rd,K
Set Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
CBR
Rd,K
Clear Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd • (0xFF - K)
Z,N,V
1
INC
Rd
Increment
Rd ← Rd + 1
Z,N,V
1
DEC
Rd
Decrement
Rd ← Rd − 1
Z,N,V
1
TST
Rd
Test for Zero or Minus
Rd ← Rd • Rd
Z,N,V
1
CLR
Rd
Clear Register
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rd
Z,N,V
1
SER
Rd
Set Register
Rd ← 0xFF
None
1
2
BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS
RJMP
k
IJMP
RCALL
k
Relative Jump
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
Indirect Jump to (Z)
PC ← Z
None
2
Relative Subroutine Call
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
3
3
ICALL
Indirect Call to (Z)
PC ← Z
None
RET
Subroutine Return
PC ← STACK
None
4
RETI
Interrupt Return
PC ← STACK
I
4
CPSE
Rd,Rr
Compare, Skip if Equal
if (Rd = Rr) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
CP
Rd,Rr
Compare
Rd − Rr
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPC
Rd,Rr
Compare with Carry
Rd − Rr − C
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPI
Rd,K
Compare Register with Immediate
Rd − K
Z, N,V,C,H
SBRC
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register Cleared
if (Rr(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
1/2/3
1
SBRS
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register is Set
if (Rr(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIC
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register Cleared
if (P(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIS
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register is Set
if (P(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
BRBS
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Set
if (SREG(s) = 1) then PC←PC+k + 1
None
1/2
BRBC
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Cleared
if (SREG(s) = 0) then PC←PC+k + 1
None
1/2
BREQ
k
Branch if Equal
if (Z = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRNE
k
Branch if Not Equal
if (Z = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCS
k
Branch if Carry Set
if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCC
k
Branch if Carry Cleared
if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRSH
k
Branch if Same or Higher
if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLO
k
Branch if Lower
if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRMI
k
Branch if Minus
if (N = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRPL
k
Branch if Plus
if (N = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRGE
k
Branch if Greater or Equal, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLT
k
Branch if Less Than Zero, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHS
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Set
if (H = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHC
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Cleared
if (H = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTS
k
Branch if T Flag Set
if (T = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTC
k
Branch if T Flag Cleared
if (T = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVS
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Set
if (V = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVC
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Cleared
if (V = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRIE
k
Branch if Interrupt Enabled
if ( I = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRID
k
Branch if Interrupt Disabled
if ( I = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BIT AND BIT-TEST INSTRUCTIONS
SBI
P,b
Set Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ← 1
None
2
CBI
P,b
Clear Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ← 0
None
2
LSL
Rd
Logical Shift Left
Rd(n+1) ← Rd(n), Rd(0) ← 0
Z,C,N,V
1
LSR
Rd
Logical Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), Rd(7) ← 0
Z,C,N,V
1
ROL
Rd
Rotate Left Through Carry
Rd(0)←C,Rd(n+1)← Rd(n),C←Rd(7)
Z,C,N,V
1
169
8048B–AVR–03/09
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
ROR
Rd
Rotate Right Through Carry
Rd(7)←C,Rd(n)← Rd(n+1),C←Rd(0)
Z,C,N,V
1
ASR
Rd
Arithmetic Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), n=0..6
Z,C,N,V
1
SWAP
Rd
Swap Nibbles
Rd(3..0)←Rd(7..4),Rd(7..4)←Rd(3..0)
None
1
BSET
s
Flag Set
SREG(s) ← 1
SREG(s)
1
BCLR
s
Flag Clear
SREG(s) ← 0
SREG(s)
1
BST
Rr, b
Bit Store from Register to T
T ← Rr(b)
T
1
BLD
Rd, b
Bit load from T to Register
Rd(b) ← T
None
1
SEC
Set Carry
C←1
C
1
CLC
Clear Carry
C←0
C
1
SEN
Set Negative Flag
N←1
N
1
CLN
Clear Negative Flag
N←0
N
1
SEZ
Set Zero Flag
Z←1
Z
1
CLZ
Clear Zero Flag
Z←0
Z
1
SEI
Global Interrupt Enable
I←1
I
1
CLI
Global Interrupt Disable
I←0
I
1
SES
Set Signed Test Flag
S←1
S
1
CLS
Clear Signed Test Flag
S←0
S
1
SEV
Set Twos Complement Overflow.
V←1
V
1
CLV
Clear Twos Complement Overflow
V←0
V
1
SET
Set T in SREG
T←1
T
1
CLT
Clear T in SREG
T←0
T
1
SEH
CLH
Set Half Carry Flag in SREG
Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG
H←1
H←0
H
H
1
Rd ← Rr
Rd+1:Rd ← Rr+1:Rr
None
1
None
1
1
1
DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS
MOV
Rd, Rr
Move Between Registers
MOVW
Rd, Rr
Copy Register Word
LDI
Rd, K
Load Immediate
Rd ← K
None
LD
Rd, X
Load Indirect
Rd ← (X)
None
2
LD
Rd, X+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (X), X ← X + 1
None
2
2
LD
Rd, - X
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ← X - 1, Rd ← (X)
None
LD
Rd, Y
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Y)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (Y), Y ← Y + 1
None
2
2
LD
Rd, - Y
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ← Y - 1, Rd ← (Y)
None
LDD
Rd,Y+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Y + q)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (Z), Z ← Z+1
None
2
LD
Rd, -Z
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ← Z - 1, Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LDD
Rd, Z+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Z + q)
None
2
LDS
Rd, k
Load Direct from SRAM
Rd ← (k)
None
2
ST
X, Rr
Store Indirect
(X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
X+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(X) ← Rr, X ← X + 1
None
2
ST
- X, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ← X - 1, (X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Y, Rr
Store Indirect
(Y) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Y+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Y) ← Rr, Y ← Y + 1
None
2
ST
- Y, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ← Y - 1, (Y) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Y+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Y + q) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z, Rr
Store Indirect
(Z) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Z) ← Rr, Z ← Z + 1
None
2
ST
-Z, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ← Z - 1, (Z) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Z+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Z + q) ← Rr
None
2
STS
k, Rr
Store Direct to SRAM
(k) ← Rr
None
2
Load Program Memory
R0 ← (Z)
None
3
LPM
LPM
Rd, Z
Load Program Memory
Rd ← (Z)
None
3
LPM
Rd, Z+
Load Program Memory and Post-Inc
Rd ← (Z), Z ← Z+1
None
3
Store Program Memory
(z) ← R1:R0
None
IN
Rd, P
In Port
Rd ← P
None
OUT
P, Rr
Out Port
P ← Rr
None
1
PUSH
Rr
Push Register on Stack
STACK ← Rr
None
2
POP
Rd
Pop Register from Stack
Rd ← STACK
None
2
SPM
1
MCU CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS
NOP
No Operation
None
1
SLEEP
Sleep
(see specific descr. for Sleep function)
None
1
WDR
BREAK
Watchdog Reset
Break
(see specific descr. for WDR/Timer)
For On-chip Debug Only
None
None
1
N/A
170
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
24. Ordering Information
24.1
ATtiny43U
Speed (MHz)
Power Supply
8
1.8 - 5.5V (3)
Notes:
Ordering Code (1)
Package (2)
ATtiny43U-MU
ATtiny43U-SU
20M1
20S2
Operational Range
Industrial
(-40°C to 85°C)
1. This device can also be supplied in wafer form. Please contact your local Atmel sales office for detailed ordering information
and minimum quantities.
2. Pb-free packaging, complies to the European Directive for Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS directive). Also
Halide free and fully Green.
3. Supply voltage on VCC pin, boost converter disregarded. When boost converter is active the device can be operated from
voltages sources lower than indicated here. See table “Characteristics of Boost Converter. T = -20°C ... +85°C, unless otherwise noted” on page 159 for more information.
Package Type
20M1
20-pad, 4 x 4 x 0.8 mm Body, Quad Flat No-Lead/Micro Lead Frame Package (QFN/MLF)
20S2
20-lead, 0.300" Wide Body, Plastic Gull Wing Small Outline Package (SOIC)
171
8048B–AVR–03/09
25. Packaging Information
25.1
20M1
D
1
Pin 1 ID
2
SIDE VIEW
E
3
TOP VIEW
A2
D2
A1
A
0.08
1
2
Pin #1
Notch
(0.20 R)
3
COMMON DIMENSIONS
(Unit of Measure = mm)
E2
b
L
e
BOTTOM VIEW
SYMBOL
MIN
A
0.70
0.75
0.80
A1
–
0.01
0.05
A2
b
D
D2
E2
L
MAX
NOTE
0.23
0.30
4.00 BSC
2.45
2.60
2.75
4.00 BSC
2.45
e
Reference JEDEC Standard MO-220, Fig. 1 (SAW Singulation) WGGD-5.
NOM
0.20 REF
0.18
E
Note:
C
2.60
2.75
0.50 BSC
0.35
0.40
0.55
10/27/04
R
172
2325 Orchard Parkway
San Jose, CA 95131
TITLE
20M1, 20-pad, 4 x 4 x 0.8 mm Body, Lead Pitch 0.50 mm,
2.6 mm Exposed Pad, Micro Lead Frame Package (MLF)
DRAWING NO.
20M1
REV.
A
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
25.2
20S2
173
8048B–AVR–03/09
26. Errata
The revision letter in this section refers to the revision of the ATtiny43U device.
26.1
26.1.1
ATtiny43U
Rev. C
• Increased Probability of Boost Converter Entering Active Low Current Mode
1. Increased Probability of Boost Converter Entering Active Low Current Mode
The boost converter may enter and stay in Active Low Current Mode at supply voltages and
load currents higher than those specified. This is due to high switching currents in bonding
wires of the SOIC package. Devices packaged in MLF are not affected.
Problem Fix / Workaround
Add a 1.5nF capacitor between pins LSW and GND of the SOIC package. Also, increase the
value of the by-pass capacitor between pins VCC and GND to at least 30µF.
Alternatively, use the device in MLF, without modifications.
26.1.2
Rev. B
Not sampled.
26.1.3
Rev. A
Not sampled.
174
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
27. Datasheet Revision History
27.1
Rev. 8048B-03/09
1.
27.2
Updated Data retention bullet in “Features” on page 1.
Rev. 8048A-02/09
1.
Initial revision.
175
8048B–AVR–03/09
176
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
Table of Contents
Features ..................................................................................................... 1
1
Pin Configurations ................................................................................... 2
1.1
Pin Descriptions .................................................................................................2
2
Overview ................................................................................................... 4
3
About ......................................................................................................... 6
4
5
6
7
3.1
Resources .........................................................................................................6
3.2
Code Examples .................................................................................................6
3.3
Data Retention ...................................................................................................6
3.4
Disclaimer ..........................................................................................................6
AVR CPU Core .......................................................................................... 7
4.1
Introduction ........................................................................................................7
4.2
Architectural Overview .......................................................................................7
4.3
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit ...............................................................................8
4.4
Status Register ..................................................................................................8
4.5
General Purpose Register File ........................................................................10
4.6
Stack Pointer ...................................................................................................11
4.7
Instruction Execution Timing ...........................................................................12
4.8
Reset and Interrupt Handling ...........................................................................13
Memories ................................................................................................ 15
5.1
Overview ..........................................................................................................15
5.2
In-System Re-programmable Flash Program Memory ....................................15
5.3
SRAM Data Memory ........................................................................................15
5.4
EEPROM Data Memory ..................................................................................16
5.5
I/O Memory ......................................................................................................20
5.6
Register Description ........................................................................................20
System Clock and Clock Options ......................................................... 23
6.1
Clock Systems and their Distribution ...............................................................23
6.2
Clock Sources .................................................................................................24
6.3
System Clock Prescaler ..................................................................................27
6.4
Clock Output Buffer .........................................................................................28
6.5
Register Description ........................................................................................28
Power Management and Sleep Modes ................................................. 31
i
8048B–AVR–03/09
8
9
7.1
Sleep Modes ....................................................................................................31
7.2
Software BOD Disable .....................................................................................32
7.3
Power Reduction Register ...............................................................................32
7.4
Minimizing Power Consumption ......................................................................33
7.5
Register Description ........................................................................................34
Power Supply and On-Chip Boost Converter ...................................... 36
8.1
Overview ..........................................................................................................36
8.2
Modes of Operation .........................................................................................37
8.3
Output Voltage versus Load Current ...............................................................40
8.4
Overload Behaviour .........................................................................................42
8.5
Software Control of Boost Converter ...............................................................42
8.6
Component Selection ......................................................................................43
8.7
Typical Applications .........................................................................................46
8.8
Characteristics .................................................................................................46
8.9
Potential Limitations ........................................................................................46
8.10
Bypassing the Boost Converter .......................................................................46
8.11
Register Description ........................................................................................47
System Control and Reset .................................................................... 48
9.1
Resetting the AVR ...........................................................................................48
9.2
Reset Sources .................................................................................................49
9.3
Power-on Reset ...............................................................................................49
9.4
External Reset .................................................................................................50
9.5
Brown-out Detection ........................................................................................50
9.6
Watchdog Reset ..............................................................................................51
9.7
Internal Voltage Reference ..............................................................................51
9.8
Watchdog Timer ..............................................................................................51
9.9
Register Description ........................................................................................54
10 Interrupts ................................................................................................ 57
10.1
Interrupt Vectors ..............................................................................................57
10.2
External Interrupts ...........................................................................................58
10.3
Register Description ........................................................................................59
11 I/O Ports .................................................................................................. 62
ii
11.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................62
11.2
Ports as General Digital I/O .............................................................................63
11.3
Alternate Port Functions ..................................................................................67
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
11.4
Register Description ........................................................................................78
12 8-bit Timer/Counter with PWM (Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1) .
79
12.1
Features ..........................................................................................................79
12.2
Overview ..........................................................................................................79
12.3
Timer/Counter Clock Sources .........................................................................80
12.4
Counter Unit ....................................................................................................80
12.5
Output Compare Unit .......................................................................................81
12.6
Compare Match Output Unit ............................................................................83
12.7
Modes of Operation .........................................................................................84
12.8
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams .....................................................................88
12.9
Register Description ........................................................................................90
13 Timer/Counter Prescaler ....................................................................... 98
13.1
Prescaler Reset ...............................................................................................98
13.2
External Clock Source .....................................................................................98
13.3
Register Description ........................................................................................99
14 USI – Universal Serial Interface .......................................................... 100
14.1
Features ........................................................................................................100
14.2
Overview ........................................................................................................100
14.3
Functional Descriptions .................................................................................101
14.4
Alternative USI Usage ...................................................................................107
14.5
Register Descriptions ....................................................................................107
15 Analog Comparator ............................................................................. 112
15.1
Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input ...........................................................112
15.2
Register Description ......................................................................................113
16 Analog to Digital Converter ................................................................ 115
16.1
Features ........................................................................................................115
16.2
Overview ........................................................................................................115
16.3
ADC Operation ..............................................................................................116
16.4
Starting a Conversion ....................................................................................116
16.5
Prescaling and Conversion Timing ................................................................117
16.6
Changing Channel or Reference Selection ...................................................120
16.7
ADC Noise Canceler .....................................................................................121
16.8
Analog Input Circuitry ....................................................................................122
16.9
Analog Noise Canceling Techniques .............................................................122
iii
8048B–AVR–03/09
16.10
ADC Accuracy Definitions .............................................................................123
16.11
ADC Conversion Result .................................................................................125
16.12
Temperature Measurement ...........................................................................125
16.13
Register Description ......................................................................................126
17 debugWIRE On-chip Debug System .................................................. 131
17.1
Features ........................................................................................................131
17.2
Overview ........................................................................................................131
17.3
Physical Interface ..........................................................................................131
17.4
Software Break Points ...................................................................................132
17.5
Limitations of debugWIRE .............................................................................132
17.6
Register Description ......................................................................................132
18 Self-Programming the Flash ............................................................... 133
18.1
Performing Page Erase by SPM ....................................................................133
18.2
Filling the Temporary Buffer (Page Loading) .................................................133
18.3
Performing a Page Write ...............................................................................134
18.4
Addressing the Flash During Self-Programming ...........................................134
18.5
EEPROM Write Prevents Writing to SPMCSR ..............................................135
18.6
Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits from Software ............................................135
18.7
Preventing Flash Corruption ..........................................................................137
18.8
Programming Time for Flash when Using SPM ............................................137
18.9
Register Description ......................................................................................137
19 Memory Programming ......................................................................... 139
19.1
Program And Data Memory Lock Bits ...........................................................139
19.2
Fuse Bytes .....................................................................................................140
19.3
Device Signature Imprint Table .....................................................................141
19.4
Page Size ......................................................................................................142
19.5
Parallel Programming Parameters, Pin Mapping, and Commands ...............142
19.6
Parallel Programming ....................................................................................144
19.7
Serial Programming .......................................................................................151
20 Electrical Characteristics .................................................................... 155
iv
20.1
Absolute Maximum Ratings* .........................................................................155
20.2
DC Characteristics .........................................................................................155
20.3
Speed Grades ...............................................................................................156
20.4
Clock Characteristics .....................................................................................157
20.5
System and Reset Characteristics ................................................................158
ATtiny43U
8048B–AVR–03/09
20.6
External Interrupt Characteristics ..................................................................158
20.7
Boost Converter Characteristics ....................................................................159
20.8
ADC Characteristics – Preliminary Data ........................................................160
20.9
Parallel Programming Characteristics ...........................................................162
20.10
Serial Programming Characteristics ..............................................................164
21 Typical Characteristics – TBD ............................................................ 165
21.1
Boost Converter .............................................................................................165
22 Register Summary ............................................................................... 167
23 Instruction Set Summary .................................................................... 169
24 Ordering Information ........................................................................... 171
24.1
ATtiny43U ......................................................................................................171
25 Packaging Information ........................................................................ 172
25.1
20M1 ..............................................................................................................172
25.2
20S2 ..............................................................................................................173
26 Errata ..................................................................................................... 174
26.1
ATtiny43U ......................................................................................................174
27 Datasheet Revision History ................................................................ 175
27.1
Rev. 8048B-03/09 ..........................................................................................175
27.2
Rev. 8048A-02/09 ..........................................................................................175
Table of Contents....................................................................................... i
v
8048B–AVR–03/09
Headquarters
International
Atmel Corporation
2325 Orchard Parkway
San Jose, CA 95131
USA
Tel: 1(408) 441-0311
Fax: 1(408) 487-2600
Atmel Asia
Unit 1-5 & 16, 19/F
BEA Tower, Millennium City 5
418 Kwun Tong Road
Kwun Tong, Kowloon
Hong Kong
Tel: (852) 2245-6100
Fax: (852) 2722-1369
Atmel Europe
Le Krebs
8, Rue Jean-Pierre Timbaud
BP 309
78054 Saint-Quentin-enYvelines Cedex
France
Tel: (33) 1-30-60-70-00
Fax: (33) 1-30-60-71-11
Atmel Japan
9F, Tonetsu Shinkawa Bldg.
1-24-8 Shinkawa
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033
Japan
Tel: (81) 3-3523-3551
Fax: (81) 3-3523-7581
Technical Support
[email protected]
Sales Contact
www.atmel.com/contacts
Product Contact
Web Site
www.atmel.com
Literature Requests
www.atmel.com/literature
Disclaimer: The information in this document is provided in connection with Atmel products. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any
intellectual property right is granted by this document or in connection with the sale of Atmel products. EXCEPT AS SET FORTH IN ATMEL’S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE LOCATED ON ATMEL’S WEB SITE, ATMEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER AND DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY
WARRANTY RELATING TO ITS PRODUCTS INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL ATMEL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR LOSS OF INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF
THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF ATMEL HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Atmel makes no
representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and reserves the right to make changes to specifications
and product descriptions at any time without notice. Atmel does not make any commitment to update the information contained herein. Unless specifically provided
otherwise, Atmel products are not suitable for, and shall not be used in, automotive applications. Atmel’s products are not intended, authorized, or warranted for use
as components in applications intended to support or sustain life.
© 2009 Atmel Corporation. All rights reserved. Atmel®, logo and combinations thereof, and others are registered trademarks or trademarks of
Atmel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other terms and product names may be trademarks of others.
8048B–AVR–03/09