oH V SC AV ER OM AI SIO PL LA N IA BL S NT E *R Features ■ ■ ■ ■ Metal shaft and bushing Consistent, smooth quality feel Up to 4 sections available Rotary switch option designed for “on-off” function control ■ RoHS compliant versions available* 81/82 - 5/8 ” Square Single-Turn Panel Control 85/86 - 5/8 ” Square Single-Turn Panel Control with Rotary Switch Potentiometer Specifications Initial Electrical Characteristics1 Conductive Plastic Element Cermet Element Standard Resistance Range Linear Tapers (A, B, E, & H) ................................................................(B & E) 1 K ohms to 1 megohm ...................(A & H) 100 ohms to 1 megohm Audio Tapers (C, D, F, G, S, & T)........................................................(D, G, S, & T) 1 K ohms to 1 megohm .........(C & F) 1 K ohms to 1 megohm Total Resistance Tolerance .....................................................................±20 % or 10 % ............................................±10 % or 5 % Independent Linearity .............................................................................±5 %............................................................±5 % Absolute Minimum Resistance ...............................................................2 ohms maximum ........................................2 ohms maximum Effective Electrical Angle ........................................................................(Linear tapers) 240 ° ± 5 °............................(Linear tapers) 240 ° ± 6 ° (Audio tapers) 225 ° ± 5 ° (Audio tapers) 225 ° ± 6 ° Contact Resistance Variation .................................................................±1 %............................................................±1 % or 3 ohms (whichever is greater) Dielectric Withstanding Voltage (MIL-STD-202, Method 301) Sea Level............................................................................................1,500 VAC minimum....................................1,500 VAC minimum 70,000 Feet ........................................................................................500 VAC minimum.......................................500 VAC minimum Insulation Resistance (500 VDC) ............................................................1,000 megohms minimum...........................1,000 megohms minimum Power Rating At 70 °C (Voltage Limited By Power Dissipation or 350 VAC, Whichever Is Less) +70 °C Single Section Assembly .......................................................(Linear tapers) 0.5 watt................................(Linear tapers) 2 watts (Audio tapers) 0.25 watt (Audio tapers) 1 watt +70 °C Multiple Section Assembly.....................................................(Linear tapers) 0.5 watt/section ...................(Linear tapers) 1 watt/section (Audio tapers) 0.25 watt/section (Audio tapers) 0.5 watt/section +125 °C ..............................................................................................0 watt...........................................................0 watt Theoretical Resolution ............................................................................Essentially infinite ........................................Essentially infinite Environmental Characteristics1 Operating Temperature Range ...............................................................-40 °C to +125 °C........................................-40 °C to +125 °C Storage Temperature Range...................................................................-55 °C to +125 °C........................................-55 °C to +125 °C Temperature Coefficient Over Storage Temperature Range...................±1,000 ppm/°C ............................................±150 ppm/°C Vibration (Single Section)........................................................................15 G .............................................................15 G Total Resistance Shift.........................................................................±2 % maximum ...........................................±2 % maximum Voltage Ratio Shift..............................................................................±5 % maximum ...........................................±5 % maximum Shock (Single Section)............................................................................30 G .............................................................30 G Total Resistance Shift.........................................................................±2 % maximum ...........................................±2 % maximum Voltage Ratio Shift..............................................................................±5 % maximum ...........................................±5 % maximum Load Life .................................................................................................1,000 hours..................................................1,000 hours Total Resistance Shift.........................................................................±10 % maximum .........................................±5 % maximum Rotational Life (No Load) ........................................................................100,000 cycles ............................................100,000 cycles Total Resistance Shift.........................................................................(Linear taper) 10 ohms or ±10 % TRS max. .(All tapers) ±5 % TRS maximum (whichever is greater) (Audio taper) ±20 % maximum Contact Resistance Variation @ 50,000 cycles (Audio taper) ................................................................................±3 %............................................................±3 % (Linear taper) ...............................................................................±2 %............................................................±2 % Moisture Resistance (MIL-STD-202, Method 103, Condition B) Total Resistance Shift.........................................................................(B & E tapers) ±10 % maximum .................±5 % maximum (all tapers) (D, G, S & T tapers) ±20 % maximum Insulation Resistance (500 VDC) ........................................................100 megohms minimum..............................100 megohms minimum IP Rating .................................................................................................IP 40 ............................................................IP 40 Mechanical Characteristics1 Stop Strength 1/4 ” and 1/8 ” diameter shafts..............................................................................................................................................................45.19 N-cm (4 lb.-in.) 7/8 ” length shaft ....................................................................................................................................................................................22.6 N-cm (2 lb.-in.) Mechanical Angle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................300 ° ±5 ° Torque Starting and Running Torque (Non-Locking Bushings) Single Section ..........................................................................................................................................................0.14 to 1.06 N-cm (0.2 to 1.5 oz.-in.) Dual Section..............................................................................................................................................................0.14 to 1.06 N-cm (0.2 to 1.5 oz.-in.) Triple Section ............................................................................................................................................................0.35 to 1.41 N-cm (0.5 to 2.0 oz.-in.) Quadruple Section ....................................................................................................................................................0.35 to 1.41 N-cm (0.5 to 2.0 oz.-in.) Starting and Running Torque (Locking Bushings) ........................................................................................................0.14 to 2.82 N-cm (0.2 to 4.0 oz.-in.) Shaft Locking Torque with Locknut @ 10 in-lb. (B & E Bushings) ............................................................................................................14 N-cm (20 oz-in.) Mounting ......................................................................................................................................................................1.7-2.0 N-m (15-18 lb.-in.) maximum Weight (Single Section) ................................................................................................................................................................................21 grams maximum (Each Additional Section) ..........................................................................................................................................................................6 grams maximum Terminals ............................................................................................................................................................................Printed circuit terminals or J-Hooks Soldering Condition ......................................................................Recommended hand soldering using Sn95/Ag5 no clean solder, 0.025 ” wire diameter. Maximum temperature 399 °C (750 °F) for 3 seconds. No wash process to be used with no clean flux. Marking ............................................................................Manufacturer’s trademark, wiring diagram, date code and resistance, manufacturer’s part number Ganging (multiple section potentiometers) ........................................................................................................................................................4 cup maximum Hardware ............................................One lockwasher and one mounting nut is shipped with each potentiometer, except where noted in the part number. For dimensional drawings see pages 3 & 4. For ordering information see page 5. NOTE: Model 81/82 performance specifications do not apply to units subjected to printed circuit board cleaning procedures. 1 At room ambient: +25 °C nominal and 50 % relative humidity nominal, except as noted. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications. *RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC Jan 27 2003 including Annex 81/82 - 5/8 ” Square Single-Turn Panel Control 85/86 - 5/8 ” Square Single-Turn Panel Control with Rotary Switch Rotary Switch Specifications Initial Electrical Characteristics1 Contacts: DPST ..................................................................................................................................................................................N.O/N.O.,N.C./N.C. or N.O./N.C. DPDT....................................................................................................................................................................................2 N.O./N.C. (break before make) Power Rating (Resistive Load): DPST ................................................................................................................2 A @ 125 volts RMS-60 Hz or 2 A @ 28 VDC, 1 A @ 250 volts RMS-60 Hz DPDT ..............................................................................................................................................................1 A @ 125 volts RMS-60 Hz or 1 A @ 28 VDC Contact Resistance (0.1 VDC-10 mA)........................................................................................................................................................10 milliohms nominal Contact Bounce ..................................................................................................................................................................................5 milliseconds maximum Dielectric Withstanding Voltage (MIL-STD-202, Method 301) Sea Level ................................................................................................................................................................................................1500 VAC minimum Insulation Resistance ..........................................................................................................................................................................1000 megohms minimum Environmental Characteristics1 Operating Temperature Range ............................................................................................................................................................................0 °C to +70 °C Storage Temperature Range ..........................................................................................................................................................................-65 °C to +125 °C Vibration (Dual Section) ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................8 G Contact Resistance ............................................................................................................................................................................10 milliohms maximum Contact Bounce..............................................................................................................................................................................0.1 millisecond maximum Shock (Dual Section) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................20 G Contact Resistance ............................................................................................................................................................................10 milliohms maximum Contact Bounce..............................................................................................................................................................................0.1 millisecond maximum Rotational Life ........................................................................................................................................................................................................25,000 cycles Switch Actuating Torque (50% Duty cycle @ Rated Power Load) ......................................................................................1.41 to 4.94 N-cm (2 to 7 oz.-in.) Contact Resistance ..........................................................................................................................................................................100 milliohms maximum Moisture Resistance (MIL-STD-202, Method 106, Condition B) Contact Resistance (0.1 VDC-10 mA) ................................................................................................................................................10 milliohms maximum Insulation Resistance (After 24 Hours @ Room Temperature) (500 VDC) ........................................................................................100 megohms minimum Switch Housing Material ....................................................................................................................High temperature, flame retardant, thermosetting plastic Mechanical Characteristics1 Actuating Torque (Each Section, Switch Module Only) ........................................................................................................3.53 to 10.6 N-cm (5 to 15 oz.-in.) Running Torque (Out of Detent, 2-4 Module Assembly) ......................................................................................................0.21 to 1.41 N-cm (0.3 to 2 oz.-in.) Detent........................................................................................................................................................................................................CW or CCW standard Actuation Angle ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................25 ° Contact Materials ............................................................................................................................................................................Fine silver with gold overlay Terminal Styles ....................................................................................................................................................................................................Solder lug only Standard Orientation ..................................................................................................................................................................In-line with control terminals Optional ..............................................................................................................................................................................Rotated 90 ° CCW from standard Terminal Strength (Before and After Soldering Heat Exposure) ............................................................................................................0.9 Kg (2 lbs.) minimum NOTE: Model 81/82 performance specifications do not apply to units subjected to printed circuit board cleaning procedures. 1 At room ambient: +25 °C nominal and 50 % relative humidity nominal, except as noted. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications. 81/82 - 5/8 ” Square Single-Turn Panel Control Product Dimensions "B" Bushing 3/8 " (9.53 mm) Dia. Plain - Single Shaft "A" Bushing 3/8 " (9.53 mm) Dia. Plain - Single Shaft 9.50 ± .38 (.375 ±.015) 3/8-32 UNEF 12.7,15.88,19.05,22.23± .79 (1/2, 5/8, 7/8, ± 1/32) STANDARD 6.35 ± .03 DIA. (1/4 ± 1/32) SHAFT SLOT 1.19 WIDE X (.047) 1.60+.38/-.00 DEEP (.063+.015/-.000) .25 45 ° ±5 ° X (.010) CHAMFER 7.92 MIN. (.312) 9.53 ± .13 (.375 ± .005) PILOT DIA. 5.49 OPTIONAL FLAT 16.00 LONG OR 1.52 FROM (.63) (.216) (.06) 17.46 "A" BUSHING END FOR SHAFTS UNDER (11/16) 1/4-32 UNEF 11.13 (.438) MIN. .25 45 ° ±5 ° X (.010) CHAMFER Dual Unit - PC Pins & J-Hook 6.32 ± .03 DIA. (.249 ± .001) 9.53 ± .13 (.375 ± .005) PILOT DIA. 19.05 ± .79 (3/4 ± 1/32) STANDARD .25 45 ° ±5 ° X CHAMFER (.010) 6.35 ± .05 (.250 ± .002) PILOT DIA. 15.88 ± .79 (5/8 ± 1/32) STANDARD 1.98 ± .03 TRIPLE CONCENTRIC (.078 ± .001)DIA. (SPECIAL ORDER) 5.08 ± .13 (.200 ± .005) 3.162 ± .025 DIA. (.1245 ± .001) 46.36 ± 1.19 (1.825 ± .047) 10.16 ± .38 TYP. (.400 ± .015) Model 81 Suggested PC Board Layout - PC Pins (Single-Shaft Style Bottom View) 11.94 (.470) 1.98 ± .03 DIA. (.078 ± .001) Quad Unit - PC Pins & J-Hook 10.16 ± .38 TYP. (.400 ± .015) Model 81/82 Single Unit - PC Pins & J-Hook 6.35 (.25) OUTER SHAFT 3.18 DIA. OPERATES SECTION #1 INNER SHAFT (.125) .078 (1.95) DIA. OPERATES SECTION #2, #3, & #4 ("G" STYLE) 36.20 ± 1.19 (1.425 ± .047) 10.16 ± .38 (.400 ± .015) 25.40 ± .79 (1 ± 1/32) STANDARD 1/4-32 UNEF OUTER SHAFT 7.47 DIA. OPERATES SECTION #1 INNER SHAFT (.249) 3.18 (.125) DIA. OPERATES SECTION #2, #3, & #4 ("G" STYLE) Triple Unit - PC Pins & J-Hook 15.88 ± .38 (.625 ± .015) 9.53,12.7,15.88,19.05,22.23 ± .79 (3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 7/8, ± 1/32) STANDARD 3.162 ± .025 DIA. (.1245 ± .001) SHAFT SLOT .79 WIDE X (.031) .79 ± .25 DEEP (.031 ± .010) 1/4-32 UNEF "C" Bushing 1/4 " (6.35 mm) Dia. Plain - Concentric Shaft 6.32 ± .03 DIA. (.249 ±.001) 3.162 ± .025 DIA. (.1245 ± .001) .375 (9.53) 3/8-32 UNEF 26.04 ± .79 (1.025 ± .031) 15.88 ± .41 (.625 ± .016) 4.45 (.175) MIN. .25 45 ° ±5 ° X CHAMFER (.010) 28.58 ± .79 (1-1/8 ± 1/32) STANDARD SHAFT SLOT .78 WIDE X .78 ± .03 (.031) (.031 ± .001) DEEP 6.35 ± .05 (.250 ± .002) PILOT DIA. SHAFT SLOT 1.19 WIDE X (.047) 1.60 + .38/- .00 DEEP (.063 +.015/-.000) "A" Bushing 3/8 " (9.53 mm) Dia. Plain - Concentric Shaft 15.88 ± .79 (5/8 ± 1/32) STANDARD 3.18 ± .03 DIA. (.125 ± .001) 10.80 (.425) MIN. 6.35 ± .13 (.250 ± .005) 2.39 ± .13 OPTIONAL FLAT 6.35 LONG OR 1.52 FROM (.094 ± . 005) (.250) 14.30 (.06) "C" BUSHING END FOR SHAFTS UNDER (9/16) "E" Bushing 1/4 " (6.35 mm) Dia. Locking - Single Shaft 12.7 ± .13 (.500 ± .005) 12.70 ± .13 (.500 ± .005) 3/8-32 UNEF "C" Bushing 1/4 " (6.35 mm) Dia. Plain - Single Shaft 15.88 ± .79 (5/8 ± 1/32) STANDARD 1.14 DIA. (.045) 9.58 ± .38 (.377 ± .015) 15.88 ± .38 (.625 ± .015) Shaft Flat Orientation* 120 ° ± 5 ° CCW END 1 3 2 1 2 3 FLATTED SHAFT 12.7 (.50) 3.81 MAX. 3 PLCS. (.150) .81 DIA. (.032) 5.08 ± .38 (.200 ± .015) Terminal outlines shown as solid lines represent PC Pins, available on Model 81. Dashed line terminal outline represents "J" Hook, available on Model 82. 5.97 ± .38 (.235 ± .015) 5.08 ± .38 (.200 ± .015) 10.16 ± .13 (.400 ± .005) 5.33 ± .76 (.210 ± .03) 5.08 ± .13 (.200 ± .005) Note: For units with dual concentric shaft styles, a .100 (2.54) spacer is added between the module(s) driven by the outer shaft and those driven by the inner shaft. For G, K, or V shafts, add the spacer between modules 1 and 2. For L or M shafts, add the spacer between modules 2 and 3. For N or P shafts, add the spacer between modules 3 and 4. DIMENSIONS ARE: Specifications are subject to change without notice. Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications. MM (INCHES) 30 ° ±5 ° SLOTTED SHAFT *EXCLUDES MODELS 83 AND 84 85/86 - 5/8 ” Square Single-Turn Panel Control with Rotary Switch Product Dimensions Primary Potentiometer Module Model 85/86 Secondary Potentiometer Module Model 85/86 14.53 (.572) 10.16 (.400) 9.58 ± .38 (.377 ± .015) Shaft Flat Orientation* 15.88 (.625) 120 ° ± 5 ° CCW END 15.88 (.625) 12.7 (.50) FLATTED SHAFT 1.60 5.97 (.235) 5.08 (.200) 8.56 (.337) 8.56 (.337) Switch Module Model 85/86 REAR PLATE COVER 5.08 (.200) 5.08 (.063) (.200) 30 ° ± 5 ° Assembly Sequence Model 85/86 Secondary Potentiometer Module 2.77 (.109) 2.29 (.090) TYP. 6 PLACES 1.35 (.053) SLOTTED SHAFT *EXCLUDES MODELS 83 AND 84 .127 TOLERANCES EXCEPT AS SHOWN: DECIMAL .XXX ± (.005) .725 (18.42) 2.41 1.14 (.095)L X (.045)W SLOT TYP. 6 PLACES .XX ± .38 (.015) ANGLE ± 5 % 2.92 (.115) 9.53 (.375) REAR COVER PLATE SWITCH MODULE PRIMARY POTENTIOMETER MODULE Locating Lug Options - All Model 80 Series A .46 (.018) 2.31 (.091) E = 2.36 ± .76 (.093 ± .03) E 7.75 (.305) 3.18 (.125) J 13.49 (.531) H 9.53 (.375) 2.36 (.093) 11.10 (.437) H & J = 1.98 ± .41 (.078 ± .016) .79 ± .41 (.031 ± .016) 3.18 (.125) NOTE: "D" OPTION - NO A/R LUG. OTHER LOCATING LUG OPTIONS AVAILABLE. FOR DETAILS CONSULT FACTORY. DIMENSIONS ARE: MM (INCHES) Specifications are subject to change without notice. Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications. 81/82 - 5/8 ” Square Single-Turn Panel Control 85/86 - 5/8 ” Square Single-Turn Panel Control with Rotary Switch How to Order 81 A 2 A - B 28 - A 15 / A 15 L Models 81 & 82: Part number for multiple section potentiometers must have a taper and resistance value for each section. 85 A 2 A - B 28 - A 15 / R51 L Models 85 & 86: Part number must contain a switch type. A B C D E F J K # SECTIONS 1 Single 2 Double 3 Triple 4 Quad A B C E J N R U 81 82 85 86 ANTI-ROTATION LUG Single .305 R, 90 °CW Double .305 R, 90 ° & 270 °CW Single .305 R, 270 °CW No Lug Single .531 R, 90 °CW Single .305 R, 180 °CW Single .375 R, 90 °CW Double .375 R, 90 ° & 270 °CW APPLICABLE MODELS 81,82 81,82,85,86 81,82,85,86 81,82,85,86 BUSHING Plain 3/8 ” (9.53 mm) D x 3/8 ” (9.65 mm) L Locking 3/8 ” (9.65 mm) D x 1/2 ” (12.7 mm) L Plain 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) D x 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) L Locking 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) D x 1/2 ” (12.7 mm) L Plain 3/8 ” (9.65 mm) D x 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) L Plain 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) D x 3/8 ” (9.65 mm) L Plain 10 mm D x 9 mm L Plain 7 mm D x 6 mm L MODEL Single-Turn, PC Pins Single-Turn, J-Hooks Single-Turn, Pot/Rotary Switch, PC Pins Single-Turn, Pot/Rotary Switch, J-Hooks POTENTIOMETER TYPE L RoHS Compliant Blank Standard SHAFT AVAILABLE LENGTH ONLY IN (FMS) BUSHING Code Description Code 12 3/8 ”L C, N, J 16 1/2 ”L A, C, J, N 20 5/8 ”L A, B, C, E, J, N 24 3/4 ”L A, B, C, E, J, N 28 7/8 ”L A, B, C, E, J, N 32 1 ”L A, B, C, E, J, N 36 1-1/8 ”L A, B, C, E, J, N 40 1-1/4 ”L A, B, C, E, J, N METRIC 10 10 mmL U 13 13 mmL U 16 16 mmL R 19 19 mmL R 22 22 mmL R, U 30 30 mmL R 42 42 mmL R 50 50 mmL R SWITCH TYPE (MODELS 85 & 86 ONLY) (R50) DPST N.O./N.C. CW Detent In-Line Term (R51) DPST N.O./N.C. CCW Detent In-Line Term (R52) DPST N.O./N.O. CW Detent In-Line Term (R53) DPST N.O./N.O. CCW Detent In-Line Term (R54) DPST N.C./N.C. CW Detent In-Line Term (R55) DPST N.C./N.C. CCW Detent In-Line Term (R56) DPST N.O./N.C. CW Detent Horz Term (R57) DPST N.O./N.C. CCW Detent Horz Term (R58) DPST N.O./N.O. CW Detent Horz Term (R59) DPST N.O./N.O. CCW Detent Horz Term (R60) DPST N.C./N.C. CW Detent Horz Term (R61) DPST N.C./N.C. CCW Detent Horz Term (R70) DPDT CW Detent In-Line Term (R71) DPDT CCW Detent In-Line Term (R72) DPDT CW Detent Horz Term (R73) DPDT CCW Detent Horz Term ELEMENT TYPE TAPER/TOLERANCE (A) Linear Cermet ±10 % (H) Linear Cermet ±5 % AVAILABLE ONLY IN SHAFT TYPE A B C E F G K L M N P R T V Single Plain 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) D Single Slotted 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) D Single Flatted 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) D Single Slotted 1/8 ” (3.18 mm) D Single Flatted 1/8 ” (3.18 mm) D Dual Concentric Plain 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) D - 1/8 ” (3.18 mm) D Outer Operates Section 1 Dual Concentric Plain 1/8 ” (3.18 mm) D - 5/64 ” (1.98 mm) D Outer Operates Section 1 Dual Concentric Plain 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) D - 1/8 ” (3.18 mm) D Outer Operates Section 1/2 Dual Concentric Plain 1/8 ” (3.18 mm) D - 5/64 ” (1.98 mm) D Outer Operates Section 1 Dual Concentric Plain 1/4 ” (6.35 mm) D - 1/8 ” (3.18 mm) D Outer Operates Section 1/2/3 Dual Concentric Plain 1/8 ” (3.18 mm) D - 5/64 ” (1.98 mm) D Outer Operates Section 1/2 Single Slotted 6 mm D Single Slotted 4 mm D Dual Concentric Plain 6 mm D - 3 mm D Outer Operates Section 1 LENGTHS (CODE) 16,20,24,28 16,20,24,28 20,24,28 12,16,20,24,28 Consult Factory 36,40 BUSHINGS (CODE) A, B, J A, B, J A, B, J C, E, N C, N A, J 32,36 C, N 36,40 A, J 32,36 C, N 36,40 A, J 32,36 C, N 16,19,22,50 10, 13, 22 30, 42 R U R REV. 04/06 Specifications are subject to change without notice. Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications. (B) Linear C-P ±20 % (E) Linear C-P ±10 % (C) (D) (F) (G) (S) (T) CW Audio Cermet ±10 % CW Audio C-P ±20 % CCW Audio Cermet ±10 % CCW Audio C-P ±20 % CW Audio C-P ±10 % CCW Audio C-P ± 10 % RESISTANCE CODE VALUE IN OHMS (05) - 100 (30) - 15 K (28) - 150 (16) - 20 K (06) - 200 (17) - 25 K (07) - 250 (18) - 50 K (08) - 500 (19) - 75 K (09) - 750 (20) - 100 K (10) - 1 K (31) - 150 K (29) - 1.5 K (21) - 200 K (11) - 2 K (22) - 250 K (12) - 2.5 K (23) - 500 K (13) - 5 K (24) - 750 K (14) - 7.5 K (25) - 1 M (15) - 10 K (10) - 1 K (18) - 50 K (12) - 2.5 K (20) - 100 K (13) - 5 K (22) - 250 K (15) - 10 K (23) - 500 K (16) - 20 K (25) - 1 M (17) - 25 K (10) - 1 K (18) - 50 K (12) - 2.5 K (20) - 100 K (13) - 5 K (22) - 250 K (15) - 10 K (23) - 500 K (17) - 25 K (25) - 1 M (18) - 50 K Boldface features are Bourns standard options. All others are available with higher minimum order quantities.