DCM™ DC-DC Converter DCM290P138T600A40 ® S US C C NRTL US Isolated, Regulated DC Converter Features Product Ratings • Isolated, regulated DC-to-DC converter Operating Input (V) • Up to 600 W, 43.5 A continuous Output Power Max (W) Min Nom Max • 1239 W/in3 Power density 200 290 378 600 • Wide extended input range 160 – 420 Vdc 160 420 500 • 93% peak efficiency Output (V) set point 100% load, 25°C Min Nom Max 11.5 13.8 15.5 • Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV) 13.8 V Nominal Output • 4242 Vdc isolation • ZVS high frequency (MHz) switching P (W) n Enables low-profile, high-density filtering • Optimized for array operation 600 500 n Up to 8 units – 4800 W n No power derating needed n Sharing strategy permits dissimilar line voltages across an array 160 200 • Fully operational current limit 378 420 Vin (V) • OV, OC, UV, short circuit and thermal protection • 4623 through-hole ChiP package Product Description n 1.886” x 0.898” x 0.286” (47.91 mm x 22.8 mm x 7.26 mm) Typical Applications • • • • Transportation Industrial Systems Electric Vehicle (EV) / Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) On-board Power The DCM Isolated, Regulated DC Converter is a DC-to-DC converter, operating from an unregulated, wide range input to generate an isolated 13.8 Vdc output. With its high frequency zero voltage switching (ZVS) topology, the DCM converter consistently delivers high efficiency across the input line range. Modular DCM converters and downstream DC-DC products support efficient power distribution, providing superior power system performance and connectivity from a variety of unregulated power sources to the point-of-load. Leveraging the thermal and density benefits of Vicor’s ChiP packaging technology, the DCM module offers flexible thermal management options with very low top and bottom side thermal impedances. Thermally-adept ChiP based power components enable customers to achieve cost effective power system solutions with previously unattainable system size, weight and efficiency attributes, quickly and predictably. DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 1 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 Typical Application VTR DCM1 R2_1 TR R3_1 R1_1 EN FT SW1_1 L2_1 HV battery (160-420V) L1_1 +IN +OUT C3_1 C1_1 -IN -OUT C5 LV battery (12V) DCM2 R2_2 TR R3_2 R1_2 C4 EN FT SW1_2 L2_2 L1_2 +IN +OUT -IN -OUT C3_2 C1_2 DCM4 R2_4 TR R3_4 R1_4 EN FT SW1_4 L2_4 L1_4 +IN +OUT C3_4 C1_4 -IN -OUT Typical Application 1: DCM290P138T600A40 for EV/HEV applications DCM1 TR RTR1 R1_1 R3_1 SW1_1 EN FT 13.8V L2_1 300V L1_1 +IN +OUT C3_1 C1_1 -IN C4 -OUT C5 Picor CoolPower 5V ZVS Buck Picor CoolPower ZVS Buck Picor CoolPower ZVS Buck DCM2 TR RTR2 R1_2 R3_2 EN Picor CoolPower FT ZVS Buck SW1_2 L2_2 200V L1_2 +IN +OUT C3_2 C1_2 -IN Picor CoolPower ZVS Buck Picor CoolPower -OUT ZVS Buck Typical Application 2: DCM290P138T600A40 + Picor Point-of-Load DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 2 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 3.3V DCM290P138T600A40 Pin Configuration TOP VIEW 1 2 +IN A A’ +OUT TR B B’ -OUT EN C FT D -IN E C’ +OUT D’ -OUT 4623 ChiP Package Pin Descriptions Pin Number Signal Name Type A1 +IN INPUT POWER B1 TR INPUT Enables and disables trim functionality. Adjusts output voltage when trim active. C1 EN INPUT Enables and disables power supply D1 FT OUTPUT E1 -IN INPUT POWER RETURN Negative input power terminal A’2, C’2 +OUT OUTPUT POWER Positive output power terminal B’2, D’2 -OUT OUTPUT POWER RETURN Negative output power terminal Function Positive input power terminal Fault monitoring DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 3 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 Part Ordering Information Device Input Voltage Range Package Type Output Voltage x 10 Temperature Grade Output Power Revision Version DCM 290 P 138 T 600 A4 0 DCM = DCM 290 = 160 to 420 V P = ChiP TH 138 = 13.8 V T = -40 to 125°C 600 = 600 W A4 Analog Control Interface Version Standard Models Part Number VIN Package Type VOUT Temperature Power Version DCM290P138T600A40 160 to 420 V ChiP TH 13.8 V (11.5 to 15.5 V) T = -40 to 125°C 600 W Analog Control Interface Version Absolute Maximum Ratings The absolute maximum ratings below are stress ratings only. Operation at or beyond these maximum ratings can cause permanent damage to the device. Electrical specifications do not apply when operating beyond rated operating conditions. Parameter Min Max Unit Continuous Comments -0.5 460 V 100 ms with a maximum duty cycle of 10% -0.5 550 V -1 1 V/µs TR to - IN -0.3 3.5 V EN to -IN -0.3 3.5 V -0.3 3.5 V 5 mA 25 V Input Voltage (+IN to –IN) Input Voltage Slew Rate FT to -IN Output Voltage (+Out to –Out) Dielectric withstand (input to output) -0.5 Reinforced insulation 4242 Vdc Temperature Operating Internal -40 125 °C Storage -40 125 °C 51 A Average Output Current Maximum Output Power (W) 700 600 500 Temperature of: 400 Case top only Case top and leads Case top & bottom and leads 300 200 100 0 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 Temperature (°C) Thermal Specified Operating Area: Max Output Power vs. Case Temp, Single unit at minimum full load efficiency DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 4 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 Electrical Specifications Specifications apply over all line in VIN-EXTENDED, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40ºC < TINT < 125ºC. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit 200 290 378 V 160 290 420 V 8.5 A Power Input Specification Input Voltage Range, full power VIN Input Voltage Range, extended VIN-EXTENDED Inrush current (peak) IINRP Module will only startup if input voltage is inside the range of VIN. After startup, Module can then operate in the entire VIN-EXTENDED range With maximum COUT-EXT, full resistive load Input capacitance (internal) CIN-INT Effective value at nominal input voltage 0.8 µF Input capacitance (internal) ESR RCIN-INT At 1 MHz 2.5 mΩ Input inductance (external) LIN Input capacitance (external) CIN-EXT Differential mode, with no further line bypassing Effective value at nominal input voltage 10 0.68 µH µF No Load Specification Input power – disabled Input power – enabled with no load Nominal line, see Fig. 2 PQ 0.7 Worst case line, see Fig. 2 Nominal line, see Fig. 3 PNL 2 Worst case line, see Fig. 3 1.5 W 2 W 3 W 8.5 W Power Output Specification Output voltage set point Output voltage trim range Output voltage load regulation Output voltage light load regulation Output voltage temperature coefficient VOUT accuracy VOUT-NOM VIN = 290 V, trim inactive, at 100% Load, TINT = 25°C 13.66 13.8 13.94 V VOUT-TRIMMING Trim range over temp, with > 5% rated load. Specifies the Low, Nominal and High Trim conditions. 11.5 13.8 15.5 V 0.7263 0.8032 V 2.3 V ΔVOUT-LOAD Linear load line. Output voltage increase from full rated load current to no load (Does not include light load 0.6503 regulation). See Fig. 5 and Sec. Design Guidelines 0% to 5% Load, additional VOUT relative to calculated load line point; see Fig. 5 and Sec. Design Guidelines ΔVOUT-LL ΔVOUT-TEMP 0.0 Nominal, linear temperature coefficient, relative to TINT = 25 ºC. See Fig. 4 and Sec. Design Guidelines -1.84 The total output voltage setpoint accuracy from the %VOUT-ACCURACY calculated ideal Vout based on load, temp and trim. Excludes ΔVOUT-LL mV/°C 2.00 % Rated output power POUT Continuous, VOUT ≥ 13.8 V, 200 V ≤ VIN ≤ 378 V 600 W Rated output current IOUT Continuous, VOUT ≤ 13.8 V, 200 V ≤ VIN ≤ 378 V 43.5 A 500 W A Derated output power POUT-DERATED Continuous, VOUT ≥ 13.8 V, 160 V < VIN < 200 V or 378 V < VIN < 420 V Derated output current IOUT-DERATED Continuous, VOUT ≤ 13.8 V, 160 V < VIN < 200 V or 378 V < VIN < 420 V 36.2 100 Output current limit IOUT-LM Of IOUT max. Fully operational current limit Current limit delay tIOUT-LIM The module will power limit in a fast transient event Efficiency Output voltage ripple h VOUT-PP 105 117 % 1 ms 93.6 % Full Load, Nominal Line, trim inactive 92.9 Full Load, over VIN and temperature, trim inactive 91.5 % Full Load, over VIN-EXTENDED and temperature, trim inactive 91.0 % 50% Load, over line, temperature and trim 90.0 % Over all operating steady-state line, load and trim conditions, 20 MHz BW, with minimum COUT-EXT DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 5 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 500 mV DCM290P138T600A40 Electrical Specifications (cont.) Specifications apply over all line in VIN-EXTENDED, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40ºC < TINT < 125ºC. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Power Output Specifications (Cont.) Output capacitance (internal) COUT-INT Effective value at nominal output voltage Output capacitance (internal) ESR RCOUT-INT At 1MHz Output capacitance (external) COUT-EXT Electrolytic Capacitor preferred. Excludes component tolerances and temperature coefficient Output capacitance, ESR (ext.) RCOUT-EXT At 10 kHz, excludes component tolerances Initialization delay 72 µF 0.06 mΩ 1000 10000 10 mΩ tINIT After input voltage first exceeds VIN-INIT 25 Output turn-on delay tON From rising edge EN, with VIN pre-applied. See timing diagram 200 Output turn-off delay tOFF From falling edge EN. See timing diagram Start-up setpoint aquisition time tSS Full load (soft-start ramp time) with minimum COUT-EXT VOUT threshold for max rated load current IOUT at startup Monotonic soft-start threshold voltage Minimum required disabled duration Minimum required disabled duration for predictable restart Voltage deviation (transient) Settling time VOUT-FL-THRESH IOUT-START VOUT-MONOTONIC tOFF-MIN tOFF-MONOTONIC %VOUT-TRANS tSETTLE During startup, VOUT must achieve this threshold before output can support full rated current Max load current at startup while VOUT is below VOUT-FL-THRESH At startup, the DCM output voltage rise becomes monotonic with a minimum of 25% pre-load once it crosses VOUT-MONOTONIC, standalone or as a member in an array This refers to the minimum time a module needs to be in the disabled state before it will attempt to start via EN This refers to the minimum time a module needs to be in the disabled state before it is guaranteed to exhibit monotonic soft-start and have predictable startup timing 40 ms µs 600 5.0 µs ms 10.5 0.1 COUT_EXT = min; (10 ↔ 90% load step), excluding load line. Load slew rate < 43.5 A/ms µF V A 10.5 V 2 ms 100 ms <10 % <0.5 ms Powertrain Protections Input Voltage Initialization threshold VIN-INIT Input Voltage Reset threshold VIN-RESET VIN undervoltage Turn-OFF VIN-UVLO- VIN undervoltage Turn-ON VIN-UVLO+ VIN overvoltage Turn-OFF VIN-OVLO+ VIN overvoltage Turn-ON VIN-OVLO- Output overvoltage threshold VOUT-OVP Output overvoltage threshold VOUT-OVP-LL Minimum current limited VOUT VOUT-UVP Overtemperature threshold (internal) Power limit Latching faults will clear once VIN falls below VIN-RESET V 50 V 130 See Timing diagram See Timing diagram From 25% to 100% load. Latched shutdown. Primary sensed output voltage only From 0% to 25% load. Latched shutdown. Primary sensed output voltage only 155 V 200 V 450 V 380 V 17.2 V 18.0 V V TINT-OTP 125 °C PLIM 880 W tOVLO-SW VIN overvoltage response time tOVLO VIN undervoltage response time tUVLO Short circuit, or temperature fault recovery time 75 6 VIN overvoltage to cessation of powertrain switching Short circuit response time Threshold to start tINIT delay tSC tFAULT Over all operating steady-state line and trim conditions Independent of fault logic 1 For fault logic only Powertrain on, operational state See Timing diagram 1 DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 6 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 µs 200 µs 100 ms 200 µs s DCM290P138T600A40 Signal Specifications Specifications apply over all line in VIN-EXTENDED, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40ºC < TINT < 125ºC. Enable: EN • The EN pin enables and disables the DCM converter; when held low the unit will be disabled. • The EN pin has an internal pull-up to VCC and is referenced to the -IN pin of the converter. SIGNAL TYPE DIGITAL INPUT STATE Any ATTRIBUTE SYMBOL CONDITIONS / NOTES MIN TYP MAX UNIT 2.31 V EN enable threshold VENABLE-EN EN disable threshold VENABLE-DIS 0.99 VCC 3.21 3.30 3.39 V RENABLE-INT 9.5 10.0 10.5 kΩ Internally generated VCC EN Internal Pull up resistance to VCC V Trim: TR • The TR pin enables and disables trim functionality when VIN is applied to the DCM converter. When Vin first crosses VIN-UVLO+, the voltage on TR determines whether or not trim is active. • If TR is not floating at power up and has a voltage less than TR trim enable threshold, trim is active. • If trim is active, the TR pin provides dynamic trim control with at least 30Hz of -3dB control bandwidth over the output voltage of the DCM converter. • The TR pin has an internal pull-up to VCC and is referenced to the -IN pin of the converter. SIGNAL TYPE DIGITAL INPUT ANALOG INPUT STATE ATTRIBUTE SYMBOL TR trim disable threshold VTRIM-DIS TR trim enable threshold VTRIM-EN Internally generated VCC VCC Startup Operational with Trim enabled TR pin analog range VTRIM-RANGE VOUT referred TR pin resolution VOUT-RES TR internal pull up resistance to VCC RTRIIM-INT CONDITIONS / NOTES Trim disabled when TR above this threshold at power up Trim enabled when TR below this threshold at power up Trim VOUT higher than output voltage trim range VOUT-TRIMMING could possibly cause output OVP MIN TYP MAX UNIT 3.20 V 3.15 V 3.21 3.30 3.39 V 0 1.9 3.15 V With VCC = 3.3 V 18.0 9.5 10.0 mV 10.5 kΩ Fault: FT • The FT pin is a Fault flag pin. • When the module is enabled and no fault is present, the FT pin does not have current drive capability. • Whenever the powertrain stops (due to a fault protection or disabling the module by pulling EN low), the FT pin output Vcc and provides current to drive an external ciruit. • When module starts up, the FT pin is pulled high to VCC during microcontroller initialization and will remain high until soft start process starts. SIGNAL TYPE STATE Any DIGITAL OUTPUT ATTRIBUTE FT internal pull up resistance to VCC FT Voltage FT Active FT current drive capability FT response time SYMBOL CONDITIONS / NOTES RFAULT-INT VFAULT-ACTIVE At rated Current drive capability IFAULT-ACTIVE Over-current FT drive beyond its capability may cause module damage tFT-ACTIVE Delay from cessation of switching to FT Pin Active DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 7 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 MIN TYP MAX UNIT 474 499 525 kΩ 3.0 V 4 mA 200 µs DCM290P138T600A40 Functional Block Diagram +IN Primary & Secondary Powertrains +VIN Top Cell +OUT COUT-INT CIN-INT –OUT Bottom Cell –VIN –IN Control & Monitoring Power Limit Primary Based VOUT Sense Modulator Powertrain Enable Error Amplifier Primary Based IOUT Sense VEAO VCC Temperature VOUT Load Regulation and ILIMIT Reference and Soft Start TR EN FT OTP +VIN Synchronous Floating MOSFET Gate driver Fault Monitoring Output Under Voltage Overvoltage Lockout Undervoltage Lockout OVP Output Short Circuit DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 8 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 High Level Functional State Diagram Conditions that cause state transitions are shown along arrows. Sub-sequence activities listed inside the state bubbles. Application of VIN VIN > VIN-INIT INITIALIZATION SEQUENCE EN = False tMIN-OFF delay NON LATCHED FAULT tOFF ul t Fa oved m Re Powertrain: Stopped FT = True tINIT delay Powertrain: Stopped FT = True Powertrain: Stopped FT = True EN = True and No Faults tON delay EN = False tOFF delay In p In ut O pu V tU L VL O o O r VIN > VIN-UVLO+ and not Over-temp TR mode latched STANDBY or O L V LO t O UV u t p In npu I EN = False tOFF-MIN delay SOFT START VOUT Ramp Up tss delay Powertrain: Active FT = False RUNNING tSS Expiry Ou tpu Regulates VOUT Powertrain: Active FT = False or mp r-te P Ove put UV Out REINITIALIZATION SEQUENCE tINIT delay Powertrain: Stopped FT = True Fault Removed Ov e Ou r-tem tpu p t U or VP VP tO pu ut O tO VP NON LATCHED FAULT tFAULT Powertrain: Stopped FT = True LATCHED FAULT EN = False DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 9 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 Powertrain: Stopped FT = True Output Input DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 10 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 FT ILOAD FULL LOAD IOUT VOUT VOUT-UVP FULL LOAD VOUT-NOM TR VTR-DIS EN VIN VIN-UVLO+/VIN-INIT VIN-OVLO+/- tINIT tON 1 Input Power On - Trim Inactive tSS 2 3 Ramp to TR Full Load Ignored tOFF tMIN_OFF 4 EN Low tSS tON 5 EN High tOFF 6 Input OVLO tSS tOFF 7 Input UVLO tSS tOFF 8 Input returned to zero DCM290P138T600A40 Timing Diagrams Module Inputs are shown in blue; Module Outputs are shown in brown. Output Input DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 11 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 FT ILOAD IOUT FULL LOAD VOUT VOUT-UVP FULL LOAD VOUT-NOM TR VTR = nom VTR-EN EN VIN VIN-UVLO+/- VIN-OVLO+/- tINIT tON 9 Input Power On - Trim Active tSS VOUT-OVP 10 Vout based on VTR tOFF 11 Load dump and reverse current tINIT tON tSS 12 Vout OVP (primary sensed) 13 Latched fault cleared RLOAD tIOUT-LIM 14 Current Limit with Resistive Load tFAULT 15 Resistive Load with decresing R tINIT 16 Overload induced Output UVP tON tSS DCM290P138T600A40 Timing Diagrams (Cont.) Module Inputs are shown in blue; Module Outputs are shown in brown. DCM290P138T600A40 Typical Performance Characteristics The following figures present typical performance at TC = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. 16 15 14 Output Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V) 16 12 10 8 6 14 13 12 11 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 -40 -20 0 Low Trim Nom Trim 20 40 60 80 100 Baseplate Temperature (°C) Average Output Current (A) High Trim Condition: Nominal Trim Minimum trim Maximum Trim Figure 4 — VOUT vs. operating temperature trend, at full load Figure 1 — Electrical Specified Operating Area and nominal line 2.0 18 Output Voltage (V) Input Power (W) 16 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 14 12 10 8 6 160 186 212 238 264 290 316 342 368 394 420 0 10 TCASE: -40°C 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Load Current (%) Input Voltage (V) 25°C 90°C Condition: Figure 2 — Disabled power consumption vs. VIN Nominal Trim Minimum trim Maximum Trim Figure 5 — VOUT vs. load current trend, at room temperature and nominal line Power Dissipation (W) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 160 186 212 238 264 290 316 342 368 394 420 Input Voltage (V) TCASE: -40°C 25°C 90°C Figure 3 — No load power dissipation vs. VIN, at nominal trim Figure 6 — Initial startup from EN pin, with soft-start ramp. VIN = 290 V, COUT_EXT = 10000 µF, RLOAD = 0.317 Ω DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 12 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 Typical Performance Characteristics (cont.) The following figures present typical performance at TC = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. 45 92 Efficiency (%) 93.5 93.0 92.5 40 90 35 88 30 86 25 20 84 15 92.0 10 5 80 186 212 238 264 290 316 342 368 394 10 420 20 30 40 -40°C 25°C 160 V VIN: 90°C 94.0 80 90 100 290 V 420 V 160 V 290 V 45 92 Efficiency (%) 93.0 92.5 40 90 35 88 30 86 25 20 84 15 92.0 91.5 160 82 10 5 80 186 212 238 264 290 316 342 368 394 10 420 20 30 40 -40°C 25°C 160 V VIN: 90°C 50 60 70 80 90 100 Load Current (%) Input Voltage (V) TCASE: 290 V 420 V 160 V 290 V 420 V Figure 11 — VIN to VOUT efficiency and power dissipation vs.VIN to IOUT, TCASE = 25°C Figure 8 — Full Load Efficiency vs. VIN, VOUT = 13.8 V 94.0 94 50 45 92 Efficiency (%) 93.5 93.0 92.5 40 90 35 88 30 86 25 20 84 15 92.0 91.5 160 420 V 50 94 93.5 Efficiiency (%) 70 Figure 10 — VIN to VOUT efficiency and power dissipation vs.VIN to IOUT, TCASE = -40°C Figure 7 — Full Load Efficiency vs. VIN, VOUT = 11.5 V Efficiiency (%) 60 Load Current (%) Input Voltage (V) TCASE: 50 82 10 5 80 186 212 238 264 290 316 342 368 394 10 420 20 30 40 -40°C 25°C 90°C Figure 9 — Full Load Efficiency vs. VIN, VOUT = 15.5 V 50 60 70 80 90 100 Load Current (%) Input Voltage (V) TCASE: Power Dissipation (W) 91.5 160 82 Power Dissipation (W) Efficiency (%) 50 94 Power Dissipation (W) 94.0 VIN: 160 V 290 V 420 V 160 V 290 V 420 V Figure 12 — VIN to VOUT efficiency and power dissipation vs.VIN to IOUT, TCASE = 90°C DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 13 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 Typical Performance Characteristics (cont.) The following figures present typical performance at TC = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. Figure 13 — 10% to 100% load transient response, VIN = 290 V, Figure 16 — 100% to 10% load transient response, VIN = 290 V, nominal trim, COUT_EXT = 1000 µF nominal trim, COUT_EXT = 1000 µF 1100 1000 VIN (V) 160 900 200 800 290 700 378 600 420 500 Switching Frequency (kHz) Switching Frequency (kHz) 1100 1000 VOUT 900 Nom Trim 800 Low Trim 700 High Trim 600 500 50 60 70 80 90 100 50 60 70 Load (%) 80 90 100 Load (%) Figure 17 — Powertrain switching frequency vs. load, Figure 14 — Powertrain switching frequency vs. load, at nominal VIN at nominal trim Effective Capacitance (µF) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Voltage (V) Figure 15 — Effective internal input capacitance vs. applied voltage Figure 18 — Typical output voltage ripple, VIN = 290 V, VOUT = 13.8 V, COUT_EXT = 1000 µF, RLOAD = 0.317 Ω DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 14 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 General Characteristics Specifications apply over all line in VIN-EXTENDED, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40ºC < TINT < 125ºC. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Mechanical Length L 47.53/ [1.871] 47.91/ [1.886] 48.29/ [1.901] mm/[in] Width W 22.67/ [0.893] 22.8/ [0.898] 22.93/ [0.903] mm/[in] Height H 7.21/ [0.284] 7.26/ [0.286] 7.31/ [0.288] mm/[in] Volume Vol Weight W Lead finish No heat sink 7.90/ [0.48] cm3/[in3] 29.2 / [1.03] g/[oz] Nickel 0.51 2.03 Palladium 0.02 0.15 Gold 0.003 0.05 -40 125 µm Thermal Operating internal temperature TINT °C Estimated thermal resistance to maximum Thermal resistance top side ΦINT-TOP temperature internal component from 1.80 °C/W 5.54 °C/W 1.58 °C/W 21 Ws/°C isothermal top Estimated thermal resistance to Thermal resistance leads ΦINT-LEADS maximum temperature internal component from isothermal leads Estimated thermal resistance to Thermal resistance bottom side ΦINT-BOTTOM maximum temperature internal component from isothermal bottom Thermal capacity Assembly Storage temperature TST HBM ESD rating CDM -40 Method per Human Body Model Test ESDA/JEDEC JDS-001-2012 125 °C CLASS 1C V Charged Device Model JESD22-C101E CLASS 2 Soldering[1] Peak temperature top case [1] For further information, please contact factory applications Product is not intended for reflow solder attach. DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 15 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 135 °C DCM290P138T600A40 General Characteristics (Cont.) Specifications apply over all line in VIN-EXTENDED, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40ºC < TINT < 125ºC. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Safety Isolation Voltage VHIPOT IN to OUT 4242 Vdc IN to CASE 2121 Vdc OUT to CASE 2121 Vdc Reliability MTBF MIL-HDBK-217 Plus Parts Count - 25ºC Ground Benign, Stationary, Indoors / Computer Telcordia Issue 2, Method I Case 3, 25°C, 100% D.C., GB, GC 1.85 MHrs 2.35 MHrs Agency Approvals Agency approvals/standards cTÜVus; EN 60950-1 cURus, 60950-1 CE Marked for Low Voltage Directive and RoHS Recast Directive as Applicable. DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 16 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 Pin Functions TR (Trim) +IN, -IN The TR pin is used to select the trim mode and to trim the output voltage of the DCM converter. The TR pin has an internal pull-up to VCC through a 10 kΩ resistor. Input power pins. -IN is the reference for all control pins, and therefore a Kelvin connection is recommended as close as possible to the pin on the package, to reduce effects of voltage drop due to -IN currents. The DCM will latch trim behavior at application of VIN, and persist in that same behavior until loss of input voltage. n At application of VIN, if TR is sampled at above VTRIM-DIS, the +OUT, -OUT module will latch in a non-trim mode, and will ignore the TR input for as long as VIN is present. Output power pins. n At application of VIN, if TR is sampled at below VTRIM-EN, the TR EN (Enable) will serve as an input to control real time output voltage trim. It will persist in this behavior until VIN is no longer present. This pin enables and disables the DCM converter; when held low the unit will be disabled. It is referenced to the -IN pin of the converter. The EN pin has an internal pull-up to VCC through a 10 kΩ resistor. If trim is active when the DCM is operating, the TR pin provides dynamic trim control at a typical 30 Hz of -3dB bandwidth over the output voltage. n Output enable: When EN is allowed to pull up above the enable threshold, the module will be enabled. If leaving EN floating, it is pulled up to VCC and the module will be enabled. FT (Fault) The FT pin provides a Fault signal. n Output disable: EN may be pulled down externally in order Anytime the module is enabled and has not recognized a fault, the FT pin is inactive. FT has an internal 499 kΩ pull-up to Vcc, therefore a shunt resistor, RSHUNT, of approximately 50 kΩ can be used to ensure the LED is completly off when there is no fault, per the diagram below. to disable the module. n EN is an input only, it does not pull low in the event of a fault. n The EN pins of multiple units should be driven high concurrently to permit the array to start in to maximum rated load. However, the direct interconnection of multiple EN pins requires additional considerations, as discussed in the section on Array Operation. Whenever the powertrain stops (due to a fault protection or disabling the module by pulling EN low), the FT pin becomes active and provides current to drive an external circuit. When active, FT pin drives to VCC, with up to 4 mA of external loading. Module may be damaged from an over-current FT drive, thus a resistor in series for current limiting is recommended. The FT pin becomes active momentarily when the module starts up. Typical External Circuits for Signal Pins (TR, EN, FT) Vcc Vcc 10k Vcc Reference and Soft Start control 499k Fault Monitoring 10k Soft Start and Fault Monitoring TR FT EN RSERIES SW RTRIM RSHUNT Kelvin -IN connection DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 17 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 Design Guidelines Building Blocks and System Design The DCM™ converter input accepts the full 160 to 420 V range, and it generates an isolated trimmable 13.8 Vdc output. Multiple DCMs may be paralleled for higher power capacity via wireless load sharing, even when they are operating off of different input voltage supplies. The DCM converter provides a regulated output voltage around defined nominal load line and temperature coefficients. The load line and temperature coefficients enable configuration of an array of DCM converters which manage the output load with no share bus among modules. Downstream regulators may be used to provide tighter voltage regulation, if required. The DCM290P138T600A40 may be used in standalone applications where the output power requirements are up to 600 W. However, it is easily deployed as arrays of modules to increase power handling capacity. Arrays of up to eight units have been qualified for 4800 W capacity. Application of DCM converters in an array requires no derating of the maximum available power versus what is specified for a single module. Soft Start When the DCM starts, it will go through a soft start sequence. Notice the module will only startup if the input voltage is within the range of VIN. After startup, Module can then operate in the wider input voltage range VIN-EXTENDED. The soft start sequence ramps the output voltage by modulating the internal error amplifier reference. This causes the output voltage to approximate a piecewise linear ramp. The output ramp finishes when the voltage reaches either the nominal output voltage, or the trimmed output voltage in cases where trim mode is active. Trim Mode and Output Trim Control When the input voltage is initially applied to a DCM, and after TINIT elapses, the trim pin voltage VTR is sampled. The TR pin has an internal pull up resistor to VCC, so unless external circuitry pulls the pin voltage lower, it will pull up to VCC. If the initially sampled trim pin voltage is higher than VTRIM-DIS, then the DCM will disable trimming as long as the VIN remains applied. In this case, for all subsequent operation the output voltage will be programmed to the nominal. This minimizes the support components required for applications that only require the nominal rated Vout, and also provides the best output setpoint accuracy, as there are no additional errors from external trim components If at initial application of VIN, the TR pin voltage is prevented from exceeding VTRIM-EN, then the DCM will activate trim mode, and it will remain active for as long as VIN is applied. VOUT set point under full load and room temperature can be calculated using the equation below: VOUT = 10.00 + (6.48 • VTR/VCC) (1) Module performance is guaranteed through output voltage trim range VOUT-TRIMMING. If VOUT is trimmed higher than that range, then certain combinations of line and load transient conditions may trigger the output OVP. Nominal Output Voltage Load Line Throughout this document, the programmed output voltage, (either the specified nominal output voltage if trim is inactive) or the trimmed output voltage if trim is active, is specified at full load, and at room temperature. The actual output voltage of the DCM is given by the programmed output voltage, with modification based on load and temperature. The nominal output voltage is 13.8 V, and the actual output voltage will match this at full load and room temperature with trim inactive. The largest modification to the actual output voltage compared to the programmed output is due to a 5.263% VOUT-NOM load line, which for this model corresponds to ΔVOUT-LOAD of 0.73 V. As the load is reduced, the internal error amplifier reference, and by extension the output voltage, rises in response. This load line is the primary enabler of the wireless current sharing amongst an array of DCMs. The load line impact on the output voltage is absolute, and is not scaled by the trim voltage. Furthermore, when the load current is below 5% of the rated capacity, there is an additional ΔV added to the output voltage, which is related to Burst Mode. Please see the section on Burst Mode below for details. For a given programmed output voltage, the actual output voltage versus load current at for nominal trim, nominal line, and room temperature is above 5% load given by the following equation: VOUT = 13.8 + 0.73 – 0.73 • IOUT / 43.5 (2) Nominal Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient There is an additional additive term to the programmed output voltage, which is based on the temperature of the module. This term permits improved thermal balancing among modules in an array, especially when the factory nominal trim point is utilized (trim mode inactive). This term is much smaller than the load line described above, representing only a 0.138 V change every 75°C over the entire rated temperature range. Regulation coefficient is relative to 25°C TINT (hottest internal temperature). For nominal trim, nominal line, and full load, the output voltage relates to the temperature according to the following equation: VOUT = 13.8 - 0.138 • (TINT - 25)/75 (3) where TINT is in °C. The impact of temperature coefficient on the output voltage is absolute, and does not scale with trim or load. Note that while the soft-start routine described above does re-arm after the unit self-protects from a fault condition, the trim mode is not changed when a DCM recovers from any fault condition or being disabled. If VTR is driven above the point where the trimmed Vout reaches the maximum trimmed Vout range, then the VOUT will hold at the maximum of the trim range, and not wrap around or return to nominal VOUT. DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 18 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 Overall Output Voltage Transfer Function Taking trim (equation 1), load line (equation 2) and temperature coefficient (equation 3) into account, the general equation relating the DC VOUT at nominal line to programmed trim (when active), load, and temperature is given by: pre-charge circuit is required for the DCM input to control the input voltage slew rate and prevent overstress to input stage components. VOUT = 10.00 + (6.48 • Vtr/Vcc) + 0.73 +ΔV – 0.73 • IOUT /43.5 - 0.138 • (TINT -25)/75 (4) Input Fuse Selection DCM is not internally fused in order to provide flexibility in configuring power systems. Input line fusing is recommended at system level, in order to provide thermal protection in case of catastrophic failure. The fuse shall be selected by closely matching system requirements with the following characteristics: Use 0 V for ΔV when load is from 5% to 100% load, and up to 2.3 V when operating at <5% load. See section on Burst Mode operation for light load effects on output voltage. Output Current Limit The DCM features a fully operational current limit which effectively keeps the module operating inside the Safe Operating Area (SOA) for all valid trim and load profiles. The current limit approximates a “brick wall” limit, where the output current is prevented from exceeding the current limit threshold by reducing the output voltage via the internal error amplifier reference. The current limit threshold at nominal trim and below is typically 105% of maximum output current, but can vary from 100% to 117% of maximum output current. In order to preserve the SOA, in cases where the converter is trimmed above the nominal output voltage, the current limit threshold is automatically reduced to limit the available output power. When the output current exceeds the current limit threshold, current limit action is held off by 1ms, which permits the DCM to momentarily deliver higher peak output currents to the load. Peak output power during this time is still constrained by the internal Power Limit of the module. The fast Power Limit and relatively slow Current Limit work together to keep the module inside the SOA. Delaying entry into current limit also permits the DCM to minimize droop voltage for load steps. Sustained operation in current limit is permitted, and no derating of output power is required, even in an array configuration. Some applications may benefit from well matched current distribution, in which case fine tuning sharing via the trim pins permits control over sharing. The DCM does not require this for proper operation, due to the power limit and current limit behaviors described here. Current limit can reduce the output voltage to as little as the UVP threshold (VOUT-UVP). Below this minimum output voltage compliance level, further loading will cause the module to shut down due to the output undervoltage fault protection. Line Impedance, Input Slew rate and Output Stability Requirements Connect a high-quality, low-noise power supply to the +IN and –IN terminals. An external capacitance of 0.68uF is required. Additional capacitance may have to be added between +IN and –IN to make up for impedances in the interconnect cables as well as deficiencies in the source. Significant source impedance can bring system stability issue for a regulated DC-DC converter and needs to be avoided or compensated. Additional information can be found in the filter design application note: www.vicorpower.com/documents/application_notes/ vichip_appnote23.pdf Please refer to this input filter design tool to ensure input stability: http://app2.vicorpower.com/filterDesign/intiFilter.do. Ensure that the input voltage slew rate is less than 1V/us, otherwise a For the DCM, output voltage stability is guaranteed as long as hold up capacitance COUT-EXE falls within the specified ranges. n Current rating (usually greater than the DCM converter’s maximum current) n Maximum voltage rating (usually greater than the maximum possible input voltage) n Ambient temperature n Breaking capacity per application requirements n Nominal melting I2t n Recommended fuse: 5A Bussmann PC-Tron (see agency approval for additional fuses) Fault Handling Input Undervoltage Fault Protection (UVLO) The converter’s input voltage is monitored to detect an input under voltage condition. If the converter is not already running, then it will ignore enable commands until the input voltage is greater than VIN-UVLO+. If the converter is running and the input voltage falls below VIN-UVLO-, the converter recognizes a fault condition, the powertrain stops switching, and the output voltage of the unit falls. Input voltage transients which fall below UVLO for less than tUVLO may not be detected by the fault proection logic, in which case the converter will continue regular operation. No protection is required in this case. Once the UVLO fault is detected by the fault protection logic, the converter shuts down and waits for the input voltage to rise above VIN-UVLO+. Provided the converter is still enabled, it will then restart. Input Overvoltage Fault Protection (OVLO) The converter’s input voltage is monitored to detect an input over voltage condition. When the input voltage is more than the VIN-OVLO+, a fault is detected, the powertrain stops switching, and the output voltage of the converter falls. After an OVLO fault occurs, the converter will wait for the input voltage to fall below VIN-OVLO-. Provided the converter is still enabled, the powertrain will restart. The powertrain controller itself also monitors the input voltage. Transient OVLO events which have not yet been detected by the fault sequence logic may first be detected by the controller if the input slew rate is sufficiently large. In this case, powertrain switching will immediately stop. If the input voltage falls back in range before the fault sequence logic detects the out of range condition, the powertrain will resume switching and the fault logic will not interrupt operation Regardless of whether the powertrain is running at the time or not, if the input voltage does not recover from OVLO before tOVLO, the converter fault logic will detect the fault. Output Undervoltage Fault Protection (UVP) The converter determines that an output overload or short circuit condition exists by measuring its primary sensed output voltage and DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 19 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 the output of the internal error amplifier. In general, whenever the powertrain is switching and the primary-sensed output voltage falls below VOUT-UVP threshold, a short circuit fault will be registered. Once an output undervoltage condition is detected, the powertrain immediately stops switching, and the output voltage of the converter falls. The converter remains disabled for a time tFAULT. Once recovered and provided the converter is still enabled, the powertrain will again enter the soft start sequence after tINIT and tON. Temperature Fault Protections (OTP) The fault logic monitors the internal temperature of the converter. If the measured temperature exceeds TINT-OTP, a temperature fault is registered. As with the under voltage fault protection, once a temperature fault is registered, the powertrain immediately stops switching, the output voltage of the converter falls, and the converter remains disabled for at least time tFAULT. Then, the converter waits for the internal temperature to return to below TINT-OTP before recovering. Provided the converter is still enabled, the DCM will restart after tINIT and tON. Output Overvoltage Fault Protection (OVP) The converter monitors the output voltage during each switching cycle by a correspnding voltage reflected to the primary side control circuitry. If the primary sensed output voltage exceeds VOUT-OVP, the OVP fault protection is triggered. The control logic disables the powertrain, and the output voltage of the converter falls. fault protection, the case bottom temperature must be constrained by the thermal solution such that it does not exceed the temperature of the case top. The ChiP package provides a high degree of flexibility in that it presents three pathways to remove heat from internal power dissipating components. Heat may be removed from the top surface, the bottom surface and the leads. The extent to which these three surfaces are cooled is a key component for determining the maximum power that is available from a ChiP, as can be seen from Figure 19. Since the ChiP has a maximum internal temperature rating, it is necessary to estimate this internal temperature based on a real thermal solution. Given that there are three pathways to remove heat from the ChiP, it is helpful to simplify the thermal solution into a roughly equivalent circuit where power dissipation is modeled as a current source, isothermal surface temperatures are represented as voltage sources and the thermal resistances are represented as resistors. Figure 19 shows the "thermal circuit" for a 4623 ChiP DCM in an application where the top, bottom, and leads are cooled. In this case, the DCM power dissipation is PDTOTAL and the three surface temperatures are represented as TCASE_TOP, TCASE_BOTTOM, and TLEADS. This thermal system can now be very easily analyzed with simple resistors, voltage sources, and a current source. This analysis provides an estimate of heat flow through the various pathways as well as internal temperature. This type of fault is latched, and the converter will not start again until the latch is cleared. Clearing the fault latch is achieved by either disabling the converter via the EN pin, or else by removing the input power such that the input voltage falls below VIN-INIT. External Output Capacitance The DCM converter compensation requires a minimal external capacitor on the output for proper operation and for good transient load regulation. An external capacitor of 1000 uF to 10,000 uF per DCM is required with ESR of 10 mΩ or greater. Burst Mode Under light load conditions, the DCM converter may operate in burst mode depending on the line voltage. Burst mode occurs whenever the internal power consumption of the converter combined with the external output load is less than the minimum power transfer per switching cycle. To prevent the output voltage from rising in this case, the powertrain is switched off and on repeatedly, to effectively lower the average switching frequency, and permit operation with no external load. During the time when the power train is off, the module internal consumption is significantly reduced, and so there is a notable reduction in no-load input power in burst mode. When the load is less than 5% of rated Iout, the output voltage may rise by a maximum of 2.3 V, above the output voltage calculated from trim, temperature, and load-line conditions. Thermal Design Based on the safe thermal operating area shown in page 5, the full rated power of the DCM290P138T600A40 can be processed provided that the top, bottom, and leads are all held below 80°C. These curves highlight the benefits of dual sided thermal management, but also demonstrate the flexibility of the Vicor ChiP platform for customers who are limited to cooling only the top or the bottom surface. The OTP senseor is located on the top side of the internal PCB structure. Therefore in order to ensure effective over-temperature Thermal Resistance Top MAX INTERNAL TEMP ΦINT-TOP°C / W Thermal Resistance Bottom Thermal Resistance Leads ΦINT-BOTTOM°C / W TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) Power Dissipation (W) ΦINT-LEADS°C / W + – TLEADS(°C) + – TCASE_TOP(°C) + – Figure 19 — Double side cooling and leads thermal model Alternatively, equations can be written around this circuit and analyzed algebraically: TINT – PD1 • ΦINT-TOP = TCASE_TOP TINT – PD2 • ΦINT-BOTTOM = TCASE_BOTTOM TINT – PD3 • ΦINT-LEADS = TLEADS PDTOTAL = PD1+ PD2+ PD3 Where TINT represents the internal temperature and PD1, PD2, and PD3 represent the heat flow through the top side, bottom side, and leads respectively. Thermal Resistance Top MAX INTERNAL TEMP ΦINT-TOP°C / W Thermal Resistance Bottom Thermal Resistance Leads ΦINT-BOTTOM°C / W ΦINT-LEADS°C / W Power Dissipation (W) TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) TLEADS(°C) + – TCASE_TOP(°C) Figure 20 — One side cooling and leads thermal model DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 20 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 + – DCM290P138T600A40 Figure 20 shows a scenario where there is no bottom side cooling. In this case, the heat flow path to the bottom is left open and the equations now simplify to: TINT – PD1 • ΦINT-TOP = TCASE_TOP TINT – PD3 • ΦINT-LEADS = TLEADS PDTOTAL = PD1 + PD3 R3: current limit resistor for fault pin, a resistor of at least 1 k is recommended; In order to help sensitive signal circuits reject potential noise, additional components are recommended: R2: 301 Ohm, facilitate noise attenuation for TR pin; FB1, C2: FB1 is a ferrite bead with an impedance of at least 10 Ω at 100MHz. C2 can be a ceramic capacitor of 0.1uF. Facilitate noise attenuation for EN pin. VTR VEN DCM1 R2_1 Thermal Resistance Top FB1_1 ΦINT-TOP°C / W R1_1 Thermal Resistance Bottom Thermal Resistance Leads ΦINT-BOTTOM°C / W ΦINT-LEADS°C / W TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) EN FT C2_1 L2_1 +IN Power Dissipation (W) TR MAX INTERNAL TEMP +IN L1_1 C1_1 C3_1 -IN TLEADS(°C) TCASE_TOP(°C) +OUT +OUT -IN + – C4 -OUT C5 -OUT DCM2 R2_2 TR EN FB1_2 R1_2 FT C2_2 L2_2 +IN L1_2 C1_2 +OUT C3_2 -IN Figure 21 — One side cooling thermal model DCM8 R2_8 Figure 21 shows a scenario where there is no bottom side and leads cooling. In this case, the heat flow path to the bottom is left open and the equations now simplify to: -OUT TR EN FB1_8 FT C2_8 R1_8 R3 L2_8 L1_8 +IN +OUT R4 C1_8 C3_8 -IN TINT – PD1 • ΦINT-TOP = TCASE_TOP PDTOTAL = PD1 -OUT Figure 22 — DCM paralleling configuration circuit 1 Vicor provides a suite of online tools, including a simulator and thermal estimator which greatly simplify the task of determining whether or not a DCM thermal configuration is sufficient for a given condition. These tools can be found at: www.vicorpower.com/powerbench. Array Operation A decoupling network is needed to facilitate paralleling: n An output inductor should be added to each DCM, before the outputs are bussed together to provide decoupling. n Each DCM needs a separate input filter, even if the multiple DCMs When common mode noise rejection in the input side is needed, common modes choke can be added in the input side of each DCM. An example of DCM paralleling circuit is shown below: DCM1 R2_1 TR + + R1_1 +IN L1_1 VTR1 VEN1 _ _ EN FB1_1 FT C2_1 L2_1 +IN C1_1 -IN C3_1 -IN R1_2 L1_2 VTR2 VEN2 _ _ If signal pins (TR, EN, FT) are not used, they can be left floating, and DCM will work in the nominal output condition. FT C2_2 L2_2 C3_2 -IN + L1_8 VTR8 C1_8 _ TR EN FB1_8 C2_8 R3 VEN8 _ -OUT DCM8 R2_8 R1_8 +OUT C4_2 + When common mode noise in the input side is not a concern, TR and EN can be driven and FT received using the –IN as a reference. -OUT EN FB1_2 +IN C1_2 C5 TR + + C4 -OUT DCM2 R2_2 share the same input voltage source. These filters limit the ripple current reflected from each DCM, and also help suppress generation of beat frequency currents that can result when multiple powertrains input stages are permitted to direclty interact. +OUT +OUT C4_1 FT L2_8 C4_8 R4 +IN +OUT C3_8 -IN -OUT An example of DCM paralleling circuit is shown in Figure 22. Figure 23 — DCM paralleling configuration circuit 2 Recommended values to start with: L1: L1 = 1 uH, minimized DCR; R1: 1 Ohm; C1: Ceramic capacitors in parallel, C1 = 2 uF; L2: L2 ≥ 0.15 uH; C3: electrolytic or tantalum capacitor, 1000 uF ≤ C3 ≤10000 uF; C4, C5: additional ceramic /electrolytic capacitors, if needed for output ripple filtering; Notice that each group of control pins need to be individually driven and isolated from the other groups control pins. This is because -IN of each DCM can be at a different voltage due to the common mode chokes. Attempting to share control pin circuitry could lead to incorrect behavior of the DCMs. DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 21 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 An array of DCMs used at the full array rated power may generally have one or more DCMs operating at current limit, due to sharing errors. Load sharing is functionally managed by the load line. Thermal balancing is improved by the nominal effective temperature coefficient of the output voltage setpoint. Maximum Power Dissipation (W) DCMs in current limit will operate with higher output current or power than the rated levels. Therefore the following Thermal Safe Operating Area plot should be used for array use, or loads that drive the DCM in to current limit for sustained operation. Top side only cooling is not recommended for array or current limit operation. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Temperature (°C) Temperature of: Case top and leads Case top & bottom, and leads Figure 24 — Maximum Power Dissipation for Array or Current Limit Operation DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 22 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 DCM290P138T600A40 DCM Module Product Outline Drawing Recommended PCB Footprint and Pinout 47.91±.38 1.886±.015 11.43 .450 23.96 .943 0 1.52 .060 (2) PL. 11.40 .449 0 0 22.80±.13 .898±.005 1.52 .060 (4) pl. 0 1.02 .040 (3) PL. TOP VIEW (COMPONENT SIDE) .05 [.002] 7.26±.05 .286±.002 SEATING PLANE 4.17 .164 (9) PL. .41 .016 (9) PL. NOTES: 23.19 .913 0 23.19 .913 1- RoHS COMPLIANT PER CST-0001 LATEST REVISION. 8.25 .325 8.00 .315 2.75 .108 2.75 .108 0 0 1.38 .054 1.38 .054 4.13 .162 8.00 .315 0 8.25 .325 8.00±.08 .315±.003 4.13±.08 .162±.003 1.38±.08 .054±.003 0 2.03 .080 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (2) PL. 2.75±.08 .108±.003 -OUT AD 0 DA CL 8.00±.08 .315±.003 8.25±.08 .325±.003 +OUT +IN -IN +OUT 2.75±.08 .108±.003 -OUT 8.25±.08 .325±.003 0 1.38±.08 .054±.003 0 23.19±.08 .913±.003 1.52 .060 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (3) PL. 23.19±.08 .913±.003 BOTTOM VIEW RECOMMENDED HOLE PATTERN (COMPONENT SIDE) DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 23 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 2.03 .080 PLATED THRU .38 [.015] ANNULAR RING (4) PL. DCM290P138T600A40 Recommended PCB Footprint for 4623 DCM with Top-side or Dual Heatsink 0 THRU HOLE SEE NOTE 1 CHIP OUTLINE 0 6123 AND 4623 RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN (NO GROUNDING CLIPS) TOP SIDE SHOWN APPLIES TO BOTH THRU HOLE AND SURFACE MOUNT DEVICES 0 PLATED THRU HOLE ANNULAR RING CHIP OUTLINE 0 0 THRU HOLE SEE NOTE 1 DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 24 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474 6123 AND 4623 RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN (GROUNDING CLIPS) TOP SIDE SHOWN APPLIES TO BOTH THRU HOLE AND SURFACE MOUNT DEVICES DCM290P138T600A40 Vicor’s comprehensive line of power solutions includes high density AC-DC and DC-DC modules and accessory components, fully configurable AC-DC and DC-DC power supplies, and complete custom power systems. Information furnished by Vicor is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Vicor for its use. Vicor makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication. Vicor reserves the right to make changes to any products, specifications, and product descriptions at any time without notice. Information published by Vicor has been checked and is believed to be accurate at the time it was printed; however, Vicor assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies. Testing and other quality controls are used to the extent Vicor deems necessary to support Vicor’s product warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Vicor’s Standard Terms and Conditions All sales are subject to Vicor’s Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale, which are available on Vicor’s webpage or upon request. Product Warranty In Vicor’s standard terms and conditions of sale, Vicor warrants that its products are free from non-conformity to its Standard Specifications (the “Express Limited Warranty”). This warranty is extended only to the original Buyer for the period expiring two (2) years after the date of shipment and is not transferable. UNLESS OTHERWISE EXPRESSLY STATED IN A WRITTEN SALES AGREEMENT SIGNED BY A DULY AUTHORIZED VICOR SIGNATORY, VICOR DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS, LIABILITIES, AND WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND (WHETHER ARISING BY IMPLICATION OR BY OPERATION OF LAW) WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCTS, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS AS TO MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE, INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT, OR ANY OTHER MATTER. This warranty does not extend to products subjected to misuse, accident, or improper application, maintenance, or storage. Vicor shall not be liable for collateral or consequential damage. Vicor disclaims any and all liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit and assumes no liability for applications assistance or buyer product design. Buyers are responsible for their products and applications using Vicor products and components. Prior to using or distributing any products that include Vicor components, buyers should provide adequate design, testing and operating safeguards. Vicor will repair or replace defective products in accordance with its own best judgment. For service under this warranty, the buyer must contact Vicor to obtain a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number and shipping instructions. Products returned without prior authorization will be returned to the buyer. The buyer will pay all charges incurred in returning the product to the factory. Vicor will pay all reshipment charges if the product was defective within the terms of this warranty. Life Support Policy VICOR’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF VICOR CORPORATION. As used herein, life support devices or systems are devices which (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system or to affect its safety or effectiveness. Per Vicor Terms and Conditions of Sale, the user of Vicor products and components in life support applications assumes all risks of such use and indemnifies Vicor against all liability and damages. Intellectual Property Notice Vicor and its subsidiaries own Intellectual Property (including issued U.S. and Foreign Patents and pending patent applications) relating to the products described in this data sheet. No license, whether express, implied, or arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Interested parties should contact Vicor's Intellectual Property Department. The products described on this data sheet are protected by the following U.S. Patents Numbers: RE40,072; 7,561,446; 7,920,391; 7,782,639; 8,427,269; 6,421,262 and other patents pending. Vicor Corporation 25 Frontage Road Andover, MA, USA 01810 Tel: 800-735-6200 Fax: 978-475-6715 email Customer Service: [email protected] Technical Support: [email protected] DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.3 vicorpower.com Page 25 of 25 04/2015 800 927.9474