PD - 94461C AFL270XXD SERIES 270V Input, Dual Output HYBRID-HIGH RELIABILITY DC/DC CONVERTER Description The AFL Series of DC/DC converters feature high power density with no derating over the full military temperature range. This series is offered as part of a complete family of converters providing single and dual output voltages and operating from nominal +28V or +270V inputs with output power ranging from 80W to 120W. For applications requiring higher output power, individual converters can be operated in parallel. The internal current sharing circuits assure equal current distribution among the paralleled converters. This series incorporates International Rectifier’s proprietary magnetic pulse feedback technology providing optimum dynamic line and load regulation response. This feedback system samples the output voltage at the pulse width modulator fixed clock frequency, nominally 550KHz. Multiple converters can be synchronized to a system clock in the 500KHz to 700KHz range or to the synchronization output of one converter. Undervoltage lockout, primary and secondary referenced inhibit, soft-start and load fault protection are provided on all models. These converters are hermetically packaged in two enclosure variations, utilizing copper core pins to minimize resistive DC losses. Three lead styles are available, each fabricated with International Rectifier’s rugged ceramic lead-to-package seal assuring long term hermeticity in the most harsh environments. AFL Features n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n 160V To 400V Input Range ±5V, ± 12V, and ±15V Outputs Available High Power Density - up to 70W/in3 Up To 100W Output Power Parallel Operation with Power Sharing Low Profile (0.380") Seam Welded Package Ceramic Feedthru Copper Core Pins High Efficiency - to 87% Full Military Temperature Range Continuous Short Circuit and Overload Protection Output Voltage Trim Primary and Secondary Referenced Inhibit Functions Line Rejection > 60dB - DC to 50KHz External Synchronization Port Fault Tolerant Design Single Output Versions Available Standard Microcircuit Drawings Available Manufactured in a facility fully qualified to MIL-PRF38534, these converters are fabricated utilizing DSCC qualified processes. For available screening options, refer to device screening table in the data sheet. Variations in electrical, mechanical and screening can be accommodated. Contact IR Santa Clara for special requirements. www.irf.com 1 12/18/06 AFL270XXD Series Specifications Absolute Maximum Ratings Input voltage Soldering temperature Operating case temperature Storage case temperature -0.5V to +500VDC 300°C for 10 seconds -55°C to +125°C -65°C to +135°C Static Characteristics -55°C < TCASE < +125°C, 160V< VIN < 400V unless otherwise specified. Group A Subgroups Parameter Test Conditions Note 6 INPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE AFL27005D AFL27012D AFL27015D AFL27005D AFL27012D AFL27015D 1 1 1 1 1 1 2, 3 2, 3 2, 3 2, 3 2, 3 2, 3 OUTPUT CURRENT VIN = 270 Volts, 100% Load Positive Output Negative Output Positive Output Negative Output Positive Output Negative Output Positive Output Negative Output Positive Output Negative Output Positive Output Negative Output Nom Max Unit 160 270 400 V 4.95 -5.05 11.88 -12.12 14.85 -15.15 4.90 -5.10 11.76 -12.24 14.70 -15.30 5.00 -5.00 12.00 -12.00 15.00 -15.00 5.05 -4.95 12.12 -11.88 15.15 -14.85 5.10 -4.90 12.24 -11.76 15.30 -14.70 VIN = 160, 270, 400 Volts - Notes 6, 11 Either Output Either Output Either Output AFL27005D AFL27012D AFL27015D OUTPUT POWER 12.8 6.4 5.3 Total of Both Outputs. Notes 6,11 AFL27005D AFL27012D AFL27015D 80 96 V A W 100 MAXIMUM CAPACITIVE LOAD Each Output Note 1 OUTPUT VOLTAGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT VIN = 270 Volts, 100% Load - Notes 1, 6 OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATION Line Load Min 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 Cross AFL27005D 1, 2, 3 AFL27012D 1, 2, 3 AFL27015D 1, 2, 3 µF 5,000 -0.015 +0.015 Note 10 No Load, 50% Load, 100% Load VIN = 160, 270, 400 Volts. -0.5 -1.0 +0.5 +1.0 VIN = 160, 270, 400 Volts. Note 12 Positive Output Negative Output Positive Output Negative Output Positive Output Negative Output -1.0 -8.0 -1.0 -5.0 +1.0 +8.0 +1.0 +5.0 -1.0 -5.0 +1.0 +5.0 %/°C % For Notes to Specifications, refer to page 4 2 www.irf.com AFL270XXD Series Static Characteristics (Continued) Group A Subgroups Parameter OUTPUT RIPPLE VOLTAGE AFL27005D AFL27012D AFL27015D 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 INPUT CURRENT No Load Inhibit 1 Inhibit 2 INPUT RIPPLE CURRENT AFL27005D AFL27012D AFL27015D 1 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 CURRENT LIMIT POINT Expressed as a Percentage of Full Rated Load LOAD FAULT POWER DISSIPATION 1 2 3 Test Conditions Min Nom V IN = 160, 270, 400 Volts, 100% Load, BW = 10MHz V IN = 270 Volts IOUT = 0 Unit 60 80 80 mV pp 10 12 3.00 5.00 Pin 4 Shorted to Pin 2 Pin 12 Shorted to Pin 8 V IN = 270 Volts, 100% Load V OUT = 90% VNOM , Current split equally on positive and negative outputs. Note 5 Max 115 105 125 mA 60 70 80 mA pp 125 115 140 % 30 W V IN = 270 Volts 1, 2, 3 Overload or Short Circuit EFFICIENCY AFL27005D AFL27012D AFL27015D ENABLE INPUTS (Inhibit Function) Converter Off Sink Current Converter On Sink Current SWITCHING FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION INPUT Frequency Range Pulse Amplitude, Hi Pulse Amplitude, Lo Pulse Rise Time Pulse Duty Cycle ISOLATION 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 V IN = 270 Volts, 100% Load Logical Low on Pin 4 or Pin 12 Note 1 Logical High on Pin 4 and Pin 12 - Note 9 Note 1 78 82 83 -0.5 2.0 1, 2, 3 500 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 500 2.0 -0.5 Note 1 Note 1 1 Input to Output or Any Pin to Case (except Pin 3). Test @ 500VDC DEVICE WEIGHT Slight Variations with Case Style MTBF MIL-HDBK-217F, AIF @ TC = 70°C 82 85 87 550 20 100 0.8 100 50 100 V µA V µA 600 KHz 700 10 0.8 100 80 KHz V V ns % MΩ 85 300 % g KHrs For Notes to Specifications, refer to page 4 www.irf.com 3 AFL270XXD Series Dynamic Characteristics -55°C < TCASE < +125°C, VIN=270V unless otherwise specified. Parameter Group A Subgroups AFL27012D Either Output AFL27015D Either Output Min Nom Max Unit Note 2, 8 LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE AFL27005D Either Output Test Conditions Amplitude Recovery 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6 Load Step 50% ⇔ 100% -450 450 200 mV µs Amplitude Recovery 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6 Load Step 10% ⇔ 50% 10% ⇒ 50% 50% ⇒ 10% -450 450 200 400 mV µs µs Amplitude Recovery 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6 Load Step 50% ⇔ 100% -750 750 200 mV µs Amplitude Recovery 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6 Load Step 10% ⇔ 50% 10% ⇒ 50% 50% ⇒ 10% -750 750 200 400 mV µs µs Amplitude Recovery 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6 Load Step 50% ⇔ 100% -750 750 200 mV µs Amplitude Recovery 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6 Load Step 10% ⇔ 50% 10% ⇒ 50% 50% ⇒ 10% -750 750 200 400 mV µs µs -500 500 500 mV µs 250 120 mV ms LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE Note 1, 2, 3 VIN Step = 160 ⇔ 400 Volts Amplitude Recovery TURN-ON CHARACTERISTICS Overshoot Delay 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6 VIN = 160, 270, 400 Volts. Note 4 Enable 1, 2 on. (Pins 4, 12 high or open) LOAD FAULT RECOVERY Same as Turn On Characteristics. LINE REJECTION MIL-STD-461D, CS101, 30Hz to 50KHz Note 1 50 75 60 70 dB Notes to Specifications: 1. 2. Parameters not 100% tested but are guaranteed to the limits specified in the table. Recovery time is measured from the initiation of the transient to where Vout has returned to within ±1.0% of Vout at 50% load. 3. Line transient transition time ≥ 100µs. 4. Turn-on delay is measured with an input voltage rise time of between 100V and 500V per millisecond. 5. Current limit point is that condition of excess load causing output voltage to drop to 90% of nominal. 6. Parameter verified as part of another test. 7. All electrical tests are performed with the remote sense leads connected to the output leads at the load. 8. Load transient transition time ≥ 10µs. 9. Enable inputs internally pulled high. Nominal open circuit voltage ≈ 4.0VDC. 10. Load current split equally between +Vout and -Vout . 11. Output load must be distributed so that a minimum of 20% of the total output power is being provided by one of the outputs. 12. Cross regulation measured with load on tested output at 20% of maximum load while changing the load on other output from 20% to 80%. 4 www.irf.com AFL270XXD Series Block Diagram Figure I. AFL Dual Output + INPUT 1 INPUT FILTER OUTPUT FILTER ENABLE 1 4 PRIMARY BIAS SUPPLY CURRENT SENSE OUTPUT FILTER SYNC OUTPUT 5 SYNC INPUT 6 CASE 3 INPUT RETURN 2 SHARE CONTROL FB Circuit Operation and Application Information The AFL series of converters employ a forward switched mode converter topology. (refer to Figure I.) Operation of the device is initiated when a DC voltage whose magnitude is within the specified input limits is applied between pins 1 and 2. If pins 4 and 12 are enabled (at a logical 1 or open) the primary bias supply will begin generating a regulated housekeeping voltage bringing the circuitry on the primary side of the converter to life. Two power MOSFETs used to chop the DC input voltage into a high frequency square wave, apply this chopped voltage to the power transformer. As this switching is initiated, a voltage is impressed on a second winding of the power transformer which is then rectified and applied to the primary bias supply. When this occurs, the input voltage is excluded from the bias voltage generator and the primary bias voltage becomes internally generated. The switched voltage impressed on the secondary output transformer windings is rectified and filtered to provide the positive and negative converter output voltages. An error amplifier on the secondary side compares the positive output voltage to a precision reference and generates an error signal proportional to the difference. This error signal is magnetically coupled through the feedback transformer into the control section of the converter varying the pulse width of the square wave signal driving the MOSFETs, narrowing the pulse width if the output voltage is too high and widening it if it is too low. These pulse width variations provide the necessary corrections to regulate the magnitude of output voltage within its’ specified limits. Because the primary portion of the circuit is coupled to the secondary side with magnetic elements, full isolation from input to output is maintained. www.irf.com ERROR AMP & REF AMPLIFIER 7 + OUTPUT 8 OUTPUT RETURN 9 - OUTPUT 11 SHARE 12 ENABLE 2 10 OUTPUT VOTAGE TRIM Although incorporating several sophisticated and useful ancilliary features, basic operation of the AFL270XXDseries can be initiated by simply applying an input voltage to pins 1 and 2 and connecting the appropriate loads between pins 7, 8, and 9. Of course, operation of any converter with high power density should not be attempted before secure attachment to an appropriate heat dissipator. (See Thermal Considerations, page 7) Inhibiting Converter Output (Enable) As an alternative to application and removal of the DC voltage to the input, the user can control the converter output by providing TTL compatible, positive logic signals to either of two enable pins (pin 4 or 12). The distinction between these two signal ports is that enable 1 (pin 4) is referenced to the input return (pin 2) while enable 2 (pin 12) is referenced to the output return (pin 8). Thus, the user has access to an inhibit function on either side of the isolation barrier. Each port is internally pulled “high” so that when not used, an open connection on both enable pins permits normal converter operation. When their use is desired, a logical “low” on either port will shut the converter down. Figure II. Enable Input Equivalent Circuit +5.6V Pin 4 or Pin 12 1N4148 100K Disable 290K 2N3904 150K Pin 2 or Pin 8 5 AFL270XXD Series Internally, these ports differ slightly in their function. In use, a low on Enable 1 completely shuts down all circuits in the converter, while a low on Enable 2 shuts down the secondary side while altering the controller duty cycle to near zero. Externally, the use of either port is transparent to the user save for minor differences in idle current. (See specification table). high level of +2.0V. The sync output of another converter which has been designated as the master oscillator provides a convenient frequency source for this mode of operation. When external synchronization is not indicted, the sync in pin should be left unconnected thereby permitting the converter to operate at its’ own internally set frequency. The sync output signal is a continuous pulse train set at 550 ± 50KHz, with a duty cycle of 15 ± 5.0%. This signal is referenced to the input return and has been tailored to be compatible with the AFL sync input port. Transition times are less than 100ns and the low level output impedance is less than 50Ω. This signal is active when the DC input voltage is within the specified operating range and the converter is not inhibited. This synch output has adequate drive reserve to synchronize at least five additional converters. A typical synchronization connection option is illustrated in Figure III. Synchronization of Multiple Converters When operating multiple converters, system requirements often dictate operation of the converters at a common frequency. To accommodate this requirement, the AFL series converters provide both a synchronization input and output. The sync input port permits synchronization of an AFL converter to any compatible external frequency source operating between 500KHz and 700KHz. This input signal should be referenced to the input return and have a 10% to 90% duty cycle. Compatibility requires transition times less than 100ns, maximum low level of +0.8V and a minimum Figure III. Preferred Connection for Parallel Operation Power Input 1 Vin Enable 2 Rtn Share Case Enable 1 AFL Trim - Output Sync Out Optional Synchronization Connection 12 Return Sync In + Output Vin Enable 2 6 7 Share Bus 1 Rtn 12 Share Case Enable 1 AFL Trim Return Sync Out Sync In + Output 6 1 Vin Enable 2 Rtn Share Case Enable 1 to Negative Load - Output AFL to Positive Load 12 Trim - Output Return Sync Out Sync In 7 + Output 6 7 (Other Converters) Parallel Operation-Current and Stress Sharing Figure III. illustrates the preferred connection scheme for operation of a set of AFL converters with outputs operating in parallel. Use of this connection permits equal current sharing among the members of a set whose load current exceeds the capacity of an individual AFL. An important 6 feature of the AFL series operating in the parallel mode is that in addition to sharing the current, the stress induced by temperature will also be shared. Thus if one member of a paralleled set is operating at a higher case temperature, the current it provides to the load will be reduced as compensation for the temperature induced stress on that device. www.irf.com AFL270XXD Series When operating in the shared mode, it is important that symmetry of connection be maintained as an assurance of optimum load sharing performance. Thus, converter outputs should be connected to the load with equal lengths of wire of the same gauge and should be connected to a common physical point, preferably at the load along with the converter output and return leads. All converters in a paralleled set must have their share pins connected together. This arrangement is diagrammatically illustrated in Figure III. showing the output and return pins connected at a star point which is located close as possible to the load. As a consequence of the topology utilized in the current sharing circuit, the share pin may be used for other functions. In applications requiring only a single converter, the voltage appearing on the share pin may be used as a “totall current monitor”. The share pin open circuit voltage is nominally +1.00V at no load and increases linearly with increasing total output current to +2.20V at full load. Note that the current we refer to here is the total output current, that is, the sum of the positive and negative outout currents. Thermal Considerations Because of the incorporation of many innovative technological concepts, the AFL series of converters is capable of providing very high output power from a package of very small volume. These magnitudes of power density can only be obtained by combining high circuit efficiency with effective methods of heat removal from the die junctions. This requirement has been effectively addressed inside the device; but when operating at maximum loads, a significant amount of heat will be generated and this heat must be conducted away from the case. To maintain the case temperature at or below the specified maximum of 125°C, this heat must be transferred by conduction to an appropriate heat dissipater held in intimate contact with the converter base-plate. Since the effectiveness of this heat transfer is dependent on the intimacy of the baseplate/heatsink interface, it is strongly recommended that a high thermal conductivity heat transferring medium is inserted between the baseplate and heatsink. The material most frequently utilized at the factory during all testing and burn-in processes is sold under the trade name of Sil-Pad® 4001 . This particular product is an insulator but electrically conductive versions are also available. Use of these materials assures maximum surface contact with the heat dissipater thereby compensating for any minor surface variations. While other available types of heat conductive materials and thermal compounds provide similar effectiveness, these alternatives are often less convenient and can be somewhat messy to use. A conservative aid to estimating the total heat sink surface area (A HEAT SINK ) required to set the maximum case temperature rise (∆T) above ambient temperature is given by the following expression: . ⎧ ∆T ⎫ −143 ⎬ − 3.0 A HEAT SINK ≈ ⎨ ⎩ 80P 0.85 ⎭ where ∆T = Case temperature rise above ambient ⎧ 1 ⎫ − 1⎬ P = Device dissipation in Watts = POUT ⎨ ⎩ Eff ⎭ As an example, assume that it is desired to operate an AFL27015D while holding the case temperature at T C ≤ +85°C in an area where the ambient temperature is held to a constant +25°C; then ∆T = 85 - 25 = 60°C From the Specification Table, the worst case full load efficiency for this device is 83% @ 100 watts: thus, power dissipation at full load is given by ⎧ 1 ⎫ P = 100 • ⎨ − 1⎬ = 100 • (0.205) = 20.5W ⎩ .83 ⎭ and the required heat sink area is 60 ⎧ ⎫ A HEAT SINK = ⎨ ⎬ ⎩ 80 • 20.50.85 ⎭ −1.43 − 3.0 = 56.3 in 2 Thus, a total heat sink surface area (including fins, if any) of 56 in2 in this example, would limit case rise to 60°C above ambient. A flat aluminum plate, 0.25" thick and of approximate dimension 4" by 7" (28 in2 per side) would suffice for this application in a still air environment. Note that to meet the criteria in this example, both sides of the plate require unrestricted exposure to the +25°C ambient air. 1Sil-Pad is a registered Trade Mark of Bergquist, Minneapolis, MN www.irf.com 7 AFL270XXD Series Input Filter Table 1. Output Voltage Trim Values and Limits The AFL270XXD series converters incorporate a single stage LC input filter whose elements dominate the input load impedance characteristic during the turn-on sequence. The input circuit is as shown in Figure IV. Figure IV. Input Filter Circuit 8.4µH Pin 1 0.54µfd Pin 2 Undervoltage Lockout A minimum voltage is required at the input of the converter to initiate operation. This voltage is set to 150V ± 5.0V. To preclude the possibility of noise or other variations at the input falsely initiating and halting converter operation, a hysteresis of approximately 10V is incorporated in this circuit. Thus if the input voltage droops to 140V ± 5.0V, the converter will shut down and remain inoperative until the input voltage returns to ≈ 150V. Output Voltage Adjust By use of the trim pin (10), the magnitude of output voltages can be adjusted over a limited range in either a positive or negative direction. Connecting a resistor between the trim pin and either the output return or the positive output will raise or lower the magnitude of output voltages. The span of output voltage adjustment is restricted to the limits shown in Table I. AFL27005D AFL27012D AFL27015D Vout Radj Vout Radj Vout Radj 5.5 5.4 0 12.5K 12.5 12.4 0 47.5K 15.5 15.4 0 62.5K 5.3 5.2 33.3K 75K 12.3 12.2 127K 285K 15.3 15.2 167K 375K 5.1 5.0 4.9 200K ∞ 190K 12.1 12.0 11.7 760K ∞ 975K 15.1 15.0 14.6 1.0M ∞ 1.2M 4.8 4.7 4.6 65K 23K 2.5K 11.3 10.8 10.6 288K 72.9K 29.9K 14.0 13.5 13.0 325K 117K 12.5K 4.583 0 10.417 0 12.917 0 Note that the nominal magnitude of output voltage resides in the middle of the table and the corresponding resistor value is set to ∞. To set the magnitude greater than nominal, the adjust resistor is connected to output return. To set the magnitude less than nominal, the adjust resistor is connected to the positive output. (Refer to Figure V.) For output voltage settings that are within the limits, but between those listed in Table I, it is suggested that the resistor values be determined empirically by selection or by use of a variable resistor. The value thus determined can then be replaced with a good quality fixed resistor for permanent installation. When use of this adjust feature is elected, the user should be aware that the temperature performance of the converter output voltage will be affected by the temperature performance of the resistor selected as the adjustment element and therefore, is advised to employ resistors with a tight temperature coefficient of resistance. Figure V. Connection for VOUT Adjustment 12 Enable 2 Share AFL270xxD RADJ Trim + - Vout To Loads Return + Vout 7 Connect Radj to + to increase, - to decrease 8 www.irf.com AFL270XXD Series Mechanical Outlines Case X Case W Pin Variation of Case Y 3.000 ø 0.128 2.760 0.050 0.050 1 12 0.250 0.250 0.200 Typ Non-cum 6 7 1.260 1.500 1.000 Ref 1.000 Pin ø 0.040 0.220 2.500 0.220 Pin ø 0.040 2.800 2.975 max 0.525 0.238 max 0.42 0.380 Max 0.380 Max Case Y Case Z Pin Variation of Case Y 1.150 0.300 ø 0.140 0.25 typ 0.050 0.050 1 12 0.250 0.250 1.000 Ref 6 1.750 1.000 Ref 0.200 Typ Non-cum 7 1.500 1.750 2.00 Pin ø 0.040 0.375 Pin ø 0.040 0.220 0.220 0.36 2.500 2.800 2.975 max 0.525 0.238 max 0.380 Max 0.380 Max Tolerances, unless otherwise specified: .XX .XXX = = ±0.010 ±0.005 BERYLLIA WARNING: These converters are hermetically sealed; however they contain BeO substrates and should not be ground or subjected to any other operations including exposure to acids, which may produce Beryllium dust or fumes containing Beryllium www.irf.com 9 AFL270XXD Series Pin Designation Pin # Designation 1 + Input 2 Input Return 3 Case Ground 4 Enable 1 5 Sync Output 6 Sync Input 7 + Output 8 Output Return 9 - Output 10 Output Voltage Trim 11 Share 12 Enable 2 Standard Microcircuit Drawing Equivalence Table 10 Standard Microcircuit IR Standard Drawing Number Part Number 5962-95501 AFL27005D 5962-99518 AFL27012D 5962-95532 AFL27015D www.irf.com AFL270XXD Series Device Screening Requirement MIL-STD-883 Method Temperature Range No Suffix ES d -20°C to +85°C -55°C to +125°C Element Evaluation HB e -55°C to +125°C CH -55°C to +125°C MIL-PRF-38534 N/A N/A N/A Class H 2023 N/A N/A N/A N/A Internal Visual 2017 c Yes Yes Yes Temperature Cycle 1010 N/A Cond B Cond C Cond C Constant Acceleration 2001, Y1 Axis N/A 500 Gs 3000 Gs 3000 Gs PIND 2020 N/A N/A N/A N/A 48 hrs@hi temp Non-Destructive Bond Pull Burn-In 1015 N/A Final Electrical MIL-PRF-38534 25°C ( Group A ) & Specification 25°C d 160 hrs@125°C 160 hrs@125°C -55°C, +25°C, -55°C, +25°C, +125°C +125°C PDA MIL-PRF-38534 N/A N/A N/A 10% Seal, Fine and Gross 1014 Cond A Cond A, C Cond A, C Cond A, C Radiographic 2012 N/A External Visual 2009 c N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes Notes: Best commercial practice Sample tests at low and high temperatures -55°C to +105°C for AHE, ATO, ATW Part Numbering AFL 270 05 D X /CH Model Screening Level Input Voltage No suffix, ES, HB, CH 28 = 28V 50 = 50V 120 = 120V 270 = 270V Case Style Output Voltage (Please refer to Screening Table) W, X, Y, Z Output D = Dual 05 = ±5V 12 = ±12V 15 = ±15V WORLD HEADQUARTERS: 233 Kansas St., El Segundo, California 90245, Tel: (310) 322 3331 IR SANTA CLARA: 2270 Martin Av., Santa Clara, California 95050, Tel: (408) 727-0500 Visit us at www.irf.com for sales contact information. Data and specifications subject to change without notice. 12/2006 www.irf.com 11