Keysight Technologies
E4991B Impedance Analyzer
1 MHz to 500 MHz/1 GHz/3 GHz
Data Sheet
02 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Definitions
Specification (spec.)
Warranted performance. All specifications apply at 23 °C ± 5 °C unless otherwise stated,
and 30 minutes after the instrument has been turned on. Speciications include guard
bands to account for the expected statistical performance distribution, measurement
uncertainties, and changes in performance due to environmental conditions.
Typical (typ.)
Expected performance of an average unit which does not include guardbands. It is not
covered by the product warranty.
Nominal (nom.)
A general, descriptive term that does not imply a level of performance. It is not covered
by the product warranty.
Measurement Parameters and Range
Measurement parameters
Impedance parameters:
|Z|, |Y|, Ls, Lp, Cs, Cp, Rs (R), Rp, X, G, B, D, Q, qz, Gy, |G|, Gx, y, qr, Vac, Iac, Vdc, Idc
(Option E4991B-001 only)
Material parameters (Option E4991B-002):
(see “Option E4991B-002 material measurement (typical)” on page 19)
Permittivity parameters: | r |, r’, r”, tan
Permeability parameters: | r |, r’, r”, tan
Measurement range
Measurement range (|Z|):
120 mΩ to 52 kΩ.
(Frequency = 1 MHz,
Point averaging factor ≥ 8,
Oscillator level = –3 dBm; or = –13 dBm,
Measurement accuracy ≤ ± 10%,
Calibration is performed within 23 °C ± 5 °C,
Measurement is performed within ± 5 °C of calibration temperature)
Source Characteristics
Frequency
Range: 1 MHz to 3 GHz (Option 300)
1 MHz to 1 GHz (Option 100)
1 MHz to 500 MHz (Option 050)
Resolution: 1 mHz
Accuracy:
without Option E4991B-1E5:
± 10 ppm (23 °C ± 5 °C)
± 20 ppm (5 °C to 40 °C)
with Option E4991B-1E5:
± 1 ppm (5 °C to 40 °C)
03 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Stability:
with Option E4991B-1E5:
± 0.5 ppm/year (5 °C to 40 °C) (typical)
Oscillator level
Range:
Power (when 50 Ω load is connected to test port):
–40 dBm to 1 dBm
Current (when short is connected to test port):
0.0894 mArms to 10 mArms
Voltage (when open is connected to test port):
4.47 mVrms to 502 mVrms
Resolution: 0.1 dB1
Accuracy:
(Power, when 50 Ω load is connected to test port)
Frequency ≤ 1 GHz:
± 2 dB (23 °C ± 5 °C)
± 4 dB (5 °C to 40 °C)
Frequency > 1 GHz:
± 3 dB (23 °C ± 5 °C)
± 5 dB (5 °C to 40 °C)
with Option 010:
Frequency ≤ 1 GHz
Minimum: –3 dB, Maximum: +2 dB (23°C ± 5°C)
Minimum: –5 dB, Maximum: +4 dB (5 °C to 40 °C)
Frequency > 1 GHz
Minimum: –4 dB, Maximum: +3 dB (23°C ± 5°C)
Minimum: –6 dB, Maximum: +5 dB (5 °C to 40 °C)
Output impedance
Output impedance: 50 Ω (nominal)
DC Bias (Option E4991B-001)
DC voltage bias
Range: 0 to ± 40 V
Resolution: 1 mV
Output impedance (series): 15Ω (typical)
Accuracy:
± {0.05% + 5 mV + (|Idc[mA]| x 20 Ω)} (23 °C ± 5 °C)
± {0.2% + 10 mV + (|Idc[mA]| x 40 Ω)} (5 °C to 40 °C)
Current limit range: 1mA to 100mA (both source and sink are limited to same current.)
Current limit resolution: 2 µA
Current limit accuracy: ± 4% (5 °C to 40 °C, typical)
1.
When the unit is set at mV or mA, the entered value is rounded to 0.1 dB resolution.
04 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
DC current bias
Range: 0 to 100 mA
Resolution: 2 µA
Output impedance (shunt): 20 kΩ minimum (typical)
Accuracy:
± {0.2% + 20 µA + (|Vdc[V]|/10 kΩ)} (23 °C ± 5 °C)
± {0.4% + 40 µA + (|Vdc[V]|/5 kΩ)} (5 °C to 40 °C)
Voltage limit range: 0.3 V to 40 V (both positive and negative sides are limited to same
voltage.)
Voltage limit resolution: 1 mV
Voltage limit accuracy: ± (2% + 20 mV + |Idc| x 20 Ω) (5 °C to 40 °C, typical)
DC bias monitor
Monitor parameters: Voltage and current
Voltage monitor accuracy:
± {0.2% + 10 mV + (|Idc[mA]| x 2 Ω)}
(23 °C ± 5 °C, typical)
± {0.8% + 24 mV + (|Idc[mA]| x 4 Ω)}
(5 °C to 40 °C, typical)
Current monitor accuracy:
± {0.2% + 25 µA + (|Vdc[V]|/40 k Ω)}
(23 °C ± 5 °C, typical)
± {0.8% + 60 µA + (|Vdc[V]|/20 k Ω)}
(5 °C to 40 °C, typical)
Sweep Characteristics
Sweep conditions:
Linear frequency, log frequency, OSC level (voltage, current, power), DC bias (voltage,
current), log DC bias (voltage, current), segment
Sweep range setup: Start/stop or center/span
Sweep mode: Continuous, single
Sweep directions:
up sweep, down sweep
Number of measurement points: 2 to 1601
Delay time:
Types: point delay, sweep delay, segment delay
Range: 0 to 30 sec
Resolution: 1 msec
05 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Segment sweep
Available setup parameters for each segment:
Sweep frequency range, number of measurement points, point averaging factor,
oscillator level (power, voltage, or current), DC bias (voltage or current), segment time,
segment delay.
Number of segments: 1 to 201
Sweep span types: Frequency base or order base
Measurement Accuracy
Conditions for defining accuracy
Temperature: 23 °C ± 5 °C1
Accuracy-specified plane: 7-mm connector of test head
Accuracy defined measurement points:
Same points at which the calibration is done.2
Basic accuracy (Typical)
0.45%
Accuracy when open/short/load calibration is performed
|Z|, |Y|:
±(Ea + Eb) [%]
(see Figures 1 through 4
for examples of
calculated accuracy)
q::
±
L, C, X, B:
± (Ea + Eb) x √(1 + D2x) [%]
R, G:
± (Ea + Eb) x √(1 + Q2x) [%]
Ea + Eb
100
<1
at Qx tan
Ea + Eb
100
±
1
especially at |Dx| ≤ 0.1
Q:
±
1.
Dx tan
100
Ea + Eb
100
100
(1 + Q2x )tan
<1
Ea + Eb
Ea + Eb
±
1
especially at
[rad]
(1 + D2x )tan
10
≥ |Qx| ≥ 10
Ea + Eb
±
at Dx tan
100
±
D:
(Ea + Eb)
Qx tan
± Q2x
Ea + Eb
100
Ea + Eb
100
Ea + Eb
100
If the calibration is performed in 5 °C to 18 °C or 28 °C to 40 °C, the accuracy is degraded to doubled
value (typical).
2. If the calibration is performed in different frequency points or different DC bias points from the
measurement, the accuracy is degraded to doubled value (typical).
06 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Measurement Accuracy (continued)
Accuracy when open/short/load/low-loss capacitor calibration is
performed.
Condition:
Point average factor ≥ 32
–23 dBm ≤ oscillator level ≤ +1 dBm
Calibration points are same as measurement points
(User frequency mode)
Measurement is performed within ± 1 °C from the calibration temperature
|Z|, |Y|:
±(Ea + Eb) [%]
q:
±
L, C, X, B:
± √(Ea + Eb)2 + (Ec Dx)2 [%]
R, G:
± √(Ea + Eb)2 + (Ec Qx )2 [%]
Ec
100
(1 + D2x )tan
<1
1
especially at |Dx| ≤ 0.1
Q:
at Qx tan
Ec
100
especially at
±
±
Dx tan
Ec
100
Ec
(1 + Q2x )tan
<1
Ec
100
100
±
1
10
≥ |Qx| ≥ 10
Ec
±
at Dx tan
[rad]
±
D:
Ec
100
Qx tan
±Q2x
Ec
100
Ec
100
Ec
100
Definition of each parameter
Dx = Measurement value of D
Qx = Measurement value of Q
Ea = (Within ± 5 °C from the calibration temperature. Measurement accuracy applies
when the calibration is performed at 23 °C ± 5 °C. When the calibration is performed
beyond 23 °C ± 5 °C, measurement error doubles.)
at –23 dBm ≤ oscillator level ≤ 1 dBm:
0.60 [%] (1 MHz ≤ Frequency ≤ 100 MHz)
0.70 [%] (100 MHz < Frequency ≤ 500 MHz)
1.00 [%] (500 MHz < Frequency ≤ 1 GHz)
2.00 [%] (1 GHz < Frequency ≤ 1.8 GHz)
4.00 [%] (1.8 GHz < Frequency ≤ 3 GHz)
at –33 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –23 dBm:
0.65 [%] (1 MHz ≤ Frequency ≤ 100 MHz)
0.75 [%] (100 MHz < Frequency ≤ 500 MHz)
1.05 [%] (500 MHz < Frequency ≤ 1 GHz)
2.05 [%] (1 GHz < Frequency ≤ 1.8 GHz)
4.05 [%] (1.8 GHz < Frequency ≤ 3 GHz)
07 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Measurement Accuracy (continued)
at –40 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –33 dBm:
0.80 [%] (1 MHz ≤ Frequency ≤ 100 MHz)
0.90 [%] (100 MHz < Frequency ≤ 500 MHz)
1.20 [%] (500 MHz < Frequency ≤ 1 GHz)
2.20 [%] (1 GHz < Frequency ≤ 1.8 GHz)
4.20 [%] (1.8 GHz < Frequency ≤ 3 GHz)
Eb =
Zs
Zx
+Yo• Zx × 100 [%]
(|Z x|: measurement value of |Z|)
Ec = (see below) [%]
at 1 MHz ≤ frequency ≤ 10 MHz
0.03 +
0.08 × F
0.03
+
[%] at |Zx| < 1 Ω
1000
|Zx|
0.06 +
0.08 × F
1000
0.03 +
|Zx|
0.08 × F
+
[%] at |Zx| > 1.8 kΩ
1000
60000
[%] at 1 Ω ≤ |Zx| ≤ 1.8 kΩ
at 10 MHz < frequency < 100 MHz
0.05 +
0.08 × F
0.03
+
[%] at |Zx| < 3 Ω
1000
|Zx|
0.06 +
0.08 × F
1000
0.05 +
|Zx|
0.08 × F
+
[%] at |Zx| > 600 Ω
1000
60000
[%] at 3 Ω ≤ |Zx| ≤ 600 Ω
at 100 MHz ≤ frequency ≤ 3 GHz
0.03 +
0.08 × F
0.03
+
[%] at |Zx| < 1 Ω
1000
|Zx|
0.06 +
0.08 × F
1000
0.03 +
|Zx|
0.08 × F
+
[%] at |Zx| > 1.8 kΩ
1000
60000
[%] at 1 Ω ≤ |Zx| ≤ 1.8 kΩ
(F: frequency [MHz], typical)
Zs = (Specification values of “point averaging factor ≥ 8” is applied
only when point
averaging factors at both calibration and measurement are 8
or greater.)
at oscillator level = –3 dBm or –13 dBm:
(11 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(12 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
at oscillator level = –23 dBm:
(12 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(16 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
08 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Measurement Accuracy (continued)
at –23 dBm < oscillator level ≤ 1 dBm:
(17 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(21 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
at –33 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –23 dBm:
(25 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(50 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
at –40 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –33 dBm:
(50 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(10 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
Yo = (Specification values of “point averaging factor ≥ 8” is applied only when point
averaging factors at both calibration and measurement are 8 or greater.)
at –17 dBm ≤ oscillator level ≤ 1 dBm:
(1.7 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(4.0 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
at –23 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –17 dBm:
(4.0 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(8.0 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
at –33 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –23 dBm:
(10.0 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(30.0 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
at –40 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –33 dBm:
(20.0 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(60.0 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
Calculated impedance measurement accuracy
Figure 1. |Z|, |Y| Measurement accuracy when open/short/load calibration
is performed. Oscillator level = –13 dBm, –3 dBm. Point averaging factor
≥ 8 within ± 5 °C from the calibration temperature.
Figure 2. |Z|, |Y| Measurement accuracy when open/short/load calibration is
performed. Oscillator level –13 dBm, –3 dBm. Point averaging factor ≤ 7 within
± 5 °C from the calibration temperature.
09 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Calculated impedance measurement accuracy (continued)
Figure 3. |Z|, |Y| Measurement accuracy when open/short/load
calibration is performed. Oscillator level = –33 dBm. Point averaging
factor ≥ 8 within ± 5 °C from the calibration temperature.
Figure 4. |Z|, |Y| Measurement accuracy when open/short/load
calibration is performed. Oscillator level = –33 dBm. Point averaging
factor ≤ 7 within ± 5 °C from the calibration temperature.
Figure 5. Q accuracy without low-loss capacitor calibration (Specification)
and with low-loss capacitor calibration (Typical).
Measurement Support Functions
Error correction
Available calibration and compensation
Open/short/load calibration:
Connect open, short, and load standards to the desired reference plane and measure
each kind of calibration data. The reference plane is called the calibration reference
plane.
Low-loss capacitor calibration:
Connect the dedicated standard (low-loss capacitor) to the calibration reference plane
and measure the calibration data.
Port extension compensation (fixture selection):
When a device is connected to a terminal that is extended from the calibration reference plane, set the electrical length between the calibration plane and the device
contact. Select the model number of the registered test fixtures in the E4991B’s setup
toolbar or enter the electrical length for the user’s test fixture.
10 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Measurement Support Functions (continued)
Open/short compensation:
When a device is connected to a terminal that is extended from the calibration
reference plane, make open and/or short states at the device contact and measure
each kind of compensation data.
Calibration/compensation data measurement point
Fixed frequency mode:
Obtain calibration/compensation data at fixed frequency covering the entire frequency
range of the E4991B. In device measurement, calibration or compensation is applied
to each measurement point by using interpolation. Even if the measurement points
are changed by altering the sweep setups, you don’t need to retake the calibration/
compensation data.
User-defined frequency mode:
Obtain calibration/compensation data at the same frequency as used in actual device
measurement, which are determined by the sweep setups. Each set of calibration/
compensation data is applied to each measurement at the same frequency point. If the
measurement points are changed by altering the sweep setups, calibration/compensation data become invalid and retaking calibration/compensation data is recommended.
Trigger
Trigger mode:
Internal, external (external trigger input connector), bus (GPIB/LAN/USB), manual
(front key)
Averaging
Types:
Sweep-to-sweep averaging, point averaging
Setting range:
Sweep-to-sweep averaging: 1 to 999 (integer)
Point averaging: 1 to 999 (integer)
Display
LCD display :
Type/size: 10.4 inch TFT color LCD
Resolution: XGA (1024 x 768)1
Number of traces:
Data trace: 4 data traces per channel (maximum)
Memory trace: 4 memory traces per channel (maximum)
Trace data math:
Data + Memory, Data - Memory, Data x Memory, Data/ Memory, Offset, Equation
Editor
Format:
For scalar parameters: linear Y-axis, log Y-axis
For complex parameters: Z, Y, [r, µr: polar, complex; G:
polar, complex, Smith, admittance
1.
Valid pixels are 99.99% and more. Below 0.01% of fixed points of black, green, or red are not
regarded as failure.
11 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Measurement Support Functions (continued)
Other display functions:
Each measurement channel has a display window with independent stimulus. Up to
4 display windows (channels) can be displayed.
Marker
Number of markers:
10 independent markers per trace. Reference marker
available for delta marker operation
Marker search:
Search type: max value, min value, multi-peak, multi-target, peak, peak left, peak right,
target, target left, target right, and width parameters with userdefined bandwidth
values
Search track: Performs search by each sweep
Search range: User definable
Other functions:
Marker continuous mode, Δ marker mode, Marker coupled mode, Marker value substitution (Marker&), Marker zooming, Marker list, Marker statistics, and Marker signal/dc
bias monitor
Equivalent circuit analysis
Circuit models:
3-component model (4 models),
4-component model (3 models)
Analysis types:
Equivalent circuit parameters calculation, frequency characteristics simulation
Limit line test
Deine the test limit lines that appear on the display for deine the test limit lines that
appear on the display for pass/fail testing. Deined limits may be any combination of
horizontal/sloping lines and discrete data points. testing. Deined limits may be any
combination of horizontal/sloping lines and discrete data points.
Interface
GPIB
24-pin D-Sub (Type D-24), female; compatible with IEEE-488.
IEEE-488 interface specification is designed to be used in environment where electrical
noise is relatively low. LAN or USBTMC interface is recommended to use at the higher
electrical noise environment.
LAN interface
10/100/1000 Base T Ethernet, 8-pin configuration; auto selects between the two data
rates
1.
Refer to the standard for the meaning of each function code.
12 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Interface (continued)
USB host port
Universal serial bus jack, Type A configuration; female; provides connection to mouse,
keyboard, printer or USB stick memory.
USB (USBTMC ) interface port
Universal serial bus jack, Type B configuration (4 contacts inline); female; provides
connection to an external PC; compatible with USBTMC-USB488 and USB 2.0.LA USB
Test and Measurement Class (TMC) interface that communicates over USB, complying
with the IEEE 488.1 and IEEE 488.2 standards.
Handler interface
36-pin centronics, female
Measurement Terminal (At Test Head)
Connector type: 7-mm connector
Rear Panel Connectors
External reference signal input connector
Frequency: 10 MHz ± 10 ppm (typical)
Level: 0 dBm ± 3 dB (typical)
Input impedance: 50 Ω (nominal)
Connector type: BNC, female
Internal reference signal output connector
Frequency: 10 MHz ± 10 ppm (typical)
Level: 0 dBm ± 3 dB into 50 Ω (typical)
Output impedance: 50 Ω (nominal)
Connector type: BNC, female
High stability frequency reference output connector
(Option E4991B-1E5)
Frequency: 10MHz ± 1ppm
Level: 0 dBm minimum
Output impedance: 50 Ω (nominal)
Connector type: BNC, female
External trigger input connector
Level:
LOW threshold voltage: 0.5 V
HIGH threshold voltage: 2.1 V
Input level range: 0 V to +5 V
13 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Rear Panel Connectors (continued)
Pulse width (Tp):
≥ 2 µsec (typical). See Figure 6 for definition of Tp.
Polarity: Positive or negative (selective)
Connector type: BNC, female
Tp
Tp
5V
Tp
Tp
5V
OV
OV
Postive trigger signal
Negative trigger signal
Figure 6. Definition of pulse width (Tp)
General Characteristics
Environment conditions
Operating condition
Temperature: 5 °C to 40 °C
Humidity:
20% to 80% at wet bulb temperature < +29 °C (non-condensation))
Flexible disk drive non-operating condition:
15% to 90% RH
Flexible disk drive operating condition:
20% to 80% RH
Altitude: 0 m to 2,000 m (0 feet to 6,561 feet)
Vibration: 0.21 Grms maximum, 5 Hz to 500 Hz
Warm-up time: 30 minutes
Non-operating storage condition
Temperature: –10 °C to +60 °C
Humidity:
20% to 90% at wet bulb temperature < +40 °C (non-condensation)
Altitude: 0 m to 4,572 m (0 feet to 15,000 feet)
Vibration: 2.1 Grms maximum, 5 Hz to 500 Hz
14 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
General Characteristics (continued)
EMC, safety, environment and compliance
Description
General characteristics
EMC
European Council Directive 2004/108/EC
IEC 61326-1:2012
EN 61326-1:2013
CISPR 11:2009 +A1:2010
EN 55011: 2009 +A1:2010
Group 1, Class A
IEC 61000-4-2:2008
EN 61000-4-2:2009
4 kV CD / 8 kV AD
IEC 61000-4-3:2006 +A1:2007 +A2:2010
EN 61000-4-3:2006 +A1:2008 +A2:2010
3 V/m, 80-1000 MHz, 1.4 - 2.0 GHz / 1V/m, 2.0 - 2.7 GHz, 80% AM
IEC 61000-4-4:2004 +A1:2010
EN 61000-4-4:2004 +A1:2010
1 kV power lines / 0.5 kV signal lines
IEC 61000-4-5:2005
EN 61000-4-5:2006
0.5 kV line-line / 1 kV line-ground
IEC 61000-4-6:2008
EN 61000-4-6:2009
3 V, 0.15-80 MHz, 80% AM
IEC 61000-4-8:2009
EN 61000-4-8:2010
30A/m, 50/60Hz
IEC 61000-4-11:2004
EN 61000-4-11:2004
0.5-300 cycle, 0% / 70%
NOTE-1: When tested at 3 V/m according to EN61000-4-3, the measurement accuracy will
be within specifications over the full immunity test frequency range except when the analyzer
frequency is identical to the transmitted interference signal test frequency.
NOTE-2: When tested at 3 V according to EN61000-4-6, the measurement accuracy will be
within specifications over the full immunity test frequency range except when the analyzer
frequency is identical to the transmitted interference signal test frequency.
ICES-001:2006 Group 1, Class A
AS/NZS CISPR11:2004
Group 1, Class A
KN11, KN61000-6-1 and KN61000-6-2
Group 1, Class A
Safety
European Council Directive 2006/95/EC
IEC 61010-1:2010 / EN 61010-1:2010
Measurement Category I
Pollution Degree 2
Indoor Use
15 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
General Characteristics (continued)
EMC, safety, environment and compliance (continued)
CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 61010-1-12
Measurement Category I
Pollution Degree 2
Indoor Use
Environment
This product complies with the WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC) marking requirements. The
affixed label indicates that you must not discard this electrical/electronic product in domestic
household waste.
To return unwanted products, contact your local Keysight ofice, or see (http://www.keysight.
com/environment/product/) for more information.
Product Category: With reference to the equipment types in the WEEE Directive Annex I, this
product is classed as a “Monitoring and Control instrumentation” product. Do not dispose in
domestic household waste.
Compliance
Class C
Power requirements
90V to 264V AC (Vpeak > 120V), 47 Hz to 63 Hz, 300 VA maximum
Weight
Main unit: 13 kg
Test head: 1 kg
Dimensions
Main unit: See Figure 7 through Figure 9
Test head: See Figure 10
Option 007 test head dimensions: See Figure 11
Option 010 test head dimensions: See Figure 12
Figure 7. Main unit dimensions (front view, in millimeters)
16 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
General Characteristics (continued)
Figure 8. Main unit dimensions (rear view, in millimeters)
Figure 9. Main unit dimensions (side view, in millimeters)
17 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
35
General Characteristics (continued)
59
41
20
59
RF OUT
PORT 1
PORT 2
103
139
167
Only for E4991B
DUT Port
56
Avoid static discharge
±42V Peak Max Output
E4991B
Test Head
42
160
Figure 10. Test head dimensions (in millimeters)
503
E4991B
Opt 007
Temperature Characteristic Test Kit
152
Avoid Static Discharge
41
±42V
Peak
Max
Output
CAT-I
152
97
116
124
E4991-61010
Figure 11. Option E4991B-007 test head dimensions (in millimeters)
18 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
General Characteristics (continued)
114
112
33
63
E4991B
Only for E4991B
72
PORT 1
Opt 010 Test Head
PORT 2
40
52
56
38
6
23
Avoid static discharge
±42V Peak Max Output
19
RF
OUT
DUT Port
20
124
Figure 12. Option E4991B-010 test head dimensions (in millimeters)
19 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Option E4991B-002 Material Measurement (Typical)
Measurement parameter
Permittivity parameters: |[r|, [r’, [r”, tand
Permeability parameters: |µr|, µr’, µr”, tand
Frequency range
Using with Keysight Technologies, Inc. 16453A:
1 MHz to 1 GHz (typical)
Using with Keysight 16454A: 1 MHz to 1 GHz (typical)
Measurement accuracy
Conditions for defining accuracy:
Calibration:
Open, short, and load calibration at the fixture (7-mm connector)
Calibration temperature:
Calibration is performed at an environmental temperature within the range of
23 °C ± 5 °C.
Measurement accuracy doubles when calibration temperature is 5 °C to 18 °C or
28 °C to 40 °C.
Temperature:
Temperature deviation: within ± 5 °C from the calibration temperature
Environment temperature: Measurement accuracy applies when the calibration is
performed at 23 °C ± 5 °C. When the calibration is below 18 °C or above 28 °C, measurement error doubles.
Measurement frequency points:
Same as calibration points1
Point averaging factor: ≥ 8
Electrode pressure setting of 16453A: maximum
Typical accuracy of permittivity parameters:
[r’ accuracy
± 5 + 10 +
=
∆[' r m
[' r m
0.1
f
:
t
['r m
'r m + 0.25 t +
[
100
1–
13
2
[%]
f √['r m
(at tand < 0.1)
Loss tangent accuracy of [‘r (= ∆tand):
•
± (Ea + Eb) (at tand < 0.1)
where,
Ea
=
at Frequency ≤ 1 GHz:
0.001 t
0.002 +
•
+ 0.004f +
f
['r m
1.
0.1
1–
13
2
f √['r m
In fixed frequency calibration mode, if a measurement frequency point is not included in the
calibration points, the accuracy at the measurement point is degraded to its doubled value (typical).
20 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Option E4991B-002 Material Measurement (Typical)
(continued)
Eb
=
∆['r m 1
0.002
['
tand
['rm • 100 + r m
t
f
=
Measurement frequency [GHz]
t
=
Thickness of MUT (material under test) [mm]
[‘r m
=
Measured value of [‘r
tand
=
Measured value of dielectric loss tangent
Typical accuracy of permeability parameters:
µ r’ accuracy
=
4+
∆µ' r m
:
µ' r m
0.02
f
×
25
+ Fµ'r m 1 +
Fm´r m
15
Fµ'r m
2
f 2 [%]
(at tand < 0.1)
•
Loss tangent accuracy of µ r (= ∆tand):
±(Ea + Eb ) (at tand < 0.1)
where,
Ea
=
0.002 + 0.001 + 0.004f
Fµ'r mf
Eb
=
∆µ r m' tand
•
µ'r m
100
f
=
Measurement frequency [GHz]
F
=
h ln c [mm]
b
h
=
Height of MUT (material under test) [mm]
b
=
Inner diameter of MUT (material under test) [mm]
c
=
Outer diameter of MUT (material under test) [mm]
µ’r m
=
Measured value of µ’r
tand
=
Measured value of loss tangent
21 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Option E4991B-002 Material Measurement (Typical)
(continued)
Examples of calculated permittivity measurement accuracy
∆ ['
Figure 13. Permittivity accuracy ( r) vs. frequency (at t = 0.3 mm, typical)
['r
∆ [’
Figure 14. Permittivity accuracy ( r) vs. frequency (at t = 1 mm, typical)
[’r
∆ [’
Figure 15. Permittivity accuracy ( r) vs. frequency (at t = 3 mm, typical)
[’r
22 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Option E4991B-002 Material Measurement (Typical)
(continued)
Figure 16. Dielectric loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at t = 0.3 mm, typical)1
Figure 17. Dielectric loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at t = 1 mm, typical)1
Figure 18. Dielectric loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at t = 3 mm, typical)1
1.
This graph shows only frequency dependence of Ea to simplify it. The
typical accuracy of tan d is defined as Ea + Eb; refer to “Typical accuracy of
permittivity parameters” on page 15.
Figure19.
Figure
18.Permittivity
Permittivity(['(ε'
) frequency
vs. frequency
(at t =(at
0.3t mm,
= 0.3typical)
mm, typical)
r
r) vs.
Figure 20. Permittivity ([’r) vs. frequency (at t = 1 mm, typical)
Figure 21. Permittivity ([’r) vs. frequency (at t = 3 mm, typical)
23 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Option E4991B-002 Material Measurement (Typical)
(continued)
Examples of calculated permeability measurement accuracy
Figure 22. Permeability accuracy (∆µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 0.5 mm, typical)
µ'r
Figure 23. Permeability accuracy ( ∆µ’r) vs. frequency (at F = 3 mm, typical) µ’r
∆µ'
Figure 24. Permeability accuracy ( r) vs. frequency (at F = 10 mm, typical)
µ'r
24 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Option E4991B-002 Material Measurement (Typical)
(continued)
Figure 25. Permeability loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at F = 0.5 mm, typical)1
Figure 28. Permeability (µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 0.5 mm, typical)
Figure 26. Permeability loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at F = 3 mm, typical)1
Figure 29. Permeability (µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 3 mm, typical)
Figure 27. Permeability loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at F = 10 mm, typical)1
Figure 30. Permeability (µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 10 mm, typical)
1.
This graph shows only frequency dependence of Ea to simplify it. The typical accuracy of tanδ is defined as Ea + Eb; refer to “Typical accuracy of
permeability parameters” on page 16.
25 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Option E4991B-007 Temperature Characteristic Test Kit
This section contains specifications and supplemental information for the E4991B Option
E4991B-007. Except for the contents in this section, the E4991B standard specifications
and supplemental information are applied.
Operation temperature
Range:
–55 °C to +150 °C
(at the test port of the high temperature cable)
+5 °C to +40 °C
(Main unit, test head, and their connection cable)
Source characteristics
Frequency
Range:
1 MHz to 3 GHz (Option 300)
1 MHz to 1 GHz (Option 100)
1 MHz to 500 MHz (Option 050)
Oscillator level
Source power accuracy at the test port of the high temperature cable:
Frequency ≤ 1 GHz:
Minimum: –4 dB, Maximum: +2 dB (23°C ± 5°C)
Minimum: –6 dB, Maximum: +4 dB (5 °C to 40 °C)
Frequency > 1 GHz:
Minimum: –5 dB, Maximum: +3 dB (23°C ± 5°C)
Minimum: –7 dB, Maximum: +5 dB (5 °C to 40 °C)
Measurement accuracy (at 23 °C ± 5 °C)
Conditions1
The measurement accuracy is specified when the following conditions are met:
Calibration: open, short and load calibration is completed at the test port
(7-mm connector) of the high temperature cable
Calibration temperature: calibration is performed at an environmental temperature
within the range of 23 °C ± 5 °C. Measurement accuracy doubles when calibration
temperature is +5 °C to +18 °C or +28 °C to +40 °C.
Measurement temperature range: within ± 5 °C of calibration temperature
Measurement plane: same as calibration plane
Impedance, admittance and phase angle accuracy:
|Z|, |Y|
± (Ea + Eb) [%]
(see Figure 31 through Figure 34 for calculated accuracy)
q
1.
± (Ea + Eb)
[rad]
100
The high temperature cable must be kept at the same position throughout calibration and
measurement.
26 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Option E4991B-007 Temperature Characteristic Test Kit
(continued)
where,
Ea
=
at –23 dBm ≤ oscillator level ≤ 1 dBm:
0.70 [%] (1 MHz ≤ ƒ≤ 100 MHz)
0.80 [%] (100 MHz < IJ 500 MHz)
1.10 [%] (500 MHz < IJ 1 GHz)
2.10 [%] (1 GHz < IJ 1.8 GHz)
4.10 [%] (1.8 GHz < IJ 3 GHz)
at –33 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –23 dBm:
0.75 [%] (1 MHz ≤ ƒ≤ 100 MHz)
0.85 [%] (100 MHz < IJ 500 MHz)
1.15 [%] (500 MHz < IJ 1 GHz)
2.15 [%] (1 GHz < IJ 1.8 GHz)
4.15 [%] (1.8 GHz < IJ 3 GHz)
at –40 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –33 dBm:
0.90 [%] (1 MHz ≤ ƒ≤ 100 MHz)
1.00 [%] (100 MHz < IJ 500 MHz)
1.30 [%] (500 MHz < IJ 1 GHz)
2.30 [%] (1 GHz < IJ 1.8 GHz)
4.30 [%] (1.8 GHz < IJ 3 GHz)
(Where, ƒ is frequency)
Eb
=
Zs + Yo × |Z x | × 100 [%]
|Z x |
Where,
|Z x |= Absolute value of impedance
Zs
=
At oscillator level = –3 dBm, or –13 dBm:
(23 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≥ 8)
(24 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≤ 7)
At oscillator level = –23 dBm:
(24 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≥ 8)
(28 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≤ 7)
At –23 dBm < oscillator level ≤ 1 dBm:
(29 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≥ 8)
(36 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≤ 7)
At –33 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –23 dBm:
(35 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≥ 8)
(70 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≤ 7)
At –40 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –33dBm:
(50 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≥ 8)
(150 + 0.5 × F) [mΩ] (point averaging factor ≤ 7
Yo
(Where, F is frequency in MHz)
= At –17 dBm ≤ oscillator level ≤ 1 dBm:
(8 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(10 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
27 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Option E4991B-007 Temperature Characteristic Test Kit
(continued)
At –23 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –17 dBm:
(10 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(14 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
At –33 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –23 dBm:
(15 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(40 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
At –40 dBm ≤ oscillator level < –33 dBm:
(35 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≥ 8)
(80 + 0.1 × F) [μS] (averaging factor ≤ 7)
(Where, F is frequency in MHz)
Calculated Impedance/Admittance Measurement Accuracy
Figure 31. |Z|, |Y| measurement accuracy when open/short/load
calibration is performed. Oscillator level = –13 dBm, –3 dBm. Point
averaging factor ≥ 8 within ± 5 °C of calibration temperature.
Figure 32. |Z|, |Y| measurement accuracy when open/short/load
calibration is performed. Oscillator level –13 dBm, –3 dBm. Point
averaging factor ≤ 7 within ± 5 °C of calibration temperature.
Figure 33. |Z|, |Y| measurement accuracy when open/short/load
calibration is performed. Oscillator level = –33 dBm. Point averaging
factor ≥ 8 within ± 5 °C of calibration temperature.
Figure 34. |Z|, |Y| measurement accuracy when open/short/load
calibration is performed. Oscillator level = –33 dBm. Point averaging factor
≤ 7 within ± 5 °C of calibration temperature.
28 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Effects of Temperature Change on Measurement Accuracy
When the temperature at the test port (7-mm connector) of the high temperature cable
changes from the calibration temperature, typical measurement accuracy involving
temperature dependence effects (errors) is applied. The typical measurement accuracy
is represented by the sum of error due to temperature coefficients (Ea´ , Yo´ and Z´s),
hysteresis error (Eah , Yoh and Zsh) and the specified accuracy.
Conditions
Temperature compensation:
Temperature compensation data is acquired at the same temperature points as
measurement temperatures.
Typical measurement accuracy (involving temperature dependence effects)1:
|Z|, |Y|: ± (Ea + Eb + Ec + Ed) [%]
q
: ± (Ea + Eb + Ec + Ed)
[rad]
100
Where, Ea, Eb = Refer pages 25 and 26.
Ec
=
Ea´ × ∆T + Eah [%]
Ed
= Zs´ × ∆T + Zsh + (Y ´ × ∆T + Y ) × |Z | × 100 [%]
o
oh
x
|Z x |
Where,
|Z x |
=
Absolute value of measured impedance
Figure 35. Typical frequency characteristics of temperature coefficient,
(Ec+Ed)/∆T, when |Zx|= 10 Ω and 250 Ω 2.
Here, Ea´ , Zs´ and Yo´ are given by the following equations:
Without temperature compensation
With temperature compensation
1 MHz ≤ ƒ < 500 MHz
500 MHz ≤ ƒ ≤ 3 GHz
Ea´
0.006 + 0.015 × ƒ [%/°C]
0.006 + 0.015 × ƒ [%/°C]
0.006 + 0.015 × ƒ [%/°C]
Z s´
1 + 10 × ƒ [mΩ/°C]
1 + 10 × ƒ [mΩ/°C]
5 + 2 × ƒ [mΩ/°C]
Yo´
0.3 + 3 × ƒ [µS/°C]
0.3 + 3 × ƒ [µS/°C]
1.5 + 0.6 × ƒ [µS/°C]
1. See graphs in Figure 35 for the calculated values of (Ec+Ed) exclusive of the hysteresis errors Eah, Z sh and Yoh, when
measured impedance is 10 Ω and 250 Ω.
2. Read the value of ∆|Z|%/°C at the material measurement frequency and multiply it by ∆T to derive the value of (Ec+Ed).
29 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Effects of Temperature Change on Measurement Accuracy (continued)
ƒ
=
Measurement frequency in GHz
Eah, Zsh and Yoh are given by following equations:
Eah
=
Ea´ × ∆Tmax × 0.3 [%]
Zsh
=
Zs´ × ∆Tmax × 0.3 [mΩ]
Yoh
=
Yo´ × ∆Tmax × 0.3 [µS]
∆T
=
Difference of measurement temperature‑from calibration temperature
Use ∆T = 0 °C if temperature compensation is set to off and the difference ≤ 5 °C.
Use ∆T = 0 °C if temperature compensation is set to on and the difference ≤ 20 °C.
∆Tmax
=
Maximum temperature change (°C) at the test port from calibration
temperature after the calibration is performed. Use ∆Tmax = 0 °C if
maximum temperature change ≤ 10 °C.
Typical Material Measurement Accuracy When Using
Options 002 and 007
Material measurement accuracy contains the permittivity and permeability measurement
accuracy when the E4991B with Option 002 and 007 is used with the 16453A or 16454A
test fixture.
Measurement parameter
Permittivity parameters: |[r |, [’r , [”r , tand
Permeability parameters: |µ r |, µ’r, µ”r, tand
Frequency
Use with Keysight 16453A: 1 MHz to 1 GHz (typical)
Use with Keysight 16454A: 1 MHz to 1 GHz (typical)
Operation temperature
Range: –55 °C to +150 °C
(at the test port of the high temperature cable)
+5 °C to +40 °C
(Main unit, test head, and their connection cable)
Typical material measurement accuracy
(-55 °C to 150 °C)
Conditions
The measurement accuracy is specified when the
following conditions are met:
Calibration: Open, short and load calibration is completed at the test port (7-mm
connector) of the high temperature cable. User frequency mode1
1.
In fixed frequency calibration mode, if a measurement frequency point is not included in the
calibration points, the accuracy at the measurement point is degraded to its doubled value (typical).
30 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Material Measurement Accuracy When Using
Options 002 and 007 (continued)
Calibration temperature: Calibration is performed at an environmental temperature
within the range of 23 °C ± 5 °C. Measurement accuracy doubles when calibration
temperature is 5 °C to 18 °C or 28 °C to 40 °C. Measurement temperature range of
main unit, test head, and their connecting cable. Within ± 5 °C of calibration
temperature
Oscillator level: Same as the level set at calibration
Point averaging factor: ≥ 8
Typical permittivity measurement accuracy 2:
[r´ accuracy
E[ = ∆[´r m :
[´r m
± 5 + 10 + 0.5 × t + 0.25 × [´r m +
100
f
[´r m
t
1– 13
f √[´r m
[%] (at tand < 0.1)
2
Loss tangent accuracy of [´r (= ∆tand) :
± (Ea + Eb ) (at tand < 0.1)
where,
Ea
=
at Frequency ≤ 1 GHz
0.002 + 0.0025 × t + (0.008 × f ) +
f
[´r m
1–
0.1
13
f √ [´r m
2
Eb
=
∆ [´r m
1
0.002
×
+ [´r m
× tand
[´r m 100
t
f
=
Measurement frequency [GHz]
t
=
Thickness of MUT (material under test) [mm]
[´r m
=
Measured value of [´r
tand
=
Measured value of dielectric loss tangent
2. The accuracy applies when the electrode pressure of the 16453A is set to maximum.
31 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Material Measurement Accuracy When Using
Options 002 and 007 (continued)
Typical permeability measurement accuracy:
µ r´ accuracy
Eµ = ∆µ´r m :
µ´r m
25 + F × µ´ × 1 + 15
4 + 0.02 ×
rm
f
F × µ´r m
F × µ´r m
2
×f2
[%] (at tand < 0.1)
Loss tangent accuracy of µ r (= ∆tand) :
± (Ea + Eb ) (at tand < 0.1)
where,
Ea
=
0.002 +
0.005
+ 0.004 × f
F × µ´r m × f
Eb
= ∆µ´r m
tand
×
µ´r m
100
f
=
Measurement frequency [GHz]
F
=
h ln c [mm]
b
h
=
Height of MUT (material under test) [mm]
b
=
Inner diameter of MUT [mm]
c
=
Outer diameter of MUT [mm]
µ´r m
=
Measured value of µ´r
tand
=
Measured value of loss tangent
32 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Examples of Calculated Permittivity Measurement Accuracy
∆['
Figure 36. Permittivity accuracy ( r) vs. frequency, (at t = 0.3 mm typical)
['r
Figure 39. Dielectric loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at t = 0.3 mm, typical)1
Figure 40. Dielectric loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at t = 1 mm, typical)1
∆['
Figure 37. Permittivity accuracy ( r) vs. frequency, (at t = 1 mm typical)
['r
∆['
Figure 38. Permittivity accuracy ( r) vs. frequency, (at t = 3 mm typical)
['r
Figure 41. Dielectric loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at t = 3 mm, typical)1
1.
The typical accuracy of tanδ is defined as Ea + Eb; refer to “Typical
permittivity measurement accuracy” on page 28.
33 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Examples of Calculated Permittivity Measurement Accuracy (continued)
Figure 42. Permittivity (['r) vs. frequency (at t = 0.3 mm, typical)
Figure 43. Permittivity (['r) vs. frequency (at t = 1 mm, typical)
Figure 44. Permittivity (['r) vs. frequency (at t = 3 mm, typical)
34 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Examples of Calculated Permittivity Measurement Accuracy (continued)
Figure 45. Permeability accuracy (∆µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 0.5 mm, typical)
µ'r
Figure 48. Permeability loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at F = 0.5 mm, typical)1
Figure 46. Permeability accuracy (∆µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 3 mm, typical)
µ'r
Figure 49. Permeability loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. frequency
(at F = 3 mm, typical)1
Figure 47. Permeability accuracy (∆µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 10 mm, typical)
µ'r
Figure 50. Permeability loss tangent (tand) accuracy vs. Frequency
(at F = 10 mm, typical)1
1.
This graph shows only frequency dependence of Ea for simplification. The typical accuracy of tan d is defined as Ea + Eb; refer to “Typical permeability
measurement accuracy” on page 28.
35 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Examples of Calculated Permeability Measurement Accuracy (continued)
Figure 51. Permeability (µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 0.5 mm, typical)
Figure 52. Permeability (µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 3 mm, typical)
Figure 53. Permeability (µ'r) vs. frequency (at F = 10 mm, typical)
36 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Effects of Temperature Change on Permittivity
Measurement Accuracy
When the temperature at the test port (7-mm connector) of the high temperature cable
changes more than 5 °C from the calibration temperature, the typical permittivity
measurement accuracy involving temperature dependence effects (errors) is applied.
The typical permittivity accuracy is represented by the sum of error due to temperature
coefficient (Tc), hysteresis error (Tc × ∆Tmax) and the accuracy at 23 °C ± 5 °C.
Typical accuracy of permittivity parameters:
[r´ accuracy =
∆ [´r m
:
[´r m
± (E[ + Ef + Eg) [%]
Loss tangent accuracy of [‘ (= ∆tand) :
±
(E[ + Ef + Eg )
100
where,
E[
= Permittivity measurement accuracy at 23 °C ± 5 °C
Ef
= Tc × ∆T × 100
Eg
= Tc × ∆Tmax × 0.3 × 100
Tc [°C-1] = K1 + K2 + K3
See Figure 54 through Figure 56 for the calculated value of Tc
without temperature compensation
K1 [°C-1] = 1 × 10 -6 × (60 + 150 × ƒ)
K2 [°C-1] =
1
´
3 × 10 -6 × (1 + 10 × ƒ) × [ r m ×
t
f
1–
+10 × ƒ
2
fo
K3 [°C-1] =
1
5 × 10 -3 × (0.3 + 3 × ƒ) ×
[´r m
t
×
1–
1
f
fo
2
+10 × ƒ
37 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Effects of Temperature Change on Permittivity
Measurement Accuracy (continued)
Typical accuracy of permittivity parameters (continued):
with temperature compensation
K1
= 1 × 10-6 × (60 + 150 × ƒ)
K2
= at 1 MHz ≤ f < 500 MHz
[r´m
1
3 × 10 × (1 + 10 × ƒ) ×
×
t
-6
1–
+10 × ƒ
f
2
fo
at 500 MHz ≤ ƒ ≤ 1 GHz
[´r m
1
3 × 10-6 × (5 + 2 × ƒ) ×
+10 × ƒ
×
t
f 2
1–
fo
K3
=
at 1 MHz ≤ ƒ < 500 MHz 5 × 10-3 × (0.3 + 3 × ƒ) ×
[´r m
t
1
1
×
f
1–
+10 × ƒ
1
[r´ m
ƒ
2
fo
at 500 MHz ≤ ƒ ≤ 1 GHz
5 × 10-3 × (1.5 + 0.6 × ƒ) ×
t
×
1–
1
f
2
+10 × ƒ
fo
= Measurement frequency [GHz]
13
ƒo
=
[GHz]
√ [ŕ'm
t
= Thickness of MUT (material under test) [mm]
[´r m
= Measured value of [´r
∆T
= Difference of measurement temperature from calibration temperature
Use ∆T = 0 °C if temperature compensation is set to off and the
difference ≤ 5 °C.
Use ∆T = 0 °C if temperature compensation is set to on and the
difference ≤ 20 °C.
∆Tmax = Maximum temperature change (°C) at test port from calibration
temperature after the calibration is performed.
Use ∆Tmax = 0 °C if maximum temperature change ≤ 10 °C.
38 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Effects of Temperature Change on Permittivity Measurement Accuracy
(continued)
Figure 54. Typical frequency characteristics of temperature coefficient
of [’r (Thickness = 0.3 mm)
Figure 55. Typical frequency characteristics of temperature coefficient
of [’r (Thickness = 1 mm)
Figure 56. Typical frequency characteristics of temperature coefficient
of [’r (Thickness = 3 mm)
39 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Effects of Temperature Change on Permeability
Measurement Accuracy
When the temperature at the test port (7-mm connector) of the high temperature cable
changes more than 5 °C from the calibration temperature, the typical permeability measurement accuracy involving temperature dependence effects (errors) is applied. The
typical permeability accuracy is represented by the sum of error due to temperature coefficient (Tc), hysteresis error (Tc × ∆Tmax) and the accuracy at 23 °C ± 5 °C.
Typical accuracy of permeability parameters:
µ r´ accuracy
=
∆µŕ m
:
µ´r m
± (Eµ + Eh + Ei ) [%]
Loss tangent accuracy of µr (= ∆tand) :
±
.
(Eµ + Eh + Ei )
100
where,
Eµ
=
Permeability measurement accuracy at 23 °C ± 5 °C
Eh
=
Tc × ∆T × 100
Ei
=
Tc × ∆Tmax × 0.3 × 100
Tc [°C-1]
=
K4 + K5 + K6
See Figure 57 through Figure 59 for the calculated value of Tc
without temperature compensation
K4 [°C-1]
=
K5 [°C-1]
=
1 × 10-6 × (60 + 150 × ƒ)
|1 – 0.01 × {F × (µ´r m – 1) + 10} × ƒ2|
1
× 10-2 × (1 + 10 × ƒ) ×
K6 [°C-1]
{F × (µ´r m –1) + 20} × ƒ
=
2 × 10-6 × (0.3 + 3 × ƒ) ×
{F × (µŕ m – 1) + 20} × ƒ
|1 – 0.01 × {F × (µŕ m –1) + 10} × ƒ2|
with temperature compensation
K4
=
K5
=
1 × 10-6 × (60 + 150 × ƒ)
at 1 MHz ≤ ƒ < 500 MHz
1
× 10-2 × (1 + 10 × ƒ) ×
|1 – 0.01 × {F × (µ´r m – 1) +10} × ƒ2|
{F × (µ´r m – 1) + 20} × ƒ
at 500 MHz ≤ ƒ ≤ 1 GHz
1
× 10-2 × (5 + 2 × ƒ) ×
|1 – 0.01 × {F × (µ´r m – 1) +10} × ƒ2|
{F × (µ´r m – 1) + 20} × ƒ
40 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Effects of Temperature Change on Permeability
Measurement Accuracy (continued)
Typical accuracy of permeability parameters (continued):
K6
= at 1 MHz ≤ ƒ < 500 MHz
2 × 10-6 × (0.3 + 3 × ƒ) ×
{F × (µŕ m – 1) + 20} × ƒ
|1 – 0.01 × {F × (µŕ m – 1) +10} × ƒ2|
at 500 MHz ≤ ƒ ≤ 1 GHz
2 × 10-6 × (1.5 + 0.6 × ƒ) ×
{F × (µŕ m –1) + 20} × ƒ
|1 – 0.01 × {F × (µŕ m –1) +10} × ƒ2|
ƒ
= Measurement frequency [GHz]
F
=
h ln
h
= Height of MUT (material under test) [mm]
b
= Inner diameter of MUT [mm]
c
= Outer diameter of MUT [mm]
µ´
= Measured value of µ´r
∆T
=
c
[mm]
b
Difference of measurement temperature from calibration temperature
Use ∆T = 0 °C if temperature compensation is set to off and the
difference ≤ 5 °C.
Use ∆T = 0 °C if temperature compensation is set to on and the
difference ≤ 20 °C.
∆Tmax = Maximum temperature change (°C) at test port from calibration
temperature after the calibration is performed.
Use ∆Tmax = 0 °C if maximum temperature change ≤ 10 °C.
41 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
Typical Effects of Temperature Change on Permeability
Measurement Accuracy (continued)
Figure 57. Typical frequency characteristics of temperature coefficient
of µ'r (at F = 0.5 mm)
Figure 56. Typical frequency characteristics of temperature coefficient
of µ'r (at F = 3 mm)
Figure 59. Typical frequency characteristics of temperature coefficient
of µ'r (at F = 10 mm)
42 | Keysight | E4991B Impedance Analyzer - Data Sheet
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