ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] AK5354 Low Power 20bit ∆Σ ADC with PGA FEATURES The AK5354 is a low voltage 20bit A/D converter for digital audio system. The AK5354 also includes Analog input PGA, therefore is suitable for microphone application and etc. As digital power supply of the AK5354 corresponds to 1.8V, the interface with microprocessor can operate at low voltage. Analog signal input of the AK5354 is single-ended, therefore, any external filters are not required. As the package is 16pin TSSOP, the AK5354 is a suitable for minimizing system. FEATURES 1. Resolution : 20bits 2. Recording Functions • 2-Stereo Inputs Selector • Analog Input PGA • Monaural Mixing • Digital HPF for DC-offset cancellation (fc=3.4Hz@fs=44.1kHz) 3. ADC Characteristics • Input Level : 1.5Vpp@VA=2.5V (= 0.6 x VA) • S/(N+D) : 84dB • DR, S/N : 89dB 4. 3-wire Serial Control I/F 5. Master Clock : 256fs/384fs 6. Audio Data Format : MSB First, 2’s compliment • 20bit MSB justified or I2S 8. Power Supply • VA : 2.1 ∼ 3.3V (typ. 2.5V) • VD : 1.8 ∼ 3.3V (typ. 2.5V) 9. Power Supply Current • IPGA + ADC : 7mA 10. Ta = -40 ∼ 85°C 11. Package : 16pin TSSOP LIN1 LIN2 IPGA ADC HPF Audio I/F Controller LRCK BCLK SDTO RIN1 RIN2 VD VCOM PDN VA VSS Control Register I/F CSN MS0054-E-01 CCLK CDTI Clock Divider MCLK 2001/01 -1- ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] n Ordering Guide -40 ∼ +85°C 16pin TSSOP (0.65mm pitch) Evaluation Board for AK5354 AK5354VT AKD5354 n Pin Layout LIN1 1 16 PDN RIN1 2 15 CSN LIN2 3 14 CCLK RIN2 4 13 CDTI VCOM 5 12 LRCK VSS 6 11 MCLK VA 7 10 BCLK VD 8 9 SDTO Top View PIN/FUNCTION No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Pin Name LIN1 RIN1 LIN2 RIN2 VCOM VSS VA VD SDTO BCLK MCLK LRCK CDTI CCLK CSN 16 PDN I/O I I I I O O I I I I I I I Function Lch #1 Input Pin Rch #1 Input Pin Lch #2 Input Pin Rch #2 Input Pin ADC Common Voltage Output Pin Ground Pin Analog Power Supply Pin, +2.5V Digital Power Supply Pin, +2.5V Audio Serial Data Output Pin Audio Serial Data Clock Pin Master Clock Input Pin Input/Output Channel Clock Pin Control Data Input Pin Control Clock Input Pin Chip Select Pin Reset & Power Down Pin “L” : Reset & Power down “H” : Normal operation Note: All digital input pins should not be left floating. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 -2- ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (VSS=0V; Note 1) Parameter Power Supply Analog Digital Input Current (Any Pin Except Supplies) Analog Input Voltage (LIN2-1, RIN2-1 pins) Digital Input Voltage Ambient Temperature (power applied) Storage Temperature Symbol VA VD IIN VINA VIND Ta Tstg min -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -40 -65 max 4.6 4.6 ±10 VA+0.3 VD+0.3 85 150 Units V V mA V V °C °C Note: 1. All voltages with respect to ground. WARNING: Operation at or beyond these limits may results in permanent damage to the device. Normal operation is not guaranteed at these extremes. RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS (VSS=0V; Note 1) Parameter Power Supply Analog (VA pin) Digital (VD pin) Symbol VA VD min 2.1 1.8 typ 2.5 2.5 max 3.3 VA Units V V Note: 1. All voltages with respect to ground. WARNING: AKM assumes no responsibility for the usage beyond the conditions in this data sheet. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 -3- ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] ANALOG CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25°C; VA, VD=2.5V; fs=44.1kHz; Signal Frequency=1kHz; Measurement frequency=10Hz ∼ 20kHz; unless otherwise specified) Parameter min typ max Resolution 20 Input PGA Characteristics (IPGA): Input Voltage (LIN1, LIN2, RIN1, RIN2) (Note 2) 1.35 1.5 1.65 Input Impedance 6.3 9 15 +28dB ∼ -8dB Step Width 1 0.5 0.1 -8dB ∼ -16dB 2 1 0.1 4 2 0.1 -16dB ∼ -32dB 2 -32dB ∼ -40dB 4 -40dB ∼ -52dB ADC Analog Input Characteristics: (Note 3) S/(N+D) (-0.5dBFS Input) 74 84 D-Range (EIAJ) 82 89 S/N (EIAJ) 82 89 Interchannel Isolation 90 100 Interchannel Gain Mismatch 0.2 0.5 Power Supplies Power Supply Current: VA+VD Normal Operation (PDN=“H”) IPGA+AD (PM0=1, PM1=1) Power Down (PDN=“L”) 7 10 (Note 4) 10 100 Units bits Vpp kΩ dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB mA µA Note: 2. Analog input voltage (full-scale voltage: IPGA = 0dB) scale with VREF. (IPGA = ADC = 0.6 x VREF) Note: 3. ADC is input from LIN1/RIN1 or LIN2/RIN2 and it measures included in IPGA. The value of IPGA is set 0dB. Internal HPF cancels the offset of IPGA and ADC. Note: 4. In case of power-down mode, all digital input pins including clocks pins (MCLK, BCLK and LRCK) are held VD or VSS. PDN pin is held VSS. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 -4- ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] FILTER CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25°C; VA=2.1 ∼ 3.3V, VD=1.8 ∼ 3.3; fs=44.1kHz) Parameter Symbol ADC Digital Filter (Decimation LPF): PB Passband (Note 5) ±0.1dB -1.0dB -3.0dB Stopband (Note 5) SB Passband Ripple PR Stopband Attenuation SA Group Delay (Note 6) GD Group Delay Distortion ∆GD ADC Digital Filter (HPF): FR Frequency Response (Note 5) -3dB -0.5dB -0.1dB min typ max Units 17.4 17.0 0 kHz kHz kHz kHz dB dB 1/fs µs 3.4 10 22 Hz Hz Hz 0 20.0 21.1 27.0 ±0.1 65 Note:5. The passband and stopband frequencies scale with fs (sampling frequency). For examples, PB=0.454 x fs(@ADC: -1.0dB), PB=0.454 x fs(@DAC: -0.1dB). Note: 6. The calculating delay time which occurred by digital filtering. This time is from the input of analog signal to setting the 20bit data of both channels to the output register for ADC and include group delay of HPF. DC CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25°C; VA=2.1 ∼ 3.3V, VD=1.8 ∼ 3.3V) Parameter High-Level Input Voltage Low-Level Input Voltage High-Level Output Voltage (Iout=-80µA) Low-Level Output Voltage (Iout=80µA) Input Leakage Current Symbol VIH VIL VOH VOL Iin MS0054-E-01 min 75%VD VD-0.4 - Typ - max 25%VD 0.4 ± 10 Units V V V V µA 2001/01 -5- ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25°C; VA=2.1 ∼ 3.3V, VD=1.8 ∼ 3.3V; CL=20pF) Parameter Symbol Control Clock Frequency fCLK Master Clock (MCLK) 256fs: Frequency tCLKL Pulse Width Low tCLKH Pulse Width High fCLK 384fs: Frequency tCLKL Pulse Width Low tCLKH Pulse Width High fs Channel Clock (LRCK) Frequency Duty Cycle Audio Interface Timing BCLK Period tBLK BCLK Pulse Width Low tBLKL Pulse Width High tBLKH tBLR BCLK “↓” to LRCK tDLR LRCK Edge to SDTO (MSB) tDSS BCLK “↓” to SDTO Control Interface Timing CCLK Period tCCK CCLK Pulse Width Low tCCKL Pulse Width High tCCKH CDATA Setup Time tCDS CDATA Hold Time tCDH CSN “H” Time tCSW tCSS CSN “↓” to CCLK “↑” tCSH CCLK “↑” to CSN “↑” Reset / Calibration Timing PDN Pulse Width tPW PDN “↑” to SDTO (Note 7) tPWV min typ max 2.048 28 28 3.072 23 23 8 45 11.2896 12.8 16.9344 19.2 44.1 312.5 130 130 -tBLKH+50 Units 50 55 MHz ns ns MHz ns ns kHz % tBLKL-50 80 80 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 200 80 80 50 50 150 50 50 150 4128 ns 1/fs Note: 7. These cycles are the numbers of LRCK rising from PDN pin rising. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 -6- ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] n Timing Diagram 1/fCLK VIH VIL MCLK tCLKH tCLKL 1/fs VIH VIL LRCK tBLK VIH VIL BCLK tBLKH tBLKL Figure 1. Clock Timing VIH VIL LRCK tBLR VIH VIL BCLK tDLR tDSS SDTO D20 (MSB) 50%VD Figure 2. Audio Data Input/Output Timing (Audio I/F = No.0) VIH VIL CSN tCCKL tCCKH tCSS VIH VIL CCLK tCDS CDTI op0 tCDH op1 op2 A0 VIH VIL Figure 3. WRITE Command Input Timing MS0054-E-01 2001/01 -7- ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] tCSW VIH VIL CSN tCSH VIH VIL CCLK CDTI D4 D5 D6 VIH VIL D7 Figure 4. WRITE Data Input Timing tPW PDN VIL tPWV SDTO 50%VD Figure 5. Reset Timing MS0054-E-01 2001/01 -8- ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] OPERATION OVERVIEW n System Clock The clocks that are required to operate are MCLK (256fs/384fs), LRCK (fs) and BCLK (40fs∼). The master clock (MCLK) should be synchronized with LRCK but the phase is free of care. The frequency of MCLK can be input 256fs or 384fs. When the 384fs is input, the internal master clock is divided into 2/3 automatically. *fs is sampling frequency. All external clocks (MCLK, BCLK and LRCK) should always be present whenever ADC is in operation. If these clocks are not provided, the AK5354 may draw excess current and it is not possible to operate properly because utilizes dynamic refreshed internally. If the external clocks are not present, the AK5354 should be in the power-down mode. n Audio Data I/F Format Using SDTO, BCLK and LRCK pins are connected to external system. Audio data format has two kinds of mode, the data format is MSB-first, 2’s compliment. Setting by DIF bit. The initial value is DIF = “0”. No. 0 1 DIF bit 0 1 SDTO (ADC) LRCK 20bit MSB justified Lch: “H”, Rch: “L” I2S Compatible Lch: “L”, Rch: “H” Table 1. Audio Data Format BCLK ≥ 40fs ≥ 40fs LRCK 0 1 2 12 13 14 20 21 31 0 1 2 12 13 14 20 21 31 0 1 BCLK(64fs) SDTO(o) 19 18 8 7 6 0 19 18 8 7 6 0 19 19:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data Rch Data Figure 6. Audio Data Format (No.0) LRCK 0 1 2 3 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 BCLK(64fs) SDTO(o) 19 18 1 0 19 18 1 0 19:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data Rch Data Figure 7. Audio Data Format (No.1) n Digital High Pass Filter The AK5354 has a Digital High Pass Filter (HPF) to cancel DC-offset in ADC and IPGA. The cut-off frequency of the HPF is 3.4Hz at fs=44.1kHz. It also scales with the sampling frequency (fs). And digital HPF can be selected by ON/OFF of HPF bit. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 -9- ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] n System Reset & Offset Calibration The AK5354 should be reset once by bringing PDN pin “L” after power-up. The control register values are initialized by PDN “L”. Offset calibration starts by PDN pin “L” to “H”. It takes 4128/fs to offset calibration cycle. During offset calibration, the ADC digital data outputs of both channels are forced to a 2’s compliment “0”. Output data of settles data equivalent for analog input signal after offset calibration. IPGA is set MUTE during offset calibration and after offset calibration. As a normal offset calibration may not be executed, nothing write at address 01H during offset calibration. When offset calibration is executed once, the calibration memory is held even if each block is powered down (PM0 = “0” or PM1 = “0”) by power management bits. Power Supply PDN pin PDN pin may be “L” at power-up. ADC Internal PD State 4128/fs 4128/fs PM Normal CAL GD INIT-1 Normal GD (1) GD AIN SDTO “0”data Control register INIT-2 W rite to register Inhibit-1 External clocks (4) (2) (3) “0”data Idle Noise (1) Normal Inhibit-2 Normal (5) (5) The clocks may be stopped. Figure 8. Power up / Power down Timing Example • PD: • PM: • CAL: • INIT-1: • Inhibit-1: • Inhibit-2: Power-down state. ADC is output “0”. Power-down state by Power Management bit. ADC is output “0”. During offset calibration cycle. IPGA is set MUTE state. Initializing all control registers. Inhibits writing to all control registers. Enable writing to control registers except address 01H. Note: See “Register Definitions” about the condition of each register. (1). Digital output corresponding to analog input and analog output corresponding to digital input have the group delay (GD). Output signal gradually comes to settle to input signal during a group delay. (2). If the analog signal does not be input, digital outputs have the offset to op-amp of input and some offset error of a internal ADC. (3). ADC output is “0” at power down. (4). This figure shows that MUTE of IPGA is canceled during offset calibration. If MUTE of IPGA is canceled, SDTO outputs Idle Noise. (5). When the external clocks (MCLK, BCLK and LRCK) are stopped, the AK5354 should be in the power down (PDN pin = “L” or PM1 bit = “0”) mode. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 - 10 - ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] n Timing of Control Register The internal registers are written by the 3-wire µP interface pins: CSN, CCLK, CDTI. These data are included by Op-code (3bit), Address (LSB-first, 5bit) and Control data (LSB-first, 8bit). A side of transmitted data is output to each bit by “↓” of CCLK, a side of receiving data is input by “↑” of CCLK. Writing of data becomes effective by “↑” of CSN. CSN should be held to “H” at no access. Address except 00H ∼ 03H inhibits control of writing. And CCLK always need 16 edges of “↑” during CSN = “L”. CSN 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 CCLK CDTI op0 op1 op2 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 “*” “*” “1” op0-op2: Op code (Fixed to “**1:WRITE”) A0-A4: Register Address D0-D7: Control data Figure 9. Control Data Timing n Register Map Addr 00H 01H 02H 03H Register Name Input Select Mode Control 1 Mode Control 2 Input Analog PGA Control D7 0 0 MONO1 ZEIP D6 0 0 MONO0 IPGA6 D5 0 0 ZTM1 IPGA5 D4 HPF 0 ZTM0 IPGA4 D3 RIN2 0 0 IPGA3 D2 RIN1 0 0 IPGA2 D1 LIN2 PM1 DIF IPGA1 D0 LIN1 PM0 0 IPGA0 All registers are reset at PDN = “L”, then inhibits writing to all registers. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 - 11 - ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] n Register Definition Input Select Addr 00H Register Name Input Select RESET D7 0 0 D6 0 0 D5 0 0 HPF: Select ON/OFF of the digital HPF. (0: ON, 1: OFF) LIN2-1: RIN2-1: Select ON/OFF of Lch input. (0: OFF, 1: ON) Select ON/OFF of Rch input. (0: OFF, 1: ON) D4 HPF 0 D3 RIN2 0 D2 RIN1 1 D1 LIN2 0 D0 LIN1 1 D4 0 0 D3 0 0 D2 0 0 D1 PM1 1 D0 PM0 1 Mode Control 1 Addr 01H Register Name Mode Control 1 RESET PM1-0: D7 0 0 D6 0 0 D5 0 0 Power Management (0: Power down, 1: Power up) PM0:Power control of IPGA PM1:Power control of ADC When PDN pin goes “L”, all circuit in the AK5354 can be powered-down in no relation to PM1-0. When PM1-0 goes all “0”, all circuit in the AK5354 can be also powered-down. However, the contents of control registers are held. In case of PM1 = “1”, MCLK is not stopped. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 - 12 - ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] Mode Control 2 Addr 02H Register Name Mode Control 2 RESET MONO1-0: D7 MONO1 0 D6 MONO0 0 D5 ZTM1 1 D4 ZTM0 1 D3 0 0 D2 0 0 D1 DIF 0 D0 0 0 Monaural Mixing 00: Stereo (RESET) 01: (L+R)/2 10: LL 11: RR SW1 Selector Lch ADC HPF Lch + x 0.5 Selector Rch SW2 ADC HPF Rch Figure 10. Monaural mixing block Mode Stereo Recording Monaural Recording Stereo Input Monaural Recording Lch Input Monaural Recording Rch Input SW1 Lch SW2 Rch MONO1 0 MONO0 0 (L+R)/2 (L+R)/2 0 1 Lch Lch 1 0 Rch Rch 1 1 Table 2. Monaural Mode Setting ZTM1-0: DIF: Setting of Zero Crossing Timeout for IPGA 00: 256/fs 01: 512/fs 10: 1024/fs 11: 2048/fs (RESET) Select Digital Interface Format No. 0 1 DIF bit 0 1 SDTO(ADC) LRCK 20bit MSB justified Lch: “H”, Rch: “L” I2S Compatible Lch: “L”, Rch: “H” Table 3. Audio Data Format BCLK ≥ 40fs ≥ 40fs Reset Inhibits writing at PM1 = “0”. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 - 13 - ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] Input Analog PGA Control Addr 03H Register Name Input Analog PGA Control RESET ZEIP: D7 ZEIP 0 D6 IPGA6 D5 IPGA5 D4 IPGA4 D3 D2 IPGA3 IPGA2 00H (MUTE) D1 IPGA1 D0 IPGA0 Select IPGA zero crossing operation (0: Disable, 1: Enable) Writing to IPGA value at ZEIP = “1”, IPGA value of L/R channels changes by zero crossing detection or timeout independently. In the timeout cycle, it is possible to set in ZTM1-0 bit. When ZTM1-0 is “11”, timeout cycle is 2048/fs = 46.4ms (@fs=44.kHz). When ZEIP is “0”, IPGA changes immediately. When PM1 is “0”, ZEIP is ignored and IPGA does the operation which is the same as the case of ZEIP = “0”. IPGA6-0: Input Analog PGA. 97 levels. 00H=MUTE. ON/OFF of zero crossing detection can be controlled by ZEIP bit. Inhibits writing at PM0 = “0”. DATA GAIN(dB) Step Level 60H 5FH 5EH • 28H 27H • 19H 18H +28.0 +27.5 +27.0 • +0.0 -0.5 • -7.5 -8.0 0.5dB 73 17H 16H • 11H 10H -9.0 -10.0 • -15.0 -16.0 1dB 8 0FH 0EH • 05H 04H -18.0 -20.0 • -38.0 -40.0 2dB 12 03H 02H 01H 00H -44.0 4dB -48.0 -52.0 MUTE Table 4. Input Gain Setting MS0054-E-01 3 1 2001/01 - 14 - ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] • About zero crossing operation Comparator for zero crossing detection in the AK5354 has offset. Therefore, it is a possible that IPGA value is changed by zero crossing timeout as zero crossing detection does not occur by a little offset of comparator. For example, when Lch and Rch are in the state of IPGA = 30H, both channels are set to IPGA = 31H. And then the only Lch completed zero crossing, Rch is waiting for zero crossing detection, zero crossing counter is reset when IPGA is newly written 32H, zero crossing operation starts toward IPGA = 32H in state Lch = 31H, Rch = 30H. Internal IPGA value in the AK5354 has the registers of L/R channels independently, according to change IPGA value independently, IPGA value of L/R channels may become a difference in level. Therefore, if IPGA is written before zero crossing detection on zero crossing timeout, IPGA is keeping the same value. When IPGA is finished by normal zero crossing timeout on IPGA value of L/R channels does not give a difference in level, the change of IPGA should be written after zero crossing timeout cycle and over. Internal zero crossing operation completion flag Lch Internal IPGA 30H 31H 32H Zero crossing Rch Internal IPGA 30H 30H IPGA Register 30H 31H WR[IPGA=31H] Reset zero crossing timer 32H 32H WR[IPGA=32H] Reset zero crossing timer Figure 11. About Zero Crossing Operation MS0054-E-01 2001/01 - 15 - ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] SYSTEM DESIGN Figure 12 shows the system connection diagram. An evaluation board [AKD5354] is available which demonstrates application circuit, optimum layout, power supply arrangements and measurement results. 2.1 ~ 3.3V Analog Supply 1 LIN1 PDN 16 2 RIN1 CSN 15 3 LIN2 CCLK 14 4 0.1u 2.2u 5 + RIN2 CDTI 13 VCOM LRCK 12 6 VSS MCLK 11 7 VA BCLK 10 8 VD SDTO 9 10u + Micro Controller AK5354 Audio Controller 0.1u 1.8 ~ 3.3V Digital Supply + 10u 0.1u AGND System Digital GND Figure 12. System Connection Diagram Example Notes: - Electrolytic capacitor value of VCOM depends on low frequency noise of supply voltage. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 - 16 - ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] 1. Grounding and Power Supply Decoupling The AK5354 requires careful attention to power supply and grounding arrangements. VA is usually supplied from analog supply in system. VD is a power supply pin to interface with the external ICs and is supplied from digital supply in system. VSS of the AK5354 should be connected to analog ground plane. System analog ground and digital ground should be connected together near to where the supplies are brought onto the printed circuit board. Decoupling capacitors should be as near to the AK5354 as possible, with the small value ceramic capacitor being the nearest. 2. Voltage Reference The input to VA Voltage sets the analog input range. A 0.1µF ceramic capacitor and a 10µF electrolytic capacitor is connected to VA and VSS pins, normally. VCOM is a signal ground of this chip. An electrolytic 2.2µF in parallel with a 0.1µF ceramic capacitor attached to these pins eliminates the effects of high frequency noise. No load current may be drawn from VCOM pin. All signals, especially clock, should be kept away from the VA, VD and VCOM pins in order to avoid unwanted coupling into the AK5354. 3. Analog Inputs The analog inputs are single-ended and the input resistance 9kΩ (typ). The input signal range scales with nominally 0.6 x VA Vpp (typ) centered in the internal common voltage (typ. 0.45 x VA). Usually, the input signal cuts DC with a capacitor. The cut-off frequency is fc=(1/2πRC). The AK5354 can accept input voltages from VSS to VA. The ADC output data format is 2’s complement. The DC offset including ADC own DC offset removed by the internal HPF (fc=3.4Hz@fs=44.1kHz). MS0054-E-01 2001/01 - 17 - ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] PACKAGE 16pin TSSOP (Unit: mm) 5.0 16 1.10max 9 4.4 6.4±0.2 A 1 0.22±0.1 8 0.17±0.05 0.65 0.1±0.1 0.5±0.2 Detail A Seating Plane 0.10 0∼10° n Package & Lead frame material Package molding compound: Lead frame material: Lead frame surface treatment: Epoxy Cu Solder plate MS0054-E-01 2001/01 - 18 - ASAHI KASEI [AK5354] MARKING AKM 5354VT XXYYY 1) Pin #1 indication 2) Date Code : XXYYY (5 digits) XX : lot# YYY : Date Code 3) Marketing Code : 5354VT 4) Asahi Kasei Logo IMPORTANT NOTICE • These products and their specifications are subject to change without notice. Before considering any use or application, consult the Asahi Kasei Microsystems Co., Ltd. (AKM) sales office or authorized distributor concerning their current status. • AKM assumes no liability for infringement of any patent, intellectual property, or other right in the application or use of any information contained herein. • Any export of these products, or devices or systems containing them, may require an export license or other official approval under the law and regulations of the country of export pertaining to customs and tariffs, currency exchange, or strategic materials. • AKM products are neither intended nor authorized for use as critical components in any safety, life support, or other hazard related device or system, and AKM assumes no responsibility relating to any such use, except with the express written consent of the Representative Director of AKM. As used here: a. A hazard related device or system is one designed or intended for life support or maintenance of safety or for applications in medicine, aerospace, nuclear energy, or other fields, in which its failure to function or perform may reasonably be expected to result in loss of life or in significant injury or damage to person or property. b. A critical component is one whose failure to function or perform may reasonably be expected to result, whether directly or indirectly, in the loss of the safety or effectiveness of the device or system containing it, and which must therefore meet very high standards of performance and reliability. • It is the responsibility of the buyer or distributor of an AKM product who distributes, disposes of, or otherwise places the product with a third party to notify that party in advance of the above content and conditions, and the buyer or distributor agrees to assume any and all responsibility and liability for and hold AKM harmless from any and all claims arising from the use of said product in the absence of such notification. MS0054-E-01 2001/01 - 19 -