Intersil ISL95873 Buck pwm controller with internal compensation and external reference tracking Datasheet

Buck PWM Controller with Internal Compensation and
External Reference Tracking
ISL95873
Features
The ISL95873 is a Single-Phase Synchronous-Buck PWM
controller featuring Intersil’s proprietary R4™ Technology. The
R4™ modulator has integrated compensation, fast transient
performance, accurate switching frequency control, and
excellent light-load efficiency. These technology advances,
together with integrated MOSFET drivers and a Schottky
bootstrap diode, allow for a high performance regulator that is
highly compact and needs few external components.
Differential remote sensing of the output voltage is an
additional feature. For maximum efficiency, the converter
automatically enters diode-emulation mode (DEM) during
light-load conditions, such as system standby.
• External reference tracking
• Intersil’s R4™ modulator technology
- Internal compensation
- Fast, optimal transient response
The ISL95873 accepts a wide 3.3V to 25V input voltage range,
making it ideal for systems that run on battery or AC-adapter
power sources. It also is a low-cost solution for applications
requiring tracking of an external reference voltage during
soft-start. When the external reference level meets the internal
reference voltage, the ISL95873 switches from the external
reference to the internal reference. The external reference is
only used during soft-start.
• Input voltage range: 3.3V to 25V
• Output voltage range: 0.5V to 3.3V
• Precision voltage regulation
- ±0.5% System accuracy over -10°C to +100°C
• Output voltage remote sense
• Fixed 300kHz PWM frequency in continuous conduction
- Proprietary frequency control loop
• Automatic diode emulation mode for highest efficiency
• Power-good monitor for soft-start and fault detection
Applications
• Compact buck regulators requiring external tracking
RVCC
+5V
CVCC
VCC
REFIN
PGOOD
QHS
12
11
LO
10
CBOOT
VO
ROFS
VOUT
0.5V TO 3.3V
QLS
9
8
5
CSOFT
EXTERNAL
REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
CIN
ROCSET
PHASE
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
RPGOOD
13
14
PVCC
LGATE
EN
SREF
4
UGATE
OCSET
GPIO
RTN
7
3
BOOT
FB
2
GND
6
1
RFB1
ROFS1
RTN1
PGND
16
15
CPVCC
CO
CSEN
RTN1
RO
RFB
0
FIGURE 1. ISL95873 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH DCR CURRENT SENSE
December 10, 2012
FN8390.0
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2012. All Rights Reserved.
R3 , R4 Modulator Technologies and Intersil (and design) are trademarks owned by Intersil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries.
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL95873
Application Schematics
RVCC
+5V
CVCC
CPVCC
FB
VOUT
0.5V TO 3.3V
LO
PHASE
QLS
PGOOD
CO
ROCSET
9
SREF
RPGOOD
VCC
13
PVCC
10
4
UGATE
CBOOT
CSEN
RTN1
RO
RFB
CSOFT
EXTERNAL
REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
14
3
5
ROFS1
REFIN
11
QHS
BOOT
8
GPIO
2
CIN
VO
EN
12
7
RTN
1
6
GND
RFB1
OCSET
RTN1
15
16
PGND
LGATE
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
0
ROFS
FIGURE 2. ISL95873 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH ONE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SETPOINT AND DCR CURRENT SENSE
RVCC
+5V
CVCC
CPVCC
RPGOOD
VCC
13
VOUT
0.5V TO 3.3V
QLS
PGOOD
CBOOT
CO
CSEN
RTN1
RO
RFB
ROFS
R2
RSEN
ROCSET
9
LO
PHASE
8
4
QHS
UGATE
CSOFT
R1
14
10
SREF
EXTERNAL
REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
PVCC
3
5
ROFS1
REFIN
11
CIN
BOOT
VO
GPIO
2
7
EN
12
6
RTN
1
FB
RFB1
OCSET
GND
RTN1
15
16
PGND
LGATE
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
0
FIGURE 3. ISL95873 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH ONE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SETPOINT AND RESISTOR CURRENT SENSE
2
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
Block Diagram
VCC
POR
SOFT-START
CIRCUITRY
BOOT
EN
3
DRIVER
PGOOD
CIRCUITRY
PGOOD
UGATE
PHASE
DEAD-TIME
GENERATION
FB
PVCC
UNDERVOLTAGE
MONITOR
SREF
DRIVER
+
LGATE
PGND
R4
TM
MODULATOR
VO
REFIN
REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
CIRCUITRY
REMOTE SENSE
CIRCUITRY
OVERCURRENT
OCSET
GND
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
RTN
FIGURE 4. SIMPLIFIED FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ISL95873
ISL95873
INTERNAL
COMPENSATION
AMPLIFIER
ISL95873
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER
(Notes 1, 2, 3)
PART
MARKING
ISL95873HRUZ-T
873
TEMP RANGE
(°C)
PACKAGE
(Pb-Free)
-10 to +100
16 Ld 2.6x1.8 UTQFN
PKG.
DWG. #
L16.2.6x1.8A
NOTES:
1. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications.
2. These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and NiPdAu plate-e4
termination finish, which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are MSL
classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
3. For Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL), please see device information page for ISL95873. For more information on MSL, please see tech brief TB363
Functional
Pin Descriptions
(Continued)
Pin Configuration
13 VCC
14 PVCC
15 LGATE
16 PGND
ISL95873
(16 LD 2.6X1.8 UTQFN)
TOP VIEW
EN 3
10 PHASE
REFIN 4
9 PGOOD
VO 8
11 UGATE
OCSET 7
RTN 2
FB 6
12 BOOT
SREF 5
GND 1
Functional Pin Descriptions
PIN
NUMBER SYMBOL
PIN
NUMBER SYMBOL
7
OCSET
Input for the overcurrent detection circuit. The
overcurrent setpoint programming resistor ROCSET
connects from this pin to the sense node.
8
VO
Output voltage sense input for the R4TM modulator.
The VO pin also serves as the reference input for
the overcurrent detection circuit.
9
PGOOD
Power-good open-drain indicator output. This pin
changes to high impedance when the converter is
able to supply regulated voltage.
10
PHASE
Return current path for the UGATE high-side
MOSFET driver, VIN sense input for the R4TM
modulator, and inductor current polarity detector
input.
11
UGATE
High-side MOSFET gate driver output. Connect to
the gate terminal of the high-side MOSFET of the
converter.
12
BOOT
Positive input supply for the UGATE high-side
MOSFET gate driver. The BOOT pin is internally
connected to the cathode of the Schottky
boot-strap diode. Connect an MLCC between the
BOOT pin and the PHASE pin.
13
VCC
Input for the IC bias voltage. Connect +5V to the
VCC pin and decouple with at least a MLCC to the
GND pin.
14
PVCC
Input for the LGATE and UGATE MOSFET driver
circuits. The PVCC pin is internally connected to the
anode of the Schottky boot-strap diode. Connect
+5V to the PVCC pin and decouple with a MLCC to
the PGND pin.
DESCRIPTION
1
GND
IC ground for bias supply and signal reference.
2
RTN
Negative remote sense input of VOUT. If resistor
divider consisting of RFB and ROFS is used at FB
pin, the same resistor divider should be used at
RTN pin, i.e. keep RFB1 = RFB, and ROFS1 = ROFS.
DESCRIPTION
3
EN
Enable input for the IC. Pulling EN above the rising
threshold voltage initializes the soft-start sequence.
4
REFIN
Input for supplying the external reference voltage
followed by the controller during soft-start.
15
LGATE
5
SREF
Soft-start and voltage slew-rate programming
capacitor input. Connects internally to the inverting
input of the VSET voltage setpoint amplifier.
Low-side MOSFET gate driver output. Connect to
the gate terminal of the low-side MOSFET of the
converter.
16
PGND
Return current path for the LGATE MOSFET driver.
Connect to the source of the low-side MOSFET.
6
FB
Voltage feedback sense input. Connects internally
to the inverting input of the control-loop error
amplifier. The converter is in regulation when the
voltage at the FB pin equals the voltage on the
SREF pin.
4
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
Table of Contents
Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Thermal Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Recommended Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Electrical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Theory of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Power-On Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Enabling the Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
External Reference Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Soft-Start. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Output Voltage Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
R4TM Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Transient Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Diode Emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Overcurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Overvoltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Undervoltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Over-Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
PGOOD Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Integrated MOSFET Gate-Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Adaptive Shoot-Through Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
General Application Design Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Selecting the LC Output Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting the Input Capacitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting the Bootstrap Capacitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driver Power Dissipation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MOSFET Selection and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Layout Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
13
13
13
14
14
Revision History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
About Intersil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Package Outline Drawing L16.2.6x1.8A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
VCC, PVCC, PGOOD, FSEL to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +7.0V
VCC, PVCC to PGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +7.0V
GND to PGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +0.3V
EN, VO, REFIN, FB, RTN, OCSET, SREF . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to GND, VCC + 0.3V
BOOT Voltage (VBOOT-GND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 33V
BOOT To PHASE Voltage (VBOOT-PHASE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 7V (DC)
-0.3V to 9V (<10ns)
PHASE Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to 28V
GND -8V (<20ns Pulse Width, 10µJ)
UGATE Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VPHASE - 0.3V (DC) to VBOOT
VPHASE - 5V (<20ns Pulse Width, 10µJ) to VBOOT
LGATE Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GND - 0.3V (DC) to VCC + 0.3V
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 2.5V (<20ns Pulse Width, 5µJ) to VCC + 0.3V
Thermal Resistance (Typical)
θJA (°C/W) θJC (°C/W)
16 Ld UTQFN (Notes 4, 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
60
Junction Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -55°C to +150°C
Operating Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10°C to +100°C
Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C
Pb-Free Reflow Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see link below
http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp
Recommended Operating Conditions
Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10°C to +100°C
Converter Input Voltage to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3V to 25V
VCC, PVCC to GND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5V ±5%
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product
reliability and result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTES:
4. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
5. For θJC, the “case temp” location is taken at the package top center.
Electrical Specifications
All typical specifications TA = +25°C, VCC = 5V. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature
range, -10°C to +100°C, unless otherwise stated.
PARAMETER
MIN
(Note 7)
TYP
MAX
(Note 7)
UNIT
EN = 5V, VCC = 5V, FB = 0.55V, SREF < FB
-
1.2
1.9
mA
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
VCC and PVCC
VCC Input Bias Current
IVCC
VCC Shutdown Current
IVCCoff
EN = GND, VCC = 5V
-
0
1.0
µA
PVCC Shutdown Current
IPVCCoff
EN = GND, PVCC = 5V
-
0
1.0
µA
VCC POR THRESHOLD
Rising VCC POR Threshold Voltage
VVCC_THR
4.40
4.52
4.60
V
Falling VCC POR Threshold Voltage
V
4.10
4.22
4.35
V
-0.5
-
+0.5
%
-
0.5
-
V
0.461
0.482
0.4975
V
255
300
345
kHz
VCC_THF
REGULATION
System Accuracy
PWM Mode = CCM
Internal Reference Voltage
Feedback Voltage Reference Transfer Voltage
PWM
Switching Frequency Accuracy
FSW
PWM Mode = CCM
RVO
EN = 5V
-
600
-
kΩ
VO
VO Input Impedance
VO Reference Offset Current
IVOSS
VENTHR < EN, SREF = Soft-Start Mode
-
8.5
-
µA
VO Input Leakage Current
IVOoff
EN = GND, VO = 3.6V
-
0
-
µA
IFB
EN = 5V, FB = 0.50V
-30
-
+50
nA
ISS
SREF = Soft-Start Mode
±51
85
±119
µA
RPG
PGOOD = 5mA Sink
-
50
150
Ω
ERROR AMPLIFIER
FB Input Bias Current
SREF
Maximum Soft-Start Current
POWER GOOD
PGOOD Pull-down Impedance
6
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
Electrical Specifications
All typical specifications TA = +25°C, VCC = 5V. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature
range, -10°C to +100°C, unless otherwise stated. (Continued)
PARAMETER
MIN
(Note 7)
TYP
MAX
(Note 7)
UNIT
PGOOD = 5V
-
0.1
1.0
µA
SYMBOL
PGOOD Leakage Current
IPG
TEST CONDITIONS
GATE DRIVER
UGATE Pull-Up Resistance (Note 6)
RUGPU
200mA Source Current
-
1.1
1.7
Ω
UGATE Source Current (Note 6)
IUGSRC
UGATE - PHASE = 2.5V
-
1.8
-
A
UGATE Sink Resistance (Note 6)
RUGPD
250mA Sink Current
-
1.1
1.7
Ω
UGATE Sink Current (Note 6)
IUGSNK
UGATE - PHASE = 2.5V
-
1.8
-
A
LGATE Pull-Up Resistance (Note 6)
RLGPU
250mA Source Current
-
1.1
1.7
Ω
LGATE Source Current (Note 6)
ILGSRC
LGATE - GND = 2.5V
-
1.8
-
A
LGATE Sink Resistance (Note 6)
RLGPD
250mA Sink Current
-
0.55
1.0
Ω
LGATE Sink Current (Note 6)
ILGSNK
LGATE - PGND = 2.5V
-
3.6
-
A
UGATE to LGATE Deadtime
tUGFLGR
UGATE falling to LGATE rising, no load
-
21
-
ns
LGATE to UGATE Deadtime
tLGFUGR
LGATE falling to UGATE rising, no load
-
21
-
ns
-
33
-
kΩ
PHASE
PHASE Input Impedance
RPHASE
BOOTSTRAP DIODE
Forward Voltage
VF
PVCC = 5V, IF = 2mA
-
0.58
-
V
Reverse Leakage
IR
VR = 25V
-
0
-
µA
CONTROL INPUTS
EN High Threshold Voltage
VENTHR
2.0
-
-
V
EN Low Threshold Voltage
VENTHF
-
-
1.0
V
0.85
1.7
2.55
µA
-
0
1.0
µA
VOCSET - VO
-1.15
-
1.15
mV
EN Input Bias Current
IEN
EN Leakage Current
IENoff
EN = 5V
EN = GND
PROTECTION
OCP Threshold Voltage
VOCPTH
OCP Reference Current
IOCP
EN = 5.0V
7.905
8.5
8.925
µA
OCSET Input Resistance
ROCSET
EN = 5.0V
-
600
-
kΩ
OCSET Leakage Current
IOCSET
EN = GND
-
0
-
µA
UVP Threshold Voltage
VUVTH
VFB = %VSREF
81
84
87
%
OVP Rising Threshold Voltage
VOVRTH
VFB = %VSREF
113
116
120
%
OVP Falling Threshold Voltage
VOVFTH
VFB = %VSREF
100
102
106
%
OTP Rising Threshold Temperature
(Note 6)
TOTRTH
-
150
-
°C
OTP Hysteresis (Note 6)
TOTHYS
-
25
-
°C
NOTES:
6. Limits established by characterization and are not production tested.
7. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are 100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization
and are not production tested.
7
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
Theory of Operation
The following sections will provide a detailed description of the
inner workings of the ISL95873.
Power-On Reset
The IC is disabled until the voltage at the VCC pin has increased
above the rising power-on reset (POR) threshold voltage
VVCC_THR. The controller will become disabled when the voltage
at the VCC pin decreases below the falling POR threshold voltage
VVCC_THF. The POR detector has a noise filter of approximately
1µs.
Enabling the Controller
Once VCC has ramped above VVCC_THR, the controller can be
enabled by pulling the EN pin voltage above the input-high
threshold VENTHR. Once EN exceeds this threshold, the soft-start
sequence is initiated.
External Reference Setup
The REFIN input of the ISL95873 requires an external reference
voltage to be connected to this pin. Typically, this will be another
system rail, which requires the output of the ISL95873 to follow
it up during boot-up of the two regulators. A resistor divider is
required between the external reference voltage and the REFIN
pin to scale the external voltage down to the internal reference
voltage, see Figure 5.
VOUT
to 85µA and is sourced out of the SREF pin and begins charging
the CSOFT capacitor on the SREF pin until it equals VREFIN. The
soft-start current will adjust to match the external reference
ramp rate as seen through the resistor divider on the REFIN pin.
The regulator controls the PWM, such that the voltage on the
SREF pin tracks the rising voltage on the REFIN pin. The
maximum dv/dt that the external voltage (VEXT) can achieve is
outlined in Equation 2.
R1 + R2
dV EXT
I SS
- ⋅ -------------------------------------- = -----------------R2
dt
C SOFT
(EQ. 2)
The elapsed time from when the EN pin is asserted to when
VSREF has charged CSOFT to VREF IN will depend on the dv/dt of
the external reference voltage used to generate the signal at
REFIN. CSOFT will not impact the dv/dt unless it is over sized or
the dv/dt (outlined in Equation 2), is exceeded by the external
reference. The minimum CSOFT capacitance is 10nF.
Once the feedback voltage, FB, exceeds the 0.482V threshold on
an internal comparator, the ISL95873 switches from the external
reference (VEXT) to the internal reference, VREF, see Figure 6. The
end of soft-start is detected by ISS tapering off when capacitor
CSOFT charges to VREFIN. The pull-down on PGOOD is released to
indicate that the controller is regulating properly.
VEXT
SLOPE DETERMINED
BY LOAD CURRENT
RFB
FB
VCOMP
-
ROFS
EA
VREF
+
VREF
VREFIN
+
VSET
-
CSOFT
SREF
+
VEXT
REFIN
R1
VREFIN
0.482V
FB
R2
FIGURE 5. REFIN CONNECTION TO SYSTEM RAIL
The relation between the voltage at the REFIN pin, VREFIN, and
the external reference voltage, VEXT, is given in Equation 1:
R2
V REFIN = V REF = V EXT ⋅ --------------------R +R
1
(EQ. 1)
2
From this expression the resistor divider values can be
calculated. The voltage on the REFIN pin must equal to the
internal reference of the ISL95873.
Soft-Start
Once the POR threshold on VCC has been met and ENABLE is
applied, the SREF pin releases its discharge clamp, and enables
the reference amplifier VSET. The soft-start current ISS is limited
8
FIGURE 6. SOFT-START TRACKING OF EXTERNAL REFERENCE
During soft-start, the regulator always operates in CCM until the
soft-start sequence is complete. Once soft-start is complete,
diode emulation mode (DEM) is enabled.
If REFIN is pre-charged, the ISL95873 will begin switching and
charging the output voltage of the regulator to the pre-charged
REFIN level once enabled. Then the controller waits for REFIN to
begin to move and starts charging the SREF capacitor and
ramping as described previously.
Output Voltage Programming
The ISL95873 has a fixed 0.5V internal reference voltage
(VSREF). Figure 7 shows that the output voltage is the reference
voltage if RFB is shorted and ROFS is open. A resistor divider
consisting of ROFS and RFB allows the user to scale the output
voltage between 0.5V and 3.3V. The relation between the output
voltage and the reference voltage is given in Equation 3:
R FB + R OFS
V OUT = V REF ⋅ ---------------------------------R
(EQ. 3)
OFS
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
VOUT
COMPENSATION TO COUNTER
RFB
FB
-
VCOMP
INTEGRATOR POLE
VREF
VOUT
INTEGRATOR
FOR HIGH DC GAIN
ROFS
EA
+
+
VCOMP
VSET
VDAC
FIGURE 8. INTEGRATOR ERROR-AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION
CSOFT
SREF
R3TM LOOP GAIN (dB)
INTEGRATOR POLE
p1
L/C DOUBLE-POLE
FIGURE 7. ISL95873 VOLTAGE PROGRAMMING CIRCUIT
R4TM Modulator
p2
-2
/d
B
0d
ec
c
9
/ de
Classic control theory requires a single-pole transition through
unity gain to ensure a stable system. Current-mode architectures
(includes peak, peak-valley, current-mode hysteretic, R3™ and
R4™) generate a zero at or near the L/C resonant point,
effectively canceling one of the system’s poles. The system still
contains two poles, one of which must be canceled with a zero
before unity gain crossover to achieve stability. Compensation
components are added to introduce the necessary zero.
ec
The removal of compensation derives from the R4™ modulator’s
lack of need for high DC gain. In traditional architectures, high DC
gain is achieved with an integrator in the voltage loop. The
integrator introduces a pole in the open-loop transfer function at
low frequencies. Thus, combined with the double-pole from the
output L/C filter, creates a three pole system that must be
compensated to maintain stability.
COMPENSATOR TO
ADD z2 IS NEEDED
CURRENT-MODE
ZERO
z1
dB
-40
Stability
-20dB CROSSOVER
REQUIRED FOR STABILITY
p3
-60dB/d
The R4™ modulator is an evolutionary step in R3™ technology.
Like R3™, the R4™ modulator allows variable frequency in
response to load transients and maintains the benefits of
current-mode hysteretic controllers. However, in addition, the
R4™ modulator reduces regulator output impedance and uses
accurate referencing to eliminate the need for a high-gain
voltage amplifier in the compensation loop. The result is a
topology that can be tuned to voltage-mode hysteretic transient
speed while maintaining a linear control model and removes the
need for any compensation. This greatly simplifies the regulator
design for customers and reduces external component cost.
f (Hz)
FIGURE 9. UNCOMPENSATED INTEGRATOR OPEN-LOOP RESPONSE
Figure 8 illustrates the classic integrator configuration for a
voltage loop error-amplifier. While the integrator provides the
high DC gain required for accurate regulation in traditional
technologies, it also introduces a low-frequency pole into the
control loop. Figure 9 shows the open-loop response that results
from the addition of an integrating capacitor in the voltage loop.
The compensation components found in Figure 8 are necessary
to achieve stability.
Because R4™ does not require a high-gain voltage loop, the
integrator can be removed, reducing the number of inherent
poles in the loop to two. The current-mode zero continues to
cancel one of the poles, ensuring a single-pole crossover for a
wide range of output filter choices. The result is a stable system
with no need for compensation components or complex
equations to properly tune the stability.
Figure 10 shows the R4™ error-amplifier that does not require an
integrator for high DC gain to achieve accurate regulation. The
result to the open loop response can be seen in Figure 11.
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
R2
VOUT
VCOMP
R1
The dotted red and blue lines in Figure 12 represent the time
delayed behavior of VOUT and VCOMP in response to a load
transient when an integrator is used. The solid red and blue lines
illustrate the increased response of R4™ in the absence of the
integrator capacitor.
Diode Emulation
VDAC
FIGURE 10. NON-INTEGRATED R4TM ERROR-AMPLIFIER
CONFIGURATION
R4TM LOOP GAIN (dB)
L/C DOUBLE-POLE
p1
SYSTEM HAS 2 POLES
AND 1 ZERO
p2
NO COMPENSATOR IS
NEEDED
ec
/d
B
0d ec
-2
/d
B
c
0d
de
B/
-2
CURRENT-MODE
ZERO
z1
d
-40
f (Hz)
FIGURE 11. UNCOMPENSATED R4TM OPEN-LOOP RESPONSE
Transient Response
In addition to requiring a compensation zero, the integrator in
traditional architectures also slows system response to transient
conditions. The change in COMP voltage is slow in response to a
rapid change in output voltage. If the integrating capacitor is
removed, COMP moves as quickly as VOUT, and the modulator
immediately increases or decreases switching frequency to
recover the output voltage.
IOUT
t
R4TM
R3TM
The polarity of the output inductor current is defined as positive
when conducting away from the phase node, and defined as
negative when conducting towards the phase node. The DC
component of the inductor current is positive, but the AC
component known as the ripple current, can be either positive or
negative. Should the sum of the AC and DC components of the
inductor current remain positive for the entire switching period,
the converter is in continuous-conduction-mode (CCM). However,
if the inductor current becomes negative or zero, the converter is
in discontinuous-conduction-mode (DCM).
Unlike the standard DC/DC buck regulator, the synchronous
rectifier can sink current from the output filter inductor during
DCM, reducing the light-load efficiency with unnecessary
conduction loss as the low-side MOSFET sinks the inductor
current. The ISL95873 controller avoids the DCM conduction loss
by making the low-side MOSFET emulate the current-blocking
behavior of a diode. This smart-diode operation called
diode-emulation-mode (DEM) is triggered when the negative
inductor current produces a positive voltage drop across the
rDS(ON) of the low-side MOSFET for eight consecutive PWM cycles
while the LGATE pin is high. The converter will exit DEM on the
next PWM pulse after detecting a negative voltage across the
rDS(ON) of the low-side MOSFET.
It is characteristic of the R4™ architecture for the PWM switching
frequency to decrease while in DCM, increasing efficiency by
reducing unnecessary gate-driver switching losses. The extent of
the frequency reduction is proportional to the reduction of load
current. Upon entering DEM, the PWM frequency is forced to fall
approximately 30% by forcing a similar increase of the window
voltage V W. This measure is taken to prevent oscillating between
modes at the boundary between CCM and DCM. The 30%
increase of VW is removed upon exit of DEM, forcing the PWM
switching frequency to jump back to the nominal CCM value.
Overcurrent
VCOMP
t
VOUT
t
The overcurrent protection (OCP) setpoint is programmed with
resistor ROCSET, which is connected across the OCSET and
PHASE pins. Resistor RO is connected between the VO pin and
the actual output voltage of the converter. During normal
operation, the VO pin is a high impedance path, therefore there is
no voltage drop across RO. The value of resistor RO should always
match the value of resistor ROCSET.
FIGURE 12. R3TM vs R4TM IDEALIZED TRANSIENT RESPONSE
10
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
L
C SEN = -----------------------------------------R OCSET ⋅ DCR
L
DCR
IL
PHASE
+
ROCSET
8.5µA
OCSET
+ VROCSET
VDCR
CSEN
VO
_
CO
_
RO
VO
Figure 13 shows the overcurrent set circuit. The inductor consists
of inductance L and the DC resistance DCR. The inductor DC
current IL creates a voltage drop across DCR, which is given by
Equation 4:
(EQ. 4)
The IOCSET current source sinks 8.5µA into the OCSET pin,
creating a DC voltage drop across the resistor ROCSET, which is
given by Equation 5:
V ROCSET = 8.5μA ⋅ R OCSET
For example, if L is 1.5µH, DCR is 4.5mΩ, and ROCSET is 9kΩ, the
choice of CSEN = 1.5µH/(9kΩ x 4.5mΩ) = 0.037µF.
When an OCP fault is declared, the converter will be latched off and
the PGOOD pin will be asserted low. The fault will remain latched
until the EN pin has been pulled below the falling EN threshold
voltage VENTHF or if VCC has decayed below the falling POR
threshold voltage VVCC_THF.
Overvoltage
FIGURE 13. OVERCURRENT PROGRAMMING CIRCUIT
V DCR = I L ⋅ DCR
(EQ. 8)
(EQ. 5)
The DC voltage difference between the OCSET pin and the VO pin,
given by Equation 6:
The overvoltage (OV) detection circuit triggers after the FB pin
voltage is above the rising overvoltage threshold VOVRTH for more
than 2µs. For example, if the converter is programmed to regulate
1.0V at the FB pin, that voltage would have to rise above the typical
VOVRTH threshold of 116% for more than 2µs to trigger an OV. In
numerical terms, that would be 116% x 1.0V = 1.16V. When an OV
is detected, the converter will take PGOOD low and continue to
switching. The converter is not latched off. When the converter
output voltage drops below the falling overvoltage threshold,
VOVFTH, for more than 2µs then PGOOD is taken high again and the
OV detection is considered cleared.
116%
VOUT
102%
V OCSET – V VO = V DCR – V ROCSET = I L ⋅ DCR – I OCSET ⋅ R OCSET
PGOOD
(EQ. 6)
The IC monitors the voltage of the OCSET pin and the VO pin.
When the voltage of the OCSET pin is higher than the voltage of
the VO pin for more than 10µs, an OCP fault latches the
converter off.
MOSFET
CCM/DCM OPERATION
ENABLE
The value of ROCSET is calculated with Equation 7, which is
written as:
I OC ⋅ DCR
R OCSET = ---------------------------I OCSET
(EQ. 7)
Where:
- ROCSET (Ω) is the resistor used to program the overcurrent
setpoint
- IOC is the output DC load current that will activate the OCP
fault detection circuit
- DCR is the inductor DC resistance
For example, if IOC is 20A and DCR is 4.5mΩ, the choice of
ROCSET is equal to 20A x 4.5mΩ/8.5µA = 10.5kΩ.
Resistor ROCSET and capacitor CSEN form an R-C network to
sense the inductor current. To sense the inductor current
correctly not only in DC operation, but also during dynamic
operation, the R-C network time constant ROCSET CSEN needs to
match the inductor time constant L/DCR. The value of CSEN is
then written as Equation 8:
11
FIGURE 14. OVERVOLTAGE OPERATION
The falling overvoltage threshold VOVFTH is typically 102%. That
means if the FB pin voltage falls below 102% x 1.0V = 1.02V for
more than 2µs, the controller will return PGOOD high. Figure 14
shows a simple illustration of PGOOD operation during an OV
detection event. The cross hatch portion of the PGOOD waveform
shown represents the 2µs recognition time prior to the PGOOD
transition.
Undervoltage
The UVP fault detection circuit triggers after the FB pin voltage is
below the undervoltage threshold VUVTH for more than 2µs. For
example, if the converter is programmed to regulate 1.0V at the FB
pin, that voltage would have to fall below the typical VUVTH
threshold of 84% for more than 2µs in order to trip the UVP fault
latch. In numerical terms, that would be 84% x 1.0V = 0.84V.
When a UVP fault is declared, the converter will be latched off and
the PGOOD pin will be asserted low. The fault will remain latched
until the EN pin has been pulled below the falling EN threshold
voltage VENTHF or if VCC has decayed below the falling POR
threshold voltage VVCC_THF.
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
Over-Temperature
When the temperature of the IC increases above the rising threshold
temperature TOTRTH, it will enter the OTP state that suspends the
PWM, forcing the LGATE and UGATE gate-driver outputs low. The
status of the PGOOD pin does not change nor does the converter
latch-off. The PWM remains suspended until the IC temperature
falls below the hysteresis temperature TOTHYS at which time normal
PWM operation resumes. The OTP state can be reset if the EN pin is
pulled below the falling EN threshold voltage VENTHF or if VCC has
decayed below the falling POR threshold voltage VVCC_THF. All other
protection circuits remain functional while the IC is in the OTP state.
It is likely that the IC will detect an UVP fault because in the absence
of PWM, the output voltage decays below the undervoltage
threshold VUVTH.
UGATE
1V
1V
1V
1V
PGOOD Monitor
LGATE
The PGOOD pin indicates when the converter is capable of
supplying regulated voltage. The PGOOD pin is an undefined
impedance if the VCC pin has not reached the rising POR threshold
VVCC_THR, or if the VCC pin is below the falling POR threshold
VVCC_THF. If there is a fault condition of output overcurrent or
undervoltage, PGOOD is asserted low. The PGOOD pull-down
impedance is 50Ω.
The PGOOD pin will transition low when an OV condition is
detected, but will return high when the OV condition is removed.
Integrated MOSFET Gate-Drivers
The LGATE pin and UGATE pins are MOSFET driver outputs. The
LGATE pin drives the low-side MOSFET of the converter while the
UGATE pin drives the high-side MOSFET of the converter.
The LGATE driver is optimized for low duty-cycle applications
where the low-side MOSFET experiences long conduction times.
In this environment, the low-side MOSFETs require exceptionally
low rDS(ON) and tend to have large parasitic charges that conduct
transient currents within the devices in response to high dv/dt
switching present at the phase node. The drain-gate charge in
particular can conduct sufficient current through the driver
pull-down resistance that the VGS(th) of the device can be
exceeded and turned on. For this reason, the LGATE driver has
been designed with low pull-down resistance and high sink
current capability to ensure clamping the MOSFETs gate voltage
below VGS(th).
Adaptive Shoot-Through Protection
Adaptive shoot-through protection prevents a gate-driver output
from turning on until the opposite gate-driver output has fallen
below approximately 1V. The dead-time shown in Figure 15 is
extended by the additional period that the falling gate voltage
remains above the 1V threshold. The high-side gate-driver output
voltage is measured across the UGATE and PHASE pins while the
low-side gate-driver output voltage is measured across the LGATE
and PGND pins. The power for the LGATE gate-driver is sourced
directly from the PVCC pin. The power for the UGATE gate-driver is
supplied by a boot-strap capacitor connected across the BOOT
and PHASE pins. The capacitor is charged each time the phase
node voltage falls a diode drop below PVCC such as when the
low-side MOSFET is turned on.
12
FIGURE 15. GATE DRIVE ADAPTIVE SHOOT-THROUGH PROTECTION
General Application Design
Guide
This design guide is intended to provide a high-level explanation of
the steps necessary to design a single-phase buck converter. It is
assumed that the reader is familiar with many of the basic skills
and techniques referenced in the following. In addition to this
guide, Intersil provides complete reference designs that include
schematics, bill of materials, and example board layouts.
Selecting the LC Output Filter
The duty cycle of an ideal buck converter is a function of the
input and the output voltage. This relationship is expressed in
Equation 9:
VO
D = --------V IN
(EQ. 9)
The output inductor peak-to-peak ripple current is expressed in
Equation 10:
VO ⋅ ( 1 – D )
I P-P = ------------------------------F SW ⋅ L
(EQ. 10)
A typical step-down DC/DC converter will have an IP-P of 20% to
40% of the maximum DC output load current. The value of IP-P is
selected based upon several criteria, such as MOSFET switching
loss, inductor core loss, and the resistive loss of the inductor
winding. The DC copper loss of the inductor can be estimated
using Equation 11:
2
P COPPER = I LOAD ⋅ DCR
(EQ. 11)
Where, ILOAD is the converter output DC current.
The copper loss can be significant so close attention needs to be
given to the DCR of the inductor. Another factor to consider when
choosing the inductor is its saturation characteristics at elevated
temperature. A saturated inductor could cause destruction of
circuit components, as well as nuisance OCP faults.
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
A DC/DC buck regulator must have output capacitance CO into
which ripple current IP-P can flow. Current IP-P develops a
corresponding ripple voltage VP-P across CO, which is the sum of
the voltage drop across the capacitor ESR and of the voltage
change stemming from charge moved in and out of the
capacitor. These two voltages are expressed in Equations 12
and 13:
(EQ. 12)
ΔV ESR = I P-P ⋅ E SR
I P-P
ΔV C = --------------------------------8 ⋅ CO ⋅ F
(EQ. 13)
SW
If the output of the converter has to support a load with high
pulsating current, several capacitors will need to be paralleled to
reduce the total ESR until the required VP-P is achieved. The
inductance of the capacitor can significantly impact the output
voltage ripple and cause a brief voltage spike if the load transient
has an extremely high slew rate. Low inductance capacitors should
be considered. A capacitor dissipates heat as a function of RMS
current and frequency. Be sure that IP-P is shared by a sufficient
quantity of paralleled capacitors so that they operate below the
maximum rated RMS current at FSW. Take into account that the
rated value of a capacitor can fade as much as 50% as the DC
voltage across it increases.
Selecting the Input Capacitor
Where:
- IMAX is the maximum continuous ILOAD of the converter
- x is a multiplier (0 to 1) corresponding to the inductor
peak-to-peak ripple amplitude expressed as a percentage of
IMAX (0% to 100%)
- D is the duty cycle that is adjusted to take into account the
efficiency of the converter
Duty cycle is written as Equation 15:
VO
D = -------------------------V IN ⋅ EFF
In addition to the bulk capacitors, some low ESL ceramic
capacitors are recommended to decouple between the drain of
the high-side MOSFET and the source of the low-side MOSFET.
Selecting the Bootstrap Capacitor
The integrated driver features an internal bootstrap Schottky
diode. Simply adding an external capacitor across the BOOT and
PHASE pins completes the bootstrap circuit. The bootstrap
capacitor voltage rating is selected to be at least 10V. Although the
theoretical maximum voltage of the capacitor is PVCC-VDIODE
(voltage drop across the boot diode), large excursions below
ground by the phase node requires at least a 10V rating for the
bootstrap capacitor. The bootstrap capacitor can be chosen from
Equation 16:
Q GATE
C BOOT ≥ -----------------------ΔV BOOT
0.6
(EQ. 15)
(EQ. 16)
NORMALIZED INPUT
RMS RIPPLE CURRENT
0.5
Where:
x=0
0.4
- QGATE is the amount of gate charge required to fully charge
the gate of the upper MOSFET
- ΔVBOOT is the maximum decay across the BOOT capacitor
x = 0.5
0.3
0.2
x=1
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
DUTY CYCLE
FIGURE 16. NORMALIZED INPUT RMS CURRENT FOR EFF = 1
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitors are the
voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable operation,
select bulk capacitors with voltage and current ratings above the
maximum input voltage and capable of supplying the RMS
current required by the switching circuit. Their voltage rating
should be at least 1.25x greater than the maximum input
voltage, while a voltage rating of 1.5x is a preferred rating.
Figure 16 is a graph of the input RMS ripple current, normalized
relative to output load current, as a function of duty cycle that is
adjusted for converter efficiency. The ripple current calculation is
written as Equation 14:
2
2 D
2
2
( I MAX ⋅ ( D – D ) ) + ⎛ x ⋅ I MAX ⋅ ------ ⎞
⎝
12 ⎠
I IN_RMS = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I MAX
13
(EQ. 14)
As an example, suppose the high-side MOSFET has a total gate
charge Qg, of 25nC at VGS = 5V, and a ΔVBOOT of 200mV. The
calculated bootstrap capacitance is 0.125µF; for a comfortable
margin, select a capacitor that is double the calculated
capacitance. In this example, 0.22µF will suffice. Use a low
temperature-coefficient ceramic capacitor.
Driver Power Dissipation
Switching power dissipation in the driver is mainly a function of
the switching frequency and total gate charge of the selected
MOSFETs. Calculating the power dissipation in the driver for a
desired application is critical to ensuring safe operation.
Exceeding the maximum allowable power dissipation level will
push the IC beyond the maximum recommended operating
junction temperature of +125°C. When designing the
application, it is recommended that the following calculation be
performed to ensure safe operation at the desired frequency for
the selected MOSFETs. The power dissipated by the drivers is
approximated as Equation 17:
P = F sw ( 1.5V U Q + V L Q ) + P L + P U
U
L
(EQ. 17)
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
Where:
Fsw is the switching frequency of the PWM signal
VU is the upper gate driver bias supply voltage
VL is the lower gate driver bias supply voltage
QU is the charge to be delivered by the upper driver into the
gate of the MOSFET and discrete capacitors
- QL is the charge to be delivered by the lower driver into the
gate of the MOSFET and discrete capacitors
- PL is the quiescent power consumption of the lower driver
- PU is the quiescent power consumption of the upper driver
-
1000
QU =100nC
QL =200nC
900
QU =50nC
QL =100nC
QU =50nC
QL=50nC
800
POWER (mW)
V IN ⋅ I VALLEY ⋅ t ON ⋅ F
V IN ⋅ I PEAK ⋅ t OFF ⋅ F
SW
SW
P SW_HS = ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + -----------------------------------------------------------------2
2
(EQ. 20)
Where:
- IVALLEY is the difference of the DC component of the
inductor current minus 1/2 of the inductor ripple current
- IPEAK is the sum of the DC component of the inductor
current plus 1/2 of the inductor ripple current
- tON is the time required to drive the device into saturation
- tOFF is the time required to drive the device into cut-off
Layout Considerations
700
600
As a general rule, power layers should be close together, either
on the top or bottom of the board, with the weak analog or logic
signal layers on the opposite side of the board. The ground-plane
layer should be adjacent to the signal layer to provide shielding.
The ground plane layer should have an island located under the
IC, the components connected to analog or logic signals. The
island should be connected to the rest of the ground plane layer
at one quiet point.
QU =20nC
QL=50nC
500
400
300
200
100
0
For the high-side MOSFET, its switching loss is written as
Equation 20:
0
200
400
600
800
1k
1.2k 1.4k 1.6k 1.8k 2k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 17. POWER DISSIPATION vs FREQUENCY
MOSFET Selection and Considerations
The choice of MOSFETs depends on the current each MOSFET will
be required to conduct, the switching frequency, the capability of
the MOSFETs to dissipate heat, and the availability and nature of
heat sinking and air flow.
Typically, a MOSFET cannot tolerate even brief excursions beyond
their maximum drain-to-source voltage rating. The MOSFETs used
in the power stage of the converter should have a maximum VDS
rating that exceeds the sum of the upper voltage tolerance of the
input power source and the voltage spike that occurs when the
MOSFETs switch.
There are several power MOSFETs readily available that are
optimized for DC/DC converter applications. The preferred
high-side MOSFET emphasizes low gate charge so that the device
spends the least amount of time dissipating power in the linear
region. The preferred low-side MOSFET emphasizes low r DS(ON)
when fully saturated to minimize conduction loss.
For the low-side MOSFET, (LS), the power loss can be assumed to
be conductive only and is written as Equation 18:
2
P CON_LS ≈ I LOAD ⋅ r DS ( ON )_LS ⋅ ( 1 – D )
(EQ. 18)
For the high-side MOSFET, (HS), its conduction loss is written as
Equation 19:
2
P CON_HS = I LOAD ⋅ r DS ( ON )_HS ⋅ D
14
(EQ. 19)
There are two sets of components in a DC/DC converter; the
power components and the small signal components. The power
components are the most critical because they switch large
amount of energy. The small signal components connect to
sensitive nodes or supply critical bypassing current and signal
coupling.
The power components should be placed first and these include
MOSFETs, input and output capacitors, and the inductor. Keeping
the distance between the power train and the control IC short
helps keep the gate drive traces short. These drive signals
include the LGATE, UGATE, PGND, PHASE and BOOT.
When placing MOSFETs, try to keep the source of the upper
MOSFETs and the drain of the lower MOSFETs as close as
thermally possible (see Figure 18). Input high frequency
capacitors should be placed close to the drain of the upper
MOSFETs and the source of the lower MOSFETs. Place the output
inductor and output capacitors between the MOSFETs and the
load. High frequency output decoupling capacitors (ceramic)
should be placed as close as possible to the decoupling target,
making use of the shortest connection paths to any internal
planes. Place the components in such a way that the area under
the IC has less noise traces with high dV/dt and di/dt, such as
gate signals and phase node signals.
VCC AND PVCC PINS
Place the decoupling capacitors as close as practical to the IC. In
particular, the PVCC decoupling capacitor should have a very
short and wide connection to the PGND pin. The VCC decoupling
capacitor should be referenced to GND pin.
EN AND PGOOD PINS
These are logic signals that are referenced to the GND pin. Treat
as a typical logic signal.
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
VIASTO
TO
VIAS
GROUND
GROUND
PLANE
PLANE
GND
VOUT
INDUCTOR
INDUCTOR
HIGH-SIDE
MOSFETS
HIGH-SIDE
OSFETS
OUTPUT
APACITORS
OUTPUT
CAPACITORS
SCHOTTKY
SCHOTTKY
IODE
DIODE
PHASE
NODE
VIN
LOW-SIDE
LOW-SIDE
MOSFETS
OSFETS
INPUT
INPUT
APACITORS
CAPACITORS
FIGURE 18. TYPICAL POWER COMPONENT PLACEMENT
OCSET AND VO PINS
The current-sensing network consisting of ROCSET, RO, and CSEN
needs to be connected to the inductor pads for accurate
measurement of the DCR voltage drop. These components
however, should be located physically close to the OCSET and VO
pins with traces leading back to the inductor. It is critical that the
traces are shielded by the ground plane layer all the way to the
inductor pads. The procedure is the same for resistive current
sense.
FB, SREF, REFIN, AND RTN PINS
The input impedance of these pins is high, making it critical to
place the components connected to these pins as close as
possible to the IC.
LGATE, PGND, UGATE, BOOT, AND PHASE PINS
The signals going through these traces are high dv/dt and high
di/dt, with high peak charging and discharging current. The
PGND pin can only flow current from the gate-source charge of
the low-side MOSFETs when LGATE goes low. Ideally, route the
trace from the LGATE pin in parallel with the trace from the PGND
pin, route the trace from the UGATE pin in parallel with the trace
from the PHASE pin. In order to have more accurate zero-crossing
detection of inductor current, it is recommended to connect the
PHASE pin to the drain of the low-side MOSFETs with Kelvin
connection. These pairs of traces should be short, wide, and
away from other traces with high input impedance; weak signal
traces should not be in proximity with these traces on any layer.
15
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
Revision History
The revision history provided is for informational purposes only and is believed to be accurate, but not warranted. Please go to web to make sure you
have the latest revision.
DATE
REVISION
December 10, 2012
FN8390.0
CHANGE
Initial Release.
About Intersil
Intersil Corporation is a leader in the design and manufacture of high-performance analog, mixed-signal and power management
semiconductors. The company's products address some of the fastest growing markets within the industrial and infrastructure,
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16
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
ISL95873
Ultra Thin Quad Flat No-Lead Plastic Package (UTQFN)
D
L16.2.6x1.8A
B
16 LEAD ULTRA THIN QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
MILLIMETERS
6
INDEX AREA
2X
A
N
SYMBOL
E
0.10 C
1 2
2X
MIN
NOMINAL
MAX
NOTES
A
0.45
0.50
0.55
-
A1
-
-
0.05
-
0.10 C
A3
TOP VIEW
0.10 C
C
A
0.05 C
0.127 REF
-
b
0.15
0.20
0.25
5
D
2.55
2.60
2.65
-
E
1.75
1.80
1.85
-
e
0.40 BSC
-
SEATING PLANE
A1
SIDE VIEW
K
0.15
-
-
-
L
0.35
0.40
0.45
-
L1
0.45
0.50
0.55
-
N
16
2
Nd
4
3
Ne
4
3
e
PIN #1 ID
K
1 2
NX L
L1
θ
NX b 5
16X
0.10 M C A B
0.05 M C
(DATUM B)
(DATUM A)
BOTTOM VIEW
0
-
4
12
Rev. 5 2/09
NOTES:
1. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to ASME Y14.5-1994.
2. N is the number of terminals.
3. Nd and Ne refer to the number of terminals on D and E side,
respectively.
4. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees.
5. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
CL
(A1)
NX (b)
L
5
e
SECTION "C-C"
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
7. Maximum package warpage is 0.05mm.
TERMINAL TIP
C C
8. Maximum allowable burrs is 0.076mm in all directions.
9. JEDEC Reference MO-255.
10. For additional information, to assist with the PCB Land Pattern
Design effort, see Intersil Technical Brief TB389.
3.00
1.80
1.40
1.40
2.20
0.90
0.40
0.20
0.50
0.20
0.40
10 LAND PATTERN
17
FN8390.0
December 10, 2012
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