a Low Voltage, Resistor Programmable Thermostatic Switch AD22105 FEATURES User-Programmable Temperature Setpoint 2.08C Setpoint Accuracy 4.08C Preset Hysteresis Wide Supply Range (+2.7 V dc to +7.0 V dc) Wide Temperature Range (–408C to +1508C) Low Power Dissipation (230 mW @ 3.3 V) FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM AD22105 200kΩ RPULL–UP 1 8 NC OUT 2 7 VS GND 3 6 RSET NC 4 5 NC APPLICATIONS Industrial Process Control Thermal Control Systems CPU Monitoring (i.e., Pentium) Computer Thermal Management Circuits Fan Control Handheld/Portable Electronic Equipment GENERAL DESCRIPTION SET– POINT TEMPERATURE SENSOR The AD22105 is designed to operate on a single power supply voltage from +2.7 V to +7.0 V facilitating operation in battery powered applications as well as in industrial control systems. Because of low power dissipation (230 µW @ 3.3 V), selfheating errors are minimized and battery life is maximized. The AD22105 is a solid state thermostatic switch. Requiring only one external programming resistor, the AD22105 can be set to switch accurately at any temperature in the wide operating range of –40°C to +150°C. Using a novel circuit architecture, the AD22105 asserts an open collector output when the ambient temperature exceeds the user-programmed setpoint temperature. The AD22105 has approximately 4°C of hysteresis which prevents rapid thermal on/off cycling. An optional internal 200 kΩ pull-up resistor is included to facilitate driving light loads such as CMOS inputs. Alternatively, a low power LED indicator may be driven directly. +2.7V TO +7.0V 8 7 6 5 AD22105 RSET TOP VIEW 1 2 3 4 OUT Figure 1. Typical Application Circuit REV. 0 Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. © Analog Devices, Inc., 1996 One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 617/329-4700 Fax: 617/326-8703 AD22105–SPECIFICATIONS (V = 3.3 V, T = +258C, R S A LOAD = internal 200 kV, unless otherwise noted) Parameter Symbol Conditions Min TEMPERATURE ACCURACY Ambient Setpoint Accuracy Temperature Setpoint Accuracy Power Supply Rejection ACC ACCT PSR –40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C +2.7 V1 < VS < +7.0 V HYSTERESIS Hysteresis Value HYS OPEN COLLECTOR OUTPUT Output Low Voltage VOL POWER SUPPLY Supply Range Supply Current, Output “LOW” Supply Current, Output “HIGH” VS ISON ISOFF +2.7 INTERNAL PULL-UP RESISTOR RPULL-UP 140 TURN-ON SETTLING TIME tON Typ Max Units ± 0.5 ± 2.0 ± 3.0 ± 0.15 °C °C °C/V ± 0.05 °C 4.1 ISINK = 5 mA 250 200 5 400 mV +7.0 120 90 V µA µA 260 kΩ µs NOTES 1 The AD22105 will operate at voltages as low as +2.2 V. Specifications subject to change without notice. 39MΩ °C RSET = ––––––––––––——— – 90.3kΩ TSET (°C) + 281.6 °C 80 75 70 65 60 55 R SET- kΩ 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 SET POINT TEMPERATURE – °C 125 150 Figure 2. Setpoint Resistor Values –2– REV. 0 AD22105 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS* PIN CONFIGURATION Maximum Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +11 V Maximum Output Voltage (Pin 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +11 V Maximum Output Current (Pin 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 mA Operating Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . –50°C to +150°C Dice Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +160°C Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to +160°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . +300°C RPULL-UP 1 OUT 2 GND 3 Model AD22105AR AD22105AR-REEL7 8-Lead SOIC 8-Lead SOIC SO-8 SO-8 PIN DESCRIPTION Pin No. Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RPULL-UP, Internal 200 kΩ (Optional) OUT GND No Connection No Connection RSET, Temperature Setpoint Resistor VS No Connection CAUTION ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although the AD22105 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality. REV. 0 5 NC NC = NO CONNECT ORDERING GUIDE Package Option 7 VS TOP VIEW (Not to Scale) 6 RSET NC 4 *Stresses above those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those listed in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Package Description 8 NC AD22105 –3– WARNING! ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE AD22105–Typical Performance Characteristics 4.4 4 GUARANTEED LIMIT (+) 3 4.2 HYSTERESIS – °C ERROR – °C 2 1 0 –1 4.0 3.8 3.6 –2 3.4 –3 –4 –50 GUARANTEED LIMIT (–) –25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE – °C 100 125 3.2 –50 150 –25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE – °C 100 125 150 Figure 6. Hysteresis vs. Setpoint Figure 3. Error vs. Setpoint 2.0 0.1 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± ± 1.5 +125°C 1.0 ERROR – °C ERROR – °C/% ± 0.7 0.5 +25°C 0.0 –40°C –0.5 –1.0 0.9 –1.5 ± 1.1 –50 –2.0 –25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE – °C 100 125 150 3 4 5 VS 6 7 Figure 7. Setpoint Error vs. Supply Voltage Figure 4. Setpoint Error Due to R SET Tolerance 120 90 VS = 7V 110 80 VS = 7V 100 IS – µA IS – µA 70 VS = 5V VS = 5V 90 60 80 VS = 3V VS = 3V 50 40 –50 70 –25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE – °C 100 125 60 –50 150 –25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE – °C 100 125 150 Figure 8. Supply Current vs. Temperature (VOUT = LOW) Figure 5. Supply Current vs. Temperature (VOUT = HIGH) –4– REV. 0 AD22105 250 0.3 200 θJA – °C/W 0.4 VOUT TA = +150°C 0.2 TA = +25°C 0.1 100 TA = –40°C 0.0 1µA 150 50 10µA 100µA IOUT 1mA 10mA 0 400 1200 800 FLOW RATE – CFM Figure 11. Thermal Resistance vs. Flow Rate Figure 9. VOUT vs. IOUT (VOUT = LOW) 100 16 90 14 80 % OF FINAL VALUE τ – sec 12 10 8 MOVING AIR (1200 CFM) 70 60 STILL AIR 50 40 30 6 20 4 10 0 2 0 400 800 FLOW RATE – CFM 1200 10 20 30 TIME – sec 40 50 Figure 12. Thermal Response Time Figure 10. Thermal Response vs. Flow Rate REV. 0 0 –5– 60 AD22105 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION The AD22105 is a single supply semiconductor thermostat switch that utilizes a unique circuit architecture to realize the combined functions of a temperature sensor, setpoint comparator, and output stage all in one integrated circuit. By using one external resistor, the AD22105 can be programmed to switch at any temperature selected by the system designer in the range of –40°C to +150°C. The internal comparator is designed to switch very accurately as the ambient temperature rises past the setpoint temperature. When the ambient temperature falls, the comparator relaxes its output at a somewhat lower temperature than that at which it originally switched. The difference between the “switch” and “unswitch” temperatures, known as the hysteresis, is designed to be nominally 4°C. THE SETPOINT RESISTOR The setpoint resistor is determined by the equation: RSET = 39 MΩ °C – 90.3 kΩ TSET (°C)+ 281.6°C Eq. 1 The setpoint resistor should be connected directly between the RSET pin (Pin 6) and the GND pin (Pin 3). If a ground plane is used, the resistor may be connected directly to this plane at the closest available point. The setpoint resistor, RSET, can be of nearly any resistor type, but its initial tolerance and thermal drift will affect the accuracy of the programmed switching temperature. For most applications, a 1% metal-film resistor will provide the best tradeoff between cost and accuracy. Calculations for computing an error budget can be found in the section “Effect of Resistor Tolerance and Thermal Drift on Setpoint Accuracy.” Once RSET has been calculated, it may be found that the calculated value does not agree with readily available standard resistors of the chosen tolerance. In order to achieve an RSET value as close as possible to the calculated value, a compound resistor can be constructed by connecting two resistors in series or in parallel. To conserve cost, one moderately precise resistor and one lower precision resistor can be combined. If the moderately precise resistor provides most of the necessary resistance, the lower precision resistor can provide a fine adjustment. Consider an example where the closest standard 1% resistor has only 90% of the value required for RSET. If a 5% series resistor is used for the remainder, then its tolerance only adds 5% of 10% or 0.5% additional error to the combination. Likewise, the 1% resistor only contributes 90% of 1% or 0.9% error to the combination. These two contributions are additive resulting in a total compound resistor tolerance of 1.4%. EFFECT OF RESISTOR TOLERANCE AND THERMAL DRIFT ON SETPOINT ACCURACY Figure 3 shows the typical accuracy error in setpoint temperature as a function of the programmed setpoint temperature. This curve assumes an ideal resistor for RSET. The graph of Figure 4 may be used to calculate additional setpoint error as a function of resistor tolerance. Note that this curve shows additional error beyond the initial accuracy error of the part and should be added to the value found in the specifications table. For example, consider using the AD22105 programmed to switch at +125°C. Figure 4 indicates that at +125°C, the additional error is approximately –0.2°C/% of RSET. If a 1% resistor (of exactly correct nominal value) is chosen, then the additional error could be –0.2°C/% × 1% or –0.2°C. If the closest standard resistor value is 0.6% away from the calculated value, then the total error would be 0.6% for the nominal value and 1% for the tolerance or (1.006) × (1.10) or 1.01606 (about 1.6%). This could lead to an additional setpoint error as high as 0.32°C. For additional accuracy considerations, the thermal drift of the setpoint resistor can be taken into account. For example, consider that the drift of the metal film resistor is 100 ppm/°C. Since this drift is usually referred to +25°C, the setpoint resistor can be in error by an additional 100 ppm/°C × (125°C – 25°C) or 1%. Using a setpoint temperature of 125°C as discussed above, this error source would add an additional –0.2°C (for positive drift) making the overall setpoint error potentially –0.52°C higher than the original accuracy error. Initial tolerance and thermal drift effects of the setpoint resistor can be combined and calculated by using the following equation: RMAX = RNOM ×(1+ ε)× (1+ T C ×(T SET – 25°C)) where: R MAX is the worst case value that the setpoint resistor can be at TSET, R NOM is the standard resistor with a value closest to the desired RSET, ε is the 25°C tolerance of the chosen resistor (usually 1%, 5%, or 10%), TC is the temperature coefficient of the available resistor, TSET is the desired setpoint temperature. Once calculated, RMAX may be compared to the desired RSET from Equation 1. Continuing the example from above, the required value of RSET at a TSET of 125°C is 5.566 kΩ. If the nearest standard resistor value is 5.600 kΩ, then its worst case maximum value at 125°C could be 5.713 kΩ. Again this is +2.6% higher than RSET leading to a total additional error of –0.52°C beyond that given by the specifications table. THE HYSTERESIS AND SELF-HEATING The actual value of the hysteresis generally has a minor dependence on the programmed setpoint temperature as shown in Figure 6. Furthermore, the hysteresis can be affected by selfheating if the device is driving a heavy load. For example, if the device is driving a load of 5 mA at an output voltage (given by Figure 9) of 250 mV, then the additional power dissipation would be approximately 1.25 mW. With a θJA of 190°C/W in free air the internal die temperature could be 0.24°C higher than ambient leading to an increase of 0.24°C in hysteresis. In the presence of a heat sink or turbulent environment, the additional hysteresis will be less. –6– REV. 0 AD22105 OUTPUT SECTION Response of the AD22105 internal die temperature to abrupt changes in ambient temperatures can be modeled by a single time constant exponential function. Figure 11 shows typical response plots for moving and still air. The time constant, τ (time to reach 63.2% of the final value), is dependent on θ JA and the thermal capacities of the chip and the package. Table I lists the effective τ for moving and still air. Copper printed circuit board connections were neglected in the analysis; however, they will sink or conduct heat directly through the AD22105’s solder plated copper leads. When faster response is required, a thermally conductive grease or glue between the AD22105 and the surface temperature being measured should be used. The output of the AD22105 is the collector of an NPN transistor. When the ambient temperature of the device exceeds the programmed setpoint temperature, this transistor is activated causing its collector to become a low impedance. A pull-up resistor, such as the internal 200 kΩ provided, is needed to observe a change in the output voltage. For versatility, the optional pull-up resistor has not been permanently connected to the output pin. Instead, this resistor is undedicated and connects from Pin 7 (VS) to Pin 1 (R PULL-UP). In order to use RPULL-UP a single connection should be made from Pin 1 (RPULL-UP) to Pin 2 (OUT). The 200 kΩ pull-up resistor can drive CMOS loads since essentially no static current is required at these inputs. When driving “LS” and other bipolar family logic inputs a parallel resistor may be necessary to supply the 20 µA–50 µA IIH (High Level Input Current) specified for such devices. To determine the current required, the appropriate manufacturer’s data sheet should be consulted. When the output is switched, indicating an over temperature condition, the output is capable of pulling down with 10 mA at a voltage of about 375 mV. This allows for a fan out of 2 with standard bipolar logic and 20 with “LS” family logic. Table I. Thermal Resistance (SO-8) uJA (8C/Watt) t (sec)* Moving Air** Without Heat Sink 100 3.5 Still Air Without Heat Sink 190 15 NOTES **The time constant is defined as the time to reach 63.2% of the final temperature change. **1200 CFM. Low power indicator LEDs (up to 10 mA) can be driven directly from the output pin of the AD22105. In most cases a small series resistor (usually of several hundred ohms) will be required to limit the current to the LED and the output transistor of the AD22105. USING THE AD22105 AS A COOLING SETPOINT DETECTOR The AD22105 can be used to detect transitions from higher temperatures to lower temperatures by programming the setpoint temperature 4°C greater than the desired trip point temperature. The 4°C is necessary to compensate for the nominal hysteresis value designed into the device. A more precise value of the hysteresis can be obtained from Figure 6. In this mode, the logic state of the output will indicate a HIGH for under temperature conditions. The total device error will be slightly greater than the specification value due to uncertainty in hysteresis. MOUNTING CONSIDERATIONS If the AD22105 is thermally attached and properly protected, it can be used in any measuring situation where the maximum range of temperatures encountered is between –40°C and +150°C. Because plastic IC packaging technology is employed, excessive mechanical stress must be avoided when fastening the device with a clamp or screw-on heat tab. Thermally conductive epoxy or glue is recommended for typical mounting conditions. In wet or corrosive environments, an electrically isolated metal or ceramic well should be used to protect the AD22105. APPLICATION HINTS EMI Suppression THERMAL ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS Noisy environments may couple electromagnetic energy into the RSET node causing the AD22105 to falsely trip or untrip. Noise sources, which typically come from fast rising edges, can be coupled into the device capacitively. Furthermore, if the output signal is brought close the RSET pin, energy can couple from the OUT pin to the RSET pin potentially causing oscillation. Stray capacitance can come from several places such as, IC sockets, multiconductor cables, and printed circuit board traces. In some cases, it can be corrected by constructing a Faraday shield around the RSET pin, for example, by using a shielded cable with the shield grounded. However, for best performance, cables should be avoided and the AD22105 should be soldered directly to a printed circuit board whenever possible. Figure 13 shows a sample printed circuit board layout with low inter-pin capacitance and Faraday shielding. If stray capacitance is unavoidable, and interference or oscillation occurs, a low impedance capacitor should be connected from the RSET pin to the GND pin. This capacitor must be considerably larger than the estimated stray capacitance. Typically several hundred picofarads will correct the problem. The thermal environment in which the AD22105 is used determines two performance traits: the effect of self-heating on accuracy and the response time of the sensor to rapid changes in temperature. In the first case, a rise in the IC junction temperature above the ambient temperature is a function of two variables: the power consumption of the AD22105 and the thermal resistance between the chip and the ambient environment, θJA. Self-heating error can be derived by multiplying the power dissipation by θJA. Because errors of this type can vary widely for surroundings with different heat sinking capacities, it is necessary to specify θJA under several conditions. Table I shows how the magnitude of self-heating error varies relative to the environment. A typical part will dissipate about 230 µW at room temperature with a 3.3 V supply and negligible output loading. In still air, without a “heat sink,” Table I indicates a θJA of 190°C/W, which yields a temperature rise of 0.04°C. Thermal rise of the die will be considerably less in an environment of turbulent or constant moving air or if the device is in direct physical contact with a solid (or liquid) body. REV. 0 Medium –7– AD22105 Leakage at the RSET Pin OUTLINE DIMENSIONS Leakage currents at the RSET pin, such as those generated from a moist environment or printed circuit board contamination, can have an adverse effect on the programmed setpoint temperature of the AD22105. Depending on its source, leakage current can flow into or out of the RSET pin. Consequently, the actual setpoint temperature could be higher or lower than the intended setpoint temperature by about 1°C for each 75 nA of leakage. With a 5 V power supply, an isolation resistance of 100 MΩ would create 50 nA of leakage current giving a setpoint temperature error of about 0.7°C (the RSET pin is near ground potential). A guard ring can be placed around the RSET node to protect against leakage from the power supply pin (as shown in Figure 13). Dimensions shown in inches and (mm). 0.1968 (5.00) 0.1890 (4.80) 0.1574 (4.00) 0.1497 (3.80) PIN 1 0.0098 (0.25) 0.0040 (0.10) VS C1 C2099–6–1/96 8-Lead SOIC (SO-8) SEATING PLANE RSET 8 5 1 4 0.2440 (6.20) 0.2284 (5.80) 0.0688 (1.75) 0.0532 (1.35) 0.0500 0.0192 (0.49) (1.27) 0.0138 (0.35) BSC 0.0196 (0.50) x 45° 0.0099 (0.25) 0.0098 (0.25) 0.0075 (0.19) 8° 0° 0.0500 (1.27) 0.0160 (0.41) GND PIN 1 OUT PRINTED IN U.S.A. Figure 13. Suggested PCB Layout –8– REV. 0