General Features
• Atmel® AVR® Microcontroller and RF Transmitter PLL in a Single QFN24 5mm × 5mm
•
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•
•
•
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•
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Package (Pitch 0.65 mm)
– Operating Frequency Ranges 310MHz to 350MHz, 429MHz to 439MHz and 868MHz
to 928MHz
Temperature Range –40°C to +85°C
Supply Voltage 2.0V to 3.6V Allowing usage of Single Li-cell Power Supply
Low Power Consumption
– Active Mode: Typical 9.8mA at 3.0V and 4MHz Microcontroller-clock
– Power-down Mode: Typical 200nA at 3.0V
Modulation Scheme ASK/FSK
Integrated PLL Loop Filter
Output Power of 8dBm at 315MHz / 7.5dBm at 433.92 MHz / 5.5dBm at 868.3MHz
Easy to Design-in Due to Excellent Isolation of the PLL from the PA and Power Supply
Single-ended Antenna Output with High Efficient Power Amplifier
Very Robust ESD Protection: HBM 2500V, MM100V, CDM 1000V
High Performance, Low Power AVR 8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
Non-volatile Program and Data Memories
– 4KBytes of In-system Programmable Program Memory Flash
– 256Bytes In-system Programmable EEPROM
– 256Bytes Internal SRAM
Programming Lock for Self-programming Flash Program and EEPROM Data Security
Peripheral Features
– Two Timer/Counter, 8- and 16-bit Counters with Two PWM Channels on Both
– 10-bit ADC
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– Universal Serial Interface (USI)
Special Microcontroller Features
– debugWIRE On-chip Debug System
– In-system Programmable via SPI Port
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Pin Change Interrupt on 12 Pins
– Enhanced Power-on Reset Circuit
– Programmable Brown-out Detection Circuit
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
– On-chip Temperature Sensor
12 Programmable I/O Lines
UHF ASK/FSK
Transmitter with
the Atmel AVR
Microcontroller
Atmel
ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
1. General Description
The Atmel® ATA5771/73/74 is a highly flexible programmable transmitter containing the Atmel
AVR ® microcontroller Atmel ATtiny44V and the UHF PLL transmitters in a small QFN24
5mm × 5mm package. This device is a member of a transmitter family covering several operating frequency ranges, which has been specifically developed for the demands of RF
low-cost data transmission systems with data rates up to 32kBit/s using ASK or FSK modulation. Its primary applications are in the application of Remote Keyless-Entry (RKE), Passive
Entry Go (PEG) System and Remote Start. The ATA5771 is designed for 868MHz application,
whereas ATA5773 for 315MHZ application and ATA5774 for 434MHz application.
Figure 1-1.
ASK System Block Diagram
UHF ASK/FSK
Remote Control Transmitter
Atmel ATA577x
S1
PXY
VDD
S1
PXY
GND
S1
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
Power
up/down
CLK
f/4
PLL
VS
ENABLE
UHF ASK/FSK
Remote Control Receiver
GND_RF
1 to 6
Demod
XTO
VCO
VCC_RF
Control
Microcontroller
VS
Antenna
PA_ENABLE
PLL
XTO
ANT2
PA
Loop
Antenna
LNA
ANT1
VCO
VS
2
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Figure 1-2.
FSK System Block Diagram
UHF ASK/FSK
Remote Control Transmitter
Atmel ATA577x
S1
PXY
VDD
S1
PXY
GND
S1
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
Power
up/down
CLK
f/4
PLL
VS
ENABLE
UHF ASK/FSK
Remote Control Receiver
GND_RF
1 to 6
Demod
XTO
VCO
VCC_RF
Control
Microcontroller
VS
Antenna
PA_ENABLE
PLL
XTO
ANT2
PA
Loop
Antenna
LNA
ANT1
VCO
VS
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2. Pin Configuration
ENABLE
GND_RF
VS_RF
XTAL
GND
Pinning QFN24 5mm × 5mm
GND
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
2
17
PA1
PB1
3
16
PA2
PB3/RESET
4
15
PA3/T0
PB2
5
14
PA4/USCK
PA7
6
PA5/MISO
PA6/MOSI
7
Table 2-1.
4
8
9
10
11
13
12
GND
PB0
ANT1
PA0
ANT2
1
CLK
VCC
PA_ENABLE
Figure 2-1.
Pin Description
Pin
Symbol
Function
1
VCC
Microcontroller supply voltage
2
PB0
Port B is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
3
PB1
4
PB3/RESET
Port B is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
5
PB2
Port B is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
6
PA7
Port A is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
7
PA6 / MOSI
Port A is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
8
CLK
Port B is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor/reset input
Clock output signal for microcontroller. The clock output frequency is set by the crystal to fXTAL/4
9
PA_ENABLE
10
ANT2
Switches on power amplifier. Used for ASK modulation
11
ANT1
Open collector antenna output
12
GND
Ground
13
PA5/MISO
Port A is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
14
PA4/SCK
Port A is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
15
PA3/T0
Port A is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
16
PA2
Port A is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
17
PA1
Port A is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
18
PA0
Port A is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistor
Emitter of antenna output stage
19
GND
Microcontroller ground
20
XTAL
Connection for crystal
21
VS_RF
22
GND_RF
Transmitter ground
Transmitter supply voltage
23
ENABLE
Enable input
24
GND
Ground
GND
Ground/backplane (exposed die pad)
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
2.1
Pin Configuration of RF Pins
Table 2-2.
Pin Description
Pin
Symbol
Function
Configuration
VS
8
CLK
Clock output signal for microcontroller.
The clock output frequency is set by the
crystal to fXTAL/4.
100Ω
CLK
100Ω
PA_ENABLE
9
PA_ENABLE
50 kΩ
UREF = 1.1V
Switches on power amplifier.
Used for ASK modulation.
20 µA
ANT1
10
ANT2
Emitter of antenna output stage.
11
ANT1
Open collector antenna output.
ANT2
VS
1.5 kΩ
20
XTAL
VS
1.2 kΩ
Connection for crystal.
XTAL
182 µA
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Table 2-2.
Pin Description (Continued)
Pin
Symbol
21
VS
22
GND
23
ENABLE
Function
Configuration
Supply voltage
See ESD protection circuitry (see Figure 5-1 on page 181).
Ground
See ESD protection circuitry (see Figure 5-1 on page 181).
ENABLE
6
200 kΩ
Enable input
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
3. Functional Description
Figure 1-1 on page 2 and Figure 1-2 on page 3 show the interconnections between the microcontroller and the RF part for a typical application. In the recommended application circuits the
clock output of the RF transmitter is connected to the microcontroller in order to be able to
generate data rate with tolerance lower than 3%. The transmitter’s crystal oscillator (XTO),
Phase Locked Loop (PLL) and clock generation are started using pin ENABLE. The Power
amplifier (PA) is activated using the connection to the pin PA_ENABLE. The FSK modulation
is performed due to pulling of the crystal load capacitance for this purpose the microcontroller
out put port together with an external switch applies this modulation technique. For the ASK
modulation the power amplifier will be switched on and of by modulating the PA_ENABLE pin
due to the data.
To wake up the system from standby mode at least one event is required, which will be
performed by pushing tone button. After this event the microcontroller starts up with the internal RC oscillator. For the TX operation the user software must additionally control just 2 pins,
the pin ENABLE and pin PA_ENABLE. In case of the FSK modulation one additional connection from microcontroller is necessary to perform the pulling of the crystal load capacitance.
If ENABLE and PA_ENABLE are set to LOW the transmitter is in standby mode with the suitable mode setting of the microcontroller (MCU) the power consumption will be reduced.
If ENABLE is set to HIGH and PA_ENABLE to LOW, the XTO, PLL, and the Clock driver of the
RF transmitter are activated and the VCO frequency is 32 times the XTO frequency. The
Atmel ATA5771 and Atmel ATA5774 require typically shorter than 1 ms until the PLL is locked
and the transmitter’s clock output is stable, while the Atmel ATA5773 requires time shorter
than 3 ms for this progress.
If both ENABLE and PA_ENABLE are set to HIGH the whole RF transmitter (XTO, PLL, Clock
driver and power Amplifier) is activated. The ASK modulation is achieved by switching on and
off the power amplifier via pin PA_ENABLE. The FSK modulation is performed by pulling the
crystal load capacitor which will change the reference frequency of the PLL due to the data.
The microcontroller modulates the load capacitance of the crystal using an external switch. A
MOS transistor with a low parasitic capacitance is recommended to be used for this purpose.
During the FSK modulation is the PA_ENABLE pin set to HIGH.
To generate the data for the telegram the internal RC oscillator of the microcontroller is not
accurate enough because this will be affected by ambient temperature and operating voltage.
To reduce the variation of the data rate lower than 3% the clock frequency generated by the
RF transmitter should be used as a reference. The MCU has to wait at least longer than 3 ms
for ATA5773 after setting ENABLE to HIGH, before the clock output from the RF transmitter
can be used. For ATA5771 and ATA5774 the MCU must wait longer than 1 ms until the clock
output is stable. The clock output with the crystal tolerance is connected to the timer0 of the
MCU. This timer clocks the USI to generate the data rate. In the Two serial synchronous data
transfer modes will be provided by USI. This will be pass out with different physical I/O ports,
two wire mode is used for ASK and the three wire mode for FSK.
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3.1
Frequency Generation
In Atmel ATA5773 and Atmel ATA5774 the VCO is locked to 32 times crystal frequency hence
the following crystal is needed
• 9.8438MHz for 315MHz application
• 13.56MHz for 433.92MHz application
The VCO of ATA5771 is locked to 64 times crystal frequency therefore the necessary crystal
frequency is
• 13.5672MHz for 868.3MHz application
• 14.2969MHz for 915MHz application
Due to the high integration the PLL and VCO peripheral elements are integrated.
The XTO is a series resonance oscillator that only one capacitor together with a crystal connected in series to GND are needed as external elements. Until the PLL and clock output is
stable the following time can be expected
• 3ms for ATA5773
• 1ms for ATA5771 and ATA5774
Therefore, a time delay of ≥ 3 ms for ATA5773 and ≥ 1 ms for ATA5771/74 between activation of pin ENABLE and switching on the pin PA_ENABLE must be implemented in the
software.
3.2
ASK Transmission
The ASK modulation will performed by switching the power amplifier on and of due to the data
to be transmitted. The transmitter’s XTO and PLL are activated by setting the pin ENABLE to
HIGH. Between the activation of the pin ENABLE and the pin PA_ENABLE minimum 3 ms
time delay must be taken into account for the application with ATA5773, whereas a minimum
1 ms time delay for an application using ATA5771 or ATA5774. After the mentioned time delay
the generated clock frequency by the RF transmitter can be used as reference for the data
generation of the microcontroller block.
3.3
FSK Transmission
The transmitter’s XTO and PLL are activated by setting the pin ENABLE to HIGH. Like the
ASK transmission a defined time delay must be taken into account between the activation of
the pin ENABLE and the pin PA_ENABLE. After this time delay the clock frequency can be
used as reference for the data rate generation and the data transmission using FSK modulation is ready. For this purpose an additional capacitor to the crystal’s load capacitor will be
switched between the high impedance and ground due to the data rate. Thus the reference
frequency, which is crystal frequency, of the RF transmitter will be modulated. This results also
in the transmitted spectrum. It is important that the switching element must have a defined low
parasitic capacitance.
The accuracy of the frequency deviation with XTAL pulling method is about ±25% when the
following tolerances are considered.
8
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Figure 3-1.
Tolerances of Frequency Modulation
VS
CStray1
CStray2
LM
C4
XTAL
CM
RS
C0
Crystal equivalent circuit
C5
CSwitch
Using C4 = 8.2 pF ±5%, C5 = 10 pF ±5%, a switch port with CSwitch = 3 pF ±10%, stray capacitances on each side of the crystal of CStray1 = CStray2 = 1 pF ±10%, a parallel capacitance of the
crystal of C0 = 3.2 pF ±10% and a crystal with CM = 13 fF ±10%, results in a typical FSK deviation of ±21.5 kHz with worst case tolerances of ±16.25 kHz to ±28.01 kHz.
3.4
CLK Output
RF transmitter generated clock signal based on the devided crystal frequency. This will be
available for the microcontroller as reference. The delivered signal is CMOS compatible if the
load capacitance is lower than 10pF.
3.4.1
Clock Pulse Take-over
The clock of the crystal oscillator can be used for clocking the microcontroller, which starts
with an integrated RC-oscillator. After the generated clock signal of the RF transmitter is stable, the microcontroller will take over the clock signal and use it as reference generating the
data rate, so that the message can be transmitted with crystal accuracy.
3.4.2
Output Matching and Power Setting
The power amplifier is an open-collector output delivering a current pulse, which is nearly
independent from the load impedance. Thus the delivered output power can be tuned via the
load impedance of the antenna and the matching elements. This output configuration enables
simple matching to any kind of antenna or to 50Ω which results in a high power efficiency
{η= Pout/(IS,PA VS) }. The maximum output power can be achieved at 3V supply voltage when
the load impedance is optimized to
• ZLoad = (255 + j192)Ω for the Atmel ATA5773 with the power efficiency of 40%
– Background: The current pulse of the power amplifier is 9mA and the maximum
output power is delivered to a resistive load of 400Ω if the 1.0pF output
capacitance of the power amplifier is compensated by the load impedance. And
thus the load impedance of ZLoad = 400Ω || j/(2 × π × f × 1.0 pF) = (255 + j192)Ω is
achieved for the maximum output power of 8dBm.
• ZLoad = (166 + j223)Ω for the Atmel ATA5774 with the power efficiency of 36%
– Background: The current pulse of the power amplifier is 9mA and the maximum
output power is delivered to a resistive load of 465Ω if the 1.0pF output
capacitance of the power amplifier is compensated by the load impedance. And
thus the load impedance of ZLoad = 465Ω || j/(2 × π × f × 1.0 pF) = (166 + j223)Ω
is achieved for the maximum output power of 7.5dBm.
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9137E–RKE–12/10
• ZLoad = (166 + j226)Ω for the Atmel ATA5771 with the power efficiency of 24%
– Background: The current pulse of the power amplifier is 7.7mA and the maximum
output power is delivered to a resistive load of 475Ω if the 0.53pF output
capacitance of the power amplifier is compensated by the load impedance. And
thus the load impedance of ZLoad = 475Ω || j/(2 × π × f × 0.53 pF) = (166 + j226)Ω
is achieved for the maximum output power of 5.5dBm.
The load impedance is defined as the impedance seen from the power amplifier (pin ANT1
and pin ANT2) into the matching network. This large signal load impedance should not be
mixed up with the small signal input impedance delivered as input characteristic of RF amplifiers and measured from the application into the IC, instead of from the IC into the application.
Please take note that there must be a low resistive path between the VS and the collector output of the PA to deliver the DC current. Reduced output power will be achieved by lowering the
real parallel part of the load impedance where the parallel imaginary part should be kept
constant.
Output power measurement can be performed using the circuit shown in Figure 3-2. Note that
the component values must be changed to compensate for the individual board parasitics until
the RF power amplifier has the right load impedance. In addition, the damping of the cable
used to measure the output power must be calibrated out.
Figure 3-2.
Output Power Measurement Atmel ATA5771/73/74
VS
C1 = 1 nF
L1 = 47 nH
ANT1
Z = 50Ω
ZLopt
ANT2
10
Power
meter
C2 = 3.3 pF
Rin
50Ω
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4. Microcontroller Block
These data are referred to the data base of microcontroller Atmel ATtiny44V.
4.1
Overview
The ATtiny44V is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the Atmel AVR ®
enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATtiny44V achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer
to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.
4.2
Block Diagram
Figure 4-1.
Block Diagram
VCC
8-BIT DATABUS
INTERNAL
OSCILLATOR
INTERNAL
CALIBRATED
OSCILLATOR
TIMING AND
CONTROL
GND
PROGRAM
COUNTER
STACK
POINTER
WATCHDOG
TIMER
PROGRAM
FLASH
SRAM
MCU CONTROL
REGISTER
INSTRUCTION
REGISTER
MCU STATUS
REGISTER
GENERAL
PURPOSE
REGISTERS
TIMER/
COUNTER0
X
Y
Z
INSTRUCTION
DECODER
TIMER/
COUNTER1
CONTROL
LINES
ALU
STATUS
REGISTER
INTERRUPT
UNIT
ANALOG
COMPARATOR
+
-
PROGRAMMING
LOGIC
EEPROM
ISP INTERFACE
DATA REGISTER
PORT A
DATA DIR.
REG.PORT A
PORT A DRIVERS
PA7-PA0
ADC
OSCILLATORS
DATA REGISTER
PORT B
DATA DIR.
REG.PORT B
PORT B DRIVERS
PB3-PB0
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The Atmel AVR® core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle.
The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times
faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
The Atmel ATtiny44V provides the following features: 4K byte of In-System Programmable
Flash, 256 bytes EEPROM, 256 bytes SRAM, 12 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, a 8-bit Timer/Counter with two PWM channels, a 16-bit timer/counter
with two PWM channels, Internal and External Interrupts, a 8-channel 10-bit ADC, programmable gain stage (1x, 20x) for 12 differential ADC channel pairs, a programmable Watchdog
Timer with internal Oscillator, internal calibrated oscillator, and three software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counter,
ADC, Analog Comparator, and Interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down
mode saves the register contents, disabling all chip functions until the next Interrupt or Hardware Reset. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except ADC,
to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator
Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption.
The device is manufactured using the Atmel high density non-volatile memory technology. The
On-chip ISP Flash allows the Program memory to be re-programmed In-System through an
SPI serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer or by an On-chip boot
code running on the AVR core.
The ATtiny44V AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools
including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.
4.3
Automotive Quality Grade
The ATtiny44V have been developed and manufactured according to the most stringent
requirements of the international standard ISO-TS-16949 grade 1. This data sheet contains
limit values extracted from the results of extensive characterization (Temperature and Voltage). The quality and reliability of the ATtiny44V have been verified during regular product
qualification as per AEC-Q100.
As indicated in the ordering information paragraph, the product is available in only one temperature grade.
Table 4-1.
Temperature
Temperature Grade Identification for Automotive Products
Temperature
Identifier
-40 ; +125
12
Z
Comments
Full Automotive Temperature Range
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.4
4.4.1
Pin Descriptions
VCC
Supply voltage.
4.4.2
GND
Ground.
4.4.3
Port B (PB3...PB0)
Port B is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability except PB3 which has the RESET capability. To use pin PB3 as an I/O pin, instead
of RESET pin, program (‘0’) RSTDISBL fuse. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when
a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the Atmel ATtiny44V as listed on
Section 4.14.3 “Alternate Port Functions” on page 66.
4.4.4
RESET
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate
a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Figure 4-13 on
page 46. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
4.4.5
Port A (PA7...PA0)
Port A is a 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port A pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Port A has an alternate functions as analog inputs for the ADC, analog comparator,
timer/counter, SPI and pin change interrupt as described in Section 4.14.3 “Alternate Port
Functions” on page 66.
4.5
Resources
A comprehensive set of development tools, drivers and application notes, and datasheets are
available for download on http://www.atmel.com/avr.
4.6
About Code Examples
This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use various parts
of the device. These code examples assume that the part specific header file is included
before compilation. Be aware that not all C compiler vendors include bit definitions in the
header files and interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent. Please confirm with the C compiler documentation for more details.
For I/O Registers located in extended I/O map, “IN”, “OUT”, “SBIS”, “SBIC”, “CBI”, and “SBI”
instructions must be replaced with instructions that allow access to extended I/O. Typically
“LDS” and “STS” combined with “SBRS”, “SBRC”, “SBR”, and “CBR”.
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4.7
4.7.1
CPU Core
Overview
This section discusses the Atmel AVR® core architecture in general. The main function of the
CPU core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access
memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts.
4.7.2
Architectural Overview
Figure 4-2.
Block Diagram of the Atmel AVR Architecture
Data Bus 8-bit
Flash
Program
Memory
Program
Counter
Status
and Control
32 x 8
General
Purpose
Registrers
Control Lines
Direct Addressing
Instruction
Decoder
Indirect Addressing
Instruction
Register
Interrupt
Unit
Watchdog
Timer
ALU
Analog
Comparator
Timer/Counter 0
Data
SRAM
Timer/Counter 1
Universal
Serial Interface
EEPROM
I/O Lines
In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture – with
separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the Program memory are
executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next
instruction is pre-fetched from the Program memory. This concept enables instructions to be
executed in every clock cycle. The Program memory is In-System Reprogrammable Flash
memory.
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In
a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register File – in one clock cycle.
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for Data
Space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the these address pointers
can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash Program memory. These
added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section.
The ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant
and a register. Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic
operation, the Status Register is updated to reflect information about the result of the
operation.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to
directly address the whole address space. Most Atmel AVR® instructions have a single 16-bit
word format. Every Program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is stored on
the Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the
Stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the Reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are
executed). The Stack Pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the I/O space. The data SRAM
can easily be accessed through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR
architecture. The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory
maps.
A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional Global
Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate Interrupt Vector in the
Interrupt Vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their Interrupt Vector
position. The lower the Interrupt Vector address, the higher the priority.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control Registers, SPI, and other I/O functions. The I/O memory can be accessed directly, or as the Data
Space locations following those of the Register File, 0x20 - 0x5F.
4.7.3
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose
working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose
registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The ALU operations are
divided into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations of the architecture also provide a powerful multiplier supporting both signed/unsigned
multiplication and fractional format. See the “Instruction Set” section for a detailed description.
4.7.4
Status Register
The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform
conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated after all ALU operations, as
specified in the Instruction Set Reference. This will in many cases remove the need for using
the dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code. The Status
Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored when
returning from an interrupt. This must be handled by software.
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4.7.4.1
SREG – AVR Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x3F (0xSF)
I
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SREG
• Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable
The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual
interrupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the Global Interrupt
Enable Register is cleared, none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual
interrupt enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred, and
is set by the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts. The I-bit can also be set and
cleared by the application with the SEI and CLI instructions, as described in the instruction set
reference.
• Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage
The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source or destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the Register File can be copied into T by
the BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the Register File by
the BLD instruction.
• Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag
The Half Carry Flag H indicates a Half Carry in some arithmetic operations. Half Carry is useful in BCD arithmetic. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N ⊕ V
The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the Negative Flag N and the Two’s Complement
Overflow Flag V. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See the
“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag
The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the
“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag
The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction
Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag
The Carry Flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction Set
Description” for detailed information.
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4.7.5
General Purpose Register File
The Register File is optimized for the Atmel® AVR® Enhanced RISC instruction set. In order to
achieve the required performance and flexibility, the following input/output schemes are supported by the Register File:
• One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input
• Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input
• Two 8-bit output operands and one 16-bit result input
• One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input
Figure 4-3 shows the structure of the 32 general purpose working registers in the CPU.
Figure 4-3.
Atmel AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers
7
0
Addr.
R0
0x00
R1
0x01
R2
0x02
…
R13
0x0D
General
R14
0x0E
Purpose
R15
0x0F
Working
R16
0x10
Registers
R17
0x11
…
R26
0x1A
X-register Low Byte
R27
0x1B
X-register High Byte
R28
0x1C
Y-register Low Byte
R29
0x1D
Y-register High Byte
R30
0x1E
Z-register Low Byte
R31
0x1F
Z-register High Byte
Most of the instructions operating on the Register File have direct access to all registers, and
most of them are single cycle instructions.
As shown in Figure 4-3, each register is also assigned a Data memory address, mapping them
directly into the first 32 locations of the user Data Space. Although not being physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great flexibility in access of the
registers, as the X-, Y- and Z-pointer registers can be set to index any register in the file.
4.7.5.1
The X-register, Y-register, and Z-register
The registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage. These
registers are 16-bit address pointers for indirect addressing of the data space. The three indirect address registers X, Y, and Z are defined as described in Figure 4-4 on page 18.
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Figure 4-4.
The X-, Y-, and Z-registers
15
XH
XL
7
X-register
0
R27 (0x1B)
YH
YL
7
0
R29 (0x1D)
Z-register
0
R26 (0x1A)
15
Y-register
0
7
0
7
0
R28 (0x1C)
15
ZH
7
0
ZL
7
R31 (0x1F)
0
0
R30 (0x1E)
In the different addressing modes these address registers have functions as fixed displacement, automatic increment, and automatic decrement (see the “Instruction Set Reference” for
details).
4.7.6
Stack Pointer
The Stack is mainly used for storing temporary data, for storing local variables and for storing
return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. The Stack Pointer Register always
points to the top of the Stack. Note that the Stack is implemented as growing from higher
memory locations to lower memory locations. This implies that a Stack PUSH command
decreases the Stack Pointer.
The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM Stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt
Stacks are located. This Stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the program
before any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. The Stack Pointer must be
set to point above 0x60. The Stack Pointer is decremented by one when data is pushed onto
the Stack with the PUSH instruction, and it is decremented by two when the return address is
pushed onto the Stack with subroutine call or interrupt. The Stack Pointer is incremented by
one when data is popped from the Stack with the POP instruction, and it is incremented by two
when data is popped from the Stack with return from subroutine RET or return from interrupt
RETI.
The Atmel AVR® Stack Pointer is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space. The
number of bits actually used is implementation dependent. Note that the data space in some
implementations of the AVR architecture is so small that only SPL is needed. In this case, the
SPH Register will not be present.
4.7.6.1
SPH and SPL – Stack Pointer High and Low
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
0x3E (0x5E)
SP15
SP14
SP13
SP12
SP11
SP10
SP9
SP8
SPH
0x3D (0x5D)
SP7
SP6
SP5
SP4
SP3
SP2
SP1
SP0
SPL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Read/Write
Initial Value
18
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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4.7.7
Instruction Execution Timing
This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution. The
Atmel® AVR® CPU is driven by the CPU clock clkCPU, directly generated from the selected
clock source for the chip. No internal clock division is used.
Figure 4-5 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by the
Harvard architecture and the fast access Register File concept. This is the basic pipelining
concept to obtain up to 1MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results for functions per
cost, functions per clocks, and functions per power-unit.
Figure 4-5.
The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions
T1
T2
T3
T4
clkCPU
1st Instruction Fetch
1st Instruction Execute
2nd Instruction Fetch
2nd Instruction Execute
3rd Instruction Fetch
3rd Instruction Execute
4th Instruction Fetch
Figure 4-6 shows the internal timing concept for the Register File. In a single clock cycle an
ALU operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back to the
destination register.
Figure 4-6.
Single Cycle ALU Operation
T1
T2
T3
T4
clkCPU
Total Execution Time
Register Operands Fetch
ALU Operation Execute
Result Write Back
4.7.8
Reset and Interrupt Handling
The AVR provides several different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate Reset
Vector each have a separate Program Vector in the Program memory space. All interrupts are
assigned individual enable bits which must be written logic one together with the Global Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt.
The lowest addresses in the Program memory space are by default defined as the Reset and
Interrupt Vectors. The complete list of vectors is shown in Section 4.12 “Interrupts” on page
55. The list also determines the priority levels of the different interrupts. The lower the address
the higher is the priority level. RESET has the highest priority, and next is INT0 – the External
Interrupt Request 0.
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When an interrupt occurs, the Global Interrupt Enable I-bit is cleared and all interrupts are disabled. The user software can write logic one to the I-bit to enable nested interrupts. All
enabled interrupts can then interrupt the current interrupt routine. The I-bit is automatically set
when a Return from Interrupt instruction – RETI – is executed.
There are basically two types of interrupts. The first type is triggered by an event that sets the
Interrupt Flag. For these interrupts, the Program Counter is vectored to the actual Interrupt
Vector in order to execute the interrupt handling routine, and hardware clears the corresponding Interrupt Flag. Interrupt Flags can also be cleared by writing a logic one to the flag bit
position(s) to be cleared. If an interrupt condition occurs while the corresponding interrupt
enable bit is cleared, the Interrupt Flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is
enabled, or the flag is cleared by software. Similarly, if one or more interrupt conditions occur
while the Global Interrupt Enable bit is cleared, the corresponding Interrupt Flag(s) will be set
and remembered until the Global Interrupt Enable bit is set, and will then be executed by order
of priority.
The second type of interrupts will trigger as long as the interrupt condition is present. These
interrupts do not necessarily have Interrupt Flags. If the interrupt condition disappears before
the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt will not be triggered.
When the Atmel AVR® exits from an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and
execute one more instruction before any pending interrupt is served.
Note that the Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine,
nor restored when returning from an interrupt routine. This must be handled by software.
When using the CLI instruction to disable interrupts, the interrupts will be immediately disabled. No interrupt will be executed after the CLI instruction, even if it occurs simultaneously
with the CLI instruction. The following example shows how this can be used to avoid interrupts
during the timed EEPROM write sequence.
Assembly Code Example
in r16, SREG
cli
; store SREG value
; disable interrupts during timed sequence
sbi EECR, EEMPE
; start EEPROM write
sbi EECR, EEPE
out SREG, r16
; restore SREG value (I-bit)
C Code Example
char cSREG;
cSREG = SREG; /* store SREG value */
/* disable interrupts during timed sequence */
_CLI();
EECR |= (1<<EEMPE); /* start EEPROM write */
EECR |= (1<<EEPE);
SREG = cSREG; /* restore SREG value (I-bit) */
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When using the SEI instruction to enable interrupts, the instruction following SEI will be executed before any pending interrupts, as shown in this example.
Assembly Code Example
sei
; set Global Interrupt Enable
sleep; enter sleep, waiting for interrupt
; note: will enter sleep before any pending
; interrupt(s)
C Code Example
_SEI(); /* set Global Interrupt Enable */
_SLEEP(); /* enter sleep, waiting for interrupt */
/* note: will enter sleep before any pending interrupt(s) */
4.7.8.1
Interrupt Response Time
The interrupt execution response for all the enabled Atmel® AVR® interrupts is four clock
cycles minimum. After four clock cycles the Program Vector address for the actual interrupt
handling routine is executed. During this four clock cycle period, the Program Counter is
pushed onto the Stack. The vector is normally a jump to the interrupt routine, and this jump
takes three clock cycles. If an interrupt occurs during execution of a multi-cycle instruction, this
instruction is completed before the interrupt is served. If an interrupt occurs when the MCU is
in sleep mode, the interrupt execution response time is increased by four clock cycles. This
increase comes in addition to the start-up time from the selected sleep mode.
A return from an interrupt handling routine takes four clock cycles. During these four clock
cycles, the Program Counter (two bytes) is popped back from the Stack, the Stack Pointer is
incremented by two, and the I-bit in SREG is set.
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4.8
Memories
This section describes the different memories in the Atmel ® ATtiny44V. The Atmel AVR®
architecture has two main memory spaces, the Data memory and the Program memory
space. In addition, the ATtiny44V features an EEPROM Memory for data storage. All three
memory spaces are linear and regular.
4.8.1
In-System Re-programmable Flash Program Memory
The ATtiny44V contains 4K byte On-chip In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory for program storage. Since all AVR instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, the Flash is organized as
2048 x 16.
The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. The ATtiny44V
Program Counter (PC) is 11 bits wide, thus addressing the 2048 Program memory locations.
Section 4.23 “Memory Programming” on page 166 contains a detailed description on Flash
data serial downloading using the SPI pins.
Constant tables can be allocated within the entire Program memory address space (see the
LPM – Load Program Memory Instruction description).
Timing diagrams for instruction fetch and execution are presented in Figure 4-7.
Figure 4-7.
Program Memory Map
Program Memory
0x0000
0x07FF
4.8.2
SRAM Data Memory
Figure 4-8 on page 23 shows how the ATtiny44V SRAM Memory is organized.
The lower 160 Data memory locations address both the Register File, the I/O memory and the
internal data SRAM. The first 32 locations address the Register File, the next 64 locations the
standard I/O memory, and the last 256 locations address the internal data SRAM.
The five different addressing modes for the Data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with Pre-decrement, and Indirect with Post-increment. In the Register
File, registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect addressing pointer registers.
The direct addressing reaches the entire data space.
The Indirect with Displacement mode reaches 63 address locations from the base address
given by the Y- or Z-register.
When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and post-increment, the address registers X, Y, and Z are decremented or incremented.
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The 32 general purpose working registers, 64 I/O Registers, and the 256 bytes of internal data
SRAM in the ATtiny44V are all accessible through all these addressing modes. The Register
File is described in Section 4.7.5 “General Purpose Register File” on page 17.
Figure 4-8.
Data Memory Map
Data Memory
32 Registers
64 I/O Registers
0x0000 - 0x001F
0x0020 - 0x005F
0x0060
Internal SRAM
(256 x 8)
0x015F
4.8.2.1
Data Memory Access Times
This section describes the general access timing concepts for internal memory access. The
internal data SRAM access is performed in two clkCPU cycles as described in Figure 4-9.
Figure 4-9.
On-chip Data SRAM Access Cycles
T1
T2
T3
clkCPU
Address
Compute Address
Address valid
Write
Data
WR
Read
Data
RD
Memory Access Instruction
Next Instruction
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4.8.3
4.8.3.1
EEPROM Data Memory
The Atmel® ATtiny44V contains 256 bytes of data EEPROM memory. It is organized as a separate data space, in which single bytes can be read and written. The EEPROM has an
endurance of at least 100,000 write/erase cycles. The access between the EEPROM and the
CPU is described in the following, specifying the EEPROM Address Registers, the EEPROM
Data Register, and the EEPROM Control Register. For a detailed description of Serial data
downloading to the EEPROM, see Section 4.23.6 “Serial Downloading” on page 169.
EEPROM Read/Write Access
The EEPROM Access Registers are accessible in the I/O space.
The write access times for the EEPROM are given in Table 4-2 on page 30. A self-timing function, however, lets the user software detect when the next byte can be written. If the user code
contains instructions that write the EEPROM, some precautions must be taken. In heavily
filtered power supplies, VCC is likely to rise or fall slowly on Power-up/down. This causes the
device for some period of time to run at a voltage lower than specified as minimum for the
clock frequency used. See Section 4.8.3.6 “Preventing EEPROM Corruption” on page 27 for
details on how to avoid problems in these situations.
In order to prevent unintentional EEPROM writes, a specific write procedure must be followed.
See Section 4.8.3.2 “Atomic Byte Programming” on page 24 and Section 4.8.3.3 “Split Byte
Programming” on page 24 for details on this.
When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four clock cycles before the next instruction
is executed. When the EEPROM is written, the CPU is halted for two clock cycles before the
next instruction is executed.
4.8.3.2
Atomic Byte Programming
Using Atomic Byte Programming is the simplest mode. When writing a byte to the EEPROM,
the user must write the address into the EEARL Register and data into EEDR Register. If the
EEPMn bits are zero, writing EEPE (within four cycles after EEMPE is written) will trigger the
erase/write operation. Both the erase and write cycle are done in one operation and the total
programming time is given in Table 1. The EEPE bit remains set until the erase and write
operations are completed. While the device is busy with programming, it is not possible to do
any other EEPROM operations.
4.8.3.3
Split Byte Programming
It is possible to split the erase and write cycle in two different operations. This may be useful if
the system requires short access time for some limited period of time (typically if the power
supply voltage falls). In order to take advantage of this method, it is required that the locations
to be written have been erased before the write operation. But since the erase and write operations are split, it is possible to do the erase operations when the system allows doing
time-critical operations (typically after Power-up).
4.8.3.4
Erase
To erase a byte, the address must be written to EEAR. If the EEPMn bits are 0b01, writing the
EEPE (within four cycles after EEMPE is written) will trigger the erase operation only (programming time is given in Table 1). The EEPE bit remains set until the erase operation
completes. While the device is busy programming, it is not possible to do any other EEPROM
operations.
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4.8.3.5
Write
To write a location, the user must write the address into EEAR and the data into EEDR. If the
EEPMn bits are 0b10, writing the EEPE (within four cycles after EEMPE is written) will trigger
the write operation only (programming time is given in Table 1). The EEPE bit remains set
until the write operation completes. If the location to be written has not been erased before
write, the data that is stored must be considered as lost. While the device is busy with programming, it is not possible to do any other EEPROM operations.
The calibrated Oscillator is used to time the EEPROM accesses. Make sure the Oscillator frequency is within the requirements described in Section 4.9.10.1 “Oscillator Calibration
Register – OSCCAL” on page 39.
The following code examples show one assembly and one C function for erase, write, or
atomic write of the EEPROM. The examples assume that interrupts are controlled (e.g., by
disabling interrupts globally) so that no interrupts will occur during execution of these
functions.
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Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_write:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEPE
rjmp EEPROM_write
; Set Programming mode
ldi
r16, (0<<EEPM1)|(0<<EEPM0)
out
EECR, r16
; Set up address (r17) in address register
out EEARL, r17
; Write data (r16) to data register
out EEDR,r16
; Write logical one to EEMPE
sbi EECR,EEMPE
; Start eeprom write by setting EEPE
sbi EECR,EEPE
ret
C Code Example
void EEPROM_write(unsigned char ucAddress, unsigned char ucData)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEPE))
;
/* Set Programming mode */
EECR = (0<<EEPM1)|(0>>EEPM0)
/* Set up address and data registers */
EEARL = ucAddress;
EEDR = ucData;
/* Write logical one to EEMPE */
EECR |= (1<<EEMPE);
/* Start eeprom write by setting EEPE */
EECR |= (1<<EEPE);
}
Note:
26
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The next code examples show assembly and C functions for reading the EEPROM. The
examples assume that interrupts are controlled so that no interrupts will occur during execution of these functions.
Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_read:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEPE
rjmp EEPROM_read
; Set up address (r17) in address register
out EEARL, r17
; Start eeprom read by writing EERE
sbi EECR,EERE
; Read data from data register
in
r16,EEDR
ret
C Code Example
unsigned char EEPROM_read(unsigned char ucAddress)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEPE))
;
/* Set up address register */
EEARL = ucAddress;
/* Start eeprom read by writing EERE */
EECR |= (1<<EERE);
/* Return data from data register */
return EEDR;
}
Note:
4.8.3.6
The code examples are only valid for the Atmel ATtiny44V, using 8-bit addressing mode.
Preventing EEPROM Corruption
During periods of low VCC, the EEPROM data can be corrupted because the supply voltage is
too low for the CPU and the EEPROM to operate properly. These issues are the same as for
board level systems using EEPROM, and the same design solutions should be applied.
An EEPROM data corruption can be caused by two situations when the voltage is too low.
First, a regular write sequence to the EEPROM requires a minimum voltage to operate correctly. Secondly, the CPU itself can execute instructions incorrectly, if the supply voltage is too
low.
EEPROM data corruption can easily be avoided by following this design recommendation:
Keep the Atmel® AVR® RESET active (low) during periods of insufficient power supply voltage. This can be done by enabling the internal Brown-out Detector (BOD). If the detection
level of the internal BOD does not match the needed detection level, an external low VCC reset
protection circuit can be used. If a reset occurs while a write operation is in progress, the write
operation will be completed provided that the power supply voltage is sufficient.
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4.8.4
I/O Memory
The I/O space definition of the Atmel® ATtiny44V is shown in Section 9.1 “Register Summary”
on page 213.
All ATtiny44V I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. All I/O locations may be
accessed by the LD/LDS/LDD and ST/STS/STD instructions, transferring data between the 32
general purpose working registers and the I/O space. I/O Registers within the address range
0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these registers,
the value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. See the
instruction set section for more details. When using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT,
the I/O addresses 0x00 - 0x3F must be used. When addressing I/O Registers as data space
using LD and ST instructions, 0x20 must be added to these addresses.
For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed.
Reserved I/O memory addresses should never be written.
Some of the Status Flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that, unlike most
other Atmel AVR® microcontrollers, the CBI and SBI instructions will only operate on the specified bit, and can therefore be used on registers containing such Status Flags. The CBI and
SBI instructions work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only.
The I/O and Peripherals Control Registers are explained in later sections.
4.8.4.1
28
General Purpose I/O Registers
The ATtiny44V contains three General Purpose I/O Registers. These registers can be used for
storing any information, and they are particularly useful for storing global variables and status
flags. General Purpose I/O Registers within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are directly
bit-accessible using the SBI, CBI, SBIS, and SBIC instructions.
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4.8.5
4.8.5.1
Register Description
EEARH – EEPROM Address Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1F (0x3F)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
EEAR8
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
EEARH
• Bits 7..1 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the Atmel® ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bit 0 – EEAR8: EEPROM Address
This bit is reserved bit and will always read as zero. The initial value of EEAR is undefined. A
proper value must be written before the EEPROM may be accessed.
4.8.5.2
EEARL – EEPROM Address Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1E (0x3E)
EEAR7
EEAR6
EEAR5
EEAR4
EEAR3
EEAR2
EEAR1
EEAR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
EEARL
• Bits 7..0 – EEAR7..0: EEPROM Address
The EEPROM Address Register – EEARL – specifies the EEPROM address. The EEPROM
data bytes are addressed linearly between 0 and 256. The initial value of EEAR is undefined.
A proper value must be written before the EEPROM may be accessed.
4.8.5.3
EEDR – EEPROM Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EEDR7
EEDR6
EEDR5
EEDR4
EEDR3
EEDR2
EEDR1
EEDR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0x1D (0x3D)
EEDR
• Bits 7..0 – EEDR7..0: EEPROM Data
For the EEPROM write operation the EEDR Register contains the data to be written to the
EEPROM in the address given by the EEAR Register. For the EEPROM read operation, the
EEDR contains the data read out from the EEPROM at the address given by EEAR.
4.8.5.4
EECR – EEPROM Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1C (0x3C)
–
–
EEPM1
EEPM0
EERIE
EEMPE
EEPE
EERE
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
X
X
0
0
X
0
EECR
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• Bit 7 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use and will always read as 0 in Atmel® ATtiny44V. For compatibility with future Atmel AVR® devices, always write this bit to zero. After reading, mask out this
bit.
• Bit 6 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bits 5, 4 – EEPM1 and EEPM0: EEPROM
Mode Bits
The EEPROM Programming mode bits setting defines which programming action that will be
triggered when writing EEPE. It is possible to program data in one atomic operation (erase the
old value and program the new value) or to split the Erase and Write operations in two different operations. The Programming times for the different modes are shown in Table 4-2. While
EEPE is set, any write to EEPMn will be ignored. During reset, the EEPMn bits will be reset to
0b00 unless the EEPROM is busy programming.
Table 4-2.
EEPROM Mode Bits
EEPM1
EEPM0
Programming
Time
0
0
3.4 ms
Erase and Write in one operation (Atomic Operation)
0
1
1.8 ms
Erase Only
1
0
1.8 ms
Write Only
1
1
–
Operation
Reserved for future use
• Bit 3 – EERIE: EEPROM Ready Interrupt Enable
Writing EERIE to one enables the EEPROM Ready Interrupt if the I-bit in SREG is set. Writing
EERIE to zero disables the interrupt. The EEPROM Ready Interrupt generates a constant
interrupt when Non-volatile memory is ready for programming.
• Bit 2 – EEMPE: EEPROM Master Program Enable
The EEMPE bit determines whether writing EEPE to one will have effect or not.
When EEMPE is set, setting EEPE within four clock cycles will program the EEPROM at the
selected address. If EEMPE is zero, setting EEPE will have no effect. When EEMPE has been
written to one by software, hardware clears the bit to zero after four clock cycles.
• Bit 1 – EEPE: EEPROM Program Enable
The EEPROM Program Enable Signal EEPE is the programming enable signal to the
EEPROM. When EEPE is written, the EEPROM will be programmed according to the EEPMn
bits setting. The EEMPE bit must be written to one before a logical one is written to EEPE, otherwise no EEPROM write takes place. When the write access time has elapsed, the EEPE bit
is cleared by hardware. When EEPE has been set, the CPU is halted for two cycles before the
next instruction is executed.
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• Bit 0 – EERE: EEPROM Read Enable
The EEPROM Read Enable Signal – EERE – is the read strobe to the EEPROM. When the
correct address is set up in the EEAR Register, the EERE bit must be written to one to trigger
the EEPROM read. The EEPROM read access takes one instruction, and the requested data
is available immediately. When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four cycles before
the next instruction is executed. The user should poll the EEPE bit before starting the read
operation. If a write operation is in progress, it is neither possible to read the EEPROM, nor to
change the EEAR Register.
4.8.5.5
GPIOR2 – General Purpose I/O Register 2
Bit
4.8.5.6
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LSB
5
4
3
2
1
GPIOR2
GPIOR1 – General Purpose I/O Register 1
Bit
4.8.5.7
7
0x15 (0x35)
7
6
0
0x14 (0x34)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
4
3
2
1
GPIOR1
GPIOR0 – General Purpose I/O Register 0
Bit
7
6
0
0x13 (0x33)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GPIOR0
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4.9
4.9.1
System Clock and Clock Options
Clock Systems and their Distribution
Figure 4-10 on page 32 presents the principal clock systems in the Atmel® AVR® and their distribution. All of the clocks need not be active at a given time. In order to reduce power
consumption, the clocks to modules not being used can be halted by using different sleep
modes, as described in Section 4.10 “Power Management and Sleep Modes” on page 41. The
clock systems are detailed below.
Figure 4-10. Clock Distribution
General I/O
Modules
ADC
clkI/O
CPU Core
RAM
Flash and
EEPROM
clkCPU
AVR Clock
Control Unit
clkADC
clkFLASH
Reset Logic
Watchdog Timer
Source clock
Watchdog clock
System Clock
Prescaler
Clock
Multiplexer
External Clock
Calibrated
Crystal RC
Oscillator
Oscillator
Watchdog
Oscillator
Low-Frequency
Crystal Oscillator
Calibrated RC
Oscillator
4.9.1.1
CPU Clock – clkCPU
The CPU clock is routed to parts of the system concerned with operation of the AVR core.
Examples of such modules are the General Purpose Register File, the Status Register and the
Data memory holding the Stack Pointer. Halting the CPU clock inhibits the core from performing general operations and calculations.
4.9.1.2
I/O Clock – clkI/O
The I/O clock is used by the majority of the I/O modules, like Timer/Counter. The I/O clock is
also used by the External Interrupt module, but note that some external interrupts are detected
by asynchronous logic, allowing such interrupts to be detected even if the I/O clock is halted.
4.9.1.3
Flash Clock – clkFLASH
The Flash clock controls operation of the Flash interface. The Flash clock is usually active
simultaneously with the CPU clock.
4.9.1.4
ADC Clock – clkADC
The ADC is provided with a dedicated clock domain. This allows halting the CPU and I/O
clocks in order to reduce noise generated by digital circuitry. This gives more accurate ADC
conversion results.
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4.9.2
Clock Sources
The device has the following clock source options, selectable by Flash Fuse bits as shown
below. The clock from the selected source is input to the Atmel® AVR® clock generator, and
routed to the appropriate modules.
Table 4-3.
Device Clocking Options Select(1)
Device Clocking Option
CKSEL3..0
External Clock
0000
Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator 8.0 MHz
0010
Watchdog Oscillator 128 kHz
0100
External Low-frequency Oscillator
0110
External Crystal/Ceramic Resonator
1000-1111
Reserved
Note:
0101, 0111, 0011,0001
1. For all fuses “1” means unprogrammed while “0” means programmed.
The various choices for each clocking option is given in the following sections. When the CPU
wakes up from Power-down or Power-save, the selected clock source is used to time the
start-up, ensuring stable Oscillator operation before instruction execution starts. When the
CPU starts from reset, there is an additional delay allowing the power to reach a stable level
before commencing normal operation. The Watchdog Oscillator is used for timing this
real-time part of the start-up time. The number of WDT Oscillator cycles used for each time-out
is shown in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4.
Number of Watchdog Oscillator Cycles
Typ Time-out
Number of Cycles
4 ms
512
64 ms
8K (8,192)
4.9.3
Default Clock Source
The device is shipped with CKSEL = “0010”, SUT = “10”, and CKDIV8 programmed. The
default clock source setting is therefore the Internal RC Oscillator running at 8.0 MHz with longest start-up time and an initial system clock prescaling of 8, resulting in 1.0 MHz system
clock. This default setting ensures that all users can make their desired clock source setting
using an In-System or High-voltage Programmer.
4.9.4
Crystal Oscillator
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be
configured for use as an On-chip Oscillator, as shown in Figure 4-11 on page 34. Either a
quartz crystal or a ceramic resonator may be used.
C1 and C2 should always be equal for both crystals and resonators. The optimal value of the
capacitors depends on the crystal or resonator in use, the amount of stray capac-itance, and
the electromagnetic noise of the environment. Some initial guidelines for choosing capacitors
for use with crystals are given in Table 4-5 on page 34. For ceramic resonators, the capacitor
values given by the manufacturer should be used.
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Figure 4-11. Crystal Oscillator Connections
C2
XTAL2
C1
XTAL1
GND
The Oscillator can operate in three different modes, each optimized for a specific frequency
range. The operating mode is selected by the fuses CKSEL3..1 as shown in Table 4-5.
Table 4-5.
Crystal Oscillator Operating Modes
CKSEL3..1
Frequency Range (MHz)
Recommended Range for Capacitors C1 and
C2 for Use with Crystals (pF)
100(1)
0.4 - 0.9
–
101
0.9 - 3.0
12 - 22
110
3.0 - 8.0
12 - 22
111
8.0 -
12 - 22
Notes:
1. This option should not be used with crystals, only with ceramic resonators.
The CKSEL0 Fuse together with the SUT1..0 Fuses select the start-up times as shown in
Table 4-6 on page 35.
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Table 4-6.
CKSEL0
SUT1..0
Start-up Time from
Power-down and
Power-save
0
00
258 CK(1)
14CK + 4.1 ms
Ceramic resonator, fast
rising power
0
01
258 CK(1)
14CK + 65 ms
Ceramic resonator,
slowly rising power
0
10
1K CK(2)
14CK
Ceramic resonator, BOD
enabled
0
11
1K CK(2)
14CK + 4.1 ms
Ceramic resonator, fast
rising power
1
00
1K CK(2)
14CK + 65 ms
Ceramic resonator,
slowly rising power
1
01
16K CK
14CK
Crystal Oscillator, BOD
enabled
1
10
16K CK
14CK + 4.1 ms
Crystal Oscillator, fast
rising power
1
11
16K CK
14CK + 65 ms
Crystal Oscillator, slowly
rising power
Notes:
4.9.5
Start-up Times for the Crystal Oscillator Clock Selection
Additional Delay
from Reset
(VCC = 5.0V)
Recommended Usage
1. These options should only be used when not operating close to the maximum frequency of
the device, and only if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the application.
These options are not suitable for crystals.
2. These options are intended for use with ceramic resonators and will ensure frequency stability at start-up. They can also be used with crystals when not operating close to the maximum
frequency of the device, and if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the
application.
Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator
To use a 32.768 kHz watch crystal as the clock source for the device, the low-frequency crystal oscillator must be selected by setting CKSEL fuses to ‘0110’. The crystal should be
connected as shown in Figure 4-11 on page 34. See the 32 kHz Crystal Oscillator Application
Note for details on oscillator operation and how to choose appropriate values for C1 and C2.
When this oscillator is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT fuses as shown in
Table 4-7.
Table 4-7.
Start-up Times for the Low Frequency Crystal Oscillator Clock Selection
SUT1..0
Start-up Time from Power
Down and Power Save
Additional Delay from
Reset (VCC = 5.0V)
00
1K CK(1)
4 ms
Fast rising power or BOD
enabled
01
1K CK(1)
64 ms
Slowly rising power
10
32K CK
64 ms
Stable frequency at start-up
11
Notes:
Recommended usage
Reserved
1. These options should only be used if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the
application.
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4.9.6
Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator
By default, the Internal RC Oscillator provides an approximate 8 MHz clock. Though voltage
and temperature dependent, this clock can be very accurately calibrated by the the user. See
Table 8-1 on page 189 and Section 8.3.8.9 “Internal Oscillator Speed” on page 207 for more
details. The device is shipped with the CKDIV8 Fuse programmed. See Section 4.9.9 “System
Clock Prescaler” on page 38 for more details.
This clock may be selected as the system clock by programming the CKSEL Fuses as shown
in Table 4-8. If selected, it will operate with no external components. During reset, hardware
loads the pre-programmed calibration value into the OSCCAL Register and thereby automatically calibrates the RC Oscillator. The accuracy of this calibration is shown as Factory
calibration in Table 8-1 on page 189.
By changing the OSCCAL register from SW, see Section 4.9.10.1 “Oscillator Calibration Register – OSCCAL” on page 39, it is possible to get a higher calibration accuracy than by using
the factory calibration. The accuracy of this calibration is shown as User calibration in Table
8-1 on page 189.
When this Oscillator is used as the chip clock, the Watchdog Oscillator will still be used for the
Watchdog Timer and for the Reset Time-out. For more information on the pre-programmed
calibration value, see the section Section 4.23.4 “Calibration Byte” on page 168.
Table 4-8.
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator Operating Modes
CKSEL3..0
Nominal Frequency
(1)
8.0 MHz
0010
Note:
1. The device is shipped with this option selected.
When this Oscillator is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as shown in
Table 4-9..
Table 4-9.
Start-up Times for the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator Clock Selection
SUT1..0
Start-up Time
from Power-down
Additional Delay from
Reset (VCC = 5.0V)
00
6 CK
14CK
BOD enabled
01
6 CK
14CK + 4 ms
Fast rising power
10(1)
6 CK
14CK + 64 ms
Slowly rising power
11
Note:
36
Recommended Usage
Reserved
1. The device is shipped with this option selected.
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.9.7
External Clock
To drive the device from an external clock source, CLKI should be driven as shown in Figure
4-12. To run the device on an external clock, the CKSEL Fuses must be programmed to
“0000”.
Figure 4-12. External Clock Drive Configuration
EXTERNAL
CLOCK
SIGNAL
CLKI
GND
When this clock source is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as shown
in Table 4-10.
Table 4-10.
Start-up Times for the External Clock Selection
SUT1..0
Start-up Time from
Power-down and Power-save
Additional Delay from
Reset
00
6 CK
14CK
01
6 CK
14CK + 4 ms
Fast rising power
10
6 CK
14CK + 64 ms
Slowly rising power
11
Recommended Usage
BOD enabled
Reserved
When applying an external clock, it is required to avoid sudden changes in the applied clock
frequency to ensure stable operation of the MCU. A variation in frequency of more than 2%
from one clock cycle to the next can lead to unpredictable behavior. It is required to ensure
that the MCU is kept in Reset during such changes in the clock frequency.
Note that the System Clock Prescaler can be used to implement run-time changes of the internal clock frequency while still ensuring stable operation. See to Section 4.9.9 “System Clock
Prescaler” on page 38 for details.
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4.9.8
128 kHz Internal Oscillator
The 128kHz internal Oscillator is a low power Oscillator providing a clock of 128kHz. The frequency is nominal at 3V and 25°C. This clock may be select as the system clock by
programming the CKSEL Fuses to “0100”.
When this clock source is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as shown
in Table 4-11.
Table 4-11.
Start-up Times for the 128 kHz Internal Oscillator
SUT1..0
Start-up Time from
Power-down and Power-save
Additional Delay from
Reset
00
6 CK
14CK
01
6 CK
14CK + 4 ms
Fast rising power
10
6 CK
14CK + 64 ms
Slowly rising power
11
4.9.9
4.9.9.1
Recommended Usage
BOD enabled
Reserved
System Clock Prescaler
The Atmel® ATtiny44V system clock can be divided by setting the Clock Prescale Register –
CLKPR. This feature can be used to decrease power consumption when the requirement for
processing power is low. This can be used with all clock source options, and it will affect the
clock frequency of the CPU and all synchronous peripherals. clkI/O, clkADC, clkCPU, and clkFLASH
are divided by a factor as shown in Table 4-12 on page 40.
Switching Time
When switching between prescaler settings, the System Clock Prescaler ensures that no
glitches occur in the clock system and that no intermediate frequency is higher than neither
the clock frequency corresponding to the previous setting, nor the clock frequency corresponding to the new setting.
The ripple counter that implements the prescaler runs at the frequency of the undivided clock,
which may be faster than the CPU’s clock frequency. Hence, it is not possible to determine the
state of the prescaler – even if it were readable, and the exact time it takes to switch from one
clock division to another cannot be exactly predicted.
From the time the CLKPS values are written, it takes between T1 + T2 and T1 + 2*T2 before
the new clock frequency is active. In this interval, 2 active clock edges are produced. Here, T1
is the previous clock period, and T2 is the period corresponding to the new prescaler setting.
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.9.10
4.9.10.1
Register Description
Oscillator Calibration Register – OSCCAL
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x31 (0x51)
CAL7
CAL6
CAL5
CAL4
CAL3
CAL2
CAL1
CAL0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
OSCCAL
Device Specific Calibration Value
The Oscillator Calibration Register is used to trim the Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator to
remove process variations from the oscillator frequency. A pre-programmed calibration value
is automatically written to this register during chip reset, giving the Factory calibrated frequency as specified in Table 8-1 on page 189. The application software can write this register
to change the oscillator frequency. The oscillator can be calibrated to frequencies as specified
in Table 8-1 on page 189. Calibration outside that range is not guaranteed.
Note that this oscillator is used to time EEPROM and Flash write accesses, and these write
times will be affected accordingly. If the EEPROM or Flash are written, do not calibrate to
more than 8.8 MHz. Otherwise, the EEPROM or Flash write may fail.
The CAL7 bit determines the range of operation for the oscillator. Setting this bit to 0 gives the
lowest frequency range, setting this bit to 1 gives the highest frequency range. The two frequency ranges are overlapping, in other words a setting of OSCCAL = 0x7F gives a higher
frequency than OSCCAL = 0x80.
The CAL6..0 bits are used to tune the frequency within the selected range. A setting of 0x00
gives the lowest frequency in that range, and a setting of 0x7F gives the highest frequency in
the range.
4.9.10.2
Clock Prescale Register – CLKPR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x26 (0x46)
CLKPCE
–
–
–
CLKPS3
CLKPS2
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
CLKPR
See Bit Description
• Bit 7 – CLKPCE: Clock Prescaler Change Enable
The CLKPCE bit must be written to logic one to enable change of the CLKPS bits. The CLKPCE bit is only updated when the other bits in CLKPR are simultaniosly written to zero.
CLKPCE is cleared by hardware four cycles after it is written or when the CLKPS bits are written. Rewriting the CLKPCE bit within this time-out period does neither extend the time-out
period, nor clear the CLKPCE bit.
• Bits 6..4 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the Atmel® ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bits 3..0 – CLKPS3..0: Clock Prescaler Select Bits 3 - 0
These bits define the division factor between the selected clock source and the internal system clock. These bits can be written run-time to vary the clock frequency to suit the application
requirements. As the divider divides the master clock input to the MCU, the speed of all synchronous peripherals is reduced when a division factor is used. The division factors are given
in Table 4-12 on page 40.
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To avoid unintentional changes of clock frequency, a special write procedure must be followed
to change the CLKPS bits:
1. Write the Clock Prescaler Change Enable (CLKPCE) bit to one and all other bits in
CLKPR to zero.
2. Within four cycles, write the desired value to CLKPS while writing a zero to CLKPCE.
Interrupts must be disabled when changing prescaler setting to make sure the write procedure
is not interrupted.
The CKDIV8 Fuse determines the initial value of the CLKPS bits. If CKDIV8 is unprogrammed,
the CLKPS bits will be reset to “0000”. If CKDIV8 is programmed, CLKPS bits are reset to
“0011”, giving a division factor of eight at start up. This feature should be used if the selected
clock source has a higher frequency than the maximum frequency of the device at the present
operating conditions. Note that any value can be written to the CLKPS bits regardless of the
CKDIV8 Fuse setting. The Application software must ensure that a sufficient division factor is
chosen if the selcted clock source has a higher frequency than the maximum frequency of the
device at the present operating conditions. The device is shipped with the CKDIV8 Fuse
programmed.
Table 4-12.
40
Clock Prescaler Select
CLKPS3
CLKPS2
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Clock Division Factor
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
4
0
0
1
1
8
0
1
0
0
16
0
1
0
1
32
0
1
1
0
64
0
1
1
1
128
1
0
0
0
256
1
0
0
1
Reserved
1
0
1
0
Reserved
1
0
1
1
Reserved
1
1
0
0
Reserved
1
1
0
1
Reserved
1
1
1
0
Reserved
1
1
1
1
Reserved
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.10
Power Management and Sleep Modes
Sleep modes enable the application to shut down unused modules in the MCU, thereby saving
power. The Atmel® AVR® provides various sleep modes allowing the user to tailor the power
consumption to the application’s requirements.
4.10.1
Sleep Modes
Figure 4-10 on page 32 presents the different clock systems in the Atmel ATtiny44V, and their
distribution. The figure is helpful in selecting an appropriate sleep mode. Table 4-13 shows the
different sleep modes and their wake up sources
Table 4-13.
Active Clock Domains and Wake-up Sources in the Different Sleep Modes
clkADC
Main Clock
Source Enabled
INT0 and
Pin Change
SPM/
EEPROM
Ready
ADC
Other I/O
Watchdog
Interrupt
Wake-up Sources
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X(1)
X
X
ADC Noise
Reduction
Power-down
Stand-by(2)
Note:
Oscillators
clkIO
Idle
clkFLASH
Sleep Mode
clkCPU
Active Clock Domains
X(1)
X
X
X
X(1)
1. For INT0, only level interrupt.
2. Only recommended with external crystal or resonator selected as clock source
To enter any of the three sleep modes, the SE bit in MCUCR must be written to logic one and
a SLEEP instruction must be executed. The SM1..0 bits in the MCUCR Register select which
sleep mode (Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Standby or Power-down) will be activated by the
SLEEP instruction. See Table 4-14 on page 44 for a summary.
If an enabled interrupt occurs while the MCU is in a sleep mode, the MCU wakes up. The MCU
is then halted for four cycles in addition to the start-up time, executes the interrupt routine, and
resumes execution from the instruction following SLEEP. The contents of the Register File
and SRAM are unaltered when the device wakes up from sleep. If a reset occurs during sleep
mode, the MCU wakes up and executes from the Reset Vector.
4.10.2
Idle Mode
When the SM1..0 bits are written to 00, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Idle
mode, stopping the CPU but allowing Analog Comparator, ADC, Timer/Counter, Watchdog,
and the interrupt system to continue operating. This sleep mode basically halts clkCPU and clkFLASH, while allowing the other clocks to run.
Idle mode enables the MCU to wake up from external triggered interrupts as well as internal
ones like the Timer Overflow. If wake-up from the Analog Comparator interrupt is not required,
the Analog Comparator can be powered down by setting the ACD bit in the Analog Comparator Control and Status Register – ACSR. This will reduce power consumption in Idle mode. If
the ADC is enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is entered.
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4.10.3
ADC Noise Reduction Mode
When the SM1..0 bits are written to 01, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter ADC
Noise Reduction mode, stopping the CPU but allowing the ADC, the external interrupts, and
the Watchdog to continue operating (if enabled). This sleep mode halts clkI/O, clkCPU, and clkFLASH, while allowing the other clocks to run.
This improves the noise environment for the ADC, enabling higher resolution measurements.
If the ADC is enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is entered. Apart form
the ADC Conversion Complete interrupt, only an External Reset, a Watchdog Reset, a
Brown-out Reset, an SPM/EEPROM ready interrupt, an external level interrupt on INT0 or a
pin change interrupt can wake up the MCU from ADC Noise Reduction mode.
4.10.4
Power-down Mode
When the SM1..0 bits are written to 10, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter
Power-down mode. In this mode, the Oscillator is stopped, while the external interrupts, and
the Watchdog continue operating (if enabled). Only an External Reset, a Watchdog Reset, a
Brown-out Reset, an external level interrupt on INT0, or a pin change interrupt can wake up
the MCU. This sleep mode halts all generated clocks, allowing operation of asynchronous
modules only.
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-down mode, the
changed level must be held for some time to wake up the MCU. See Section 4.13 “External
Interrupts” on page 57 for details
4.10.5
Standby Mode
When the SM1..0 bits are 11 and an external crystal/resonator clock option is selected, the
SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Standby mode. This mode is identical to
Power-down with the exception that the Oscillator is kept running. From Standby mode, the
device wakes up in six clock cycles.
4.10.6
Power Reduction Register
The Power Reduction Register (PRR), see Section 4.10.8.2 “PRR – Power Reduction Register” on page 44, provides a method to stop the clock to individualperipherals to reduce power
consumption. The current state of the peripheral is frozenand the I/O registers can not be read
or written. Resources used by the peripheral when stopping the clock will remain occupied,
hence the peripheral should in most cases be disabled before stopping the clock. Waking up a
module, which is done by clearing the bit in PRR, puts the module in the same state as before
shutdown.
Module shutdown can be used in Idle mode and Active mode to significantly reduce the overall
power consumption. See Section 8.3.8.4 “Power-down Supply Current” on page 200 for examples. In all other sleep modes, the clock is already stopped.
4.10.7
42
Minimizing Power Consumption
There are several issues to consider when trying to minimize the power consumption in an
Atmel® AVR® controlled system. In general, sleep modes should be used as much as possible, and the sleep mode should be selected so that as few as possible of the device’s
functions are operating. All functions not needed should be disabled. In particular, the following modules may need special consideration when trying to achieve the lowest possible power
consumption.
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4.10.7.1
Analog to Digital Converter
If enabled, the ADC will be enabled in all sleep modes. To save power, the ADC should be disabled before entering any sleep mode. When the ADC is turned off and on again, the next
conversion will be an extended conversion. See Section 4.20 “Analog to Digital Converter” on
page 140 for details on ADC operation.
4.10.7.2
Analog Comparator
When entering Idle mode, the Analog Comparator should be disabled if not used. When entering ADC Noise Reduction mode, the Analog Comparator should be disabled. In the other
sleep modes, the Analog Comparator is automatically disabled. However, if the Analog Comparator is set up to use the Internal Voltage Reference as input, the Analog Comparator
should be disabled in all sleep modes. Otherwise, the Internal Voltage Reference will be
enabled, independent of sleep mode. See Section 4.19 “Analog Comparator” on page 137 for
details on how to configure the Analog Comparator.
4.10.7.3
Brown-out Detector
If the Brown-out Detector is not needed in the application, this module should be turned off. If
the Brown-out Detector is enabled by the BODLEVEL Fuses, it will be enabled in all sleep
modes, and hence, always consume power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute
significantly to the total current consumption. See Section 4.11.1.4 “Brown-out Detection” on
page 48 for details on how to configure the Brown-out Detector.
4.10.7.4
Internal Voltage Reference
The Internal Voltage Reference will be enabled when needed by the Brown-out Detection, the
Analog Comparator or the ADC. If these modules are disabled as described in the sections
above, the internal voltage reference will be disabled and it will not be consuming power.
When turned on again, the user must allow the reference to start up before the output is used.
If the reference is kept on in sleep mode, the output can be used immediately. See Section
4.11.2 “Internal Voltage Reference” on page 49 for details on the start-up time.
4.10.7.5
Watchdog Timer
If the Watchdog Timer is not needed in the application, this module should be turned off. If the
Watchdog Timer is enabled, it will be enabled in all sleep modes, and hence, always consume
power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. See Section 4.11.3 “Watchdog Timer” on page 50 for details on how to configure
the Watchdog Timer.
4.10.7.6
Port Pins
When entering a sleep mode, all port pins should be configured to use minimum power. The
most important thing is then to ensure that no pins drive resistive loads. In sleep modes where
both the I/O clock (clkI/O) and the ADC clock (clkADC) are stopped, the input buffers of the
device will be disabled. This ensures that no power is consumed by the input logic when not
needed. In some cases, the input logic is needed for detecting wake-up conditions, and it will
then be enabled. See the section Section 4.14.2.5 “Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes” on
page 65 for details on which pins are enabled. If the input buffer is enabled and the input signal is left floating or has an analog signal level close to V CC /2, the input buffer will use
excessive power.
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For analog input pins, the digital input buffer should be disabled at all times. An analog signal
level close to VCC/2 on an input pin can cause significant current even in active mode. Digital
input buffers can be disabled by writing to the Digital Input Disable Register (DIDR0). See
Section 4.20.10.5 “DIDR0 – Digital Input Disable Register 0” on page 158 for details.
4.10.8
4.10.8.1
Register Description
MCUCR – MCU Control Register
The MCU Control Register contains control bits for power management.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
PUD
SE
SM1
SM0
—
ISC01
ISC00
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
• Bit 5 – SE: Sleep Enable
The SE bit must be written to logic one to make the MCU enter the sleep mode when the
SLEEP instruction is executed. To avoid the MCU entering the sleep mode unless it is the programmer’s purpose, it is recommended to write the Sleep Enable (SE) bit to one just before
the execution of the SLEEP instruction and to clear it immediately after waking up.
• Bits 4, 3 – SM1..0: Sleep Mode Select Bits 2..0
These bits select between the three available sleep modes as shown in Table 4-14.
Table 4-14.
Note:
Sleep Mode Select
SM1
SM0
Sleep Mode
0
0
Idle
0
1
ADC Noise Reduction
1
0
Power-down
1
1
Standby(1)
1. Only recommended with external crystal or resonator selected as clock source
• Bit 2 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is a reserved bit in the Atmel® ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
4.10.8.2
PRR – Power Reduction Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
PRTIM1
PRTIM0
PRUSI
PRADC
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PRR
• Bits 7, 6, 5, 4- Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bit 3- PRTIM1: Power Reduction Timer/Counter1
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter1 module. When the
Timer/Counter1 is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
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• Bit 2- PRTIM0: Power Reduction Timer/Counter0
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter0 module. When the
Timer/Counter0 is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
• Bit 1 - PRUSI: Power Reduction USI
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the USI by stopping the clock to the module. When
waking up the USI again, the USI should be re initialized to ensure proper operation.
• Bit 0 - PRADC: Power Reduction ADC
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the ADC. The ADC must be disabled before shut
down. The analog comparator cannot use the ADC input MUX when the ADC is shut down.
4.11
System Control and Reset
4.11.1
Resetting the Atmel AVR
During reset, all I/O Registers are set to their initial values, and the program starts execution
from the Reset Vector. The instruction placed at the Reset Vector must be a RJMP – Relative
Jump – instruction to the reset handling routine. If the program never enables an interrupt
source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program code can be placed at these
locations. The circuit diagram in Figure 4-13 on page 46 shows the reset logic. Table 4-15 on
page 47 defines the electrical parameters of the reset circuitry.
The I/O ports of the Atmel® AVR® are immediately reset to their initial state when a reset
source goes active. This does not require any clock source to be running.
After all reset sources have gone inactive, a delay counter is invoked, stretching the internal
reset. This allows the power to reach a stable level before normal operation starts. The
time-out period of the delay counter is defined by the user through the SUT and CKSEL
Fuses. The different selections for the delay period are presented in Section 4.9.2 “Clock
Sources” on page 33.
4.11.1.1
Reset Sources
The ATtiny44V has four sources of reset:
• Power-on Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage is below the Power-on Reset
threshold (VPOT).
• External Reset. The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET pin for longer
than the minimum pulse length when RESET function is enabled.
• Watchdog Reset. The MCU is reset when the Watchdog Timer period expires and the
Watchdog is enabled.
• Brown-out Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage VCC is below the Brown-out
Reset threshold (VBOT) and the Brown-out Detector is enabled.
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Figure 4-13. Reset Logic
DATA BUS
PORF
BORF
EXTRF
WDRF
MCU Status
Register (MCUSR)
Power-on Reset
Circuit
Brown-out
Reset Circuit
BODLEVEL [1..0]
Pull-up Resistor
SPIKE
FILTER
Watchdog
Oscillator
Clock
Generator
CK
Delay Counters
TIMEOUT
CKSEL[1:0]
SUT[1:0]
4.11.1.2
Power-on Reset
A Power-on Reset (POR) pulse is generated by an On-chip detection circuit. The detection
level is defined in Section 8.3.4 “System and Reset Characterizations” on page 190. The POR
is activated whenever VCC is below the detection level. The POR circuit can be used to trigger
the Start-up Reset, as well as to detect a failure in supply voltage.
A Power-on Reset (POR) circuit ensures that the device is reset from Power-on. Reaching the
Power-on Reset threshold voltage invokes the delay counter, which determines how long the
device is kept in RESET after VCC rise. The RESET signal is activated again, without any
delay, when VCC decreases below the detection level.
Figure 4-14. MCU Start-up, RESET Tied to VCC
V CCRR
VCC
VPORMAX
VPORMIN
RESET
VRST
TIME-OUT
tTOUT
INTERNAL
RESET
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Figure 4-15. MCU Start-up, RESET Extended Externally
VPOT
VCC
VRST
RESET
tTOUT
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
Table 4-15.
Symbol
Power On Reset Specifications
Parameter
Power-on Reset Threshold Voltage (rising)
VPOT
Typ
Max
Units
1.1
1.4
1.7
V
0.8
1.3
1.6
V
0.4
V
VPORMAX
VCC Max. start voltage to ensure internal
Power-on Reset signal
VPORMIN
VCC Min. start voltage to ensure internal
Power-on Reset signal
-0.1
V
VCCRR
VCC Rise Rate to ensure Power-on Reset
0.01
V/ms
VRST
RESET Pin Threshold Voltage
0.1
VCC
Note:
4.11.1.3
Power-on Reset Threshold Voltage (falling)
(1)
Min
0.9VCC
V
1. Before rising, the supply has to be between VPORMIN and VPORMAX to ensure a Reset.
External Reset
An External Reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin if enabled. Reset pulses longer than the minimum pulse width (see Section 8.3.4 “System and Reset Characterizations”
on page 190) will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not
guaranteed to generate a reset. When the applied signal reaches the Reset Threshold Voltage
– VRST – on its positive edge, the delay counter starts the MCU after the Time-out period –
tTOUT – has expired.
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Figure 4-16. External Reset During Operation
CC
4.11.1.4
Brown-out Detection
The Atmel® ATtiny44V has an On-chip Brown-out Detection (BOD) circuit for monitoring the
VCC level during operation by comparing it to a fixed trigger level. The trigger level for the BOD
can be selected by the BODLEVEL Fuses. The trigger level has a hysteresis to ensure spike
free Brown-out Detection. The hysteresis on the detection level should be interpreted as
VBOT+ = VBOT + VHYST/2 and VBOT- = VBOT - VHYST/2.
When the BOD is enabled, and VCC decreases to a value below the trigger level (VBOT- in Figure 4-17), the Brown-out Reset is immediately activated. When VCC increases above the
trigger level (VBOT+ in Figure 4-17), the delay counter starts the MCU after the Time-out period
tTOUT has expired.
The BOD circuit will only detect a drop in VCC if the voltage stays below the trigger level for longer than tBOD given in Section 8.3.4 “System and Reset Characterizations” on page 190.
Figure 4-17. Brown-out Reset During Operation
VCC
VBOT-
VBOT+
RESET
TIME-OUT
tTOUT
INTERNAL
RESET
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4.11.1.5
Watchdog Reset
When the Watchdog times out, it will generate a short reset pulse of one CK cycle duration.
On the falling edge of this pulse, the delay timer starts counting the Time-out period tTOUT. See
Section 4.11.3 “Watchdog Timer” on page 50 for details on operation of the Watchdog Timer.
Figure 4-18. Watchdog Reset During Operation
CC
CK
4.11.2
4.11.2.1
Internal Voltage Reference
The Atmel® ATtiny44V features an internal bandgap reference. This reference is used for
Brown-out Detection, and it can be used as an input to the Analog Comparator or the ADC.
Voltage Reference Enable Signals and Start-up Time
The voltage reference has a start-up time that may influence the way it should be used. The
start-up time is given in Section 8.3.4 “System and Reset Characterizations” on page 190. To
save power, the reference is not always turned on. The reference is on during the following
situations:
1. When the BOD is enabled (by programming the BODLEVEL [2..0] Fuse).
2. When the bandgap reference is connected to the Analog Comparator (by setting the
ACBG bit in ACSR).
3. When the ADC is enabled.
Thus, when the BOD is not enabled, after setting the ACBG bit or enabling the ADC, the user
must always allow the reference to start up before the output from the Analog Comparator or
ADC is used. To reduce power consumption in Power-down mode, the user can avoid the
three conditions above to ensure that the reference is turned off before entering Power-down
mode.
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4.11.3
Watchdog Timer
The Watchdog Timer is clocked from an On-chip Oscillator which runs at 128kHz. By controlling the Watchdog Timer prescaler, the Watchdog Reset interval can be adjusted as shown in
Table 4-18 on page 53. The WDR – Watchdog Reset – instruction resets the Watchdog Timer.
The Watchdog Timer is also reset when it is disabled and when a Chip Reset occurs. Ten different clock cycle periods can be selected to determine the reset period. If the reset period
expires without another Watchdog Reset, the ATtiny44V resets and executes from the Reset
Vector. For timing details on the Watchdog Reset, refer to Table 4-18 on page 53.
The Wathdog Timer can also be configured to generate an interrupt instead of a reset. This
can be very helpful when using the Watchdog to wake-up from Power-down.
To prevent unintentional disabling of the Watchdog or unintentional change of time-out period,
two different safety levels are selected by the fuse WDTON as shown in Table 4-16 See Section 4.11.4 “Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the Watchdog Timer” on
page 50 for details.
Table 4-16.
WDT Configuration as a Function of the Fuse Settings of WDTON
WDTON
Safety
Level
WDT Initial
State
How to Disable the
WDT
How to Change
Time-out
Unprogrammed
1
Disabled
Timed sequence
No limitations
Programmed
2
Enabled
Always enabled
Timed sequence
Figure 4-19. Watchdog Timer
OSC/512K
OSC/1024K
OSC/256K
OSC/64K
OSC/128K
OSC/32K
OSC/8K
OSC/4K
OSC/2K
WATCHDOG
RESET
OSC/16K
WATCHDOG
PRESCALER
128 kHz
OSCILLATOR
WDP0
WDP1
WDP2
WDP3
WDE
MCU RESET
4.11.4
4.11.4.1
Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the Watchdog Timer
The sequence for changing configuration differs slightly between the two safety levels. Separate procedures are described for each level.
Safety Level 1
In this mode, the Watchdog Timer is initially disabled, but can be enabled by writing the WDE
bit to one without any restriction. A timed sequence is needed when disabling an enabled
Watchdog Timer. To disable an enabled Watchdog Timer, the following procedure must be
followed:
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1. In the same operation, write a logic one to WDCE and WDE. A logic one must be written to WDE regardless of the previous value of the WDE bit.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, in the same operation, write the WDE and WDP bits
as desired, but with the WDCE bit cleared.
4.11.4.2
Safety Level 2
In this mode, the Watchdog Timer is always enabled, and the WDE bit will always read as one.
A timed sequence is needed when changing the Watchdog Time-out period. To change the
Watchdog Time-out, the following procedure must be followed:
1. In the same operation, write a logical one to WDCE and WDE. Even though the WDE
always is set, the WDE must be written to one to start the timed sequence.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, in the same operation, write the WDP bits as desired,
but with the WDCE bit cleared. The value written to the WDE bit is irrelevant.
4.11.5
4.11.5.1
Register Description
MCUSR – MCU Status Register
The MCU Status Register provides information on which reset source caused an MCU Reset.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x34 (0x54)
–
–
–
–
WDRF
BORF
EXTRF
PORF
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
MCUSR
See Bit Description
• Bits 7..4 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bit 3 – WDRF: Watchdog Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Watchdog Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing
a logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 2 – BORF: Brown-out Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Brown-out Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing
a logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 1 – EXTRF: External Reset Flag
This bit is set if an External Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 0 – PORF: Power-on Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Power-on Reset occurs. The bit is reset only by writing a logic zero to the
flag.
To make use of the Reset Flags to identify a reset condition, the user should read and then
reset the MCUSR as early as possible in the program. If the register is cleared before another
reset occurs, the source of the reset can be found by examining the Reset Flags.
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4.11.5.2
WDTCSR – Watchdog Timer Control and Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x21 (0x41)
WDIF
WDIE
WDP3
WDCE
WDE
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
X
0
0
0
WDTCSR
• Bit 7 – WDIF: Watchdog Timeout Interrupt Flag
This bit is set when a time-out occurs in the Watchdog Timer and the Watchdog Timer is configured for interrupt. WDIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt
handling vector. Alternatively, WDIF is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag. When the I-bit
in SREG and WDIE are set, the Watchdog Time-out Interrupt is executed.
• Bit 6 – WDIE: Watchdog Timeout Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, WDE is cleared, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Watchdog Time-out Interrupt is enabled. In this mode the corresponding interrupt is executed
instead of a reset if a timeout in the Watchdog Timer occurs.
If WDE is set, WDIE is automatically cleared by hardware when a time-out occurs. This is useful for keeping the Watchdog Reset security while using the interrupt. After the WDIE bit is
cleared, the next time-out will generate a reset. To avoid the Watchdog Reset, WDIE must be
set after each interrupt.
Table 4-17.
Watchdog Timer Configuration
WDE
WDIE
Watchdog Timer State
Action on Time-out
0
0
Stopped
None
0
1
Running
Interrupt
1
0
Running
Reset
1
1
Running
Interrupt
• Bit 4 – WDCE: Watchdog Change Enable
This bit must be set when the WDE bit is written to logic zero. Otherwise, the Watchdog will
not be disabled. Once written to one, hardware will clear this bit after four clock cycles. See
the description of the WDE bit for a Watchdog disable procedure. This bit must also be set
when changing the prescaler bits. See Section 4.11.4 “Timed Sequences for Changing the
Configuration of the Watchdog Timer” on page 50.
• Bit 3 – WDE: Watchdog Enable
When the WDE is written to logic one, the Watchdog Timer is enabled, and if the WDE is written to logic zero, the Watchdog Timer function is disabled. WDE can only be cleared if the
WDCE bit has logic level one. To disable an enabled Watchdog Timer, the following procedure
must be followed:
1. In the same operation, write a logic one to WDCE and WDE. A logic one must be written to WDE even though it is set to one before the disable operation starts.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, write a logic 0 to WDE. This disables the Watchdog.
In safety level 2, it is not possible to disable the Watchdog Timer, even with the algorithm
described above. See Section 4.11.4 “Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the
Watchdog Timer” on page 50.
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In safety level 1, WDE is overridden by WDRF in MCUSR. See Section 4.11.5.1 “MCUSR –
MCU Status Register” on page 51 for description of WDRF. This means that WDE is always
set when WDRF is set. To clear WDE, WDRF must be cleared before disabling the Watchdog
with the procedure described above. This feature ensures multiple resets during conditions
causing failure, and a safe start-up after the failure.
Note:
If the watchdog timer is not going to be used in the application, it is important to go through a
watchdog disable procedure in the initialization of the device. If the Watchdog is accidentally
enabled, for example by a runaway pointer or brown-out condition, the device will be reset,
which in turn will lead to a new watchdog reset. To avoid this situation, the application software
should always clear the WDRF flag and the WDE control bit in the initialization routine.
• Bits 5, 2..0 – WDP3..0: Watchdog Timer Prescaler 3, 2, 1, and 0
The WDP3..0 bits determine the Watchdog Timer prescaling when the Watchdog Timer is
enabled. The different prescaling values and their corresponding Timeout Periods are shown
in Table 4-18 on page 53.
Table 4-18.
Watchdog Timer Prescale Select
WDP3
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Number of WDT Oscillator
Cycles
Typical Time-out at
VCC = 5.0V
0
0
0
0
2K cycles
16 ms
0
0
0
1
4K cycles
32 ms
0
0
1
0
8K cycles
64 ms
0
0
1
1
16K cycles
0.125 s
0
1
0
0
32K cycles
0.25 s
0
1
0
1
64K cycles
0.5 s
0
1
1
0
128K cycles
1.0 s
0
1
1
1
256K cycles
2.0 s
1
0
0
0
512K cycles
4.0 s
1
0
0
1
1024K cycles
8.0 s
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
Reserved
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The following code example shows one assembly and one C function for turning off the WDT.
The example assumes that interrupts are controlled (e.g., by disabling interrupts globally) so
that no interrupts will occur during execution of these functions.
Assembly Code Example(1)
WDT_off:
WDR
; Clear WDRF in MCUSR
ldi
r16, (0<<WDRF)
out
MCUSR, r16
; Write logical one to WDCE and WDE
; Keep old prescaler setting to prevent unintentional Watchdog Reset
in
r16, WDTCR
ori r16, (1<<WDCE)|(1<<WDE)
out WDTCR, r16
; Turn off WDT
ldi r16, (0<<WDE)
out WDTCR, r16
ret
C Code Example(1)
void WDT_off(void)
{
_WDR();
/* Clear WDRF in MCUSR */
MCUSR = 0x00
/* Write logical one to WDCE and WDE */
WDTCR |= (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE);
/* Turn off WDT */
WDTCR = 0x00;
}
Note:
54
1. See Section 4.6 “About Code Examples” on page 13.
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4.12
Interrupts
This section describes the specifics of the interrupt handling as performed in Atmel ®
ATtiny44V. For a general explanation of the AVR interrupt handling, see Section 4.7.8 “Reset
and Interrupt Handling” on page 19.
4.12.1
Interrupt Vectors
Table 4-19.
Reset and Interrupt Vectors
Vector No.
Program Address
Source
Interrupt Definition
1
0x0000
RESET
External Pin, Power-on Reset,
Brown-out Reset, Watchdog Reset
2
0x0001
INT0
External Interrupt Request 0
3
0x0002
PCINT0
Pin Change Interrupt Request 0
4
0x0003
PCINT1
Pin Change Interrupt Request 1
5
0x0004
WDT
Watchdog Time-out
6
0x0005
TIMER1 CAPT
Timer/Counter1 Capture Event
7
0x0006
TIMER1 COMPA
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A
8
0x0007
TIMER1 COMPB
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B
9
0x0008
TIMER1 OVF
Timer/Counter0 Overflow
10
0x0009
TIMER0 COMPA
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A
11
0x000A
TIMER0 COMPB
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match B
12
0x000B
TIMER0 OVF
Timer/Counter0 Overflow
13
0x000C
ANA_COMP
Analog Comparator
14
0x000D
ADC
ADC Conversion Complete
15
0x000E
EE_RDY
EEPROM Ready
16
0x000F
USI_START
USI START
17
0x0010
USI_OVF
USI Overflow
If the program never enables an interrupt source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program code can be placed at these locations. The most typical and general program
setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses in ATtiny44V is:
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Address Labels Code
Comments
0x0000
rjmp
RESET
; Reset Handler
0x0001
rjmp
EXT_INT0
; IRQ0 Handler
0x0002
rjmp
PCINT0
; PCINT0 Handler
0x0003
rjmp
PCINT1
; PCINT1 Handler
0x0004
rjmp
WATCHDOG
; Watchdog Interrupt Handler
0x0005
rjmp
TIM1_CAPT
; Timer1 Capture Handler
0x0006
rjmp
TIM1_COMPA
; Timer1 Compare A Handler
0x0007
rjmp
TIM1_COMPB
; Timer1 Compare B Handler
0x0008
rjmp
TIM1_OVF
; Timer1 Overflow Handler
0x0009
rjmp
TIM0_COMPA
; Timer0 Compare A Handler
0x000A
rjmp
TIM0_COMPB
; Timer0 Compare B Handler
0x000B
rjmp
TIM0_OVF
; Timer0 Overflow Handler
0x000C
rjmp
ANA_COMP
; Analog Comparator Handler
0x000D
rjmp
ADC
; ADC Conversion Handler
0x000E
rjmp
EE_RDY
; EEPROM Ready Handler
0x000F
rjmp
USI_STR
; USI STart Handler
0x0010
rjmp
USI_OVF
; USI Overflow Handler
;
0x0011
RESET: ldi
0x0012
out
0x0013
ldi
r16, low(RAMEND)
0x0014
out
SPL,r16
0x0015
0x0016
...
56
r16, high(RAMEND); Main program start
SPH,r16
sei
<instr>
...
; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
; Enable interrupts
xxx
...
...
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.13
External Interrupts
The External Interrupts are triggered by the INT0 pin or any of the PCINT11..0 pins. Observe
that, if enabled, the interrupts will trigger even if the INT0 or PCINT11..0 pins are configured as
outputs. This feature provides a way of generating a software interrupt. Pin change 0 interrupts PCI0 will trigger if any enabled PCINT7..0 pin toggles. Pin change 1 interrupts PCI1 will
trigger if any enabled PCINT11..8 pin toggles. The PCMSK0 and PCMSK1 Registers control
which pins contribute to the pin change interrupts. Pin change interrupts on PCINT11..0 are
detected asynchronously. This implies that these interrupts can be used for waking the part
also from sleep modes other than Idle mode.
The INT0 interrupts can be triggered by a falling or rising edge or a low level. This is set up as
indicated in the specification for the MCU Control Register – MCUCR. When the INT0 interrupt
is enabled and is configured as level triggered, the interrupt will trigger as long as the pin is
held low. Note that recognition of falling or rising edge interrupts on INT0 requires the presence of an I/O clock, described in Section 4.9.1 “Clock Systems and their Distribution” on page
32. Low level interrupt on INT0 is detected asynchronously. This implies that this interrupt can
be used for waking the part also from sleep modes other than Idle mode. The I/O clock is
halted in all sleep modes except Idle mode.
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-down, the required level
must be held long enough for the MCU to complete the wake-up to trigger the level interrupt. If
the level disappears before the end of the Start-up Time, the MCU will still wake up, but no
interrupt will be generated. The start-up time is defined by the SUT and CKSEL Fuses as
described in Section 4.9 “System Clock and Clock Options” on page 32.
4.13.1
Pin Change Interrupt Timing
An example of timing of a pin change interrupt is shown in Figure 4-20.
Figure 4-20. Timing of pin change interrupts
pin_lat
PCINT(0)
LE
clk
D
pcint_in_(0)
Q
pin_sync
PCINT(0) in PCMSK(x)
0
pcint_syn
pcint_setflag
PCIF
x
clk
clk
PCINT(0)
pin_lat
pin_sync
pcint_in_(0)
pcint_syn
pcint_setflag
PCIF
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4.13.2
4.13.2.1
Register Description
MCUCR – MCU Control Register
The External Interrupt Control Register A contains control bits for interrupt sense control.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x35 (0x55)
–
PUD
SE
SM1
SM0
–
ISC01
ISC00
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
• Bits 1, 0 – ISC01, ISC00: Interrupt Sense Control 0 Bit 1 and Bit 0
The External Interrupt 0 is activated by the external pin INT0 if the SREG I-flag and the corresponding interrupt mask are set. The level and edges on the external INT0 pin that activate the
interrupt are defined in Table 4-20. The value on the INT0 pin is sampled before detecting
edges. If edge or toggle interrupt is selected, pulses that last longer than one clock period will
generate an interrupt. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate an interrupt. If low level
interrupt is selected, the low level must be held until the completion of the currently executing
instruction to generate an interrupt.
Table 4-20.
4.13.2.2
Interrupt 0 Sense Control
ISC01
ISC00
Description
0
0
The low level of INT0 generates an interrupt request.
0
1
Any logical change on INT0 generates an interrupt request.
1
0
The falling edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request.
1
1
The rising edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request.
GIMSK – General Interrupt Mask Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0x3B (0x5B)
–
INT0
PCIE1
PCIE0
–
–
–
0
–
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/w
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GIMSK
• Bits 7, 3..0 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bit 6 – INT0: External Interrupt Request 0 Enable
When the INT0 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), the
external pin interrupt is enabled. The Interrupt Sense Control0 bits 1/0 (ISC01 and ISC00) in
the External Interrupt Control Register A (EICRA) define whether the external interrupt is activated on rising and/or falling edge of the INT0 pin or level sensed. Activity on the pin will cause
an interrupt request even if INT0 is configured as an output. The corresponding interrupt of
External Interrupt Request 0 is executed from the INT0 Interrupt Vector.
• Bit 5 – PCIE1: Pin Change Interrupt Enable 1
When the PCIE1 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), pin
change interrupt 1 is enabled. Any change on any enabled PCINT11..8 pin will cause an interrupt. The corresponding interrupt of Pin Change Interrupt Request is executed from the PCI1
Interrupt Vector. PCINT11..8 pins are enabled individually by the PCMSK1 Register.
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
• Bit 4– PCIE0: Pin Change Interrupt Enable 0
When the PCIE0 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), pin
change interrupt 0 is enabled. Any change on any enabled PCINT7..0 pin will cause an interrupt. The corresponding interrupt of Pin Change Interrupt Request is executed from the PCI0
Interrupt Vector. PCINT7..0 pins are enabled individually by the PCMSK0 Register.
4.13.2.3
GIFR – General Interrupt Flag Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x3A (0x5A)
–
INTF0
PCIF1
PCIF0
–
–
–
–
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GIFR
• Bits 7, 3..0 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bit 6 – INTF0: External Interrupt Flag 0
When an edge or logic change on the INT0 pin triggers an interrupt request, INTF0 becomes
set (one). If the I-bit in SREG and the INT0 bit in GIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to
the corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed.
Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it. This flag is always cleared
when INT0 is configured as a level interrupt.
• Bit 5 – PCIF1: Pin Change Interrupt Flag 1
When a logic change on any PCINT11..8 pin triggers an interrupt request, PCIF1 becomes set
(one). If the I-bit in SREG and the PCIE1 bit in GIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the
corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed.
Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
• Bit 4– PCIF0: Pin Change Interrupt Flag 0
When a logic change on any PCINT7..0 pin triggers an interrupt request, PCIF becomes set
(one). If the I-bit in SREG and the PCIE0 bit in GIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the
corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed.
Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
4.13.2.4
PCMSK1 – Pin Change Mask Register 1
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x20 (0x40)
–
–
–
–
PCINT11
PCINT10
PCINT9
PCINT8
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PCMSK1
• Bits 7, 4– Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bits 3..0 – PCINT11..8: Pin Change Enable Mask 11..8
Each PCINT11..8 bit selects whether pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O
pin. If PCINT11..8 is set and the PCIE1 bit in GIMSK is set, pin change interrupt is enabled on
the corresponding I/O pin. If PCINT11..8 is cleared, pin change interrupt on the corresponding
I/O pin is disabled.
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4.13.2.5
PCMSK0 – Pin Change Mask Register 0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x12 (0x32)
PCINT7
PCINT6
PCINT5
PCINT4
PCINT3
PCINT2
PCINT1
PCINT0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PCMSK0
• Bits 7..0 – PCINT7..0: Pin Change Enable Mask 7..0
Each PCINT7..0 bit selects whether pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O
pin. If PCINT7..0 is set and the PCIE0 bit in GIMSK is set, pin change interrupt is enabled on
the corresponding I/O pin. If PCINT7..0 is cleared, pin change interrupt on the corresponding
I/O pin is disabled.
4.14
4.14.1
I/O Ports
Overview
All AVR® ports have true Read-Modify-Write functionality when used as general digital I/O
ports. This means that the direction of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally
changing the direction of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. The same applies
when changing drive value (if configured as output) or enabling/disabling of pull-up resistors (if
configured as input). Each output buffer has symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink and source capability. The pin driver is strong enough to drive LED displays directly. All
port pins have individually selectable pull-up resistors with a supply-voltage invariant resistance. All I/O pins have protection diodes to both VCC and Ground as indicated in Figure 4-21.
See Section 8. “Electrical Characteristics” on page 186 for a complete list of parameters.
Figure 4-21. I/O Pin Equivalent Schematic
Rpu
Logic
Pxn
Cpin
See Figure
"General Digital I/O" for
Details
All registers and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “x” represents the numbering letter for the port, and a lower case “n” represents the bit number.
However, when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used.
For example, PORTB3 for bit no. 3 in Port B, here documented generally as PORTxn. The
physical I/O Registers and bit locations are listed in Table 4-29.
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for each port, one each for the Data Register – PORTx, Data Direction Register – DDRx, and the Port Input Pins – PINx. The Port Input
Pins I/O location is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are
read/write. However, writing a logic one to a bit in the PINx Register, will result in a toggle in
the corresponding bit in the Data Register. In addition, the Pull-up Disable – PUD bit in
MCUCR disables the pull-up function for all pins in all ports when set.
Using the I/O port as General Digital I/O is described in Section 4.14.2 “Ports as General Digital I/O” on page 61. Most port pins are multiplexed with alternate functions for the peripheral
features on the device. How each alternate function interferes with the port pin is described in
Section 4.14.3 “Alternate Port Functions” on page 66. Refer to the individual module sections
for a full description of the alternate functions.
Note that enabling the alternate function of some of the port pins does not affect the use of the
other pins in the port as general digital I/O.
4.14.2
Ports as General Digital I/O
The ports are bi-directional I/O ports with optional internal pull-ups. Figure 4-22 shows a functional description of one I/O-port pin, here generically called Pxn.
Figure 4-22. General Digital I/O(1)
PUD
Q
D
DDxn
Q CLR
WDx
RESET
DATA BUS
RDx
1
Q
Pxn
D
0
PORTxn
Q CLR
RESET
WRx
WPx
RRx
SLEEP
SYNCHRONIZER
D
Q
L
Q
D
RPx
Q
PINxn
Q
clk I/O
PUD:
SLEEP:
clkI/O:
Note:
PULLUP DISABLE
SLEEP CONTROL
I/O CLOCK
WDx:
RDx:
WRx:
RRx:
RPx:
WPx:
WRITE DDRx
READ DDRx
WRITE PORTx
READ PORTx REGISTER
READ PORTx PIN
WRITE PINx REGISTER
1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O,
SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports.
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4.14.2.1
Configuring the Pin
Each port pin consists of three register bits: DDxn, PORTxn, and PINxn. As shown in Table
4-29 on page 74, the DDxn bits are accessed at the DDRx I/O address, the PORTxn bits at the
PORTx I/O address, and the PINxn bits at the PINx I/O address.
The DDxn bit in the DDRx Register selects the direction of this pin. If DDxn is written logic one,
Pxn is configured as an output pin. If DDxn is written logic zero, Pxn is configured as an input
pin.
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an input pin, the pull-up resistor is
activated. To switch the pull-up resistor off, PORTxn has to be written logic zero or the pin has
to be configured as an output pin. The port pins are tri-stated when reset condition becomes
active, even if no clocks are running.
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port pin is
driven high (one). If PORTxn is written logic zero when the pin is configured as an output pin,
the port pin is driven low (zero).
4.14.2.2
Toggling the Pin
Writing a logic one to PINxn toggles the value of PORTxn, independent on the value of
DDRxn. Note that the SBI instruction can be used to toggle one single bit in a port.
4.14.2.3
Switching Between Input and Output
When switching between tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) and output high ({DDxn,
PORTxn} = 0b11), an intermediate state with either pull-up enabled {DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01)
or output low ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b10) must occur. Normally, the pull-up enabled state is fully
acceptable, as a high-impedant environment will not notice the difference between a strong
high driver and a pull-up. If this is not the case, the PUD bit in the MCUCR Register can be set
to disable all pull-ups in all ports.
Switching between input with pull-up and output low generates the same problem. The user
must use either the tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) or the output high state
({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b10) as an intermediate step.
Table 4-21 summarizes the control signals for the pin value.
Table 4-21.
62
Port Pin Configurations
DDxn
PORTxn
PUD
(in MCUCR)
I/O
Pull-up
0
0
X
Input
No
Tri-state (Hi-Z)
0
1
0
Input
Yes
Pxn will source current if ext. pulled low.
0
1
1
Input
No
Tri-state (Hi-Z)
1
0
X
Output
No
Output Low (Sink)
1
1
X
Output
No
Output High (Source)
Comment
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.14.2.4
Reading the Pin Value
Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through the
PINxn Register bit. As shown in Figure 4-22 on page 61, the PINxn Register bit and the preceding latch constitute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin
changes value near the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a delay. Figure 4-23
shows a timing diagram of the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin value.
The maximum and minimum propagation delays are denoted tpd,max and tpd,min respectively.
Figure 4-23. Synchronization when Reading an Externally Applied Pin value
SYSTEM CLK
INSTRUCTIONS
XXX
XXX
in r17, PINx
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00
0xFF
t pd, max
t pd, min
Consider the clock period starting shortly after the first falling edge of the system clock. The
latch is closed when the clock is low, and goes transparent when the clock is high, as indicated by the shaded region of the “SYNC LATCH” signal. The signal value is latched when the
system clock goes low. It is clocked into the PINxn Register at the succeeding positive clock
edge. As indicated by the two arrows tpd,max and tpd,min, a single signal transition on the pin
will be delayed between ½ and 1½ system clock period depending upon the time of assertion.
When reading back a software assigned pin value, a nop instruction must be inserted as indicated in Figure 4-24 on page 64. The out instruction sets the “SYNC LATCH” signal at the
positive edge of the clock. In this case, the delay tpd through the synchronizer is one system
clock period.
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Figure 4-24. Synchronization when Reading a Software Assigned Pin Value
SYSTEM CLK
r16
INSTRUCTIONS
0xFF
out PORTx, r16
nop
in r17, PINx
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00
0xFF
t pd
The following code example shows how to set port A pins 0 and 1 high, 2 and 3 low, and
define the port pins from 4 to 5 as input with a pull-up assigned to port pin 4. The resulting pin
values are read back again, but as previously discussed, a nop instruction is included to be
able to read back the value recently assigned to some of the pins.
Assembly Code Example(1)
...
; Define pull-ups and set outputs high
; Define directions for port pins
ldi
r16,(1<<PA4)|(1<<PA1)|(1<<PA0)
ldi
r17,(1<<DDA3)|(1<<DDA2)|(1<<DDA1)|(1<<DDA0)
out
PORTA,r16
out
DDRA,r17
; Insert nop for synchronization
nop
; Read port pins
in
r16,PINA
...
C Code Example
unsigned char i;
...
/* Define pull-ups and set outputs high */
/* Define directions for port pins */
PORTA = (1<<PA4)|(1<<PA1)|(1<<PA0);
DDRA = (1<<DDA3)|(1<<DDA2)|(1<<DDA1)|(1<<DDA0);
/* Insert nop for synchronization*/
_NOP();
/* Read port pins */
i = PINA;
...
64
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Note:
4.14.2.5
1. For the assembly program, two temporary registers are used to minimize the time from
pull-ups are set on pins 0, 1 and 4, until the direction bits are correctly set, defining bit 2 and
3 as low and redefining bits 0 and 1 as strong high drivers.
Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes
As shown in Figure 4-22 on page 61, the digital input signal can be clamped to ground at the
input of the schmitt-trigger. The signal denoted SLEEP in the figure, is set by the MCU Sleep
Controller in Power-down mode, Power-save mode, and Standby mode to avoid high power
consumption if some input signals are left floating, or have an analog signal level close to
VCC/2.
SLEEP is overridden for port pins enabled as external interrupt pins. If the external interrupt
request is not enabled, SLEEP is active also for these pins. SLEEP is also overridden by various other alternate functions as described in Section 4.14.3 “Alternate Port Functions” on
page 66.
If a logic high level (“one”) is present on an asynchronous external interrupt pin configured as
“Interrupt on Rising Edge, Falling Edge, or Any Logic Change on Pin” while the external interrupt is not enabled, the corresponding External Interrupt Flag will be set when resuming from
the above mentioned Sleep mode, as the clamping in these sleep mode produces the
requested logic change.
4.14.2.6
Unconnected Pins
If some pins are unused, it is recommended to ensure that these pins have a defined level.
Even though most of the digital inputs are disabled in the deep sleep modes as described
above, floating inputs should be avoided to reduce current consumption in all other modes
where the digital inputs are enabled (Reset, Active mode and Idle mode).
The simplest method to ensure a defined level of an unused pin, is to enable the internal
pull-up. In this case, the pull-up will be disabled during reset. If low power consumption during
reset is important, it is recommended to use an external pull-up or pulldown. Connecting
unused pins directly to VCC or GND is not recommended, since this may cause excessive currents if the pin is accidentally configured as an output.
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4.14.3
Alternate Port Functions
Most port pins have alternate functions in addition to being general digital I/Os. Figure 4-25
shows how the port pin control signals from the simplified Figure 4-22 on page 61 can be overridden by alternate functions. The overriding signals may not be present in all port pins, but the
figure serves as a generic description applicable to all port pins in the AVR® microcontroller
family.
Figure 4-25. Alternate Port Functions(1)
PUOExn
PUOVxn
1
PUD
0
DDOExn
DDOVxn
1
Q
D
DDxn
0
Q CLR
WDx
PVOExn
RESET
RDx
1
DATA BUS
PVOVxn
1
Pxn
Q
0
D
0
PORTxn
PTOExn
Q CLR
DIEOExn
WPx
DIEOVxn
RESET
WRx
1
0
RRx
SLEEP
SYNCHRONIZER
D
SET
Q
RPx
Q
D
PINxn
L
CLR
Q
CLR
Q
clk I/O
DIxn
AIOxn
PUOExn:
PUOVxn:
DDOExn:
DDOVxn:
PVOExn:
PVOVxn:
DIEOExn:
DIEOVxn:
SLEEP:
PTOExn:
Note:
Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE VALUE
SLEEP CONTROL
Pxn, PORT TOGGLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
PUD:
WDx:
RDx:
RRx:
WRx:
RPx:
WPx:
clkI/O:
DIxn:
AIOxn:
PULLUP DISABLE
WRITE DDRx
READ DDRx
READ PORTx REGISTER
WRITE PORTx
READ PORTx PIN
WRITE PINx
I/O CLOCK
DIGITAL INPUT PIN n ON PORTx
ANALOG INPUT/OUTPUT PIN n ON PORTx
1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O,
SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports. All other signals are unique for each pin.
Table 4-22 on page 67 summarizes the function of the overriding signals. The pin and port
indexes from Figure 4-25 are not shown in the succeeding tables. The overriding signals are
generated internally in the modules having the alternate function.
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Table 4-22.
Generic Description of Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions
Signal Name
Full Name
Description
PUOE
Pull-up Override
Enable
If this signal is set, the pull-up enable is controlled by the
PUOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the pull-up is enabled
when {DDxn, PORTxn, PUD} = 0b010.
PUOV
Pull-up Override
Value
If PUOE is set, the pull-up is enabled/disabled when PUOV is
set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the DDxn, PORTxn,
and PUD Register bits.
DDOE
Data Direction
Override Enable
If this signal is set, the Output Driver Enable is controlled by
the DDOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Output driver is
enabled by the DDxn Register bit.
DDOV
Data Direction
Override Value
If DDOE is set, the Output Driver is enabled/disabled when
DDOV is set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the DDxn
Register bit.
PVOE
Port Value
Override Enable
If this signal is set and the Output Driver is enabled, the port
value is controlled by the PVOV signal. If PVOE is cleared,
and the Output Driver is enabled, the port Value is controlled
by the PORTxn Register bit.
PVOV
Port Value
Override Value
If PVOE is set, the port value is set to PVOV, regardless of the
setting of the PORTxn Register bit.
PTOE
Port Toggle
Override Enable
If PTOE is set, the PORTxn Register bit is inverted.
DIEOE
Digital Input
Enable Override
Enable
If this bit is set, the Digital Input Enable is controlled by the
DIEOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Digital Input Enable
is determined by MCU state (Normal mode, sleep mode).
DIEOV
Digital Input
Enable Override
Value
If DIEOE is set, the Digital Input is enabled/disabled when
DIEOV is set/cleared, regardless of the MCU state (Normal
mode, sleep mode).
DI
Digital Input
This is the Digital Input to alternate functions. In the figure, the
signal is connected to the output of the schmitt-trigger but
before the synchronizer. Unless the Digital Input is used as a
clock source, the module with the alternate function will use its
own synchronizer.
AIO
Analog
Input/Output
This is the Analog Input/Output to/from alternate functions.
The signal is connected directly to the pad, and can be used
bi-directionally.
The following subsections shortly describe the alternate functions for each port, and relate the
overriding signals to the alternate function. Refer to the alternate function description for further details.
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4.14.3.1
Alternate Functions of Port A
The Port A pins with alternate function are shown in Table 4-27 on page 72.
Table 4-23.
Port A Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PA0
ADC0: ADC input channel 0.
AREF: External analog reference.
PCINT0: Pin change interrupt 0 source 0.
PA1
ADC1: ADC input channel 1.
AIN0:
Analog Comparator Positive Input.
PCINT1:Pin change interrupt 0 source 1.
PA2
ADC2: ADC input channel 2.
AIN1:
Analog Comparator Negative Input.
PCINT2: Pin change interrupt 0 source 2.
PA3
ADC3: ADC input channel 3.
T0:
Timer/Counter0 counter source.
PCINT3: Pin change interrupt 0 source 3.
ADC4:
PA4
ADC input channel 4.
USCK: USI Clock three wire mode.
SCL :
USI Clock two wire mode.
T1:
Timer/Counter1 counter source.
PCINT4: Pin change interrupt 0 source 4.
PA5
ADC5: ADC input channel 5.
DO:
USI Data Output three wire mode.
OC1B: Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B output.
PCINT5: Pin change interrupt 0 source 5.
PA6
ADC6: ADC input channel 6.
DI:
USI Data Input three wire mode.
SDA:
USI Data Input two wire mode.
OC1A: Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A output.
PCINT6: Pin change interrupt 0 source 6.
PA7
ADC7: ADC input channel 7.
OC0B: Timer/Counter0 Compare Match B output.
ICP1:
Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin.
PCINT7: Pin change interrupt 0 source 7.
• Port A, Bit 0 – ADC0/AREF/PCINT0
ADC0: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 0.
AREF: External Analog Reference for ADC. Pullup and output driver are disabled on PA0
when the pin is used as an external reference or Internal Voltage Reference with external
capacitor at the AREF pin by setting (one) the bit REFS0 in the ADC Multiplexer Selection
Register (ADMUX).
PCINT0: Pin Change Interrupt source 0. The PA0 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 0.
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
• Port A, Bit 1 – ADC1/AIN0/PCINT1
ADC1: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 1.
AIN0: Analog Comparator Positive Input. Configure the port pin as input with the internal
pull-up switched off to avoid the digital port function from interfering with the function of the
Analog Comparator.
PCINT1: Pin Change Interrupt source 1. The PA1 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 2 – ADC2/AIN1/PCINT2
ADC2: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 2.
AIN1: Analog Comparator Negative Input. Configure the port pin as input with the internal
pull-up switched off to avoid the digital port function from interfering with the function of the
Analog Comparator.
PCINT2: Pin Change Interrupt source 2. The PA2 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 3 – ADC3/T0/PCINT3
ADC3: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 3.
T0: Timer/Counter0 counter source.
PCINT3: Pin Change Interrupt source 3. The PA3 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 4 – ADC4/USCK/SCL/T1/PCINT4
ADC4: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 4.
USCK: Three-wire mode Universal Serial Interface Clock.
SCL: Two-wire mode Serial Clock for USI Two-wire mode.
T1: Timer/Counter1 counter source.
PCINT4: Pin Change Interrupt source 4. The PA4 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 5 – ADC5/DO/OC1B/PCINT5
ADC5: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 5.
DO: Data Output in USI Three-wire mode. Data output (DO) overrides PORTA5 value and it is
driven to the port when the data direction bit DDA5 is set (one). However the PORTA5 bit still
controls the pullup, enabling pullup if direction is input and PORTA5 is set(one).
OC1B: Output Compare Match output: The PA5 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B. The PA5 pin has to be configured as an output (DDA5 set
(one)) to serve this function. The OC1B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer
function.
PCINT5: Pin Change Interrupt source 5. The PA5 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 0.
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• Port A, Bit 6 – ADC6/DI/SDA/OC1A/PCINT6
ADC6: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 6.
SDA: Two-wire mode Serial Interface Data.
DI: Data Input in USI Three-wire mode. USI Three-wire mode does not override normal port
functions, so pin must be configure as an input for DI function.
OC1A, Output Compare Match output: The PA6 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A. The PA6 pin has to be configured as an output (DDA6 set
(one)) to serve this function. The OC1A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer
function.
PCINT6: Pin Change Interrupt source 6. The PA6 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 0.
• Port A, Bit 7 – ADC7/OC0B/ICP1/PCINT7
ADC7: Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 7.
OC1B, Output Compare Match output: The PA7 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B. The PA7 pin has to be configured as an output (DDA7 set
(one)) to serve this function. The OC1B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer
function.
ICP1, Input Capture Pin: The PA7 pin can act as an Input Capture Pin for Timer/Counter1.
PCINT7: Pin Change Interrupt source 7. The PA7 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 0.
Table 4-24 to Table 4-26 on page 71 relate the alternate functions of Port A to the overriding
signals shown in Table 4-25 on page 71.
Table 4-24.
70
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA7..PA5
Signal
Name
PA7/ADC7/OC0B/ICP1/
PCINT7
PA6/ADC6/DI/SDA/OC1A/
PCINT6
PA5/ADC5/DO/OC1B/
PCINT5
PUOE
0
0
0
PUOV
0
0
0
DDOE
0
USIWM1
0
DDOV
0
(SDA + PORTA6) • DDRA6
0
PVOE
OC0B enable
(USIWM1 • DDA6) + OC1A
enable
(USIWM1 • USIWM0) +
OC1B enable
PVOV
OC0B
( USIWM1• DDA6) • OC1A
USIWM1 • USIWM0 • DO +
(~USIWM1 • USIWM0) •
OC1B}
PTOE
0
0
0
DIEOE
PCINT7 • PCIE0 + ADC7D
USISIE + (PCINT6 • PCIE0)
+ ADC6D
PCINT5 • PCIE + ADC5D
DIEOV
PCINT7 • PCIE0
USISIE + PCINT7 • PCIE0
PCINT5 • PCIE
DI
PCINT7/ICP1 Input
DI/SDA/PCINT6 Input
PCINT5 Input
AIO
ADC7 Input
ADC6 Input
ADC5 Input
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Table 4-25.
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA4..PA2
Signal
Name
PA4/ADC4/USCK/SCL/T1/
PCINT4
PA3/ADC3/T0/PCINT3
PA2/ADC2/AIN1/PCINT2
PUOE
0
0
0
PUOV
0
0
0
DDOE
USIWM1
0
0
DDOV
USI_SCL_HOLD +
PORTA4) • ADC4D
0
0
PVOE
USIWM1 • ADC4D
0
0
PVOV
0
0
0
PTOE
USI_PTOE
0
0
DIEOE
USISIE +
(PCINT4 • PCIE0) + ADC4D
(PCINT3 • PCIE0) +
ADC3D
PCINT2 • PCIE + ADC2D
DIEOV
USISIE +
(PCINT4 • PCIE0)
PCINT3 • PCIE0
PCINT3 • PCIE0
DI
USCK/SCL/T1/PCINT4
input
PCINT1 Input
PCINT0 Input
AIO
ADC4 Input
ADC3 Input
ADC2/Analog Comparator
Negative Input
Table 4-26.
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA1..PA0
Signal
Name
PA1/ADC1/AIN0/PCINT1
PUOE
0
RESET •
(REFS1 • REFS0 + REFS1 • REFS0)
PUOV
0
0
DDOE
0
RESET •
(REFS1 • REFS0 + REFS1 • REFS0)
DDOV
0
0
PVOE
0
RESET •
(REFS1 • REFS0 + REFS1 • REFS0)
PVOV
0
0
PTOE
0
0
DIEOE
PCINT1 • PCIE0 + ADC1D
PCINT0 • PCIE0 + ADC0D
DIEOV
PCINT1 • PCIE0
PCINT0 • PCIE0
DI
PCINT1 Input
PCINT0 Input
AIO
ADC1/Analog Comparator Positive Input
ADC1 Input
Analog reference
PA0/ADC0/AREF/PCINT0
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4.14.3.2
Alternate Functions of Port B
The Port B pins with alternate function are shown in Table 4-27.
Table 4-27.
Port B Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PB0
XTAL1: Crystal Oscillator Input.
PCINT8: Pin change interrupt 1 source 8.
PB1
XTAL2: Crystal Oscillator Output.
PCINT9: Pin change interrupt 1 source 9.
PB2
INT0:
External Interrupt 0 Input.
OC0A: Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A output.
CKOUT: System clock output.
PCINT10:Pin change interrupt 1 source 10.
PB3
RESET: Reset pin.
dW:
debugWire I/O.
PCINT11:Pin change interrupt 1 source 11.
• Port B, Bit 0 – XTAL1/PCINT8
XTAL1: Chip Clock Oscillator pin 1. Used for all chip clock sources except internal calibrateble
RC oscillator. When used as a clock pin, the pin can not be used as an I/O pin. When using
internal calibratable RC Oscillator as a chip clock source, PB0 serves as an ordinary I/O pin.
PCINT8: Pin Change Interrupt source 8. The PB0 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
• Port B, Bit 1 – XTAL2/PCINT9
XTAL2: Chip Clock Oscillator pin 2. Used as clock pin for all chip clock sources except internal
calibrateble RC Oscillator and external clock. When used as a clock pin, the pin can not be
used as an I/O pin. When using internal calibratable RC Oscillator or External clock as a Chip
clock sources, PB1 serves as an ordinary I/O pin.
PCINT9: Pin Change Interrupt source 9. The PB1 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
• Port B, Bit 2 – INT0/OC0A/CKOUT/PCINT10
INT0: External Interrupt Request 0.
OC0A: Output Compare Match output: The PB2 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A. The PB2 pin has to be configured as an output (DDB2 set
(one)) to serve this function. The OC0A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer
function.
CKOUT - System Clock Output: The system clock can be output on the PB2 pin. The system
clock will be output if the CKOUT Fuse is programmed, regardless of the PORTB2 and DDB2
settings. It will also be output during reset.
PCINT10: Pin Change Interrupt source 10. The PB2 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
• Port B, Bit 3 – RESET/dW/PCINT11
RESET: External Reset input is active low and enabled by unprogramming (“1”) the RSTDISBL Fuse. Pullup is activated and output driver and digital input are deactivated when the
pin is used as the RESET pin.
dW: When the debugWIRE Enable (DWEN) Fuse is programmed and Lock bits are unprogrammed, the debugWIRE system within the target device is activated. The RESET port pin is
configured as a wire-AND (open-drain) bi-directional I/O pin with pull-up enabled and becomes
the communication gateway between target and emulator.
PCINT11: Pin Change Interrupt source 11. The PB3 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source for pin change interrupt 1.
Table 4-28 and Table 4-29 on page 74 relate the alternate functions of Port B to the overriding
signals shown in Figure 4-25 on page 66.
Table 4-28.
Signal
Name
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB3..PB2
PB3/RESET/dW/
PCINT11
(1)
PB2/INT0/OC0A/CKOUT/PCINT10
(2)
PUOE
RSTDISBL
PUOV
1
0
DDOE
RSTDISBL(1) + DEBUGWIRE_ENABLE(2)
CKOUT
DDOV
DEBUGWIRE_ENABLE(2) • debugWire
Transmit
1'b1
PVOE
RSTDISBL(1) + DEBUGWIRE_ENABLE(2
CKOUT + OC0A enable
PVOV
0
CKOUT • System Clock + CKOUT • OC0A
PTOE
0
0
DIEOE
RSTDISBL(1) + DEBUGWIRE_ENABLE(2) +
PCINT11 • PCIE1
PCINT10 • PCIE1 + INT0
DIEOV
DEBUGWIRE_ENABLE(2) + (RSTDISBL(1) •
PCINT11 • PCIE1)
PCINT10 • PCIE1 + INT0
DI
dW/PCINT11 Input
INT0/PCINT10 Input
+ DEBUGWIRE_ENABLE
CKOUT
AIO
1.
RSTDISBL is 1 when the Fuse is “0” (Programmed).
2.
DebugWIRE is enabled wheb DWEN Fuse is programmed and Lock bits are unprogrammed.
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Table 4-29.
Signal
Name
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB1..PB0
PB1/XTAL2/PCINT9
PB0/XTAL1/PCINT8
(1)
EXT_CLOCK (2) + EXT_OSC(1)
PUOE
EXT_OSC
PUOV
0
0
DDOE
EXT_OSC(1)
EXT_CLOCK(2) + EXT_OSC(1)
DDOV
0
0
PVOE
EXT_OSC
PVOV
0
PTOE
0
(1)
EXT_CLOCK(2) + EXT_OSC(1)
0
0
(1)
4.14.4
4.14.4.1
DIEOE
EXT_OSC +
PCINT9 • PCIE1
EXT_CLOCK(2 + EXT_OSC(1) +
(PCINT8 • PCIE1)
DIEOV
EXT_OSC(1) • PCINT9 • PCIE1
( EXT_CLOCK(2) • PWR_DOWN ) +
(EXT_CLOCK(2) • EXT_OSC(1) • PCINT8 • PCIE1)
DI
PCINT9 Input
CLOCK/PCINT8 Input
AIO
XTAL2
XTAL1
1.
EXT_OSC = crystal oscillator or low frequency crystal oscillator is selected as system clock.
2.
EXT_CLOCK = external clock is selected as system clock.
Register Description
MCUCR – MCU Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
PUD
SE
SM1
SM0
–
ISC01
ISC00
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
• Bits 7, 2– Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bit 6 – PUD: Pull-up Disable
When this bit is written to one, the pull-ups in the I/O ports are disabled even if the DDxn and
PORTxn Registers are configured to enable the pull-ups ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01). See Section 4.14.2.1 “Configuring the Pin” on page 62 for more details about this feature.
4.14.4.2
PORTA – Port A Data Register
Bit
74
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1B (0x3B)
PORTA7
PORTA6
PORTA5
PORTA4
PORTA3
PORTA2
PORTA1
PORTA0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PORTA
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.14.4.3
DDRA – Port A Data Direction Register
Bit
4.14.4.4
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1A (0x3A)
DDA7
DDA6
DDA5
DDA4
DDA3
DDA2
DDA1
DDA0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PINA – Port A Input Pins Address
Bit
4.14.4.5
4.14.4.6
4.14.4.7
DDRB
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x19 (0x39)
PINA7
PINA6
PINA5
PINA4
PINA3
PINA2
PINA1
PINA0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Bit
7
6
5
4
0x18 (0x38)
–
–
Read/Write
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
PINB
PORTB – Port B Data Register
3
2
1
0
PORTB3
PORTB2
PORTB1
PORTB0
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
4
PORTB
DDRB – Port B Data Direction Register
Bit
7
6
0x17 (0x37)
–
–
3
2
1
0
DDB3
DDB2
DDB1
DDB0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
4
DDRB
PINB – Port BInput Pins Address
Bit
7
6
0x16 (0x36)
–
–
Read/Write
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
N/A
3
2
1
0
PINB3
PINB2
PINB1
PINB0
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PINB
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4.15
4.15.1
8-bit Timer/Counter0 with PWM
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.15.2
Two Independent Output Compare Units
Double Buffered Output Compare Registers
Clear Timer on Compare Match (Auto Reload)
Glitch Free, Phase Correct Pulse Width Modulator (PWM)
Variable PWM Period
Frequency Generator
Three Independent Interrupt Sources (TOV0, OCF0A, and OCF0B)
Overview
Timer/Counter0 is a general purpose 8-bit Timer/Counter module, with two independent Output Compare Units, and with PWM support. It allows accurate program execution timing
(event management) and wave generation.
A simplified block diagram of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is shown in Figure 4-26. For the actual
placement of I/O pins. CPU accessible I/O Registers, including I/O bits and I/O pins, are
shown in bold. The device-specific I/O Register and bit locations are listed in the Section
4.9.10 “Register Description” on page 39.
Figure 4-26. 8-bit Timer/Counter Block Diagram
Count
Clear
Direction
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
Control Logic
clkTn
Clock Select
Edge
Detector
TOP
Tn
BOTTOM
( From Prescaler )
Timer/Counter
TCNTn
=
=0
OCnA
(Int.Req.)
Waveform
Generation
=
OCnA
DATA BUS
OCRnA
Fixed
TOP
Value
Waveform
Generation
=
OCnB
OCRnB
TCCRnA
76
OCnB
(Int.Req.)
TCCRnB
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.15.2.1
Registers
The Timer/Counter (TCNT0) and Output Compare Registers (OCR0A and OCR0B) are 8-bit
registers. Interrupt request (abbreviated to Int.Req. in the figure) signals are all visible in the
Timer Interrupt Flag Register (TIFR0). All interrupts are individually masked with the Timer
Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK0). TIFR0 and TIMSK0 are not shown in the figure.
The Timer/Counter can be clocked internally, via the prescaler, or by an external clock source
on the T0 pin. The Clock Select logic block controls which clock source and edge the
Timer/Counter uses to increment (or decrement) its value. The Timer/Counter is inactive when
no clock source is selected. The output from the Clock Select logic is referred to as the timer
clock (clkT0).
The double buffered Output Compare Registers (OCR0A and OCR0B) is compared with the
Timer/Counter value at all times. The result of the compare can be used by the Waveform
Generator to generate a PWM or variable frequency output on the Output Compare pins
(OC0A and OC0B). See Section 4.15.5 “Output Compare Unit” on page 79 for details. The
Compare Match event will also set the Compare Flag (OCF0A or OCF0B) which can be used
to generate an Output Compare interrupt request.
4.15.2.2
Definitions
Many register and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “n”
replaces the Timer/Counter number, in this case 0. A lower case “x” replaces the Output Compare Unit, in this case Compare Unit A or Compare Unit B. However, when using the register
or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used, i.e., TCNT0 for accessing
Timer/Counter0 counter value and so on.
The definitions in Table 4-30 are also used extensively throughout the document.
Table 4-30.
BOTTOM
4.15.3
Definitions
The counter reaches the BOTTOM when it becomes 0x00.
MAX
The counter reaches its MAXimum when it becomes 0xFF (decimal 255).
TOP
The counter reaches the TOP when it becomes equal to the highest value in
the count sequence. The TOP value can be assigned to be the fixed value
0xFF (MAX) or the value stored in the OCR0A Register. The assignment is
dependent on the mode of operation.
Timer/Counter Clock Sources
The Timer/Counter can be clocked by an internal or an external clock source. The clock
source is selected by the Clock Select logic which is controlled by the Clock Select (CS02:0)
bits located in the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCR0B). For details on clock sources
and prescaler, see Section 4.17 “Timer/Counter Prescaler” on page 123.
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4.15.4
Counter Unit
The main part of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is the programmable bi-directional counter unit. Table
4-27 shows a block diagram of the counter and its surroundings.
Figure 4-27. Counter Unit Block Diagram
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
DATA BUS
Clock Select
count
clear
TCNTn
Control Logic
clkTn
Edge
Detector
Tn
direction
( From Prescaler )
bottom
top
Signal description (internal signals):
count
Increment or decrement TCNT0 by 1.
direction
Select between increment and decrement.
clear
Clear TCNT0 (set all bits to zero).
clkTn
Timer/Counter clock, referred to as clkT0 in the following.
top
Signalize that TCNT0 has reached maximum value.
bottom
Signalize that TCNT0 has reached minimum value (zero).
Depending of the mode of operation used, the counter is cleared, incremented, or decremented at each timer clock (clkT0). clkT0 can be generated from an external or internal clock
source, selected by the Clock Select bits (CS02:0). When no clock source is selected
(CS02:0 = 0) the timer is stopped. However, the TCNT0 value can be accessed by the CPU,
regardless of whether clkT0 is present or not. A CPU write overrides (has priority over) all
counter clear or count operations.
The counting sequence is determined by the setting of the WGM01 and WGM00 bits located
in the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCR0A) and the WGM02 bit located in the
Timer/Counter Control Register B (TCCR0B). There are close connections between how the
counter behaves (counts) and how waveforms are generated on the Output Compare output
OC0A. For more details about advanced counting sequences and waveform generation, see
Section 4.15.7 “Modes of Operation” on page 81.
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) is set according to the mode of operation selected
by the WGM01:0 bits. TOV0 can be used for generating a CPU interrupt.
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.15.5
Output Compare Unit
The 8-bit comparator continuously compares TCNT0 with the Output Compare Registers
(OCR0A and OCR0B). Whenever TCNT0 equals OCR0A or OCR0B, the comparator signals a
match. A match will set the Output Compare Flag (OCF0A or OCF0B) at the next timer clock
cycle. If the corresponding interrupt is enabled, the Output Compare Flag generates an Output
Compare interrupt. The Output Compare Flag is automatically cleared when the interrupt is
executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit
location. The Waveform Generator uses the match signal to generate an output according to
operating mode set by the WGM02:0 bits and Compare Output mode (COM0x1:0) bits. The
max and bottom signals are used by the Waveform Generator for handling the special cases
of the extreme values in some modes of operation. See Section 4.15.7 “Modes of Operation”
on page 81.
Figure 4-28 shows a block diagram of the Output Compare unit.
Figure 4-28. Output Compare Unit, Block Diagram
DATA BUS
OCRnx
TCNTn
= (8-bit Comparator )
OCFnx (Int.Req.)
top
bottom
Waveform Generator
OCnx
FOCn
WGMn1:0
COMnX1:0
The OCR0x Registers are double buffered when using any of the Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) modes. For the normal and Clear Timer on Compare (CTC) modes of operation, the
double buffering is disabled. The double buffering synchronizes the update of the OCR0x
Compare Registers to either top or bottom of the counting sequence. The synchronization prevents the occurrence of odd-length, non-symmetrical PWM pulses, thereby making the output
glitch-free.
The OCR0x Register access may seem complex, but this is not case. When the double buffering is enabled, the CPU has access to the OCR0x Buffer Register, and if double buffering is
disabled the CPU will access the OCR0x directly.
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4.15.5.1
Force Output Compare
In non-PWM waveform generation modes, the match output of the comparator can be forced
by writing a one to the Force Output Compare (0x) bit. Forcing Compare Match will not set the
OCF0x Flag or reload/clear the timer, but the OC0x pin will be updated as if a real Compare
Match had occurred (the COM0x1:0 bits settings define whether the OC0x pin is set, cleared
or toggled).
4.15.5.2
Compare Match Blocking by TCNT0 Write
All CPU write operations to the TCNT0 Register will block any Compare Match that occur in
the next timer clock cycle, even when the timer is stopped. This feature allows OCR0x to be
initialized to the same value as TCNT0 without triggering an interrupt when the Timer/Counter
clock is enabled.
4.15.5.3
Using the Output Compare Unit
Since writing TCNT0 in any mode of operation will block all Compare Matches for one timer
clock cycle, there are risks involved when changing TCNT0 when using the Output Compare
Unit, independently of whether the Timer/Counter is running or not. If the value written to
TCNT0 equals the OCR0x value, the Compare Match will be missed, resulting in incorrect
waveform generation. Similarly, do not write the TCNT0 value equal to BOTTOM when the
counter is down-counting.
The setup of the OC0x should be performed before setting the Data Direction Register for the
port pin to output. The easiest way of setting the OC0x value is to use the Force Output Compare (0x) strobe bits in Normal mode. The OC0x Registers keep their values even when
changing between Waveform Generation modes.
Be aware that the COM0x1:0 bits are not double buffered together with the compare value.
Changing the COM0x1:0 bits will take effect immediately.
4.15.6
80
Compare Match Output Unit
The Compare Output mode (COM0x1:0) bits have two functions. The Waveform Generator
uses the COM0x1:0 bits for defining the Output Compare (OC0x) state at the next Compare
Match. Also, the COM0x1:0 bits control the OC0x pin output source. Figure 4-29 on page 81
shows a simplified schematic of the logic affected by the COM0x1:0 bit setting. The I/O Registers, I/O bits, and I/O pins in the figure are shown in bold. Only the parts of the general I/O Port
Control Registers (DDR and PORT) that are affected by the COM0x1:0 bits are shown. When
referring to the OC0x state, the reference is for the internal OC0x Register, not the OC0x pin.
If a system reset occur, the OC0x Register is reset to “0”.
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Figure 4-29. Compare Match Output Unit, Schematic
COMnx1
COMnx0
FOCn
Waveform
Generator
D
Q
1
OCnx
DATA BUS
D
0
OCn
Pin
Q
PORT
D
Q
DDR
clk I/O
The general I/O port function is overridden by the Output Compare (OC0x) from the Waveform
Generator if either of the COM0x1:0 bits are set. However, the OC0x pin direction (input or
output) is still controlled by the Data Direction Register (DDR) for the port pin. The Data Direction Register bit for the OC0x pin (DDR_OC0x) must be set as output before the OC0x value is
visible on the pin. The port override function is independent of the Waveform Generation
mode.
The design of the Output Compare pin logic allows initialization of the OC0x state before the
output is enabled. Note that some COM0x1:0 bit settings are reserved for certain modes of
operation, see Section 4.10.8 “Register Description” on page 44
4.15.6.1
Compare Output Mode and Waveform Generation
The Waveform Generator uses the COM0x1:0 bits differently in Normal, CTC, and PWM
modes. For all modes, setting the COM0x1:0 = 0 tells the Waveform Generator that no action
on the OC0x Register is to be performed on the next Compare Match. For compare output
actions in the non-PWM modes refer to Table 4-31 on page 88. For fast PWM mode, refer to
Table 4-32 on page 88, and for phase correct PWM refer to Table 4-33 on page 89.
A change of the COM0x1:0 bits state will have effect at the first Compare Match after the bits
are written. For non-PWM modes, the action can be forced to have immediate effect by using
the 0x strobe bits.
4.15.7
Modes of Operation
The mode of operation, i.e., the behavior of the Timer/Counter and the Output Compare pins,
is defined by the combination of the Waveform Generation mode (WGM02:0) and Compare
Output mode (COM0x1:0) bits. The Compare Output mode bits do not affect the counting
sequence, while the Waveform Generation mode bits do. The COM0x1:0 bits control whether
the PWM output generated should be inverted or not (inverted or non-inverted PWM). For
non-PWM modes the COM0x1:0 bits control whether the output should be set, cleared, or toggled at a Compare Match (See Section 4.15.7 “Modes of Operation” on page 81).
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For detailed timing information refer to Figure 4-33 on page 86, Figure 4-34 on page 87, Figure 4-35 on page 87 and Figure 4-36 on page 87 in Section 4.15.8 “Timer/Counter Timing
Diagrams” on page 86.
4.15.7.1
Normal Mode
The simplest mode of operation is the Normal mode (WGM02:0 = 0). In this mode the counting
direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The counter simply
overruns when it passes its maximum 8-bit value (TOP = 0xFF) and then restarts from the bottom (0x00). In normal operation the Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) will be set in the
same timer clock cycle as the TCNT0 becomes zero. The TOV0 Flag in this case behaves like
a ninth bit, except that it is only set, not cleared. However, combined with the timer overflow
interrupt that automatically clears the TOV0 Flag, the timer resolution can be increased by
software. There are no special cases to consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value
can be written anytime.
The Output Compare Unit can be used to generate interrupts at some given time. Using the
Output Compare to generate waveforms in Normal mode is not recommended, since this will
occupy too much of the CPU time.
4.15.7.2
Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) Mode
In Clear Timer on Compare or CTC mode (WGM02:0 = 2), the OCR0A Register is used to
manipulate the counter resolution. In CTC mode the counter is cleared to zero when the counter value (TCNT0) matches the OCR0A. The OCR0A defines the top value for the counter,
hence also its resolution. This mode allows greater control of the Compare Match output frequency. It also simplifies the operation of counting external events.
The timing diagram for the CTC mode is shown in Figure 4-30. The counter value (TCNT0)
increases until a Compare Match occurs between TCNT0 and OCR0A, and then counter
(TCNT0) is cleared.
Figure 4-30. CTC Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCn
(Toggle)
Period
(COMnx1:0 = 1)
1
2
3
4
An interrupt can be generated each time the counter value reaches the TOP value by using
the OCF0A Flag. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for
updating the TOP value. However, changing TOP to a value close to BOTTOM when the
counter is running with none or a low prescaler value must be done with care since the CTC
mode does not have the double buffering feature. If the new value written to OCR0A is lower
than the current value of TCNT0, the counter will miss the Compare Match. The counter will
then have to count to its maximum value (0xFF) and wrap around starting at 0x00 before the
Compare Match can occur.
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For generating a waveform output in CTC mode, the OC0A output can be set to toggle its logical level on each Compare Match by setting the Compare Output mode bits to toggle mode
(COM0A1:0 = 1). The OC0A value will not be visible on the port pin unless the data direction
for the pin is set to output. The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of
0 = fclk_I/O/2 when OCR0A is set to zero (0x00). The waveform frequency is defined by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnx = -----------------------------------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ ( 1 + OCRnx )
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
As for the Normal mode of operation, the TOV0 Flag is set in the same timer clock cycle that
the counter counts from MAX to 0x00.
4.15.7.3
Fast PWM Mode
The fast Pulse Width Modulation or fast PWM mode (WGM02:0 = 3 or 7) provides a high frequency PWM waveform generation option. The fast PWM differs from the other PWM option
by its single-slope operation. The counter counts from BOTTOM to TOP then restarts from
BOTTOM. TOP is defined as 0xFF when WGM2:0 = 3, and OCR0A when WGM2:0 = 7. In
non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare (OC0x) is cleared on the Compare
Match between TCNT0 and OCR0x, and set at BOTTOM. In inverting Compare Output mode,
the output is set on Compare Match and cleared at BOTTOM. Due to the single-slope operation, the operating frequency of the fast PWM mode can be twice as high as the phase correct
PWM mode that use dual-slope operation. This high frequency makes the fast PWM mode
well suited for power regulation, rectification, and DAC applications. High frequency allows
physically small sized external components (coils, capacitors), and therefore reduces total
system cost.
In fast PWM mode, the counter is incremented until the counter value matches the TOP value.
The counter is then cleared at the following timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the fast
PWM mode is shown in Figure 4-31. The TCNT0 value is in the timing diagram shown as a
histogram for illustrating the single-slope operation. The diagram includes non-inverted and
inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNT0 slopes represent Compare Matches between OCR0x and TCNT0.
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Figure 4-31. Fast PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCRnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCRnx Update and
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCn
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCn
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) is set each time the counter reaches TOP. If the
interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating the compare value.
In fast PWM mode, the compare unit allows generation of PWM waveforms on the OC0x pins.
Setting the COM0x1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM and an inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COM0x1:0 to three: Setting the COM0A1:0 bits to one
allowes the AC0A pin to toggle on Compare Matches if the WGM02 bit is set. This option is not
available for the OC0B pin (See Table 4-32 on page 88). The actual OC0x value will only be
visible on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output. The PWM waveform
is generated by setting (or clearing) the OC0x Register at the Compare Match between
OCR0x and TCNT0, and clearing (or setting) the OC0x Register at the timer clock cycle the
counter is cleared (changes from TOP to BOTTOM).
The PWM frequency for the output can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPWM = -------------------N ⋅ 256
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCR0A Register represents special cases when generating a
PWM waveform output in the fast PWM mode. If the OCR0A is set equal to BOTTOM, the output will be a narrow spike for each MAX+1 timer clock cycle. Setting the OCR0A equal to MAX
will result in a constantly high or low output (depending on the polarity of the output set by the
COM0A1:0 bits.)
A frequency (with 50% duty cycle) waveform output in fast PWM mode can be achieved by
setting OC0x to toggle its logical level on each Compare Match (COM0x1:0 = 1). The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of 0 = fclk_I/O/2 when OCR0A is set to zero.
This feature is similar to the OC0A toggle in CTC mode, except the double buffer feature of the
Output Compare unit is enabled in the fast PWM mode.
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4.15.7.4
Phase Correct PWM Mode
The phase correct PWM mode (WGM02:0 = 1 or 5) provides a high resolution phase correct
PWM waveform generation option. The phase correct PWM mode is based on a dual-slope
operation. The counter counts repeatedly from BOTTOM to TOP and then from TOP to BOTTOM. TOP is defined as 0xFF when WGM2:0 = 1, and OCR0A when WGM2:0 = 5. In
non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare (OC0x) is cleared on the Compare
Match between TCNT0 and OCR0x while upcounting, and set on the Compare Match while
down-counting. In inverting Output Compare mode, the operation is inverted. The dual-slope
operation has lower maximum operation frequency than single slope operation. However, due
to the symmetric feature of the dual-slope PWM modes, these modes are preferred for motor
control applications.
In phase correct PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter value matches TOP.
When the counter reaches TOP, it changes the count direction. The TCNT0 value will be
equal to TOP for one timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the phase correct PWM mode
is shown on Figure 4-32 on page 85. The TCNT0 value is in the timing diagram shown as a
histogram for illustrating the dual-slope operation. The diagram includes non-inverted and
inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNT0 slopes represent Compare Matches between OCR0x and TCNT0.
Figure 4-32. Phase Correct PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCRnx Update
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCn
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCn
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) is set each time the counter reaches BOTTOM. The
Interrupt Flag can be used to generate an interrupt each time the counter reaches the BOTTOM value.
In phase correct PWM mode, the compare unit allows generation of PWM waveforms on the
OC0x pins. Setting the COM0x1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM. An inverted
PWM output can be generated by setting the COM0x1:0 to three: Setting the COM0A0 bits to
one allows the OC0A pin to toggle on Compare Matches if the WGM02 bit is set. This option is
not available for the OC0B pin (See Table 4-33 on page 89). The actual OC0x value will only
be visible on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output.
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The PWM waveform is generated by clearing (or setting) the OC0x Register at the Compare
Match between OCR0x and TCNT0 when the counter increments, and setting (or clearing) the
OC0x Register at Compare Match between OCR0x and TCNT0 when the counter decrements. The PWM frequency for the output when using phase correct PWM can be calculated
by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPCPWM = -------------------N ⋅ 510
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCR0A Register represent special cases when generating a PWM
waveform output in the phase correct PWM mode. If the OCR0A is set equal to BOTTOM, the
output will be continuously low and if set equal to MAX the output will be continuously high for
non-inverted PWM mode. For inverted PWM the output will have the opposite logic values.
At the very start of period 2 in Figure 4-32 on page 85 OCn has a transition from high to low
even though there is no Compare Match. The point of this transition is to guaratee symmetry
around BOTTOM. There are two cases that give a transition without Compare Match.
• OCR0A changes its value from MAX, like in Figure 4-32 on page 85. When the OCR0A value
is MAX the OCn pin value is the same as the result of a down-counting Compare Match. To
ensure symmetry around BOTTOM the OCn value at MAX must correspond to the result of
an up-counting Compare Match.
• The timer starts counting from a value higher than the one in OCR0A, and for that reason
misses the Compare Match and hence the OCn change that would have happened on the
way up.
4.15.8
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams
The Timer/Counter is a synchronous design and the timer clock (clkT0) is therefore shown as a
clock enable signal in the following figures. The figures include information on when Interrupt
Flags are set. Figure 4-33 contains timing data for basic Timer/Counter operation. The figure
shows the count sequence close to the MAX value in all modes other than phase correct PWM
mode.
Figure 4-33. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, no Prescaling
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /1)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
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Figure 4-34 shows the same timing data, but with the prescaler enabled.
Figure 4-34. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
Figure 4-35 shows the setting of OCF0B in all modes and OCF0A in all modes except CTC
mode and PWM mode, where OCR0A is TOP.
Figure 4-35. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Setting of OCF0x, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
OCRnx - 1
OCRnx
OCRnx
OCRnx + 1
OCRnx + 2
OCRnx Value
OCFnx
Figure 4-36 shows the setting of OCF0A and the clearing of TCNT0 in CTC mode and fast
PWM mode where OCR0A is TOP.
Figure 4-36. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Clear Timer on Compare Match mode, with
Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
(CTC)
OCRnx
TOP - 1
TOP
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOP
OCFnx
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4.15.9
4.15.9.1
Register Description
TCCR0A – Timer/Counter Control Register A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x30 (0x50)
COM0A1
COM0A0
COM0B1
COM0B0
–
–
WGM01
WGM00
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR0A
• Bits 7:6 – COM0A1:0: Compare Match Output A Mode
These bits control the Output Compare pin (OC0A) behavior. If one or both of the COM0A1:0
bits are set, the OC0A output overrides the normal port functionality of the I/O pin it is connected to. However, note that the Data Direction Register (DDR) bit corresponding to the
OC0A pin must be set in order to enable the output driver.
When OC0A is connected to the pin, the function of the COM0A1:0 bits depends on the
WGM02:0 bit setting. Table 4-31 shows the COM0A1:0 bit functionality when the WGM02:0
bits are set to a normal or CTC mode (non-PWM).
Table 4-31.
Compare Output Mode, non-PWM Mode
COM01
COM00
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OC0A disconnected.
0
1
Toggle OC0A on Compare Match
1
0
Clear OC0A on Compare Match
1
1
Set OC0A on Compare Match
Table 4-32 shows the COM0A1:0 bit functionality when the WGM01:0 bits are set to fast PWM
mode.
Table 4-32.
COM01
COM00
0
0
Normal port operation, OC0A disconnected.
0
1
WGM02 = 0: Normal Port Operation, OC0A Disconnected.
WGM02 = 1: Toggle OC0A on Compare Match.
1
0
Clear OC0A on Compare Match, set OC0A at BOTTOM
(non-inverting mode)
1
1
Set OC0A on Compare Match, clear OC0A at BOTTOM
(inverting mode)
Note:
88
Compare Output Mode, Fast PWM Mode(1)
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCR0A equals TOP and COM0A1 is set. In this case, the Compare Match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at BOTTOM. See Section 4.15.7.3 “Fast
PWM Mode” on page 83 for more details.
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Table 4-33 shows the COM0A1:0 bit functionality when the WGM02:0 bits are set to phase
correct PWM mode.
Table 4-33.
Compare Output Mode, Phase Correct PWM Mode(1)
COM0A1
COM0A0
0
0
Normal port operation, OC0A disconnected.
0
1
WGM02 = 0: Normal Port Operation, OC0A Disconnected.
WGM02 = 1: Toggle OC0A on Compare Match.
1
0
Clear OC0A on Compare Match when up-counting. Set OC0A on
Compare Match when down-counting.
1
1
Set OC0A on Compare Match when up-counting. Clear OC0A on
Compare Match when down-counting.
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCR0A equals TOP and COM0A1 is set. In this case, the Compare Match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See Section 4.15.7.4 “Phase
Correct PWM Mode” on page 85 for more details.
• Bits 5:4 – COM0B1:0: Compare Match Output B Mode
These bits control the Output Compare pin (OC0B) behavior. If one or both of the COM0B1:0
bits are set, the OC0B output overrides the normal port functionality of the I/O pin it is connected to. However, note that the Data Direction Register (DDR) bit corresponding to the
OC0B pin must be set in order to enable the output driver.
When OC0B is connected to the pin, the function of the COM0B1:0 bits depends on the
WGM02:0 bit setting. Table 4-34 shows the COM0A1:0 bit functionality when the WGM02:0
bits are set to a normal or CTC mode (non-PWM).
Table 4-34.
Compare Output Mode, non-PWM Mode
COM01
COM00
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OC0B disconnected.
0
1
Toggle OC0B on Compare Match
1
0
Clear OC0B on Compare Match
1
1
Set OC0B on Compare Match
Table 4-35 shows the COM0B1:0 bit functionality when the WGM02:0 bits are set to fast PWM
mode.
Table 4-35.
Compare Output Mode, Fast PWM Mode(1)
COM01
COM00
0
0
Normal port operation, OC0B disconnected.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Clear OC0B on Compare Match, set OC0B at BOTTOM
(non-inverting mode)
1
1
Set OC0B on Compare Match, clear OC0B at BOTTOM
(inverting mode)
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCR0B equals TOP and COM0B1 is set. In this case, the Compare Match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at BOTTOM. See Section 4.15.7.3 “Fast
PWM Mode” on page 83 for more details.
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Table 4-36 shows the COM0B1:0 bit functionality when the WGM02:0 bits are set to phase
correct PWM mode.
Compare Output Mode, Phase Correct PWM Mode(1)
Table 4-36.
COM0A1
COM0A0
0
0
Normal port operation, OC0B disconnected.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Clear OC0B on Compare Match when up-counting. Set OC0B on
Compare Match when down-counting.
1
1
Set OC0B on Compare Match when up-counting. Clear OC0B on
Compare Match when down-counting.
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCR0B equals TOP and COM0B1 is set. In this case, the Compare Match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at TOP. See Section 4.15.7.4 “Phase
Correct PWM Mode” on page 85 for more details.
• Bits 3, 2 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bits 1:0 – WGM01:0: Waveform Generation Mode
Combined with the WGM02 bit found in the TCCR0B Register, these bits control the counting
sequence of the counter, the source for maximum (TOP) counter value, and what type of
waveform generation to be used, see Table 4-37. Modes of operation supported by the
Timer/Counter unit are: Normal mode (counter), Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) mode,
and two types of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) modes (see Section 4.15.7 “Modes of Operation” on page 81).
Table 4-37.
Timer/Counter
Mode of
Operation
TOP
Update of
OCRx at
TOV Flag
Set on(1)
Mode
WGM2
WGM1
WGM0
0
0
0
0
Normal
0xFF
Immediate
MAX
1
0
0
1
PWM, Phase
Correct
0xFF
TOP
BOTTOM
2
0
1
0
CTC
OCRA
Immediate
MAX
3
0
1
1
Fast PWM
0xFF
BOTTOM
MAX
4
1
0
0
Reserved
–
–
–
5
1
0
1
PWM, Phase
Correct
OCRA
TOP
BOTTOM
6
1
1
0
Reserved
–
–
–
7
1
1
1
Fast PWM
OCRA
BOTTOM
TOP
Note:
90
Waveform Generation Mode Bit Description
1. MAX
= 0xFF
BOTTOM = 0x00
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.15.9.2
TCCR0B – Timer/Counter Control Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x33 (0x55)
FOC0A
FOC0B
–
–
WGM02
CS02
CS01
CS00
Read/Write
W
W
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR0B
• Bit 7 – FOC0A: Force Output Compare A
The FOC0A bit is only active when the WGM bits specify a non-PWM mode.
However, for ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must be set to zero when
TCCR0B is written when operating in PWM mode. When writing a logical one to the FOC0A
bit, an immediate Compare Match is forced on the Waveform Generation unit. The OC0A output is changed according to its COM0A1:0 bits setting. Note that the FOC0A bit is
implemented as a strobe. Therefore it is the value present in the COM0A1:0 bits that determines the effect of the forced compare.
A FOC0A strobe will not generate any interrupt, nor will it clear the timer in CTC mode using
OCR0A as TOP.
The FOC0A bit is always read as zero.
• Bit 6 – FOC0B: Force Output Compare B
The FOC0B bit is only active when the WGM bits specify a non-PWM mode.
However, for ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must be set to zero when
TCCR0B is written when operating in PWM mode. When writing a logical one to the FOC0B
bit, an immediate Compare Match is forced on the Waveform Generation unit. The OC0B output is changed according to its COM0B1:0 bits setting. Note that the FOC0B bit is
implemented as a strobe. Therefore it is the value present in the COM0B1:0 bits that determines the effect of the forced compare.
A FOC0B strobe will not generate any interrupt, nor will it clear the timer in CTC mode using
OCR0B as TOP.
The FOC0B bit is always read as zero.
• Bits 5:4 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bit 3 – WGM02: Waveform Generation Mode
See the description in the Section 4.15.9.1 “TCCR0A – Timer/Counter Control Register A” on
page 88.
• Bits 2:0 – CS02:0: Clock Select
The three Clock Select bits select the clock source to be used by the Timer/Counter.
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Table 4-38.
Clock Select Bit Description
CS02
CS01
CS00
Description
0
0
0
No clock source (Timer/Counter stopped)
0
0
1
clkI/O/(No prescaling)
0
1
0
clkI/O/8 (From prescaler)
0
1
1
clkI/O/64 (From prescaler)
1
0
0
clkI/O/256 (From prescaler)
1
0
1
clkI/O/1024 (From prescaler)
1
1
0
External clock source on T0 pin. Clock on falling edge.
1
1
1
External clock source on T0 pin. Clock on rising edge.
If external pin modes are used for the Timer/Counter0, transitions on the T0 pin will clock the
counter even if the pin is configured as an output. This feature allows software control of the
counting.
4.15.9.3
TCNT0 – Timer/Counter Register
Bit
7
6
5
0x32 (0x52)
4
3
2
1
0
TCNT0[7:0]
TCNT0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Timer/Counter Register gives direct access, both for read and write operations, to the
Timer/Counter unit 8-bit counter. Writing to the TCNT0 Register blocks (removes) the Compare Match on the following timer clock. Modifying the counter (TCNT0) while the counter is
running, introduces a risk of missing a Compare Match between TCNT0 and the OCR0x
Registers.
4.15.9.4
OCR0A – Output Compare Register A
Bit
7
6
5
0x36 (0x56)
4
3
2
1
0
OCR0A[7:0]
OCR0A
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Register A contains an 8-bit value that is continuously compared with
the counter value (TCNT0). A match can be used to generate an Output Compare interrupt, or
to generate a waveform output on the OC0A pin.
4.15.9.5
OCR0B – Output Compare Register B
Bit
7
6
5
0x3C (0x5C)
4
3
2
1
0
OCR0B[7:0]
OCR0B
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Register B contains an 8-bit value that is continuously compared with
the counter value (TCNT0). A match can be used to generate an Output Compare interrupt, or
to generate a waveform output on the OC0B pin.
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4.15.9.6
TIMSK0 – Timer/Counter 0 Interrupt Mask Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x39 (0x59)
–
–
–
–
–
OCIE0B
OCIE0A
TOIE0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIMSK0
• Bits 7..3 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bit 2– OCIE0B: Timer/Counter Output Compare Match B Interrupt Enable
When the OCIE0B bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Timer/Counter Compare Match B interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed
if a Compare Match in Timer/Counter occurs, i.e., when the OCF0B bit is set in the
Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register – TIFR0.
• Bit 1– OCIE0A: Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match A Interrupt Enable
When the OCIE0A bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed if a Compare Match in Timer/Counter0 occurs, i.e., when the OCF0A bit is set in the
Timer/Counter 0 Interrupt Flag Register – TIFR0.
• Bit 0– TOIE0: Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt Enable
When the TOIE0 bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Timer/Counter0 Overflow interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed if an
overflow in Timer/Counter0 occurs, i.e., when the TOV0 bit is set in the Timer/Counter 0 Interrupt Flag Register – TIFR0.
4.15.9.7
TIFR0 – Timer/Counter 0 Interrupt Flag Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x38 (0x58)
–
–
–
–
–
OCF0B
OCF0A
TOV0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIFR0
• Bits 7..3 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATtiny44V and will always read as zero.
• Bit 2– OCF0B: Output Compare Flag 0 B
The OCF0B bit is set when a Compare Match occurs between the Timer/Counter and the data
in OCR0B – Output Compare Register0 B. OCF0B is cleared by hardware when executing the
corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCF0B is cleared by writing a logic one
to the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, OCIE0B (Timer/Counter Compare B Match Interrupt
Enable), and OCF0B are set, the Timer/Counter Compare Match Interrupt is executed.
• Bit 1– OCF0A: Output Compare Flag 0 A
The OCF0A bit is set when a Compare Match occurs between the Timer/Counter0 and the
data in OCR0A – Output Compare Register0. OCF0A is cleared by hardware when executing
the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCF0A is cleared by writing a logic
one to the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, OCIE0A (Timer/Counter0 Compare Match Interrupt
Enable), and OCF0A are set, the Timer/Counter0 Compare Match Interrupt is executed.
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• Bit 0– TOV0: Timer/Counter0 Overflow Flag
The bit TOV0 is set when an overflow occurs in Timer/Counter0. TOV0 is cleared by hardware
when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, TOV0 is cleared by
writing a logic one to the flag. When the SREG I-bit, TOIE0 (Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt
Enable), and TOV0 are set, the Timer/Counter0 Overflow interrupt is executed.
The setting of this flag is dependent of the WGM02:0 bit setting. See Table 4-37 on page 90.
4.16
4.16.1
16-bit Timer/Counter1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.16.2
True 16-bit Design (i.e., Allows 16-bit PWM)
Two independent Output Compare Units
Double Buffered Output Compare Registers
One Input Capture Unit
Input Capture Noise Canceler
Clear Timer on Compare Match (Auto Reload)
Glitch-free, Phase Correct Pulse Width Modulator (PWM)
Variable PWM Period
Frequency Generator
External Event Counter
Four independent interrupt Sources (TOV1, OCF1A, OCF1B, and ICF1)
Overview
The 16-bit Timer/Counter unit allows accurate program execution timing (event management),
wave generation, and signal timing measurement.
Most register and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “n”
replaces the Timer/Counter number, and a lower case “x” replaces the Output Compare unit
channel. However, when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must
be used, i.e., TCNT1 for accessing Timer/Counter1 counter value and so on.
A simplified block diagram of the 16-bit Timer/Counter is shown in Figure 4-37 on page 95. For
the actual placement of I/O pins. CPU accessible I/O Registers, including I/O bits and I/O pins,
are shown in bold. The device-specific I/O Register and bit locations are listed in the Section
4.8.5 “Register Description” on page 29.
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Figure 4-37. 16-bit Timer/Counter Block Diagram
Count
Clear
Direction
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
Control Logic
clkTn
Clock Select
Edge
Detector
TOP
Tn
BOTTOM
( From Prescaler )
Timer/Counter
TCNTn
=
=0
OCnA
(Int.Req.)
Waveform
Generation
=
OCnA
DATA BUS
OCRnA
OCnB
(Int.Req.)
Fixed
TOP
Values
Waveform
Generation
=
OCRnB
OCnB
( From Analog
Comparator Ouput )
ICFn (Int.Req.)
Edge
Detector
ICRn
Noise
Canceler
ICPn
TCCRnA
4.16.2.1
TCCRnB
Registers
The Timer/Counter (TCNT1), Output Compare Registers (OCR1A/B), and Input Capture Register (ICR1) are all 16-bit registers. Special procedures must be followed when accessing the
16-bit registers. These procedures are described in the section Section 4.16.3 “Accessing
16-bit Registers” on page 97. The Timer/Counter Control Registers (TCCR1A/B) are 8-bit registers and have no CPU access restrictions. Interrupt requests (abbreviated to Int.Req. in the
figure) signals are all visible in the Timer Interrupt Flag Register (TIFR). All interrupts are individually masked with the Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK). TIFR and TIMSK are not
shown in the figure.
The Timer/Counter can be clocked internally, via the prescaler, or by an external clock source
on the T1 pin. The Clock Select logic block controls which clock source and edge the
Timer/Counter uses to increment (or decrement) its value. The Timer/Counter is inactive when
no clock source is selected. The output from the Clock Select logic is referred to as the timer
clock (clkT1).
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The double buffered Output Compare Registers (OCR1A/B) are compared with the
Timer/Counter value at all time. The result of the compare can be used by the Waveform Generator to generate a PWM or variable frequency output on the Output Compare pin (OC1A/B).
See Section 4.15.5 “Output Compare Unit” on page 79. The compare match event will also set
the Compare Match Flag (OCF1A/B) which can be used to generate an Output Compare interrupt request.
The Input Capture Register can capture the Timer/Counter value at a given external (edge
triggered) event on either the Input Capture pin (ICP1) or on the Analog Comparator pins (See
Section 4.19 “Analog Comparator” on page 137). The Input Capture unit includes a digital filtering unit (Noise Canceler) for reducing the chance of capturing noise spikes.
The TOP value, or maximum Timer/Counter value, can in some modes of operation be
defined by either the OCR1A Register, the ICR1 Register, or by a set of fixed values. When
using OCR1A as TOP value in a PWM mode, the OCR1A Register can not be used for generating a PWM output. However, the TOP value will in this case be double buffered allowing the
TOP value to be changed in run time. If a fixed TOP value is required, the ICR1 Register can
be used as an alternative, freeing the OCR1A to be used as PWM output.
4.16.2.2
Definitions
The following definitions are used extensively throughout the section:
4.16.2.3
BOTTOM
The counter reaches the BOTTOM when it becomes 0x0000.
MAX
The counter reaches its MAXimum when it becomes 0xFFFF (decimal 65535).
TOP
The counter reaches the TOP when it becomes equal to the highest value in the count
sequence. The TOP value can be assigned to be one of the fixed values: 0x00FF,
0x01FF, or 0x03FF, or to the value stored in the OCR1A or ICR1 Register. The assignment is dependent of the mode of operation.
Compatibility
The 16-bit Timer/Counter has been updated and improved from previous versions of the 16-bit
AVR® Timer/Counter. This 16-bit Timer/Counter is fully compatible with the earlier version
regarding:
• All 16-bit Timer/Counter related I/O Register address locations, including Timer Interrupt
Registers.
• Bit locations inside all 16-bit Timer/Counter Registers, including Timer Interrupt Registers.
• Interrupt Vectors.
The following control bits have changed name, but have same functionality and register
location:
• PWM10 is changed to WGM10.
• PWM11 is changed to WGM11.
• CTC1 is changed to WGM12.
The following bits are added to the 16-bit Timer/Counter Control Registers:
• 1A and 1B are added to TCCR1A.
• WGM13 is added to TCCR1B.
The 16-bit Timer/Counter has improvements that will affect the compatibility in some special
cases.
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4.16.3
Accessing 16-bit Registers
The TCNT1, OCR1A/B, and ICR1 are 16-bit registers that can be accessed by the AVR® CPU
via the 8-bit data bus. The 16-bit register must be byte accessed using two read or write operations. Each 16-bit timer has a single 8-bit register for temporary storing of the high byte of the
16-bit access. The same temporary register is shared between all 16-bit registers within each
16-bit timer. Accessing the low byte triggers the 16-bit read or write operation. When the low
byte of a 16-bit register is written by the CPU, the high byte stored in the temporary register,
and the low byte written are both copied into the 16-bit register in the same clock cycle. When
the low byte of a 16-bit register is read by the CPU, the high byte of the 16-bit register is copied into the temporary register in the same clock cycle as the low byte is read.
Not all 16-bit accesses uses the temporary register for the high byte. Reading the OCR1A/B
16-bit registers does not involve using the temporary register.
To do a 16-bit write, the high byte must be written before the low byte. For a 16-bit read, the
low byte must be read before the high byte.
The following code examples show how to access the 16-bit timer registers assuming that no
interrupts updates the temporary register. The same principle can be used directly for accessing the OCR1A/B and ICR1 Registers. Note that when using “C”, the compiler handles the
16-bit access.
Assembly Code Examples(1)
...
; Set TCNT1 to 0x01FF
ldi r17,0x01
ldi r16,0xFF
out TCNT1H,r17
out TCNT1L,r16
; Read TCNT1 into r17:r16
in r16,TCNT1L
in r17,TCNT1H
...
C Code Examples(1)
unsigned int i;
...
/* Set TCNT1 to 0x01FF */
TCNT1 = 0x1FF;
/* Read TCNT1 into i */
i = TCNT1;
...
Note:
1. See Section 4.6 “About Code Examples” on page 13.
The assembly code example returns the TCNT1 value in the r17:r16 register pair.
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It is important to notice that accessing 16-bit registers are atomic operations. If an interrupt
occurs between the two instructions accessing the 16-bit register, and the interrupt code
updates the temporary register by accessing the same or any other of the 16-bit timer registers, then the result of the access outside the interrupt will be corrupted. Therefore, when both
the main code and the interrupt code update the temporary register, the main code must disable the interrupts during the 16-bit access.
The following code examples show how to do an atomic read of the TCNT1 Register contents.
Reading any of the OCR1A/B or ICR1 Registers can be done by using the same principle.
Assembly Code Example(1)
TIM16_ReadTCNT1:
; Save global interrupt flag
in r18,SREG
; Disable interrupts
cli
; Read TCNT1 into r17:r16
in r16,TCNT1L
in r17,TCNT1H
; Restore global interrupt flag
out SREG,r18
ret
C Code Example(1)
unsigned int TIM16_ReadTCNT1( void )
{
unsigned char sreg;
unsigned int i;
/* Save global interrupt flag */
sreg = SREG;
/* Disable interrupts */
_CLI();
/* Read TCNT1 into i */
i = TCNT1;
/* Restore global interrupt flag */
SREG = sreg;
return i;
}
Note:
1. See Section 4.6 “About Code Examples” on page 13.
The assembly code example returns the TCNT1 value in the r17:r16 register pair.
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The following code examples show how to do an atomic write of the TCNT1 Register contents.
Writing any of the OCR1A/B or ICR1 Registers can be done by using the same principle.
Assembly Code Example(1)
TIM16_WriteTCNT1:
; Save global interrupt flag
in r18,SREG
; Disable interrupts
cli
; Set TCNT1 to r17:r16
out TCNT1H,r17
out TCNT1L,r16
; Restore global interrupt flag
out SREG,r18
ret
C Code Example(1)
void TIM16_WriteTCNT1( unsigned int i )
{
unsigned char sreg;
unsigned int i;
/* Save global interrupt flag */
sreg = SREG;
/* Disable interrupts */
_CLI();
/* Set TCNT1 to i */
TCNT1 = i;
/* Restore global interrupt flag */
SREG = sreg;
}
Note:
1. See Section 4.6 “About Code Examples” on page 13.
The assembly code example requires that the r17:r16 register pair contains the value to be
written to TCNT1.
4.16.3.1
4.16.4
Reusing the Temporary High Byte Register
If writing to more than one 16-bit register where the high byte is the same for all registers written, then the high byte only needs to be written once. However, note that the same rule of
atomic operation described previously also applies in this case.
Timer/Counter Clock Sources
The Timer/Counter can be clocked by an internal or an external clock source. The clock
source is selected by the Clock Select logic which is controlled by the Clock Select (CS12:0)
bits located in the Timer/Counter control Register B (TCCR1B). For details on clock sources
and prescaler, see Section 4.17 “Timer/Counter Prescaler” on page 123.
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4.16.5
Counter Unit
The main part of the 16-bit Timer/Counter is the programmable 16-bit bi-directional counter
unit. Figure 4-38 shows a block diagram of the counter and its surroundings.
Figure 4-38. Counter Unit Block Diagram
DATA BUS
(8-bit)
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
TEMP (8-bit)
Clock Select
Count
TCNTnH (8-bit)
TCNTnL (8-bit)
Clear
Direction
TCNTn (16-bit Counter)
Control Logic
Edge
Detector
clkTn
Tn
( From Prescaler )
TOP
BOTTOM
Signal description (internal signals):
Count
Increment or decrement TCNT1 by 1.
Direction
Select between increment and decrement.
Clear
Clear TCNT1 (set all bits to zero).
clkT1
Timer/Counter clock.
TOP
Signalize that TCNT1 has reached maximum value.
BOTTOM
Signalize that TCNT1 has reached minimum value (zero).
The 16-bit counter is mapped into two 8-bit I/O memory locations: Counter High (TCNT1H)
containing the upper eight bits of the counter, and Counter Low (TCNT1L) containing the lower
eight bits. The TCNT1H Register can only be indirectly accessed by the CPU. When the CPU
does an access to the TCNT1H I/O location, the CPU accesses the high byte temporary register (TEMP). The temporary register is updated with the TCNT1H value when the TCNT1L is
read, and TCNT1H is updated with the temporary register value when TCNT1L is written. This
allows the CPU to read or write the entire 16-bit counter value within one clock cycle via the
8-bit data bus. It is important to notice that there are special cases of writing to the TCNT1
Register when the counter is counting that will give unpredictable results. The special cases
are described in the sections where they are of importance.
Depending on the mode of operation used, the counter is cleared, incremented, or decremented at each timer clock (clkT1). The clkT1 can be generated from an external or internal
clock source, selected by the Clock Select bits (CS12:0). When no clock source is selected
(CS12:0 = 0) the timer is stopped. However, the TCNT1 value can be accessed by the CPU,
independent of whether clkT1 is present or not. A CPU write overrides (has priority over) all
counter clear or count operations.
The counting sequence is determined by the setting of the Waveform Generation mode bits
(WGM13:0) located in the Timer/Counter Control Registers A and B (TCCR1A and TCCR1B).
There are close connections between how the counter behaves (counts) and how waveforms
are generated on the Output Compare outputs OC1x. For more details about advanced counting sequences and waveform generation, see Section 4.15.7 “Modes of Operation” on page
81. The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV1) is set according to the mode of operation
selected by the WGM13:0 bits. TOV1 can be used for generating a CPU interrupt.
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4.16.6
Input Capture Unit
The Timer/Counter incorporates an Input Capture unit that can capture external events and
give them a time-stamp indicating time of occurrence. The external signal indicating an event,
or multiple events, can be applied via the ICP1 pin or alternatively, via the analog-comparator
unit. The time-stamps can then be used to calculate frequency, duty-cycle, and other features
of the signal applied. Alternatively the time-stamps can be used for creating a log of the
events.
The Input Capture unit is illustrated by the block diagram shown in Figure 4-39. The elements
of the block diagram that are not directly a part of the Input Capture unit are gray shaded. The
small “n” in register and bit names indicates the Timer/Counter number.
Figure 4-39. Input Capture Unit Block Diagram
DATA BUS
(8-bit)
TEMP (8-bit)
ICRnH (8-bit)
WRITE
ICRnL (8-bit)
TCNTnH (8-bit)
ICRn (16-bit Register)
ACO*
Analog
Comparator
ACIC*
TCNTnL (8-bit)
TCNTn (16-bit Counter)
ICNC
ICES
Noise
Canceler
Edge
Detector
ICFn (Int.Req.)
ICPn
When a change of the logic level (an event) occurs on the Input Capture pin (ICP1), alternatively on the Analog Comparator output (ACO), and this change confirms to the setting of the
edge detector, a capture will be triggered. When a capture is triggered, the 16-bit value of the
counter (TCNT1) is written to the Input Capture Register (ICR1). The Input Capture Flag
(ICF1) is set at the same system clock as the TCNT1 value is copied into ICR1 Register. If
enabled (ICIE1 = 1), the Input Capture Flag generates an Input Capture interrupt. The ICF1
flag is automatically cleared when the interrupt is executed. Alternatively the ICF1 flag can be
cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit location.
Reading the 16-bit value in the Input Capture Register (ICR1) is done by first reading the low
byte (ICR1L) and then the high byte (ICR1H). When the low byte is read the high byte is copied into the high byte temporary register (TEMP). When the CPU reads the ICR1H I/O location
it will access the TEMP Register.
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The ICR1 Register can only be written when using a Waveform Generation mode that utilizes
the ICR1 Register for defining the counter’s TOP value. In these cases the Waveform Generation mode (WGM13:0) bits must be set before the TOP value can be written to the ICR1
Register. When writing the ICR1 Register the high byte must be written to the ICR1H I/O location before the low byte is written to ICR1L.
For more information on how to access the 16-bit registers refer to Section 4.16.3 “Accessing
16-bit Registers” on page 97.
4.16.6.1
Input Capture Trigger Source
The main trigger source for the Input Capture unit is the Input Capture pin (ICP1).
Timer/Counter1 can alternatively use the Analog Comparator output as trigger source for the
Input Capture unit. The Analog Comparator is selected as trigger source by setting the Analog
Comparator Input Capture (ACIC) bit in the Analog Comparator Control and Status Register
(ACSR). Be aware that changing trigger source can trigger a capture. The Input Capture Flag
must therefore be cleared after the change.
Both the Input Capture pin (ICP1) and the Analog Comparator output (ACO) inputs are sampled using the same technique as for the T1 pin (Figure 4-50 on page 123). The edge detector
is also identical. However, when the noise canceler is enabled, additional logic is inserted
before the edge detector, which increases the delay by four system clock cycles. Note that the
input of the noise canceler and edge detector is always enabled unless the Timer/Counter is
set in a Waveform Generation mode that uses ICR1 to define TOP.
An Input Capture can be triggered by software by controlling the port of the ICP1 pin.
4.16.6.2
Noise Canceler
The noise canceler improves noise immunity by using a simple digital filtering scheme. The
noise canceler input is monitored over four samples, and all four must be equal for changing
the output that in turn is used by the edge detector.
The noise canceler is enabled by setting the Input Capture Noise Canceler (ICNC1) bit in
Timer/Counter Control Register B (TCCR1B). When enabled the noise canceler introduces
additional four system clock cycles of delay from a change applied to the input, to the update
of the ICR1 Register. The noise canceler uses the system clock and is therefore not affected
by the prescaler.
4.16.6.3
Using the Input Capture Unit
The main challenge when using the Input Capture unit is to assign enough processor capacity
for handling the incoming events. The time between two events is critical. If the processor has
not read the captured value in the ICR1 Register before the next event occurs, the ICR1 will
be overwritten with a new value. In this case the result of the capture will be incorrect.
When using the Input Capture interrupt, the ICR1 Register should be read as early in the interrupt handler routine as possible. Even though the Input Capture interrupt has relatively high
priority, the maximum interrupt response time is dependent on the maximum number of clock
cycles it takes to handle any of the other interrupt requests.
Using the Input Capture unit in any mode of operation when the TOP value (resolution) is
actively changed during operation, is not recommended.
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Measurement of an external signal’s duty cycle requires that the trigger edge is changed after
each capture. Changing the edge sensing must be done as early as possible after the ICR1
Register has been read. After a change of the edge, the Input Capture Flag (ICF1) must be
cleared by software (writing a logical one to the I/O bit location). For measuring frequency
only, the clearing of the ICF1 flag is not required (if an interrupt handler is used).
4.16.7
Output Compare Units
The 16-bit comparator continuously compares TCNT1 with the Output Compare Register
(OCR1x). If TCNT equals OCR1x the comparator signals a match. A match will set the Output
Compare Flag (OCF1x) at the next timer clock cycle. If enabled (OCIE1x = 1), the Output
Compare Flag generates an Output Compare interrupt. The OCF1x flag is automatically
cleared when the interrupt is executed. Alternatively the OCF1x flag can be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit location. The Waveform Generator uses the match
signal to generate an output according to operating mode set by the Waveform Generation
mode (WGM13:0) bits and Compare Output mode (COM1x1:0) bits. The TOP and BOTTOM
signals are used by the Waveform Generator for handling the special cases of the extreme
values in some modes of operation (Section 4.15.7 “Modes of Operation” on page 81).
A special feature of Output Compare unit A allows it to define the Timer/Counter TOP value
(i.e., counter resolution). In addition to the counter resolution, the TOP value defines the
period time for waveforms generated by the Waveform Generator.
Figure 4-40 shows a block diagram of the Output Compare unit. The small “n” in the register
and bit names indicates the device number (n = 1 for Timer/Counter 1), and the “x” indicates
Output Compare unit (A/B). The elements of the block diagram that are not directly a part of
the Output Compare unit are gray shaded.
Figure 4-40. Output Compare Unit, Block Diagram
DATA BUS
(8-bit)
TEMP (8-bit)
OCRnxH Buf. (8-bit)
OCRnxL Buf. (8-bit)
TCNTnH (8-bit)
OCRnx Buffer (16-bit Register)
OCRnxH (8-bit)
TCNTnL (8-bit)
TCNTn (16-bit Counter)
OCRnxL (8-bit)
OCRnx (16-bit Register)
= (16-bit Comparator )
OCFnx (Int.Req.)
TOP
BOTTOM
Waveform Generator
WGMn3:0
OCnx
COMnx1:0
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The OCR1x Register is double buffered when using any of the twelve Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) modes. For the Normal and Clear Timer on Compare (CTC) modes of operation, the
double buffering is disabled. The double buffering synchronizes the update of the OCR1x
Compare Register to either TOP or BOTTOM of the counting sequence. The synchronization
prevents the occurrence of odd-length, non-symmetrical PWM pulses, thereby making the output glitch-free.
The OCR1x Register access may seem complex, but this is not case. When the double buffering is enabled, the CPU has access to the OCR1x Buffer Register, and if double buffering is
disabled the CPU will access the OCR1x directly. The content of the OCR1x (Buffer or Compare) Register is only changed by a write operation (the Timer/Counter does not update this
register automatically as the TCNT1 and ICR1 Register). Therefore OCR1x is not read via the
high byte temporary register (TEMP). However, it is a good practice to read the low byte first
as when accessing other 16-bit registers. Writing the OCR1x Registers must be done via the
TEMP Register since the compare of all 16 bits is done continuously. The high byte (OCR1xH)
has to be written first. When the high byte I/O location is written by the CPU, the TEMP Register will be updated by the value written. Then when the low byte (OCR1xL) is written to the
lower eight bits, the high byte will be copied into the upper 8-bits of either the OCR1x buffer or
OCR1x Compare Register in the same system clock cycle.
For more information of how to access the 16-bit registers refer to Section 4.16.3 “Accessing
16-bit Registers” on page 97.
4.16.7.1
Force Output Compare
In non-PWM Waveform Generation modes, the match output of the comparator can be forced
by writing a one to the Force Output Compare (1x) bit. Forcing compare match will not set the
OCF1x flag or reload/clear the timer, but the OC1x pin will be updated as if a real compare
match had occurred (the COM11:0 bits settings define whether the OC1x pin is set, cleared or
toggled).
4.16.7.2
Compare Match Blocking by TCNT1 Write
All CPU writes to the TCNT1 Register will block any compare match that occurs in the next
timer clock cycle, even when the timer is stopped. This feature allows OCR1x to be initialized
to the same value as TCNT1 without triggering an interrupt when the Timer/Counter clock is
enabled.
4.16.7.3
Using the Output Compare Unit
Since writing TCNT1 in any mode of operation will block all compare matches for one timer
clock cycle, there are risks involved when changing TCNT1 when using any of the Output
Compare channels, independent of whether the Timer/Counter is running or not. If the value
written to TCNT1 equals the OCR1x value, the compare match will be missed, resulting in
incorrect waveform generation. Do not write the TCNT1 equal to TOP in PWM modes with
variable TOP values. The compare match for the TOP will be ignored and the counter will continue to 0xFFFF. Similarly, do not write the TCNT1 value equal to BOTTOM when the counter
is downcounting.
The setup of the OC1x should be performed before setting the Data Direction Register for the
port pin to output. The easiest way of setting the OC1x value is to use the Force Output Compare (1x) strobe bits in Normal mode. The OC1x Register keeps its value even when changing
between Waveform Generation modes.
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Be aware that the COM1x1:0 bits are not double buffered together with the compare value.
Changing the COM1x1:0 bits will take effect immediately.
4.16.8
Compare Match Output Unit
The Compare Output mode (COM1x1:0) bits have two functions. The Waveform Generator
uses the COM1x1:0 bits for defining the Output Compare (OC1x) state at the next compare
match. Secondly the COM1x1:0 bits control the OC1x pin output source. Figure 4-41 shows a
simplified schematic of the logic affected by the COM1x1:0 bit setting. The I/O Registers, I/O
bits, and I/O pins in the figure are shown in bold. Only the parts of the general I/O port control
registers (DDR and PORT) that are affected by the COM1x1:0 bits are shown. When referring
to the OC1x state, the reference is for the internal OC1x Register, not the OC1x pin. If a system reset occur, the OC1x Register is reset to “0”.
Figure 4-41. Compare Match Output Unit, Schematic
COMnx1
COMnx0
FOCnx
Waveform
Generator
D
Q
1
OCnx
DATA BUS
D
0
OCnx
Pin
Q
PORT
D
Q
DDR
clk I/O
The general I/O port function is overridden by the Output Compare (OC1x) from the Waveform
Generator if either of the COM1x1:0 bits are set. However, the OC1x pin direction (input or
output) is still controlled by the Data Direction Register (DDR) for the port pin. The Data Direction Register bit for the OC1x pin (DDR_OC1x) must be set as output before the OC1x value is
visible on the pin. The port override function is generally independent of the Waveform Generation mode, but there are some exceptions. See Table 4-39 on page 116, Table 4-40 on page
116 and Table 4-41 on page 117 for details.
The design of the Output Compare pin logic allows initialization of the OC1x state before the
output is enabled. Note that some COM1x1:0 bit settings are reserved for certain modes of
operation. See Section 4.11.5 “Register Description” on page 51
The COM1x1:0 bits have no effect on the Input Capture unit.
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4.16.8.1
Compare Output Mode and Waveform Generation
The Waveform Generator uses the COM1x1:0 bits differently in normal, CTC, and PWM
modes. For all modes, setting the COM1x1:0 = 0 tells the Waveform Generator that no action
on the OC1x Register is to be performed on the next compare match. For compare output
actions in the non-PWM modes refer to Table 4-39 on page 116. For fast PWM mode refer to
Table 4-40 on page 116, and for phase correct and phase and frequency correct PWM refer to
Table 4-41 on page 117.
A change of the COM1x1:0 bits state will have effect at the first compare match after the bits
are written. For non-PWM modes, the action can be forced to have immediate effect by using
the 1x strobe bits.
4.16.9
Modes of Operation
The mode of operation, i.e., the behavior of the Timer/Counter and the Output Compare pins,
is defined by the combination of the Waveform Generation mode (WGM13:0) and Compare
Output mode (COM1x1:0) bits. The Compare Output mode bits do not affect the counting
sequence, while the Waveform Generation mode bits do. The COM1x1:0 bits control whether
the PWM output generated should be inverted or not (inverted or non-inverted PWM). For
non-PWM modes the COM1x1:0 bits control whether the output should be set, cleared or toggle at a compare match (Section 4.15.6 “Compare Match Output Unit” on page 80)
For detailed timing information refer to Section 4.15.8 “Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams” on
page 86.
4.16.9.1
Normal Mode
The simplest mode of operation is the Normal mode (WGM13:0 = 0). In this mode the counting
direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The counter simply
overruns when it passes its maximum 16-bit value (MAX = 0xFFFF) and then restarts from the
BOTTOM (0x0000). In normal operation the Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV1) will be set in
the same timer clock cycle as the TCNT1 becomes zero. The TOV1 flag in this case behaves
like a 17th bit, except that it is only set, not cleared. However, combined with the timer overflow interrupt that automatically clears the TOV1 flag, the timer resolution can be increased by
software. There are no special cases to consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value
can be written anytime.
The Input Capture unit is easy to use in Normal mode. However, observe that the maximum
interval between the external events must not exceed the resolution of the counter. If the interval between events are too long, the timer overflow interrupt or the prescaler must be used to
extend the resolution for the capture unit.
The Output Compare units can be used to generate interrupts at some given time. Using the
Output Compare to generate waveforms in Normal mode is not recommended, since this will
occupy too much of the CPU time.
4.16.9.2
106
Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) Mode
In Clear Timer on Compare or CTC mode (WGM13:0 = 4 or 12), the OCR1A or ICR1 Register
are used to manipulate the counter resolution. In CTC mode the counter is cleared to zero
when the counter value (TCNT1) matches either the OCR1A (WGM13:0 = 4) or the ICR1
(WGM13:0 = 12). The OCR1A or ICR1 define the top value for the counter, hence also its resolution. This mode allows greater control of the compare match output frequency. It also
simplifies the operation of counting external events.
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The timing diagram for the CTC mode is shown in Figure 4-42. The counter value (TCNT1)
increases until a compare match occurs with either OCR1A or ICR1, and then counter
(TCNT1) is cleared.
Figure 4-42. CTC Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnA Interrupt Flag Set
or ICFn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on TOP)
TCNTn
OCnA
(Toggle)
Period
(COMnA1:0 = 1)
1
2
3
4
An interrupt can be generated at each time the counter value reaches the TOP value by either
using the OCF1A or ICF1 flag according to the register used to define the TOP value. If the
interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating the TOP value.
However, changing the TOP to a value close to BOTTOM when the counter is running with
none or a low prescaler value must be done with care since the CTC mode does not have the
double buffering feature. If the new value written to OCR1A or ICR1 is lower than the current
value of TCNT1, the counter will miss the compare match. The counter will then have to count
to its maximum value (0xFFFF) and wrap around starting at 0x0000 before the compare match
can occur. In many cases this feature is not desirable. An alternative will then be to use the
fast PWM mode using OCR1A for defining TOP (WGM13:0 = 15) since the OCR1A then will
be double buffered.
For generating a waveform output in CTC mode, the OC1A output can be set to toggle its logical level on each compare match by setting the Compare Output mode bits to toggle mode
(COM1A1:0 = 1). The OC1A value will not be visible on the port pin unless the data direction
for the pin is set to output (DDR_OC1A = 1). The waveform generated will have a maximum
frequency of 1A = fclk_I/O/2 when OCR1A is set to zero (0x0000). The waveform frequency is
defined by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnA = ------------------------------------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ ( 1 + OCRnA )
The N variable represents the prescaler factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
As for the Normal mode of operation, the TOV1 flag is set in the same timer clock cycle that
the counter counts from MAX to 0x0000.
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4.16.9.3
Fast PWM Mode
The fast Pulse Width Modulation or fast PWM mode (WGM13:0 = 5, 6, 7, 14, or 15) provides a
high frequency PWM waveform generation option. The fast PWM differs from the other PWM
options by its single-slope operation. The counter counts from BOTTOM to TOP then restarts
from BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare (OC1x) is
cleared on the compare match between TCNT1 and OCR1x, and set at BOTTOM. In inverting
Compare Output mode output is set on compare match and cleared at BOTTOM. Due to the
single-slope operation, the operating frequency of the fast PWM mode can be twice as high as
the phase correct and phase and frequency correct PWM modes that use dual-slope operation. This high frequency makes the fast PWM mode well suited for power regulation,
rectification, and DAC applications. High frequency allows physically small sized external
components (coils, capacitors), hence reduces total system cost.
The PWM resolution for fast PWM can be fixed to 8-, 9-, or 10-bit, or defined by either ICR1 or
OCR1A. The minimum resolution allowed is 2-bit (ICR1 or OCR1A set to 0x0003), and the
maximum resolution is 16-bit (ICR1 or OCR1A set to MAX). The PWM resolution in bits can be
calculated by using the following equation:
log ( TOP + 1 )
R FPWM = ----------------------------------log ( 2 )
In fast PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter value matches either one of
the fixed values 0x00FF, 0x01FF, or 0x03FF (WGM13:0 = 5, 6, or 7), the value in ICR1
(WGM13:0 = 14), or the value in OCR1A (WGM13:0 = 15). The counter is then cleared at the
following timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the fast PWM mode is shown in Figure
4-43. The figure shows fast PWM mode when OCR1A or ICR1 is used to define TOP. The
TCNT1 value is in the timing diagram shown as a histogram for illustrating the single-slope
operation. The diagram includes non-inverted and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal
line marks on the TCNT1 slopes represent compare matches between OCR1x and TCNT1.
The OC1x interrupt flag will be set when a compare match occurs.
Figure 4-43. Fast PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCRnx/TOP Update and
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set and
OCnA Interrupt Flag Set
or ICFn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on TOP)
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV1) is set each time the counter reaches TOP. In addition the OC1A or ICF1 flag is set at the same timer clock cycle as TOV1 is set when either
OCR1A or ICR1 is used for defining the TOP value. If one of the interrupts are enabled, the
interrupt handler routine can be used for updating the TOP and compare values.
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When changing the TOP value the program must ensure that the new TOP value is higher or
equal to the value of all of the Compare Registers. If the TOP value is lower than any of the
Compare Registers, a compare match will never occur between the TCNT1 and the OCR1x.
Note that when using fixed TOP values the unused bits are masked to zero when any of the
OCR1x Registers are written.
The procedure for updating ICR1 differs from updating OCR1A when used for defining the
TOP value. The ICR1 Register is not double buffered. This means that if ICR1 is changed to a
low value when the counter is running with none or a low prescaler value, there is a risk that
the new ICR1 value written is lower than the current value of TCNT1. The result will then be
that the counter will miss the compare match at the TOP value. The counter will then have to
count to the MAX value (0xFFFF) and wrap around starting at 0x0000 before the compare
match can occur. The OCR1A Register however, is double buffered. This feature allows the
OCR1A I/O location to be written anytime. When the OCR1A I/O location is written the value
written will be put into the OCR1A Buffer Register. The OCR1A Compare Register will then be
updated with the value in the Buffer Register at the next timer clock cycle the TCNT1 matches
TOP. The update is done at the same timer clock cycle as the TCNT1 is cleared and the TOV1
flag is set.
Using the ICR1 Register for defining TOP works well when using fixed TOP values. By using
ICR1, the OCR1A Register is free to be used for generating a PWM output on OC1A. However, if the base PWM frequency is actively changed (by changing the TOP value), using the
OCR1A as TOP is clearly a better choice due to its double buffer feature.
In fast PWM mode, the compare units allow generation of PWM waveforms on the OC1x pins.
Setting the COM1x1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM and an inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COM1x1:0 to three (see Table 4-40 on page 116). The
actual OC1x value will only be visible on the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set
as output (DDR_OC1x). The PWM waveform is generated by setting (or clearing) the OC1x
Register at the compare match between OCR1x and TCNT1, and clearing (or setting) the
OC1x Register at the timer clock cycle the counter is cleared (changes from TOP to
BOTTOM).
The PWM frequency for the output can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPWM = ------------------------------------N ⋅ ( 1 + TOP )
The N variable represents the prescaler divider (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCR1x Register represents special cases when generating a
PWM waveform output in the fast PWM mode. If the OCR1x is set equal to BOTTOM (0x0000)
the output will be a narrow spike for each TOP+1 timer clock cycle. Setting the OCR1x equal
to TOP will result in a constant high or low output (depending on the polarity of the output set
by the COM1x1:0 bits.)
A frequency (with 50% duty cycle) waveform output in fast PWM mode can be achieved by
setting OC1A to toggle its logical level on each compare match (COM1A1:0 = 1). The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of 1A = fclk_I/O/2 when OCR1A is set to zero
(0x0000). This feature is similar to the OC1A toggle in CTC mode, except the double buffer
feature of the Output Compare unit is enabled in the fast PWM mode.
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4.16.9.4
Phase Correct PWM Mode
The phase correct Pulse Width Modulation or phase correct PWM mode (WGM13:0 = 1, 2, 3,
10, or 11) provides a high resolution phase correct PWM waveform generation option. The
phase correct PWM mode is, like the phase and frequency correct PWM mode, based on a
dual-slope operation. The counter counts repeatedly from BOTTOM (0x0000) to TOP and
then from TOP to BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare
(OC1x) is cleared on the compare match between TCNT1 and OCR1x while upcounting, and
set on the compare match while downcounting. In inverting Output Compare mode, the operation is inverted. The dual-slope operation has lower maximum operation frequency than single
slope operation. However, due to the symmetric feature of the dual-slope PWM modes, these
modes are preferred for motor control applications.
The PWM resolution for the phase correct PWM mode can be fixed to 8-, 9-, or 10-bit, or
defined by either ICR1 or OCR1A. The minimum resolution allowed is 2-bit (ICR1 or OCR1A
set to 0x0003), and the maximum resolution is 16-bit (ICR1 or OCR1A set to MAX). The PWM
resolution in bits can be calculated by using the following equation:
log ( TOP + 1 )
R PCPWM = ----------------------------------log ( 2 )
In phase correct PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter value matches either
one of the fixed values 0x00FF, 0x01FF, or 0x03FF (WGM13:0 = 1, 2, or 3), the value in ICR1
(WGM13:0 = 10), or the value in OCR1A (WGM13:0 = 11). The counter has then reached the
TOP and changes the count direction. The TCNT1 value will be equal to TOP for one timer
clock cycle. The timing diagram for the phase correct PWM mode is shown on Figure 4-44.
The figure shows phase correct PWM mode when OCR1A or ICR1 is used to define TOP. The
TCNT1 value is in the timing diagram shown as a histogram for illustrating the dual-slope
operation. The diagram includes non-inverted and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal
line marks on the TCNT1 slopes represent compare matches between OCR1x and TCNT1.
The OC1x interrupt flag will be set when a compare match occurs.
Figure 4-44. Phase Correct PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCRnx/TOP Update and
OCnA Interrupt Flag Set
or ICFn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on TOP)
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on Bottom)
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
110
1
2
3
4
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The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV1) is set each time the counter reaches BOTTOM.
When either OCR1A or ICR1 is used for defining the TOP value, the OC1A or ICF1 flag is set
accordingly at the same timer clock cycle as the OCR1x Registers are updated with the double buffer value (at TOP). The interrupt flags can be used to generate an interrupt each time
the counter reaches the TOP or BOTTOM value.
When changing the TOP value the program must ensure that the new TOP value is higher or
equal to the value of all of the Compare Registers. If the TOP value is lower than any of the
Compare Registers, a compare match will never occur between the TCNT1 and the OCR1x.
Note that when using fixed TOP values, the unused bits are masked to zero when any of the
OCR1x Registers are written. As the third period shown in Figure 4-44 on page 110 illustrates,
changing the TOP actively while the Timer/Counter is running in the phase correct mode can
result in an unsymmetrical output. The reason for this can be found in the time of update of the
OCR1x Register. Since the OCR1x update occurs at TOP, the PWM period starts and ends at
TOP. This implies that the length of the falling slope is determined by the previous TOP value,
while the length of the rising slope is determined by the new TOP value. When these two values differ the two slopes of the period will differ in length. The difference in length gives the
unsymmetrical result on the output.
It is recommended to use the phase and frequency correct mode instead of the phase correct
mode when changing the TOP value while the Timer/Counter is running. When using a static
TOP value there are practically no differences between the two modes of operation.
In phase correct PWM mode, the compare units allow generation of PWM waveforms on the
OC1x pins. Setting the COM1x1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM and an
inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COM1x1:0 to three (See Table 4-41 on
page 117). The actual OC1x value will only be visible on the port pin if the data direction for
the port pin is set as output (DDR_OC1x). The PWM waveform is generated by setting (or
clearing) the OC1x Register at the compare match between OCR1x and TCNT1 when the
counter increments, and clearing (or setting) the OC1x Register at compare match between
OCR1x and TCNT1 when the counter decrements. The PWM frequency for the output when
using phase correct PWM can be calculated by the following equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPCPWM = --------------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ TOP
The N variable represents the prescaler divider (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCR1x Register represent special cases when generating a PWM
waveform output in the phase correct PWM mode. If the OCR1x is set equal to BOTTOM the
output will be continuously low and if set equal to TOP the output will be continuously high for
non-inverted PWM mode. For inverted PWM the output will have the opposite logic values.
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4.16.9.5
Phase and Frequency Correct PWM Mode
The phase and frequency correct Pulse Width Modulation, or phase and frequency correct
PWM mode (WGM13:0 = 8 or 9) provides a high resolution phase and frequency correct PWM
waveform generation option. The phase and frequency correct PWM mode is, like the phase
correct PWM mode, based on a dual-slope operation. The counter counts repeatedly from
BOTTOM (0x0000) to TOP and then from TOP to BOTTOM. In non-inverting Compare Output
mode, the Output Compare (OC1x) is cleared on the compare match between TCNT1 and
OCR1x while upcounting, and set on the compare match while downcounting. In inverting
Compare Output mode, the operation is inverted. The dual-slope operation gives a lower maximum operation frequency compared to the single-slope operation. However, due to the
symmetric feature of the dual-slope PWM modes, these modes are preferred for motor control
applications.
The main difference between the phase correct, and the phase and frequency correct PWM
mode is the time the OCR1x Register is updated by the OCR1x Buffer Register, (see Figure
4-44 on page 110 and Figure 4-45 on page 113).
The PWM resolution for the phase and frequency correct PWM mode can be defined by either
ICR1 or OCR1A. The minimum resolution allowed is 2-bit (ICR1 or OCR1A set to 0x0003),
and the maximum resolution is 16-bit (ICR1 or OCR1A set to MAX). The PWM resolution in
bits can be calculated using the following equation:
log ( TOP + 1 -)
R PFCPWM = ---------------------------------log ( 2 )
In phase and frequency correct PWM mode the counter is incremented until the counter value
matches either the value in ICR1 (WGM13:0 = 8), or the value in OCR1A (WGM13:0 = 9). The
counter has then reached the TOP and changes the count direction. The TCNT1 value will be
equal to TOP for one timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the phase correct and frequency correct PWM mode is shown on Figure 4-45 on page 113. The figure shows phase
and frequency correct PWM mode when OCR1A or ICR1 is used to define TOP. The TCNT1
value is in the timing diagram shown as a histogram for illustrating the dual-slope operation.
The diagram includes non-inverted and inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line
marks on the TCNT1 slopes represent compare matches between OCR1x and TCNT1. The
OC1x interrupt flag will be set when a compare match occurs.
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Figure 4-45. Phase and Frequency Correct PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnA Interrupt Flag Set
or ICFn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on TOP)
OCRnx/TOP Updateand
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
(Interrupt on Bottom)
TCNTn
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
OCnx
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
Period
1
2
3
4
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV1) is set at the same timer clock cycle as the OCR1x
Registers are updated with the double buffer value (at BOTTOM). When either OCR1A or
ICR1 is used for defining the TOP value, the OC1A or ICF1 flag set when TCNT1 has reached
TOP. The interrupt flags can then be used to generate an interrupt each time the counter
reaches the TOP or BOTTOM value.
When changing the TOP value the program must ensure that the new TOP value is higher or
equal to the value of all of the Compare Registers. If the TOP value is lower than any of the
Compare Registers, a compare match will never occur between the TCNT1 and the OCR1x.
As Figure 4-45 shows the output generated is, in contrast to the phase correct mode, symmetrical in all periods. Since the OCR1x Registers are updated at BOTTOM, the length of the
rising and the falling slopes will always be equal. This gives symmetrical output pulses and is
therefore frequency correct.
Using the ICR1 Register for defining TOP works well when using fixed TOP values. By using
ICR1, the OCR1A Register is free to be used for generating a PWM output on OC1A. However, if the base PWM frequency is actively changed by changing the TOP value, using the
OCR1A as TOP is clearly a better choice due to its double buffer feature.
In phase and frequency correct PWM mode, the compare units allow generation of PWM
waveforms on the OC1x pins. Setting the COM1x1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted
PWM and an inverted PWM output can be generated by setting the COM1x1:0 to three (See
Table 4-41 on page 117). The actual OC1x value will only be visible on the port pin if the data
direction for the port pin is set as output (DDR_OC1x). The PWM waveform is generated by
setting (or clearing) the OC1x Register at the compare match between OCR1x and TCNT1
when the counter increments, and clearing (or setting) the OC1x Register at compare match
between OCR1x and TCNT1 when the counter decrements. The PWM frequency for the output when using phase and frequency correct PWM can be calculated by the following
equation:
f clk_I/O
f OCnxPFCPWM = --------------------------------2 ⋅ N ⋅ TOP
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The N variable represents the prescaler divider (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
The extreme values for the OCR1x Register represents special cases when generating a
PWM waveform output in the phase correct PWM mode. If the OCR1x is set equal to BOTTOM the output will be continuously low and if set equal to TOP the output will be set to high
for non-inverted PWM mode. For inverted PWM the output will have the opposite logic values.
4.16.10
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams
The Timer/Counter is a synchronous design and the timer clock (clkT1) is therefore shown as a
clock enable signal in the following figures. The figures include information on when interrupt
flags are set, and when the OCR1x Register is updated with the OCR1x buffer value (only for
modes utilizing double buffering). Figure 4-46 shows a timing diagram for the setting of
OCF1x.
Figure 4-46. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Setting of OCF1x, no Prescaling
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /1)
TCNTn
OCRnx - 1
OCRnx
OCRnx
OCRnx + 1
OCRnx + 2
OCRnx Value
OCFnx
Figure 4-47 shows the same timing data, but with the prescaler enabled.
Figure 4-47. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Setting of OCF1x, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
OCRnx - 1
OCRnx
OCRnx
OCRnx + 1
OCRnx + 2
OCRnx Value
OCFnx
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Figure 4-48 shows the count sequence close to TOP in various modes. When using phase
and frequency correct PWM mode the OCR1x Register is updated at BOTTOM. The timing
diagrams will be the same, but TOP should be replaced by BOTTOM, TOP-1 by BOTTOM+1
and so on. The same renaming applies for modes that set the TOV1 flag at BOTTOM.
Figure 4-48. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, no Prescaling
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /1)
TCNTn
(CTC and FPWM)
TCNTn
(PC and PFC PWM)
TOP - 1
TOP
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOP - 1
TOP
TOP - 1
TOP - 2
TOVn (FPWM)
and ICFn (if used
as TOP)
OCRnx
(Update at TOP)
Old OCRnx Value
New OCRnx Value
Figure 4-49 shows the same timing data, but with the prescaler enabled.
Figure 4-49. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O/8)
TCNTn
(CTC and FPWM)
TCNTn
(PC and PFC PWM)
TOP - 1
TOP
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOP - 1
TOP
TOP - 1
TOP - 2
TOVn (FPWM)
and ICF n (if used
as TOP)
OCRnx
(Update at TOP)
Old OCRnx Value
New OCRnx Value
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4.16.11
4.16.11.1
Register Description
TCCR1A – Timer/Counter1 Control Register A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x2F (0x4F)
COM1A1
COM1A0
COM1B1
COM1B0
–
–
WGM11
WGM10
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR1A
• Bit 7:6 – COM1A1:0: Compare Output Mode for Channel A
• Bit 5:4 – COM1B1:0: Compare Output Mode for Channel B
The COM1A1:0 and COM1B1:0 control the Output Compare pins (OC1A and OC1B respectively) behavior. If one or both of the COM1A1:0 bits are written to one, the OC1A output
overrides the normal port functionality of the I/O pin it is connected to. If one or both of the
COM1B1:0 bit are written to one, the OC1B output overrides the normal port functionality of
the I/O pin it is connected to. However, note that the Data Direction Register (DDR) bit corresponding to the OC1A or OC1B pin must be set in order to enable the output driver.
When the OC1A or OC1B is connected to the pin, the function of the COM1x1:0 bits is dependent of the WGM13:0 bits setting. Table 4-39 shows the COM1x1:0 bit functionality when the
WGM13:0 bits are set to a Normal or a CTC mode (non-PWM).
Table 4-39.
Compare Output Mode, non-PWM
COM1A1/COM1B1
COM1A0/COM1B0
Description
0
0
Normal port operation, OC1A/OC1B disconnected.
0
1
Toggle OC1A/OC1B on Compare Match.
1
0
Clear OC1A/OC1B on Compare Match (Set output to
low level).
1
1
Set OC1A/OC1B on Compare Match (Set output to
high level).
Table 4-40 shows the COM1x1:0 bit functionality when the WGM13:0 bits are set to the fast
PWM mode.
Table 4-40.
COM1A1/COM1B1
COM1A0/COM1B0
0
0
Normal port operation, OC1A/OC1B disconnected.
0
1
WGM13=0: Normal port operation, OC1A/OC1B
disconnected.
WGM13=1: Toggle OC1A on Compare Match, OC1B
reserved.
1
0
Clear OC1A/OC1B on Compare Match, set
OC1A/OC1B at BOTTOM (non-inverting mode)
1
1
Set OC1A/OC1B on Compare Match, clear
OC1A/OC1B at BOTTOM (inverting mode)
Note:
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Compare Output Mode, Fast PWM(1)
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCR1A/OCR1B equals TOP and COM1A1/COM1B1 is set. In
this case the compare match is ignored, but the set or clear is done at BOTTOM. Section
4.15.7.3 “Fast PWM Mode” on page 83 for more details.
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
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Table 4-41 shows the COM1x1:0 bit functionality when the WGM13:0 bits are set to the phase
correct or the phase and frequency correct, PWM mode.
Table 4-41.
Compare Output Mode, Phase Correct and Phase and Frequency Correct
PWM(1)
COM1A1/COM1B1
COM1A0/COM1B0
0
0
Normal port operation, OC1A/OC1B disconnected.
0
1
WGM13=0: Normal port operation, OC1A/OC1B
disconnected.
WGM13=1: Toggle OC1A on Compare Match, OC1B
reserved.
1
0
Clear OC1A/OC1B on Compare Match when
up-counting. Set OC1A/OC1B on Compare Match
when downcounting.
1
1
Set OC1A/OC1B on Compare Match when
up-counting. Clear OC1A/OC1B on Compare Match
when downcounting.
Note:
Description
1. A special case occurs when OCR1A/OCR1B equals TOP and COM1A1/COM1B1 is set.
Section 4.16.9.4 “Phase Correct PWM Mode” on page 110 for more details.
• Bit 1:0 – WGM11:0: Waveform Generation Mode
Combined with the WGM13:2 bits found in the TCCR1B Register, these bits control the counting sequence of the counter, the source for maximum (TOP) counter value, and what type of
waveform generation to be used, see Table 4-42 on page 118. Modes of operation supported
by the Timer/Counter unit are: Normal mode (counter), Clear Timer on Compare match (CTC)
mode, and three types of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) modes. (Section 4.16.9 “Modes of
Operation” on page 106).
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Waveform Generation Mode Bit Description(1)
Table 4-42.
Mode
WGM13
WGM12
(CTC1)
WGM11
(PWM11)
WGM10
(PWM10)
Timer/Counter Mode of
Operation
TOP
Update of
OCR1x at
TOV1 Flag
Set on
0
0
0
0
0
Normal
0xFFFF
Immediate
MAX
1
0
0
0
1
PWM, Phase Correct, 8-bit
0x00FF
TOP
BOTTOM
2
0
0
1
0
PWM, Phase Correct, 9-bit
0x01FF
TOP
BOTTOM
3
0
0
1
1
PWM, Phase Correct, 10-bit
0x03FF
TOP
BOTTOM
4
0
1
0
0
CTC
OCR1A
Immediate
MAX
5
0
1
0
1
Fast PWM, 8-bit
0x00FF
BOTTOM
TOP
6
0
1
1
0
Fast PWM, 9-bit
0x01FF
BOTTOM
TOP
7
0
1
1
1
Fast PWM, 10-bit
0x03FF
BOTTOM
TOP
8
1
0
0
0
PWM, Phase and Frequency
Correct
ICR1
BOTTOM
BOTTOM
9
1
0
0
1
PWM, Phase and Frequency
Correct
OCR1A
BOTTOM
BOTTOM
10
1
0
1
0
PWM, Phase Correct
ICR1
TOP
BOTTOM
11
1
0
1
1
PWM, Phase Correct
OCR1A
TOP
BOTTOM
12
1
1
0
0
CTC
ICR1
Immediate
MAX
13
1
1
0
1
(Reserved)
–
–
–
14
1
1
1
0
Fast PWM
ICR1
BOTTOM
TOP
15
1
1
1
1
Fast PWM
OCR1A
BOTTOM
TOP
Note:
1. The CTC1 and PWM11:0 bit definition names are obsolete. Use the WGM12:0 definitions. However, the functionality and
location of these bits are compatible with previous versions of the timer.
4.16.11.2
TCCR1B – Timer/Counter1 Control Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x2E (0x4E)
ICNC1
ICES1
–
WGM13
WGM12
CS12
CS11
CS10
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR1B
• Bit 7 – ICNC1: Input Capture Noise Canceler
Setting this bit (to one) activates the Input Capture Noise Canceler. When the noise canceler
is activated, the input from the Input Capture pin (ICP1) is filtered. The filter function requires
four successive equal valued samples of the ICP1 pin for changing its output. The Input Capture is therefore delayed by four Oscillator cycles when the noise canceler is enabled.
• Bit 6 – ICES1: Input Capture Edge Select
This bit selects which edge on the Input Capture pin (ICP1) that is used to trigger a capture
event. When the ICES1 bit is written to zero, a falling (negative) edge is used as trigger, and
when the ICES1 bit is written to one, a rising (positive) edge will trigger the capture.
When a capture is triggered according to the ICES1 setting, the counter value is copied into
the Input Capture Register (ICR1). The event will also set the Input Capture Flag (ICF1), and
this can be used to cause an Input Capture Interrupt, if this interrupt is enabled.
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When the ICR1 is used as TOP value (see description of the WGM13:0 bits located in the
TCCR1A and the TCCR1B Register), the ICP1 is disconnected and consequently the Input
Capture function is disabled.
• Bit 5 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must
be written to zero when TCCR1B is written.
• Bit 4:3 – WGM13:2: Waveform Generation Mode
See TCCR1A Register description.
• Bit 2:0 – CS12:0: Clock Select
The three Clock Select bits select the clock source to be used by the Timer/Counter, see Figure 4-33 on page 86 and Figure 4-34 on page 87.
Table 4-43.
Clock Select Bit Description
CS12
CS11
CS10
Description
0
0
0
No clock source (Timer/Counter stopped).
0
0
1
clkI/O/1 (No prescaling)
0
1
0
clkI/O/8 (From prescaler)
0
1
1
clkI/O/64 (From prescaler)
1
0
0
clkI/O/256 (From prescaler)
1
0
1
clkI/O/1024 (From prescaler)
1
1
0
External clock source on T1 pin. Clock on falling edge.
1
1
1
External clock source on T1 pin. Clock on rising edge.
If external pin modes are used for the Timer/Counter1, transitions on the T1 pin will clock the
counter even if the pin is configured as an output. This feature allows software control of the
counting.
4.16.11.3
TCCR1C – Timer/Counter1 Control Register C
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x22 (0x42)
FOC1A
FOC1B
–
–
–
–
–
–
Read/Write
W
W
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCR1C
• Bit 7 – FOC1A: Force Output Compare for Channel A
• Bit 6 – FOC1B: Force Output Compare for Channel B
The FOC1A/FOC1B bits are only active when the WGM13:0 bits specifies a non-PWM mode.
However, for ensuring compatibility with future devices, these bits must be set to zero when
TCCR1A is written when operating in a PWM mode. When writing a logical one to the
FOC1A/FOC1B bit, an immediate compare match is forced on the Waveform Generation unit.
The OC1A/OC1B output is changed according to its COM1x1:0 bits setting. Note that the
FOC1A/FOC1B bits are implemented as strobes. Therefore it is the value present in the
COM1x1:0 bits that determine the effect of the forced compare.
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A FOC1A/FOC1B strobe will not generate any interrupt nor will it clear the timer in Clear Timer
on Compare match (CTC) mode using OCR1A as TOP.
The FOC1A/FOC1B bits are always read as zero.
• Bit 5..0 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must
be written to zero when the register is written.
4.16.11.4
TCNT1H and TCNT1L – Timer/Counter1
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
0x2D (0x4D)
TCNT1[15:8]
0x2C (0x4C)
TCNT1[7:0]
2
1
0
TCNT1H
TCNT1L
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The two Timer/Counter I/O locations (TCNT1H and TCNT1L, combined TCNT1) give direct
access, both for read and for write operations, to the Timer/Counter unit 16-bit counter. To
ensure that both the high and low bytes are read and written simultaneously when the CPU
accesses these registers, the access is performed using an 8-bit temporary high byte register
(TEMP). This temporary register is shared by all the other 16-bit registers. See Section 4.16.3
“Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 97.
Modifying the counter (TCNT1) while the counter is running introduces a risk of missing a
compare match between TCNT1 and one of the OCR1x Registers.
Writing to the TCNT1 Register blocks (removes) the compare match on the following timer
clock for all compare units.
4.16.11.5
OCR1AH and OCR1AL – Output Compare Register 1 A
Bit
4.16.11.6
7
6
5
4
3
0x2B (0x4B)
OCR1A[15:8]
0x2A (0x4A)
OCR1A[7:0]
2
1
0
OCR1AH
OCR1AL
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
2
1
0
OCR1BH and OCR1BL – Output Compare Register 1 B
Bit
7
6
5
0x29 (0x49)
OCR1B[15:8]
0x28 (0x48)
OCR1B[7:0]
OCR1BH
OCR1BL
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Registers contain a 16-bit value that is continuously compared with the
counter value (TCNT1). A match can be used to generate an Output Compare interrupt, or to
generate a waveform output on the OC1x pin.
The Output Compare Registers are 16-bit in size. To ensure that both the high and low bytes
are written simultaneously when the CPU writes to these registers, the access is performed
using an 8-bit temporary high byte register (TEMP). This temporary register is shared by all
the other 16-bit registers. See Section 4.16.3 “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 97.
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4.16.11.7
ICR1H and ICR1L – Input Capture Register 1
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
0x25 (0x45)
ICR1[15:8]
0x24 (0x44)
ICR1[7:0]
2
1
0
ICR1H
ICR1L
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Input Capture is updated with the counter (TCNT1) value each time an event occurs on
the ICP1 pin (or optionally on the Analog Comparator output for Timer/Counter1). The Input
Capture can be used for defining the counter TOP value.
The Input Capture Register is 16-bit in size. To ensure that both the high and low bytes are
read simultaneously when the CPU accesses these registers, the access is performed using
an 8-bit temporary high byte register (TEMP). This temporary register is shared by all the other
16-bit registers. Section 4.16.3 “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 97.
4.16.11.8
TIMSK1 – Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register 1
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x0C (0x2C)
–
–
ICIE1
–
–
OCIE1B
OCIE1A
TOIE1
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIMSK1
• Bit 7,6,4,3 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must
be written to zero when the register is written.
• Bit 5 – ICIE1: Timer/Counter1, Input Capture Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally
enabled), the Timer/Countern Input Capture interrupt is enabled. The
corresponding Interrupt Vector (See “Interrupts” on page 66.) is executed when the
ICF1 Flag, located in TIFR1, is set.
• Bit 2– OCIE1B: Timer/Counter1, Output Compare B Match Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally
enabled), the Timer/Counter1 Output Compare B Match interrupt is enabled. The corresponding Interrupt Vector (see Section 4.12 “Interrupts” on page 55) is executed when the OCF1B
flag, located in TIFR1, is set.
• Bit 1– OCIE1A: Timer/Counter1, Output Compare A Match Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally
enabled), the Timer/Counter1 Output Compare A Match interrupt is enabled. The corresponding Interrupt Vector (see Section 4.12 “Interrupts” on page 55) is executed when the OCF1A
flag, located in TIFR1, is set.
• Bit 0 – TOIE1: Timer/Counter1, Overflow Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally
enabled), the Timer/Counter1 Overflow interrupt is enabled. The corresponding Interrupt Vector (see Section 4.12 “Interrupts” on page 55) is executed when the TOV1 flag, located in
TIFR1, is set.
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4.16.11.9
TIFR1 – Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register 1
Bit
0x0B (0x2B)
7
–
6
–
5
ICIF1
4
–
3
–
2
1
OCF1B
OCF1A
0
TOV1
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIFR1
• Bit 7,6,4,3 – Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use. For ensuring compatibility with future devices, this bit must
be written to zero when the register is written.
• Bit 5– ICF1: Timer/Counter1, Input Capture Flag
This flag is set when a capture event occurs on the ICP1 pin. When the Input Capture Register
(ICR1) is set by the WGM13:0 to be used as the TOP value, the ICF1 flag is set when the
counter reaches the TOP value.
ICF1 is automatically cleared when the Input Capture Interrupt Vector is executed. Alternatively, ICF1 can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
• Bit 2– OCF1B: Timer/Counter1, Output Compare B Match Flag
This flag is set in the timer clock cycle after the counter (TCNT1) value matches the Output
Compare Register B (OCR1B).
Note that a Forced Output Compare (1B) strobe will not set the OCF1B flag.
OCF1B is automatically cleared when the Output Compare Match B Interrupt Vector is executed. Alternatively, OCF1B can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
• Bit 1– OCF1A: Timer/Counter1, Output Compare A Match Flag
This flag is set in the timer clock cycle after the counter (TCNT1) value matches the Output
Compare Register A (OCR1A).
Note that a Forced Output Compare (1A) strobe will not set the OCF1A flag.
OCF1A is automatically cleared when the Output Compare Match A Interrupt Vector is executed. Alternatively, OCF1A can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
• Bit 0– TOV1: Timer/Counter1, Overflow Flag
The setting of this flag is dependent of the WGM13:0 bits setting. In Normal and CTC modes,
the TOV1 flag is set when the timer overflows. See Table 4-42 on page 118 for the TOV1 flag
behavior when using another WGM13:0 bit setting.
TOV1 is automatically cleared when the Timer/Counter1 Overflow Interrupt Vector is executed. Alternatively, TOV1 can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
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4.17
Timer/Counter Prescaler
Timer/Counter 0, and 1 share the same prescaler module, but the Timer/Counters can have
different prescaler settings. The description below applies to all Timer/Counters. Tn is used as
a general name, n = 0, 1.
The Timer/Counter can be clocked directly by the system clock (by setting the CSn2:0 = 1).
This provides the fastest operation, with a maximum Timer/Counter clock frequency equal to
system clock frequency (fCLK_I/O). Alternatively, one of four taps from the prescaler can be
used as a clock source. The prescaled clock has a frequency of either fCLK_I/O/8, fCLK_I/O/64,
fCLK_I/O/256, or fCLK_I/O/1024.
4.17.1
Prescaler Reset
The prescaler is free running, i.e., operates independently of the Clock Select logic of the
Timer/CounterCounter, and it is shared by the Timer/Counter Tn. Since the prescaler is not
affected by the Timer/Counter’s clock select, the state of the prescaler will have implications
for situations where a prescaled clock is used. One example of prescaling artifacts occurs
when the timer is enabled and clocked by the prescaler (6 > CSn2:0 > 1). The number of system clock cycles from when the timer is enabled to the first count occurs can be from 1 to N+1
system clock cycles, where N equals the prescaler divisor (8, 64, 256, or 1024).
It is possible to use the Prescaler Reset for synchronizing the Timer/Counter to program
execution.
4.17.1.1
External Clock Source
An external clock source applied to the Tn pin can be used as Timer/Counter clock (clkTn). The
Tn pin is sampled once every system clock cycle by the pin synchronization logic. The synchronized (sampled) signal is then passed through the edge detector. Figure 4-50 shows a
functional equivalent block diagram of the Tn synchronization and edge detector logic. The
registers are clocked at the positive edge of the internal system clock (clkI/O). The latch is
transparent in the high period of the internal system clock.
The edge detector generates one clk T 0 pulse for each positive (CSn2:0 = 7) or negative
(CSn2:0 = 6) edge it detects.
Figure 4-50. T0 Pin Sampling
Tn
D
Q
D
Q
D
Tn_sync
(To Clock
Select Logic)
Q
LE
clk I/O
Synchronization
Edge Detector
The synchronization and edge detector logic introduces a delay of 2.5 to 3.5 system clock
cycles from an edge has been applied to the Tn pin to the counter is updated.
Enabling and disabling of the clock input must be done when Tn has been stable for at least
one system clock cycle, otherwise it is a risk that a false Timer/Counter clock pulse is
generated.
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Each half period of the external clock applied must be longer than one system clock cycle to
ensure correct sampling. The external clock must be guaranteed to have less than half the
system clock frequency (fExtClk < fclk_I/O/2) given a 50/50% duty cycle. Since the edge detector
uses sampling, the maximum frequency of an external clock it can detect is half the sampling
frequency (Nyquist sampling theorem). However, due to variation of the system clock frequency and duty cycle caused by Oscillator source (crystal, resonator, and capacitors)
tolerances, it is recommended that maximum frequency of an external clock source is less
than fclk_I/O/2.5.
An external clock source can not be prescaled.
Figure 4-51. Prescaler for Timer/Counter0
clk I/O
Clear
PSR10
T0
Synchronization
clkT0
Note:
4.17.2
4.17.2.1
1. The synchronization logic on the input pins (T0) is shown in Figure 4-50 on page 123.
Register Description
GTCCR – General Timer/Counter Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x23 (0x43)
TSM
–
–
–
–
–
–
PSR10
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GTCCR
• Bit 7 – TSM: Timer/Counter Synchronization Mode
Writing the TSM bit to one activates the Timer/Counter Synchronization mode. In this mode,
the value that is written to the PSR10 bit is kept, hence keeping the Prescaler Reset signal
asserted. This ensures that the Timer/Counter is halted and can be configured without the risk
of advancing during configuration. When the TSM bit is written to zero, the PSR10 bit is
cleared by hardware, and the Timer/Counter start counting.
• Bit 0 – PSR10: Prescaler 0 Reset Timer/Counter n
When this bit is one, the Timer/Countern prescaler will be Reset. This bit is normally cleared
immediately by hardware, except if the TSM bit is set.
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4.18
4.18.1
USI – Universal Serial Interface
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.18.2
Two-wire Synchronous Data Transfer (Master or Slave)
Three-wire Synchronous Data Transfer (Master or Slave)
Data Received Interrupt
Wakeup from Idle Mode
In Two-wire Mode: Wake-up from All Sleep Modes, Including Power-down Mode
Two-wire Start Condition Detector with Interrupt Capability
Overview
The Universal Serial Interface (USI), provides the basic hardware resources needed for serial
communication. Combined with a minimum of control software, the USI allows significantly
higher transfer rates and uses less code space than solutions based on software only. Interrupts are included to minimize the processor load.
A simplified block diagram of the USI is shown in Figure 4-52. For the actual placement of I/O
pins. CPU accessible I/O Registers, including I/O bits and I/O pins, are shown in bold. The
device-specific I/O Register and bit locations are listed in the Section 4.9.10 “Register Description” on page 39.
Figure 4-52. Universal Serial Interface, Block Diagram
USIPF
1
0
4-bit Counter
USIDC
USIOIF
USISIF
(Output only)
DI/SDA
(Input/Open Drain)
USCK/SCL
(Input/Open Drain)
3
2
USIDR
DATA BUS
DO
Bit0
Bit7
D Q
LE
TIM0 COMP
3
2
0
1
1
0
CLOCK
HOLD
[1]
Two-wire Clock
Control Unit
USISR
USITC
USICLK
USICS0
USICS1
USIWM0
USIWM1
USISIE
USIOIE
2
USICR
The 8-bit Shift Register is directly accessible via the data bus and contains the incoming and
outgoing data. The register has no buffering so the data must be read as quickly as possible to
ensure that no data is lost. The most significant bit is connected to one of two output pins
depending of the wire mode configuration. A transparent latch is inserted between the Serial
Register Output and output pin, which delays the change of data output to the opposite clock
edge of the data input sampling. The serial input is always sampled from the Data Input (DI)
pin independent of the configuration.
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The 4-bit counter can be both read and written via the data bus, and can generate an overflow
interrupt. Both the Serial Register and the counter are clocked simultaneously by the same
clock source. This allows the counter to count the number of bits received or transmitted and
generate an interrupt when the transfer is complete. Note that when an external clock source
is selected the counter counts both clock edges. In this case the counter counts the number of
edges, and not the number of bits. The clock can be selected from three different sources: The
USCK pin, Timer/Counter0 Compare Match or from software.
The Two-wire clock control unit can generate an interrupt when a start condition is detected on
the Two-wire bus. It can also generate wait states by holding the clock pin low after a start
condition is detected, or after the counter overflows.
4.18.3
4.18.3.1
Functional Descriptions
Three-wire Mode
The USI Three-wire mode is compliant to the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) mode 0 and 1,
but does not have the slave select (SS) pin functionality. However, this feature can be implemented in software if necessary. Pin names used by this mode are: DI, DO, and USCK.
Figure 4-53. Three-wire Mode Operation, Simplified Diagram
DO
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
DI
Bit0
USCK
SLAVE
DO
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
DI
Bit0
USCK
PORTxn
MASTER
Figure 4-53 shows two USI units operating in Three-wire mode, one as Master and one as
Slave. The two Shift Registers are interconnected in such way that after eight USCK clocks,
the data in each register are interchanged. The same clock also increments the USI’s 4-bit
counter. The Counter Overflow (interrupt) Flag, or USIOIF, can therefore be used to determine
when a transfer is completed. The clock is generated by the Master device software by toggling the USCK pin via the PORT Register or by writing a one to the USITC bit in USICR.
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Figure 4-54. Three-wire Mode, Timing Diagram
CYCLE
( Reference )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
USCK
USCK
DO
MSB
DI
MSB
A
B
C
6
5
4
3
2
1
LSB
6
5
4
3
2
1
LSB
D
E
The Three-wire mode timing is shown in Figure 4-54. At the top of the figure is a USCK cycle
reference. One bit is shifted into the USI Shift Register (USIDR) for each of these cycles. The
USCK timing is shown for both external clock modes. In External Clock mode 0 (USICS0 = 0),
DI is sampled at positive edges, and DO is changed (Data Register is shifted by one) at negative edges. External Clock mode 1 (USICS0 = 1) uses the opposite edges versus mode 0, i.e.,
samples data at negative and changes the output at positive edges. The USI clock modes corresponds to the SPI data mode 0 and 1.
Referring to the timing diagram (Figure 4-54), a bus transfer involves the following steps:
1. The Slave device and Master device sets up its data output and, depending on the protocol used, enables its output driver (mark A and B). The output is set up by writing the
data to be transmitted to the Serial Data Register. Enabling of the output is done by
setting the corresponding bit in the port Data Direction Register. Note that point A and
B does not have any specific order, but both must be at least one half USCK cycle
before point C where the data is sampled. This must be done to ensure that the data
setup requirement is satisfied. The 4-bit counter is reset to zero.
2. The Master generates a clock pulse by software toggling the USCK line twice (C and
D). The bit value on the slave and master’s data input (DI) pin is sampled by the USI on
the first edge (C), and the data output is changed on the opposite edge (D). The 4-bit
counter will count both edges.
3. Step 2 is repeated eight times for a complete register (byte) transfer.
4. After eight clock pulses (i.e., 16 clock edges) the counter will overflow and indicate that
the transfer is completed. The data bytes transferred must now be processed before a
new transfer can be initiated. The overflow interrupt will wake up the processor if it is
set to Idle mode. Depending of the protocol used the slave device can now set its output to high impedance.
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4.18.3.2
SPI Master Operation Example
The following code demonstrates how to use the USI module as a SPI Master:
SPITransfer:
out
USIDR,r16
ldi
r16,(1<<USIOIF)
out
USISR,r16
ldi
r16,(1<<USIWM0)|(1<<USICS1)|(1<<USICLK)|(1<<USITC)
SPITransfer_loop:
out
USICR,r16
in
r16, USISR
sbrs
r16, USIOIF
rjmp
SPITransfer_loop
in
r16,USIDR
ret
The code is size optimized using only eight instructions (+ ret). The code example assumes
that the DO and USCK pins are enabled as output in the DDRE Register. The value stored in
register r16 prior to the function is called is transferred to the Slave device, and when the
transfer is completed the data received from the Slave is stored back into the r16 Register.
The second and third instructions clears the USI Counter Overflow Flag and the USI counter
value. The fourth and fifth instruction set Three-wire mode, positive edge Shift Register clock,
count at USITC strobe, and toggle USCK. The loop is repeated 16 times.
The following code demonstrates how to use the USI module as a SPI Master with maximum
speed (fsck = fck/4):
SPITransfer_Fast:
128
out
USIDR,r16
ldi
r16,(1<<USIWM0)|(0<<USICS0)|(1<<USITC)
ldi
r17,(1<<USIWM0)|(0<<USICS0)|(1<<USITC)|(1<<USICLK)
out
USICR,r16 ; MSB
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16
out
USICR,r17
out
USICR,r16 ; LSB
out
USICR,r17
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in
r16,USIDR
ret
4.18.3.3
SPI Slave Operation Example
The following code demonstrates how to use the USI module as a SPI Slave:
init:
ldi
r16,(1<<USIWM0)|(1<<USICS1)
out
USICR,r16
...
SlaveSPITransfer:
out
USIDR,r16
ldi
r16,(1<<USIOIF)
out
USISR,r16
SlaveSPITransfer_loop:
in
r16, USISR
sbrs
r16, USIOIF
rjmp
SlaveSPITransfer_loop
in
r16,USIDR
ret
The code is size optimized using only eight instructions (+ ret). The code example assumes
that the DO is configured as output and USCK pin is configured as input in the DDR Register.
The value stored in register r16 prior to the function is called is transferred to the master
device, and when the transfer is completed the data received from the Master is stored back
into the r16 Register.
Note that the first two instructions is for initialization only and needs only to be executed
once.These instructions sets Three-wire mode and positive edge Shift Register clock. The
loop is repeated until the USI Counter Overflow Flag is set.
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4.18.3.4
Two-wire Mode
The USI Two-wire mode is compliant to the Inter IC (TWI) bus protocol, but without slew rate
limiting on outputs and input noise filtering. Pin names used by this mode are SCL and SDA.
Figure 4-55. Two-wire Mode Operation, Simplified Diagram
VCC
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
SDA
Bit0
SCL
HOLD
SCL
Two-wire Clock
Control Unit
SLAVE
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
SDA
Bit0
SCL
PORTxn
MASTER
Figure 4-55 shows two USI units operating in Two-wire mode, one as Master and one as
Slave. It is only the physical layer that is shown since the system operation is highly dependent of the communication scheme used. The main differences between the Master and Slave
operation at this level, is the serial clock generation which is always done by the Master, and
only the Slave uses the clock control unit. Clock generation must be implemented in software,
but the shift operation is done automatically by both devices. Note that only clocking on negative edge for shifting data is of practical use in this mode. The slave can insert wait states at
start or end of transfer by forcing the SCL clock low. This means that the Master must always
check if the SCL line was actually released after it has generated a positive edge.
Since the clock also increments the counter, a counter overflow can be used to indicate that
the transfer is completed. The clock is generated by the master by toggling the USCK pin via
the PORT Register.
The data direction is not given by the physical layer. A protocol, like the one used by the
TWI-bus, must be implemented to control the data flow.
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Figure 4-56. Two-wire Mode, Typical Timing Diagram
SDA
SCL
S
A
B
1-7
8
9
1-8
9
1-8
9
ADDRESS
R/W
ACK
DATA
ACK
DATA
ACK
C
D
E
P
F
Referring to the timing diagram (Figure 4-56), a bus transfer involves the following steps:
1. The a start condition is generated by the Master by forcing the SDA low line while the
SCL line is high (A). SDA can be forced low either by writing a zero to bit 7 of the Shift
Register, or by setting the corresponding bit in the PORT Register to zero. Note that the
Data Direction Register bit must be set to one for the output to be enabled. The slave
device’s start detector logic (Figure 4-57) detects the start condition and sets the
USISIF Flag. The flag can generate an interrupt if necessary.
2. In addition, the start detector will hold the SCL line low after the Master has forced an
negative edge on this line (B). This allows the Slave to wake up from sleep or complete
its other tasks before setting up the Shift Register to receive the address. This is done
by clearing the start condition flag and reset the counter.
3. The Master set the first bit to be transferred and releases the SCL line (C). The Slave
samples the data and shift it into the Serial Register at the positive edge of the SCL
clock.
4. After eight bits are transferred containing slave address and data direction (read or
write), the Slave counter overflows and the SCL line is forced low (D). If the slave is not
the one the Master has addressed, it releases the SCL line and waits for a new start
condition.
5. If the Slave is addressed it holds the SDA line low during the acknowledgment cycle
before holding the SCL line low again (i.e., the Counter Register must be set to 14
before releasing SCL at (D)). Depending of the R/W bit the Master or Slave enables its
output. If the bit is set, a master read operation is in progress (i.e., the slave drives the
SDA line) The slave can hold the SCL line low after the acknowledge (E).
6. Multiple bytes can now be transmitted, all in same direction, until a stop condition is
given by the Master (F). Or a new start condition is given.
If the Slave is not able to receive more data it does not acknowledge the data byte it has last
received. When the Master does a read operation it must terminate the operation by force the
acknowledge bit low after the last byte transmitted.
Figure 4-57. Start Condition Detector, Logic Diagram
USISIF
D Q
D Q
CLR
CLR
SDA
CLOCK
HOLD
SCL
Write( USISIF)
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4.18.3.5
Start Condition Detector
The start condition detector is shown in Figure 4-57 on page 131. The SDA line is delayed (in
the range of 50 to 300ns) to ensure valid sampling of the SCL line. The start condition detector
is only enabled in Two-wire mode.
The start condition detector is working asynchronously and can therefore wake up the processor from the Power-down sleep mode. However, the protocol used might have restrictions on
the SCL hold time. Therefore, when using this feature in this case the Oscillator start-up time
set by the CKSEL Fuses (see Section 4.9.1 “Clock Systems and their Distribution” on page
32) must also be taken into the consideration. See the USISIF bit description in Section
4.18.5.3 “USISR – USI Status Register” on page 133 for further details.
4.18.3.6
4.18.4
Clock speed considerations
Maximum frequency for SCL and SCK is fCK /4. This is also the maximum data transmit and
receieve rate in both two- and three-wire mode. In two-wire slave mode the Two-wire Clock
Control Unit will hold the SCL low until the slave is ready to receive more data. This may
reduce the actual data rate in two-wire mode.
Alternative USI Usage
When the USI unit is not used for serial communication, it can be set up to do alternative tasks
due to its flexible design.
4.18.4.1
Half-duplex Asynchronous Data Transfer
By utilizing the Shift Register in Three-wire mode, it is possible to implement a more compact
and higher performance UART than by software only.
4.18.4.2
4-bit Counter
The 4-bit counter can be used as a stand-alone counter with overflow interrupt. Note that if the
counter is clocked externally, both clock edges will generate an increment.
4.18.4.3
12-bit Timer/Counter
Combining the USI 4-bit counter and Timer/Counter0 allows them to be used as a 12-bit
counter.
4.18.4.4
Edge Triggered External Interrupt
By setting the counter to maximum value (F) it can function as an additional external interrupt.
The Overflow Flag and Interrupt Enable bit are then used for the external interrupt. This feature is selected by the USICS1 bit.
4.18.4.5
Software Interrupt
The counter overflow interrupt can be used as a software interrupt triggered by a clock strobe.
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4.18.5
4.18.5.1
Register Descriptions
USIBR – USI Data Buffer
Bit
4.18.5.2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x10 (0x30)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
USIBR
USIDR – USI Data Register
Bit
0
0x0F (0x2F)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
USIDR
The USI uses no buffering of the Serial Register, i.e., when accessing the Data Register
(USIDR) the Serial Register is accessed directly. If a serial clock occurs at the same cycle the
register is written, the register will contain the value written and no shift is performed. A (left)
shift operation is performed depending of the USICS1..0 bits setting. The shift operation can
be controlled by an external clock edge, by a Timer/Counter0 Compare Match, or directly by
software using the USICLK strobe bit. Note that even when no wire mode is selected
(USIWM1..0 = 0) both the external data input (DI/SDA) and the external clock input
(USCK/SCL) can still be used by the Shift Register.
The output pin in use, DO or SDA depending on the wire mode, is connected via the output
latch to the most significant bit (bit 7) of the Data Register. The output latch is open (transparent) during the first half of a serial clock cycle when an external clock source is selected
(USICS1 = 1), and constantly open when an internal clock source is used (USICS1 = 0). The
output will be changed immediately when a new MSB written as long as the latch is open. The
latch ensures that data input is sampled and data output is changed on opposite clock edges.
Note that the corresponding Data Direction Register to the pin must be set to one for enabling
data output from the Shift Register.
4.18.5.3
USISR – USI Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x0E (0x2E)
USISIF
USIOIF
USIPF
USIDC
USICNT3
USICNT2
USICNT1
USICNT0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
USISR
The Status Register contains Interrupt Flags, line Status Flags and the counter value.
• Bit 7 – USISIF: Start Condition Interrupt Flag
When Two-wire mode is selected, the USISIF Flag is set (to one) when a start condition is
detected. When output disable mode or Three-wire mode is selected and (USICSx = 0b11 &
USICLK = 0) or (USICS = 0b10 & USICLK = 0), any edge on the SCK pin sets the flag.
An interrupt will be generated when the flag is set while the USISIE bit in USICR and the
Global Interrupt Enable Flag are set. The flag will only be cleared by writing a logical one to the
USISIF bit. Clearing this bit will release the start detection hold of USCL in Two-wire mode.
A start condition interrupt will wakeup the processor from all sleep modes.
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• Bit 6 – USIOIF: Counter Overflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set (one) when the 4-bit counter overflows (i.e., at the transition from 15 to 0). An
interrupt will be generated when the flag is set while the USIOIE bit in USICR and the Global
Interrupt Enable Flag are set. The flag is cleared if a one is written to the USIOIF bit or by
reading the USIBR register. Clearing this bit will release the counter overflow hold of SCL in
Two-wire mode.
A counter overflow interrupt will wakeup the processor from Idle sleep mode.
• Bit 5 – USIPF: Stop Condition Flag
When Two-wire mode is selected, the USIPF Flag is set (one) when a stop condition is
detected. The flag is cleared by writing a one to this bit. Note that this is not an Interrupt Flag.
This signal is useful when implementing Two-wire bus master arbitration.
• Bit 4 – USIDC: Data Output Collision
This bit is logical one when bit 7 in the Shift Register differs from the physical pin value. The
flag is only valid when Two-wire mode is used. This signal is useful when implementing
Two-wire bus master arbitration.
• Bits 3..0 – USICNT3..0: Counter Value
These bits reflect the current 4-bit counter value. The 4-bit counter value can directly be read
or written by the CPU.
The 4-bit counter increments by one for each clock generated either by the external clock
edge detector, by a Timer/Counter0 Compare Match, or by software using USICLK or USITC
strobe bits. The clock source depends of the setting of the USICS1..0 bits. For external clock
operation a special feature is added that allows the clock to be generated by writing to the
USITC strobe bit. This feature is enabled by write a one to the USICLK bit while setting an
external clock source (USICS1 = 1).
Note that even when no wire mode is selected (USIWM1..0 = 0) the external clock input
(USCK/SCL) are can still be used by the counter.
4.18.5.4
USICR – USI Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
USISIE
USIOIE
USIWM1
USIWM0
USICS1
USICS0
USICLK
USITC
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
W
W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0x0D (0x2D)
USICR
The Control Register includes interrupt enable control, wire mode setting, Clock Select setting,
and clock strobe.
• Bit 7 – USISIE: Start Condition Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit to one enables the Start Condition detector interrupt. If there is a pending interrupt when the USISIE and the Global Interrupt Enable Flag is set to one, this will immediately
be executed. See the USISIF bit description in “USISR – USI Status Register” on page 133 for
further details.
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• Bit 6 – USIOIE: Counter Overflow Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit to one enables the Counter Overflow interrupt. If there is a pending interrupt
when the USIOIE and the Global Interrupt Enable Flag is set to one, this will immediately be
executed. See the USIOIF bit description in “USISR – USI Status Register” on page 133 for
further details.
• Bit 5..4 – USIWM1..0: Wire Mode
These bits set the type of wire mode to be used. Basically only the function of the outputs are
affected by these bits. Data and clock inputs are not affected by the mode selected and will
always have the same function. The counter and Shift Register can therefore be clocked
externally, and data input sampled, even when outputs are disabled. The relations between
USIWM1..0 and the USI operation is summarized in Table 4-44.
Table 4-44.
Relations between USIWM1..0 and the USI Operation
USIWM1
USIWM0
0
0
Outputs, clock hold, and start detector disabled. Port pins operates as
normal.
1
Three-wire mode. Uses DO, DI, and USCK pins.
The Data Output (DO) pin overrides the corresponding bit in the PORT
Register in this mode. However, the corresponding DDR bit still controls the
data direction. When the port pin is set as input the pins pull-up is controlled
by the PORT bit.
The Data Input (DI) and Serial Clock (USCK) pins do not affect the normal
port operation. When operating as master, clock pulses are software
generated by toggling the PORT Register, while the data direction is set to
output. The USITC bit in the USICR Register can be used for this purpose.
0
Two-wire mode. Uses SDA (DI) and SCL (USCK) pins(1).
The Serial Data (SDA) and the Serial Clock (SCL) pins are bi-directional
and uses open-collector output drives. The output drivers are enabled by
setting the corresponding bit for SDA and SCL in the DDR Register.
When the output driver is enabled for the SDA pin, the output driver will
force the line SDA low if the output of the Shift Register or the corresponding
bit in the PORT Register is zero. Otherwise the SDA line will not be driven
(i.e., it is released). When the SCL pin output driver is enabled the SCL line
will be forced low if the corresponding bit in the PORT Register is zero, or by
the start detector. Otherwise the SCL line will not be driven.
The SCL line is held low when a start detector detects a start condition and
the output is enabled. Clearing the Start Condition Flag (USISIF) releases
the line. The SDA and SCL pin inputs is not affected by enabling this mode.
Pull-ups on the SDA and SCL port pin are disabled in Two-wire mode.
1
Two-wire mode. Uses SDA and SCL pins.
Same operation as for the Two-wire mode described above, except that the
SCL line is also held low when a counter overflow occurs, and is held low
until the Counter Overflow Flag (USIOIF) is cleared.
0
1
1
Note:
Description
1. The DI and USCK pins are renamed to Serial Data (SDA) and Serial Clock (SCL) respectively to avoid confusion between the modes of operation.
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• Bit 3..2 – USICS1..0: Clock Source Select
These bits set the clock source for the Shift Register and counter. The data output latch
ensures that the output is changed at the opposite edge of the sampling of the data input
(DI/SDA) when using external clock source (USCK/SCL). When software strobe or
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match clock option is selected, the output latch is transparent and
therefore the output is changed immediately. Clearing the USICS1..0 bits enables software
strobe option. When using this option, writing a one to the USICLK bit clocks both the Shift
Register and the counter. For external clock source (USICS1 = 1), the USICLK bit is no longer
used as a strobe, but selects between external clocking and software clocking by the USITC
strobe bit.
Table 4-45 shows the relationship between the USICS1..0 and USICLK setting and clock
source used for the Shift Register and the 4-bit counter.
Table 4-45.
Relations between the USICS1..0 and USICLK Setting
USICS1
USICS0
USICLK
Shift Register Clock Source
4-bit Counter Clock Source
0
0
0
No Clock
No Clock
0
0
1
Software clock strobe
(USICLK)
Software clock strobe
(USICLK)
0
1
X
Timer/Counter0 Compare
Match
Timer/Counter0 Compare
Match
1
0
0
External, positive edge
External, both edges
1
1
0
External, negative edge
External, both edges
1
0
1
External, positive edge
Software clock strobe (USITC)
1
1
1
External, negative edge
Software clock strobe (USITC)
• Bit 1 – USICLK: Clock Strobe
Writing a one to this bit location strobes the Shift Register to shift one step and the counter to
increment by one, provided that the USICS1..0 bits are set to zero and by doing so the software clock strobe option is selected. The output will change immediately when the clock
strobe is executed, i.e., in the same instruction cycle. The value shifted into the Shift Register
is sampled the previous instruction cycle. The bit will be read as zero.
When an external clock source is selected (USICS1 = 1), the USICLK function is changed
from a clock strobe to a Clock Select Register. Setting the USICLK bit in this case will select
the USITC strobe bit as clock source for the 4-bit counter (see Table 4-45).
• Bit 0 – USITC: Toggle Clock Port Pin
Writing a one to this bit location toggles the USCK/SCL value either from 0 to 1, or from 1 to 0.
The toggling is independent of the setting in the Data Direction Register, but if the PORT value
is to be shown on the pin the DDRE4 must be set as output (to one). This feature allows easy
clock generation when implementing master devices. The bit will be read as zero.
When an external clock source is selected (USICS1 = 1) and the USICLK bit is set to one, writing to the USITC strobe bit will directly clock the 4-bit counter. This allows an early detection of
when the transfer is done when operating as a master device.
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4.19
Analog Comparator
The Analog Comparator compares the input values on the positive pin AIN0 and negative pin
AIN1. When the voltage on the positive pin AIN0 is higher than the voltage on the negative pin
AIN1, the Analog Comparator output, ACO, is set. The comparator can trigger a separate
interrupt, exclusive to the Analog Comparator. The user can select Interrupt triggering on comparator output rise, fall or toggle. A block diagram of the comparator and its surrounding logic
is shown in Figure 4-58.
Figure 4-58. Analog Comparator Block Diagram(1)
BANDGAP
REFERENCE
ACBG
ACME
ADEN
ADC MULTIPLEXER
OUTPUT (1)
Note:
4.19.1
1. See Table 4-46.
Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input
When the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is configurated as single ended input channel, it
is possible to select any of the ADC7..0 pins to replace the negative input to the Analog Comparator. The ADC multiplexer is used to select this input, and consequently, the ADC must be
switched off to utilize this feature. If the Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enable bit (ACME in
ADCSRB) is set and the ADC is switched off (ADEN in ADCSRA is zero), MUX1..0 in ADMUX
select the input pin to replace the negative input to the Analog Comparator, as shown in Table
4-46. If ACME is cleared or ADEN is set, AIN1 is applied to the negative input to the Analog
Comparator.
Table 4-46.
Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input
ACME
ADEN
MUX4..0
0
x
xx
AIN1
Analog Comparator Negative Input
1
1
xx
AIN1
1
0
00000
ADC0
1
0
00001
ADC1
1
0
00010
ADC2
1
0
00011
ADC3
1
0
00100
ADC4
1
0
00101
ADC5
1
0
00110
ADC6
1
0
00111
ADC7
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4.19.2
4.19.2.1
Register Description
ADCSRB – ADC Control and Status Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x03 (0x23)
BIN
ACME
–
ADLAR
–
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R/w
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRB
• Bit 6 – ACME: Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enable
When this bit is written logic one and the ADC is switched off (ADEN in ADCSRA is zero), the
ADC multiplexer selects the negative input to the Analog Comparator. When this bit is written
logic zero, AIN1 is applied to the negative input of the Analog Comparator. For a detailed
description of this bit, see Section 4.19.1 “Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input” on page 137.
4.19.2.2
ACSR – Analog Comparator Control and Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x08 (0x28)
ACD
ACBG
ACO
ACI
ACIE
ACIC
ACIS1
ACIS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
ACSR
• Bit 7 – ACD: Analog Comparator Disable
When this bit is written logic one, the power to the Analog Comparator is switched off. This bit
can be set at any time to turn off the Analog Comparator. This will reduce power consumption
in Active and Idle mode. When changing the ACD bit, the Analog Comparator Interrupt must
be disabled by clearing the ACIE bit in ACSR. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when the bit is
changed.
• Bit 6 – ACBG: Analog Comparator Bandgap Select
When this bit is set, a fixed bandgap reference voltage replaces the positive input to the Analog Comparator. When this bit is cleared, AIN0 is applied to the positive input of the Analog
Comparator.
• Bit 5 – ACO: Analog Comparator Output
The output of the Analog Comparator is synchronized and then directly connected to ACO.
The synchronization introduces a delay of 1 - 2 clock cycles.
• Bit 4 – ACI: Analog Comparator Interrupt Flag
This bit is set by hardware when a comparator output event triggers the interrupt mode defined
by ACIS1 and ACIS0. The Analog Comparator interrupt routine is executed if the ACIE bit is
set and the I-bit in SREG is set. ACI is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding
interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, ACI is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag.
• Bit 3 – ACIE: Analog Comparator Interrupt Enable
When the ACIE bit is written logic one and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the Analog
Comparator interrupt is activated. When written logic zero, the interrupt is disabled.
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• Bit 2 – ACIC: Analog Comparator Input Capture Enable
When written logic one, this bit enables the input capture function in Timer/Counter1 to be triggered by the Analog Comparator. The comparator output is in this case directly connected to
the input capture front-end logic, making the comparator utilize the noise canceler and edge
select features of the Timer/Counter1 Input Capture interrupt. When written logic zero, no connection between the Analog Comparator and the input capture function exists. To make the
comparator trigger the Timer/Counter1 Input Capture inter-rupt, the ICIE1 bit in the Timer
Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK1) must be set.
• Bits 1, 0 – ACIS1, ACIS0: Analog Comparator Interrupt Mode Select
These bits determine which comparator events that trigger the Analog Comparator interrupt.
The different settings are shown in Table 4-47.
Table 4-47.
ACIS1/ACIS0 Settings
ACIS1
ACIS0
Interrupt Mode
0
0
Comparator Interrupt on Output Toggle.
0
1
Reserved
1
0
Comparator Interrupt on Falling Output Edge.
1
1
Comparator Interrupt on Rising Output Edge.
When changing the ACIS1/ACIS0 bits, the Analog Comparator Interrupt must be disabled by
clearing its Interrupt Enable bit in the ACSR Register. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when
the bits are changed.
4.19.2.3
DIDR0 – Digital Input Disable Register 0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x01 (0x21)
ADC7D
ADC6D
ADC5D
ADC4D
ADC3D
ADC2D
ADC1D
ADC0D
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DIDR0
• Bits 1, 0 – ADC0D,ADC1D: ADC 1/0 Digital input buffer disable
When this bit is written logic one, the digital input buffer on the AIN1/0 pin is disabled. The corresponding PIN Register bit will always read as zero when this bit is set. When an analog
signal is applied to the AIN1/0 pin and the digital input from this pin is not needed, this bit
should be written logic one to reduce power consumption in the digital input buffer.
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4.20
4.20.1
Analog to Digital Converter
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.20.2
10-bit Resolution
1.0LSB Integral Non-linearity
± 2 LSB Absolute Accuracy
65 - 260µs Conversion Time
Up to 76kSPS at Maximum Resolution
Eight Multiplexed Single Ended Input Channels
Twelve differential input channels with selectable gain (1x, 20x)
Temperature sensor input channel
Optional Left Adjustment for ADC Result Readout
0 - VCC ADC Input Voltage Range
1.1V ADC Reference Voltage
Free Running or Single Conversion Mode
ADC Start Conversion by Auto Triggering on Interrupt Sources
Interrupt on ADC Conversion Complete
Sleep Mode Noise Canceler
Unipolar / Bipolar Input Mode
Input Polarity Reversal channels
Overview
The Atmel® ATtiny44V features a 10-bit successive approximation ADC. The ADC is connected to 8-pin port A for external sources. In addition to external sources internal temperature
sensor can be measured by ADC. Analog Multiplexer allows eight single-ended channels or
12 differential channels from Port A. The programmable gain stage provides ampification
steps 0 dB (1x) and 26 dB (20x) for 12 differential ADC channels.
The ADC contains a Sample and Hold circuit which ensures that the input voltage to the ADC
is held at a constant level during conversion. A block diagram of the ADC is shown in Figure
4-59 on page 141.
Internal reference voltage of nominally 1.1V is provided On-chip. Alternatively, VCC can be
used as reference voltage for single ended channels. There is also an option to use an external voltage reference and turn-off the internal voltage reference.
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Figure 4-59. Analog to Digital Converter Block Schematic
ADC CONVERSION
COMPLETE IRQ
INTERRUPT
FLAGS
ADTS2...ADTS0
AREF
VCC
INTERNAL
REFERENCE
1.1V
TRIGGER
SELECT
ADC[9:0]
ADPS1
ADPS0
ADPS2
ADIF
ADSC
ADATE
ADEN
ADLAR
MUX4...MUX0
0
ADC DATA REGISTER
(ADCH/ADCL)
MUX DECODER
CHANNEL SELECTION
REFS1..REFS0
BIN
IPR
15
ADC CTRL. & STATUS A
REGISTER (ADCSRA)
ADC MULTIPLEXER
SELECT (ADMUX)
PRESCALER
START
GAIN SELECTION
ADC CTRL. & STATUS B
REGISTER (ADCSRB)
ADIE
ADIF
8-BIT DATA BUS
CONVERSION LOGIC
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
SAMPLE & HOLD
COMPARATOR
10-BIT DAC
ADC8
AGND
+
SINGLE ENDED / DIFFERENTIAL SELECTION
ADC7
ADC MULTIPLEXER
OUTPUT
ADC6
ADC5
POS.
INPUT
MUX
ADC4
+
-
ADC3
GAIN
AMPLIFIER
ADC2
ADC1
ADC0
NEG.
INPUT
MUX
4.20.3
ADC Operation
The ADC converts an analog input voltage to a 10-bit digital value through successive approximation. The minimum value represents GND and the maximum value represents the
reference voltage.The voltage reference for the ADC may be selected by writing to the
REFS1..0 bits in ADMUX. The VCC supply, the AREF pin or an internal 1.1V voltage reference may be selected as the ADC voltage reference.
The analog input channel and differential gain are selected by writing to the MUX5..0 bits in
ADMUX. Any of the eight ADC input pins ADC7..0 can be selected as single ended inputs to
the ADC. For differential measurements all analog inputs next to each other can be selected
as a input pair. Every input is also possible to measure with ADC3. These pairs of differential
inputs are measured by ADC trough the differential gain amplifier.
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If differential channels are selected, the differential gain stage amplifies the voltage difference
between the selected input pair by the selected gain factor, 1x or 20x, according to the setting
of the MUX0 bit in ADMUX. This amplified value then becomes the analog input to the ADC. If
single ended channels are used, the gain amplifier is bypassed altogether.
The offset of the differential channels can be measure by selecting the same input for both
negative and positive input. Offset calibration can be done for ADC0, ADC3 and ADC7. When
ADC0 or ADC3 or ADC7 is selected as both the positive and negative input to the differential
gain amplifier , the remaining offset in the gain stage and conversion circuitry can be measured directly as the result of the conversion. This figure can be subtracted from subsequent
conversions with the same gain setting to reduce offset error to below 1 LSB.
The on-chip temperature sensor is selected by writing the code “100010” to the MUX5..0 bits
in ADMUX register.
The ADC is enabled by setting the ADC Enable bit, ADEN in ADCSRA. Voltage reference and
input channel selections will not go into effect until ADEN is set. The ADC does not consume
power when ADEN is cleared, so it is recommended to switch off the ADC before entering
power saving sleep modes.
The ADC generates a 10-bit result which is presented in the ADC Data Registers, ADCH and
ADCL. By default, the result is presented right adjusted, but can optionally be presented left
adjusted by setting the ADLAR bit in ADCSRB.
If the result is left adjusted and no more than 8-bit precision is required, it is sufficient to read
ADCH. Otherwise, ADCL must be read first, then ADCH, to ensure that the content of the data
registers belongs to the same conversion. Once ADCL is read, ADC access to data registers
is blocked. This means that if ADCL has been read, and a conversion completes before ADCH
is read, neither register is updated and the result from the conversion is lost. When ADCH is
read, ADC access to the ADCH and ADCL Registers is re-enabled.
The ADC has its own interrupt which can be triggered when a conversion completes. When
ADC access to the data registers is prohibited between reading of ADCH and ADCL, the interrupt will trigger even if the result is lost.
4.20.4
Starting a Conversion
A single conversion is started by writing a logical one to the ADC Start Conversion bit, ADSC.
This bit stays high as long as the conversion is in progress and will be cleared by hardware
when the conversion is completed. If a different data channel is selected while a conversion is
in progress, the ADC will finish the current conversion before performing the channel change.
Alternatively, a conversion can be triggered automatically by various sources. Auto Triggering
is enabled by setting the ADC Auto Trigger Enable bit, ADATE in ADCSRA. The trigger source
is selected by setting the ADC Trigger Select bits, ADTS in ADCSRB (see description of the
ADTS bits for a list of the trigger sources). When a positive edge occurs on the selected trigger
signal, the ADC prescaler is reset and a conversion is started. This provides a method of starting conversions at fixed intervals. If the trigger signal still is set when the conversion
completes, a new conversion will not be started. If another positive edge occurs on the trigger
signal during conversion, the edge will be ignored. Note that an Interrupt Flag will be set even
if the specific interrupt is disabled or the Global Interrupt Enable bit in SREG is cleared. A conversion can thus be triggered without causing an interrupt. However, the Interrupt Flag must
be cleared in order to trigger a new conversion at the next interrupt event.
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Figure 4-60. ADC Auto Trigger Logic
ADTS[2:0]
PRESCALER
START
ADIF
CLKADC
ADATE
SOURCE 1
.
.
.
.
CONVERSION
LOGIC
EDGE
DETECTOR
SOURCE n
ADSC
Using the ADC Interrupt Flag as a trigger source makes the ADC start a new conversion as
soon as the ongoing conversion has finished. The ADC then operates in Free Running mode,
constantly sampling and updating the ADC Data Register. The first conversion must be started
by writing a logical one to the ADSC bit in ADCSRA. In this mode the ADC will perform successive conversions independently of whether the ADC Interrupt Flag, ADIF is cleared or not.
If Auto Triggering is enabled, single conversions can be started by writing ADSC in ADCSRA
to one. ADSC can also be used to determine if a conversion is in progress. The ADSC bit will
be read as one during a conversion, independently of how the conversion was started.
4.20.5
Prescaling and Conversion Timing
Figure 4-61. ADC Prescaler
ADEN
START
Reset
7-BIT ADC PRESCALER
CK/64
CK/128
CK/32
CK/16
CK/8
CK/4
CK/2
CK
ADPS0
ADPS1
ADPS2
ADC CLOCK SOURCE
By default, the successive approximation circuitry requires an input clock frequency between
50 kHz and 200 kHz to get maximum resolution. If a lower resolution than 10 bits is needed,
the input clock frequency to the ADC can be higher than 200 kHz to get a higher sample rate.
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The ADC module contains a prescaler, which generates an acceptable ADC clock frequency
from any CPU frequency above 100 kHz. The prescaling is set by the ADPS bits in ADCSRA.
The prescaler starts counting from the moment the ADC is switched on by setting the ADEN
bit in ADCSRA. The prescaler keeps running for as long as the ADEN bit is set, and is continuously reset when ADEN is low.
When initiating a single ended conversion by setting the ADSC bit in ADCSRA, the conversion
starts at the following rising edge of the ADC clock cycle.
A normal conversion takes 13 ADC clock cycles. The first conversion after the ADC is
switched on (ADEN in ADCSRA is set) takes 25 ADC clock cycles in order to initialize the analog circuitry.
The actual sample-and-hold takes place 1.5 ADC clock cycles after the start of a normal conversion and 14.5 ADC clock cycles after the start of an first conversion. When a conversion is
complete, the result is written to the ADC Data Registers, and ADIF is set. In Single Conversion mode, ADSC is cleared simultaneously. The software may then set ADSC again, and a
new conversion will be initiated on the first rising ADC clock edge.
When Auto Triggering is used, the prescaler is reset when the trigger event occurs. This
assures a fixed delay from the trigger event to the start of conversion. In this mode, the sample-and-hold takes place two ADC clock cycles after the rising edge on the trigger source
signal. Three additional CPU clock cycles are used for synchronization logic.
In Free Running mode, a new conversion will be started immediately after the conversion
completes, while ADSC remains high. For a summary of conversion times, see Table 4-48 on
page 146.
Figure 4-62. ADC Timing Diagram, First Conversion (Single Conversion Mode)
Next
Conversion
First Conversion
Cycle Number
1
2
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
2
3
ADC Clock
ADEN
ADSC
ADIF
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCH
LSB of Result
ADCL
MUX and REFS
Update
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Conversion
Complete
MUX and REFS
Update
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Figure 4-63. ADC Timing Diagram, Single Conversion
One Conversion
Cycle Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Next Conversion
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
ADC Clock
ADSC
ADIF
ADCH
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCL
LSB of Result
Sample & Hold
Conversion
Complete
MUX and REFS
Update
MUX and REFS
Update
Figure 4-64. ADC Timing Diagram, Auto Triggered Conversion
One Conversion
Cycle Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Next Conversion
10
9
11
12
13
1
2
ADC Clock
Trigger
Source
ADATE
ADIF
ADCH
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCL
LSB of Result
Prescaler
Reset
Sample &
Hold
Conversion
Complete
Prescaler
Reset
MUX and REFS
Update
Figure 4-65. ADC Timing Diagram, Free Running Conversion
One Conversion
Cycle Number
11
12
Next Conversion
13
1
2
3
4
ADC Clock
ADSC
ADIF
ADCH
Sign and MSB of Result
ADCL
LSB of Result
Conversion
Complete
Sample & Hold
MUX and REFS
Update
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Table 4-48.
ADC Conversion Time
Condition
Sample & Hold (Cycles from
Start of Conversion)
First conversion
14.5
25
Normal conversions
1.5
13
2
13.5
Auto Triggered conversions
4.20.6
Conversion Time (Cycles)
Changing Channel or Reference Selection
The MUX5:0 and REFS1:0 bits in the ADMUX Register are single buffered through a temporary register to which the CPU has random access. This ensures that the channels and
reference selection only takes place at a safe point during the conversion. The channel and
reference selection is continuously updated until a conversion is started. Once the conversion
starts, the channel and reference selection is locked to ensure a sufficient sampling time for
the ADC. Continuous updating resumes in the last ADC clock cycle before the conversion
completes (ADIF in ADCSRA is set). Note that the conversion starts on the following rising
ADC clock edge after ADSC is written. The user is thus advised not to write new channel or
reference selection values to ADMUX until one ADC clock cycle after ADSC is written.
If Auto Triggering is used, the exact time of the triggering event can be indeterministic. Special
care must be taken when updating the ADMUX Register, in order to control which conversion
will be affected by the new settings.
If both ADATE and ADEN is written to one, an interrupt event can occur at any time. If the
ADMUX Register is changed in this period, the user cannot tell if the next conversion is based
on the old or the new settings. ADMUX can be safely updated in the following ways:
a. When ADATE or ADEN is cleared.
b.
During conversion, minimum one ADC clock cycle after the trigger event.
c.
After a conversion, before the Interrupt Flag used as trigger source is cleared.
When updating ADMUX in one of these conditions, the new settings will affect the next ADC
conversion.
4.20.6.1
ADC Input Channels
When changing channel selections, the user should observe the following guidelines to ensure
that the correct channel is selected:
In Single Conversion mode, always select the channel before starting the conversion. The
channel selection may be changed one ADC clock cycle after writing one to ADSC. However,
the simplest method is to wait for the conversion to complete before changing the channel
selection.
In Free Running mode, always select the channel before starting the first conversion. The
channel selection may be changed one ADC clock cycle after writing one to ADSC. However,
the simplest method is to wait for the first conversion to complete, and then change the channel selection. Since the next conversion has already started automatically, the next result will
reflect the previous channel selection. Subsequent conversions will reflect the new channel
selection.
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4.20.6.2
4.20.7
ADC Voltage Reference
The reference voltage for the ADC (VREF) indicates the conversion range for the ADC. Single
ended channels that exceed VREF will result in codes close to 0x3FF. VREF can be selected as
either VCC, or internal 1.1V reference, or external AREF pin. The first ADC conversion result
after switching reference voltage source may be inaccurate, and the user is advised to discard
this result.
ADC Noise Canceler
The ADC features a noise canceler that enables conversion during sleep mode to reduce
noise induced from the CPU core and other I/O peripherals. The noise canceler can be used
with ADC Noise Reduction and Idle mode. To make use of this feature, the following procedure should be used:
a. Make sure that the ADC is enabled and is not busy converting. Single Conversion
mode must be selected and the ADC conversion complete interrupt must be
enabled.
b.
Enter ADC Noise Reduction mode (or Idle mode). The ADC will start a conversion
once the CPU has been halted.
c.
If no other interrupts occur before the ADC conversion completes, the ADC interrupt will wake up the CPU and execute the ADC Conversion Complete interrupt
routine. If another interrupt wakes up the CPU before the ADC conversion is complete, that interrupt will be executed, and an ADC Conversion Complete interrupt
request will be generated when the ADC conversion completes. The CPU will
remain in active mode until a new sleep command is executed.
Note that the ADC will not be automatically turned off when entering other sleep modes than
Idle mode and ADC Noise Reduction mode. The user is advised to write zero to ADEN before
entering such sleep modes to avoid excessive power consumption.
4.20.7.1
Analog Input Circuitry
The analog input circuitry for single ended channels is illustrated in Figure 4-66. An analog
source applied to ADCn is subjected to the pin capacitance and input leakage of that pin,
regardless of whether that channel is selected as input for the ADC. When the channel is
selected, the source must drive the S/H capacitor through the series resistance (combined
resistance in the input path).
The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or
less. If such a source is used, the sampling time will be negligible. If a source with higher
impedance is used, the sampling time will depend on how long time the source needs to
charge the S/H capacitor, with can vary widely. The user is recommended to only use low
impedant sources with slowly varying signals, since this minimizes the required charge transfer to the S/H capacitor.
Signal components higher than the Nyquist frequency (fADC/2) should not be present to avoid
distortion from unpredictable signal convolution. The user is advised to remove high frequency
components with a low-pass filter before applying the signals as inputs to the ADC.
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Figure 4-66. Analog Input Circuitry
IIH
ADCn
1..100 kΩ
CS/H= 14 pF
IIL
VCC/2
4.20.7.2
Analog Noise Canceling Techniques
Digital circuitry inside and outside the device generates EMI which might affect the accuracy of
analog measurements. If conversion accuracy is critical, the noise level can be reduced by
applying the following techniques:
a. Keep analog signal paths as short as possible. Make sure analog tracks run over
the analog ground plane, and keep them well away from high-speed switching digital tracks.
4.20.7.3
b.
Use the ADC noise canceler function to reduce induced noise from the CPU.
c.
If any port pins are used as digital outputs, it is essential that these do not switch
while a conversion is in progress.
ADC Accuracy Definitions
An n-bit single-ended ADC converts a voltage linearly between GND and VREF in 2n steps
(LSBs). The lowest code is read as 0, and the highest code is read as 2n-1.
Several parameters describe the deviation from the ideal behavior:
• Offset: The deviation of the first transition (0x000 to 0x001) compared to the ideal transition
(at 0.5 LSB). Ideal value: 0 LSB.
Figure 4-67. Offset Error
Output Code
Ideal ADC
Actual ADC
Offset
Error
148
VREF Input Voltage
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• Gain Error: After adjusting for offset, the Gain Error is found as the deviation of the last
transition (0x3FE to 0x3FF) compared to the ideal transition (at 1.5 LSB below maximum).
Ideal value: 0 LSB
Figure 4-68. Gain Error
Gain
Error
Output Code
Ideal ADC
Actual ADC
VREF Input Voltage
• Integral Non-linearity (INL): After adjusting for offset and gain error, the INL is the maximum
deviation of an actual transition compared to an ideal transition for any code. Ideal value: 0
LSB.
Figure 4-69. Integral Non-linearity (INL)
Output Code
INL
Ideal ADC
Actual ADC
VREF
Input Voltage
• Differential Non-linearity (DNL): The maximum deviation of the actual code width (the interval
between two adjacent transitions) from the ideal code width (1 LSB). Ideal value: 0 LSB.
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Figure 4-70. Differential Non-linearity (DNL)
Output Code
0x3FF
1 LSB
DNL
0x000
0
VREF Input Voltage
• Quantization Error: Due to the quantization of the input voltage into a finite number of codes,
a range of input voltages (1 LSB wide) will code to the same value. Always ± 0.5 LSB.
• Absolute Accuracy: The maximum deviation of an actual (unadjusted) transition compared to
an ideal transition for any code. This is the compound effect of offset, gain error, differential
error, non-linearity, and quantization error. Ideal value: ± 0.5 LSB.
4.20.8
4.20.8.1
ADC Conversion Result
After the conversion is complete (ADIF is high), the conversion result can be found in the ADC
Result Registers (ADCL, ADCH). The form of the conversion result depends on the type of the
conversio as there are three types of conversions: single ended conversion, unipolar differential conversion and bipolar differential conversion.
Single Ended Conversion
For single ended conversion, the result is
V IN ⋅ 1024
ADC = ---------------------------V REF
where VIN is the voltage on the selected input pin and VREF the selected voltage reference (see
Table 4-50 on page 152 and Table 4-51 on page 153). 0x000 represents analog ground, and
0x3FF represents the selected reference voltage minus one LSB. The result is presented in
one-sided form, from 0x3FF to 0x000.
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4.20.8.2
Unipolar Differential Conversion
If differential channels and an unipolar input mode are used, the result is
( V POS – V NEG ) ⋅ 1024
ADC = ----------------------------------------------------------- ⋅ GAIN
V REF
where VPOS is the voltage on the positive input pin, VNEG the voltage on the negative input pin,
and VREF the selected voltage reference. The voltage of the positive pin must always be larger
than the voltage of the negative pin or otherwise the voltage difference is saturated to zero.
The result is presented in one-sided form, from 0x000 (0d) through 0x3FF (+1023d). The
GAIN is either 1x or 20x.
4.20.8.3
Bipolar Differential Conversion
If differential channels and a bipolar input mode are used, the result is
( V POS – V NEG ) ⋅ 512
ADC = ------------------------------------------------------- ⋅ GAIN
V REF
where VPOS is the voltage on the positive input pin, VNEG the voltage on the negative input pin,
and VREF the selected voltage reference. The result is presented in two’s complement form,
from 0x200 (-512d) through 0x1FF (+511d). The GAIN is either 1x or 20x. Note that if the user
wants to perform a quick polarity check of the result, it is sufficient to read the MSB of the
result (ADC9 in ADCH). If the bit is one, the result is negative, and if this bit is zero, the result
is positive.
As default the ADC converter operates in the unipolar input mode, but the bipolar input mode
can be selected by writting the BIN bit in the ADCSRB to one. In the bipolar input mode
two-sided voltage differences are allowed and thus the voltage on the negative input pin can
also be larger than the voltage on the positive input pin.
4.20.9
Temperature Measurement
The temperature measurement is based on an on-chip temperature sensor that is coupled to a
single ended ADC8 channel. Selecting the ADC8 channel by writing the MUX5:0 bits in
ADMUX register to “100010” enables the temperature sensor. The internal 1.1V reference
must also be selected for the ADC reference source in the temperature sensor measurement.
When the temperature sensor is enabled, the ADC converter can be used in single conversion
mode to measure the voltage over the temperature sensor. The measured voltage has a linear
relationship to the temperature as described in Table 51. The voltage sensitivity is approximately 1 mV / °C and the accuracy of the temperature measurement is +/- 10°C after offset
calibration. Bandgap is always calibrated and its accuracy is only guaranteed between 1.0V
and 1.2V
Table 4-49.
Temperature vs. Sensor Output Voltage (Typical Case)
Temperature / °C
-40°C
+25°C
+85°C
+125°C
Voltage / mV
243 mV
314 mv
380 mV
424 mV
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The values described in Table 4-49 on page 151 are typical values. However, due to the process variation the temperature sensor output voltage varies from one chip to another. To be
capable of achieving more accurate results the temperature measurement can be calibrated in
the application software. The software calibration requires that a calibration value is measured
and stored in a register or EEPROM for each chip, as a part of the production test. The sofware calibration can be done utilizing the formula:
T = {[(ADCH << 8) | ADCL] - TOS} / k
where ADCn are the ADC data registers, k is a fixed coefficient and TOS is the temperature
sensor offset value determined and stored into EEPROM as a part of the production test.To
obtain best accuracy the coefficient k should be measured using two temperature calibrations.
Using offset calibration, set k = 1.0, where k = (1024*1.07mV/°C)/1.1V~1.0 [1/°C].
4.20.10
4.20.10.1
Register Description
ADMUX – ADC Multiplexer Selection Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x07 (0x27)
REFS1
REFS0
MUX5
MUX4
MUX3
MUX2
MUX1
MUX0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADMUX
• Bit 7:6 – REFS1:REFS0: Reference Selection Bits
These bits select the voltage reference for the ADC, as shown in Table 4-50 on page 152. If
these bits are changed during a conversion, the change will not go in effect until this
conversion is complete (ADIF in ADCSR is set).
Special care should be taken when changing differential channels. Once a differential channel
has been selected, the stage may take as much as 25 ADC clock cycles to stabilize to the new
value. Thus conversions should not be started within the first 13 clock cycles after selecting a
new differential channel. Alternatively, conversion results obtained within this period should be
discarded.
The same settling time should be observed for the first differential conversion after changing
ADC reference (by changing the REFS1:0 bits in ADMUX).
If channels where differential gain is used ie. the gainstage, using VCC or an optional external
AREF higher than (VCC - 1V) is not recommended, as this will affect ADC accuracy. It is not
allowed to connect internal voltage reference to AREF pin, if an external voltage is being
applied to it already. Internal voltage reference is connected AREF pin when REFS1:0 is set to
value ‘11’.
Table 4-50.
152
Voltage Reference Selections for ADC
REFS1
REFS0
Voltage Reference Selection
0
0
VCC used as analog reference, disconnected from PA0 (AREF).
0
1
External Voltage Reference at PA0 (AREF) pin, Internal Voltage Reference
turned off.
1
0
Internal 1.1V Voltage Reference.
1
1
Reserved.
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• Bits 5:0 – MUX5:0: Analog Channel and Gain Selection Bits
The value of these bits selects which combination of analog inputs are connected to the ADC.
In case of differential input , gain selection is also made with these bits. Selections on Table
4-51 show values for single endid channels and where the the differential channels as well as
the offset calibration selections are located. Selecting the single-ended channel ADC8
enables the temperature measurement. See Table 4-51 for details. If these bits are changed
during a conversion, the change will not go into effect until this conversion is complete (ADIF
in ADCSRA is set).
Table 4-51.
Single Endid Input channel Selections.
Single Ended Input
MUX5..0
ADC0 (PA0)
000000
ADC1 (PA1)
000001
ADC2 (PA2)
000010
ADC3 (PA3)
000011
ADC4 (PA4)
000100
ADC5 (PA5)
000101
ADC6 (PA6)
000110
ADC7 (PA7)
000111
Reserved for differential channels
(1)
0V (AGND)
100000
1.1V (I Ref)
100001
(2)
100010
ADC8
Reserved for offset calibration
(3)
Reserved for reversal differential channels(1)
Notes:
001000 - 011111
100011 - 100111
101000 - 111111
1. See Table 4-52 on page 154 for details.
2. Section 4.20.9 “Temperature Measurement” on page 151
3. For offset calibration only .See Table 4-52 on page 154 and Section 4.20.3 “ADC Operation”
on page 141
See Table 4-52 on page 154 for details of selections of differential input channel selections as
well as selections of offset calibration channels. MUX0 bit works as a gain selection bit for differential channels shown in Table 4-52 on page 154. When MUX0 bit is cleared (‘0’) 1x gain is
selected and when it is set (‘1’) 20x gain is selected. For normal differential channel pairs
MUX5 bit work as a polarity reversal bit. Togling of the MUX5 bit exhanges the positive and
negative channel other way a round.
For offset calibration purpose the offset of the certain differential channels can be measure by
selecting the same input for both negative and positive input. This calibration can be done for
ADC0, ADC3 and ADC7. Section 4.20.3 “ADC Operation” on page 141 describes offset calibration in a more detailed level.
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Table 4-52.
Differential Input channel Selections.
Positive Differential
Input
ADC0 (PA0)
ADC1 (PA1)
MUX5..0
Negative Differential
Input
Gain 1x
Gain 20x
ADC0 (PA0) (1)
N/A
100011
ADC1 (PA1)
001000
001001
ADC3 (PA3)
001010
001011
ADC0 (PA0)
101000
101001
ADC2 (PA2)
001100
001101
ADC3 (PA3)
001110
001111
ADC1 (PA1)
101100
101101
ADC3 (PA3)
010000
010001
ADC0 (PA0)
101010
101011
ADC1 (PA1)
101110
101111
ADC2 (PA2)
110000
110001
ADC3 (PA3)(1)
100100
100101
ADC4 (PA4
010010
010011
ADC5 (PA5)
010100
010101
ADC6 (PA6)
010110
010111
ADC7 (PA7)
011000
011001
ADC3 (PA3)
110010
110011
ADC5 (PA5)
011010
011011
ADC3 (PA3)
110100
110101
ADC4 (PA4)
111010
111011
ADC6 (PA6)
011100
011101
ADC3 (PA3)
110110
110111
ADC5 (PA5)
111100
111101
ADC7 (PA7)
011110
011111
ADC3 (PA3)
111000
111001
ADC6 (PA6)
111110
111111
100110
100111
ADC2 (PA2)
ADC3 (PA3)
ADC4 (PA4
ADC5 (PA5)
ADC6 (PA6)
ADC7 (PA7)
ADC7 (PA7)
1.
154
(1)
For offset calibration only .See Section 4.20.3 “ADC Operation” on page 141
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4.20.10.2
ADCSRA – ADC Control and Status Register A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x06 (0x26)
ADEN
ADSC
ADATE
ADIF
ADIE
ADPS2
ADPS1
ADPS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRA
• Bit 7 – ADEN: ADC Enable
Writing this bit to one enables the ADC. By writing it to zero, the ADC is turned off. Turning the
ADC off while a conversion is in progress, will terminate this conversion.
• Bit 6 – ADSC: ADC Start Conversion
In Single Conversion mode, write this bit to one to start each conversion. In Free Running
mode, write this bit to one to start the first conversion. The first conversion after ADSC has
been written after the ADC has been enabled, or if ADSC is written at the same time as the
ADC is enabled, will take 25 ADC clock cycles instead of the normal 13. This first conversion
performs initialization of the ADC.
ADSC will read as one as long as a conversion is in progress. When the conversion is complete, it returns to zero. Writing zero to this bit has no effect.
• Bit 5 – ADATE: ADC Auto Trigger Enable
When this bit is written to one, Auto Triggering of the ADC is enabled. The ADC will start a
conversion on a positive edge of the selected trigger signal. The trigger source is selected by
setting the ADC Trigger Select bits, ADTS in ADCSRB.
• Bit 4 – ADIF: ADC Interrupt Flag
This bit is set when an ADC conversion completes and the data registers are updated. The
ADC Conversion Complete Interrupt is executed if the ADIE bit and the I-bit in SREG are set.
ADIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector.
Alternatively, ADIF is cleared by writing a logical one to the flag. Beware that if doing a
Read-Modify-Write on ADCSRA, a pending interrupt can be disabled. This also applies if the
SBI instruction is used.
• Bit 3 – ADIE: ADC Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one and the I-bit in SREG is set, the ADC Conversion Complete
Interrupt is activated.
• Bits 2:0 – ADPS2:0: ADC Prescaler Select Bits
These bits determine the division factor between the system clock frequency and the input
clock to the ADC.
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Table 4-53.
4.20.10.3
ADC Prescaler Selections
ADPS2
ADPS1
ADPS0
Division Factor
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
8
1
0
0
16
1
0
1
32
1
1
0
64
1
1
1
128
ADCL and ADCH – ADC Data Register
ADLAR = 0
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
0x05 (0x25)
–
–
–
–
–
–
ADC9
ADC8
ADCH
0x04 (0x24)
ADC7
ADC6
ADC5
ADC4
ADC3
ADC2
ADC1
ADC0
ADCL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
Initial Value
ADLAR = 1
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
0x05 (0x25)
ADC9
ADC8
ADC7
ADC6
ADC5
ADC4
ADC3
ADC2
ADCH
0x04 (0x24)
ADC1
ADC0
–
–
–
–
–
–
ADCL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
Initial Value
When an ADC conversion is complete, the result is found in these two registers.
When ADCL is read, the ADC Data Register is not updated until ADCH is read. Consequently,
if the result is left adjusted and no more than 8-bit precision is required, it is sufficient to read
ADCH. Otherwise, ADCL must be read first, then ADCH.
The ADLAR bit in ADCSRB, and the MUXn bits in ADMUX affect the way the result is read
from the registers. If ADLAR is set, the result is left adjusted. If ADLAR is cleared (default), the
result is right adjusted.
• ADC9:0: ADC Conversion Result
These bits represent the result from the conversion, as detailed in Section 4.20.8 “ADC Conversion Result” on page 150.
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4.20.10.4
ADCSRB – ADC Control and Status Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x03 (0x23)
BIN
ACME
–
ADLAR
–
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ADCSRB
• Bits 7 – BIN: Bipolar Input Mode
The gain stage is working in the unipolar mode as default, but the bipolar mode can be
selected by writing the BIN bit in the ADCSRB register. In the unipolar mode only one-sided
conversions are supported and the voltage on the positive input must always be larger than
the voltage on the negative input. Otherwise the result is saturated to the voltage reference. In
the bipolar mode two-sided conversions are supported and the result is represented in the
two’s complement form. In the unipolar mode the resolution is 10 bits and the bipolar mode the
resolution is 9 bits + 1 sign bit.
• Bit 6 – ACME: Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enable
See Section 4.20.10.4 “ADCSRB – ADC Control and Status Register B” on page 157.
• Bit 5 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved bit in the Atmel® ATtiny44V and will always read as what was wrote there.
• Bit 4 – ADLAR: ADC Left Adjust Result
The ADLAR bit affects the presentation of the ADC conversion result in the ADC Data Register. Write one to ADLAR to left adjust the result. Otherwise, the result is right adjusted.
Changing the ADLAR bit will affect the ADC Data Register immediately, regardless of any
ongoing conversions. For a comple the description of this bit, see Section 4.20.10.3 “ADCL
and ADCH – ADC Data Register” on page 156.
• Bit 3 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved bit in the ATtiny44V and will always read as what was wrote there.
• Bits 2:0 – ADTS2:0: ADC Auto Trigger Source
If ADATE in ADCSRA is written to one, the value of these bits selects which source will trigger
an ADC conversion. If ADATE is cleared, the ADTS2:0 settings will have no effect. A conversion will be triggered by the rising edge of the selected Interrupt Flag. Note that switching from
a trigger source that is cleared to a trigger source that is set, will generate a positive edge on
the trigger signal. If ADEN in ADCSRA is set, this will start a conversion. Switching to Free
Running mode (ADTS[2:0]=0) will not cause a trigger event, even if the ADC Interrupt Flag is
set.
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Table 4-54.
4.20.10.5
ADC Auto Trigger Source Selections
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Trigger Source
0
0
0
Free Running mode
0
0
1
Analog Comparator
0
1
0
External Interrupt Request 0
0
1
1
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A
1
0
0
Timer/Counter0 Overflow
1
0
1
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B
1
1
0
Timer/Counter1 Overflow
1
1
1
Timer/Counter1 Capture Event
DIDR0 – Digital Input Disable Register 0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x01 (0x21)
ADC7D
ADC6D
ADC5D
ADC4D
ADC3D
ADC2D
ADC1D
ADC0D
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DIDR0
• Bits 7..0 – ADC7D..ADC0D: ADC7..0 Digital Input Disable
When this bit is written logic one, the digital input buffer on the corresponding ADC pin is disabled. The corresponding PIN register bit will always read as zero when this bit is set. When
an analog signal is applied to the ADC7..0 pin and the digital input from this pin is not needed,
this bit should be written logic one to reduce power consumption in the digital input buffer.
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4.21
4.21.1
debugWIRE On-chip Debug System
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.21.2
Complete Program Flow Control
Emulates All On-chip Functions, Both Digital and Analog , except RESET Pin
Real-time Operation
Symbolic Debugging Support (Both at C and Assembler Source Level, or for Other HLLs)
Unlimited Number of Program Break Points (Using Software Break Points)
Non-intrusive Operation
Electrical Characteristics Identical to Real Device
Automatic Configuration System
High-Speed Operation
Programming of Non-volatile Memories
Overview
The debugWIRE On-chip debug system uses a One-wire, bi-directional interface to control the
program flow, execute Atmel® AVR® instructions in the CPU and to program the different
non-volatile memories.
4.21.3
Physical Interface
When the debugWIRE Enable (DWEN) Fuse is programmed and Lock bits are unprogrammed, the debugWIRE system within the target device is activated. The RESET port pin is
configured as a wire-AND (open-drain) bi-directional I/O pin with pull-up enabled and becomes
the communication gateway between target and emulator.
Figure 4-71. The debugWIRE Setup
1.8 - 5.5V
VCC
dW
dW(RESET)
GND
Figure 4-71 shows the schematic of a target MCU, with debugWIRE enabled, and the emulator connector. The system clock is not affected by debugWIRE and will always be the clock
source selected by the CKSEL Fuses.
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When designing a system where debugWIRE will be used, the following observations must be
made for correct operation:
• Pull-Up resistor on the dW/(RESET) line must be in the range of 10k to 20 kΩ. However, the
pull-up resistor is optional.
• Connecting the RESET pin directly to VCC will not work.
• Capacitors inserted on the RESET pin must be disconnected when using debugWire.
• All external reset sources must be disconnected.
4.21.4
Software Break Points
debugWIRE supports Program memory Break Points by the Atmel® AVR® Break instruction.
Setting a Break Point in Atmel AVR Studio® will insert a BREAK instruction in the Program
memory. The instruction replaced by the BREAK instruction will be stored. When program
execution is continued, the stored instruction will be executed before continuing from the Program memory. A break can be inserted manually by putting the BREAK instruction in the
program.
The Flash must be re-programmed each time a Break Point is changed. This is automatically
handled by AVR Studio through the debugWIRE interface. The use of Break Points will therefore reduce the Flash Data retention. Devices used for debugging purposes should not be
shipped to end customers.
4.21.5
Limitations of debugWIRE
The debugWIRE communication pin (dW) is physically located on the same pin as External
Reset (RESET). An External Reset source is therefore not supported when the debugWIRE is
enabled.
The debugWIRE system accurately emulates all I/O functions when running at full speed, i.e.,
when the program in the CPU is running. When the CPU is stopped, care must be taken while
accessing some of the I/O Registers via the debugger (AVR Studio). See the debugWIRE documentation for detailed description of the limitations.
A programmed DWEN Fuse enables some parts of the clock system to be running in all sleep
modes. This will increase the power consumption while in sleep. Thus, the DWEN Fuse
should be disabled when debugWire is not used.
4.21.6
4.21.6.1
Register Description
The following section describes the registers used with the debugWire.
DWDR – debugWire Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
0x27 (0x47)
4
3
2
1
0
DWDR[7:0]
DWDR
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The DWDR Register provides a communication channel from the running program in the MCU
to the debugger. This register is only accessible by the debugWIRE and can therefore not be
used as a general purpose register in the normal operations.
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4.22
Self-Programming the Flash
The device provides a Self-Programming mechanism for downloading and uploading program
code by the MCU itself. The Self-Programming can use any available data interface and associated protocol to read code and write (program) that code into the Program memory.
The Program memory is updated in a page by page fashion. Before programming a page with
the data stored in the temporary page buffer, the page must be erased. The temporary page
buffer is filled one word at a time using SPM and the buffer can be filled either before the Page
Erase command or between a Page Erase and a Page Write operation:
Alternative 1, fill the buffer before a Page Erase
• Fill temporary page buffer
• Perform a Page Erase
• Perform a Page Write
Alternative 2, fill the buffer after Page Erase
• Perform a Page Erase
• Fill temporary page buffer
• Perform a Page Write
If only a part of the page needs to be changed, the rest of the page must be stored (for example in the temporary page buffer) before the erase, and then be re-written. When using
alternative 1, the Boot Loader provides an effective Read-Modify-Write feature which allows
the user software to first read the page, do the necessary changes, and then write back the
modified data. If alternative 2 is used, it is not possible to read the old data while loading since
the page is already erased. The temporary page buffer can be accessed in a random
sequence. It is essential that the page address used in both the Page Erase and Page Write
operation is addressing the same page.
4.22.1
Performing Page Erase by SPM
To execute Page Erase, set up the address in the Z-pointer, write “00000011” to SPMCSR
and execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The data in R1 and R0 is
ignored. The page address must be written to PCPAGE in the Z-register. Other bits in the
Z-pointer will be ignored during this operation.
• The CPU is halted during the Page Erase operation.
4.22.2
Filling the Temporary Buffer (Page Loading)
To write an instruction word, set up the address in the Z-pointer and data in R1:R0, write
“00000001” to SPMCSR and execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The
content of PCWORD in the Z-register is used to address the data in the temporary buffer. The
temporary buffer will auto-erase after a Page Write operation or by writing the CTPB bit in
SPMCSR. It is also erased after a system reset. Note that it is not possible to write more than
one time to each address without erasing the temporary buffer.
If the EEPROM is written in the middle of an SPM Page Load operation, all data loaded will be
lost.
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4.22.3
Performing a Page Write
To execute Page Write, set up the address in the Z-pointer, write “00000101” to SPMCSR and
execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The data in R1 and R0 is
ignored. The page address must be written to PCPAGE. Other bits in the Z-pointer must be
written to zero during this operation.
• The CPU is halted during the Page Write operation.
4.22.4
Addressing the Flash During Self-Programming
The Z-pointer is used to address the SPM commands.
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
ZH (R31)
Z15
Z14
Z13
Z12
Z11
Z10
Z9
Z8
ZL (R30)
Z7
Z6
Z5
Z4
Z3
Z2
Z1
Z0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Since the Flash is organized in pages (see Table 4-62 on page 169), the Program Counter can
be treated as having two different sections. One section, consisting of the least significant bits,
is addressing the words within a page, while the most significant bits are addressing the
pages. This is shown in Figure 4-73 on page 169. Note that the Page Erase and Page Write
operations are addressed independently. Therefore it is of major importance that the software
addresses the same page in both the Page Erase and Page Write operation.
The LPM instruction uses the Z-pointer to store the address. Since this instruction addresses
the Flash byte-by-byte, also the LSB (bit Z0) of the Z-pointer is used.
Figure 4-72. Addressing the Flash During SPM(1)
BIT
15
ZPCMSB
ZPAGEMSB
Z - REGISTER
1 0
0
PCMSB
PROGRAM
COUNTER
PAGEMSB
PCPAGE
PAGE ADDRESS
WITHIN THE FLASH
PROGRAM MEMORY
PAGE
PCWORD
WORD ADDRESS
WITHIN A PAGE
PAGE
INSTRUCTION WORD
PCWORD[PAGEMSB:0]:
00
01
02
PAGEEND
Note:
162
The different variables used in Figure 4-72 are listed in Table 4-62 on page 169.
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4.22.4.1
EEPROM Write Prevents Writing to SPMCSR
Note that an EEPROM write operation will block all software programming to Flash. Reading
the Fuses and Lock bits from software will also be prevented during the EEPROM write operation. It is recommended that the user checks the status bit (EEPE) in the EECR Register and
verifies that the bit is cleared before writing to the SPMCSR Register.
4.22.4.2
Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits from Software
It is possible to read both the Fuse and Lock bits from software. To read the Lock bits, load the
Z-pointer with 0x0001 and set the RFLB and SPMEN bits in SPMCSR. When an LPM instruction is executed within three CPU cycles after the RFLB and SPMEN bits are set in SPMCSR,
the value of the Lock bits will be loaded in the destination register. The RFLB and SPMEN bits
will auto-clear upon completion of reading the Lock bits or if no LPM instruction is executed
within three CPU cycles or no SPM instruction is executed within four CPU cycles. When
RFLB and SPMEN are cleared, LPM will work as described in the Instruction set Manual.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd
–
–
–
–
–
–
LB2
LB1
The algorithm for reading the Fuse Low byte is similar to the one described above for reading
the Lock bits. To read the Fuse Low byte, load the Z-pointer with 0x0000 and set the RFLB
and SPMEN bits in SPMCSR. When an LPM instruction is executed within three cycles after
the RFLB and SPMEN bits are set in the SPMCSR, the value of the Fuse Low byte (FLB) will
be loaded in the destination register as shown below. See Table 4-60 on page 168 for a
detailed description and mapping of the Fuse Low byte.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd
FLB7
FLB6
FLB5
FLB4
FLB3
FLB2
FLB1
FLB0
Similarly, when reading the Fuse High byte, load 0x0003 in the Z-pointer. When an LPM
instruction is executed within three cycles after the RFLB and SPMEN bits are set in the
SPMCSR, the value of the Fuse High byte (FHB) will be loaded in the destination register as
shown below. See Table 4-59 on page 167 for detailed description and mapping of the Fuse
High byte.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd
FHB7
FHB6
FHB5
FHB4
FHB3
FHB2
FHB1
FHB0
Fuse and Lock bits that are programmed, will be read as zero. Fuse and Lock bits that are
unprogrammed, will be read as one.
4.22.4.3
Preventing Flash Corruption
During periods of low VCC, the Flash program can be corrupted because the supply voltage is
too low for the CPU and the Flash to operate properly. These issues are the same as for board
level systems using the Flash, and the same design solutions should be applied.
A Flash program corruption can be caused by two situations when the voltage is too low. First,
a regular write sequence to the Flash requires a minimum voltage to operate correctly. Secondly, the CPU itself can execute instructions incorrectly, if the supply voltage for executing
instructions is too low.
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Flash corruption can easily be avoided by following these design recommendations (one is
sufficient):
1. Keep the Atmel® AVR® RESET active (low) during periods of insufficient power supply
voltage. This can be done by enabling the internal Brown-out Detector (BOD) if the
operating voltage matches the detection level. If not, an external low VCC reset protection circuit can be used. If a reset occurs while a write operation is in progress, the
write operation will be completed provided that the power supply voltage is sufficient.
2. Keep the AVR core in Power-down sleep mode during periods of low VCC. This will prevent the CPU from attempting to decode and execute instructions, effectively protecting
the SPMCSR Register and thus the Flash from unintentional writes.
4.22.4.4
Programming Time for Flash when Using SPM
The calibrated RC Oscillator is used to time Flash accesses. Table 4-55 shows the typical programming time for Flash accesses from the CPU.
Table 4-55.
SPM Programming Time(1)
Symbol
Min Programming Time
Max Programming Time
3.7ms
4.5ms
Flash write (Page Erase, Page Write,
and write Lock bits by SPM)
Note:
4.22.5
4.22.5.1
1. The min and max programming times is per individual operation.
Register Description
SPMCSR – Store Program Memory Control and Status Register
The Store Program Memory Control and Status Register contains the control bits needed to
control the Program memory operations.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x37 (0x57)
–
–
–
CTPB
RFLB
PGWRT
PGERS
SPMEN
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SPMCSR
• Bits 7..5 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the Atmel ATtiny44V and always read as zero.
• Bit 4 – CTPB: Clear Temporary Page Buffer
If the CTPB bit is written while filling the temporary page buffer, the temporary page buffer will
be cleared and the data will be lost.
• Bit 3 – RFLB: Read Fuse and Lock Bits
An LPM instruction within three cycles after RFLB and SPMEN are set in the SPMCSR Register, will read either the Lock bits or the Fuse bits (depending on Z0 in the Z-pointer) into the
destination register. See Section 4.22.4.1 “EEPROM Write Prevents Writing to SPMCSR” on
page 163 for details.
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• Bit 2 – PGWRT: Page Write
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next SPM instruction within four
clock cycles executes Page Write, with the data stored in the temporary buffer. The page
address is taken from the high part of the Z-pointer. The data in R1 and R0 are ignored. The
PGWRT bit will auto-clear upon completion of a Page Write, or if no SPM instruction is executed within four clock cycles. The CPU is halted during the entire Page Write operation.
• Bit 1 – PGERS: Page Erase
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next SPM instruction within four
clock cycles executes Page Erase. The page address is taken from the high part of the
Z-pointer. The data in R1 and R0 are ignored. The PGERS bit will auto-clear upon completion
of a Page Erase, or if no SPM instruction is executed within four clock cycles. The CPU is
halted during the entire Page Write operation.
• Bit 0 – SPMEN: Store Program Memory Enable
This bit enables the SPM instruction for the next four clock cycles. If written to one together
with either CTPB, RFLB, PGWRT, or PGERS, the following SPM instruction will have a special meaning, see description above. If only SPMEN is written, the following SPM instruction
will store the value in R1:R0 in the temporary page buffer addressed by the Z-pointer. The
LSB of the Z-pointer is ignored. The SPMEN bit will auto-clear upon completion of an SPM
instruction, or if no SPM instruction is executed within four clock cycles. During Page Erase
and Page Write, the SPMEN bit remains high until the operation is completed.
Writing any other combination than “10001”, “01001”, “00101”, “00011” or “00001” in the lower
five bits will have no effect.
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4.23
Memory Programming
This section describes the different methods for Programming the Atmel ® ATtiny44V
memories.
4.23.1
Program and Data Memory Lock Bits
The ATtiny44V provides two Lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (“1”) or can be programmed (“0”) to obtain the additional security listed in Table 4-57. The Lock bits can only be
erased to “1” with the Chip Erase command.
Program memory can be read out via the debugWIRE interface when the DWEN fuse is programmed, even if the Lock Bits are set. Thus, when Lock Bit security is required, should
always debugWIRE be disabled by clearing the DWEN fuse.
Table 4-56.
Lock Bit Byte(1)
Lock Bit Byte
Description
Default Value
7
–
1 (unprogrammed)
6
–
1 (unprogrammed)
5
–
1 (unprogrammed)
4
–
1 (unprogrammed)
3
–
1 (unprogrammed)
2
–
1 (unprogrammed)
LB2
1
Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
LB1
0
Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
Note:
Bit No
1. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
Table 4-57.
Lock Bit Protection Modes(1)(2)
Memory Lock Bits
LB Mode
LB2
LB1
1
1
1
No memory lock features enabled.
0
Further programming of the Flash and EEPROM is disabled in
High-voltage and Serial Programming mode. The Fuse bits are
locked in both Serial and High-voltage Programming mode.(1)
debugWire is disabled.
0
Further programming and verification of the Flash and
EEPROM is disabled in High-voltage and Serial Programming
mode. The Fuse bits are locked in both Serial and High-voltage
Programming mode.(1) debugWire is disabled.
2
3
Notes:
166
Protection Type
1
0
1. Program the Fuse bits before programming the LB1 and LB2.
2. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
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4.23.2
Fuse Bytes
The Atmel® ATtiny44V has three Fuse bytes. Table 4-59 to Table 4-60 on page 168 describe
briefly the functionality of all the fuses and how they are mapped into the Fuse bytes. Note that
the fuses are read as logical zero, “0”, if they are programmed.
Table 4-58.
Fuse Extended Byte
Fuse High Byte
SELFPRGEN
Table 4-59.
Bit No
Description
Default Value
7
-
1 (unprogrammed)
6
-
1 (unprogrammed)
5
-
1 (unprogrammed)
4
-
1 (unprogrammed)
3
-
1 (unprogrammed)
2
-
1 (unprogrammed)
1
-
1 (unprogrammed)
0
Self-Programming Enable
1 (unprogrammed)
Description
Default Value
Fuse High Byte
Fuse High Byte
RSTDISBL(1)
Bit No
7
External Reset disable
1 (unprogrammed)
(2)
6
DebugWIRE Enable
1 (unprogrammed)
SPIEN(3)
6
Enable Serial Program and Data
Downloading
0 (programmed, SPI
prog. enabled)
WDTON(4)
4
Watchdog Timer always on
1 (unprogrammed)
EESAVE
3
EEPROM memory is preserved
through the Chip Erase
1 (unprogrammed,
EEPROM not
preserved)
BODLEVEL2(5)
2
Brown-out Detector trigger level
1 (unprogrammed)
BODLEVEL1(5)
1
Brown-out Detector trigger level
1 (unprogrammed)
BODLEVEL0(5)
0
Brown-out Detector trigger level
1 (unprogrammed)
DWEN
Notes:
1. See Section 4.14.3.2 “Alternate Functions of Port B” on page 72 for description of RSTDISBL and DWEN Fuses. When programming the RSTDISBL Fuse, High-voltage Serial
programming has to be used to change fuses to perform further programming
2. DWEN must be unprogrammed when Lock Bit security is required. See Section 4.23.1 “Program and Data Memory Lock Bits” on page 166.
3. The SPIEN Fuse is not accessible in SPI Programming mode.
4. See Table 4-16 on page 50 for details.
5. See Table 8-4 on page 190 for BODLEVEL Fuse decoding.
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Table 4-60.
Fuse Low Byte
Fuse Low Byte
Bit No
Description
Default Value
CKDIV8(1)
7
Divide clock by 8
0 (programmed)
CKOUT
6
Clock Output Enable
1 (unprogrammed)
SUT1
5
Select start-up time
1 (unprogrammed)(2
SUT0
4
Select start-up time
0 (programmed)(2
CKSEL3
3
Select Clock source
0 (programmed)(3)
CKSEL2
2
Select Clock source
0 (programmed)(3)
CKSEL1
1
Select Clock source
1 (unprogrammed)(3)
CKSEL0
0
Select Clock source
0 (programmed)(3)
Notes:
1. See Section 4.9.9 “System Clock Prescaler” on page 38 for details.
2. The default value of SUT1..0 results in maximum start-up time for the default clock source.
See Table 4-9 on page 36 for details.
3. The default setting of CKSEL3..0 results in internal RC Oscillator @ 8.0 MHz. See Table 4-8
on page 36 for details.
The status of the Fuse bits is not affected by Chip Erase. Note that the Fuse bits are locked if
Lock bit1 (LB1) is programmed. Program the Fuse bits before programming the Lock bits.
4.23.2.1
4.23.3
Latching of Fuses
The fuse values are latched when the device enters programming mode and changes of the
fuse values will have no effect until the part leaves Programming mode. This does not apply to
the EESAVE Fuse which will take effect once it is programmed. The fuses are also latched on
Power-up in Normal mode.
Signature Bytes
All Atmel® microcontrollers have a three-byte signature code which identifies the device. This
code can be read in both serial and High-voltage Programming mode, also when the device is
locked. The three bytes reside in a separate address space. For the ATtiny44V the signature
bytes are given in Table 4-61.
Table 4-61.
Device ID
Signature Bytes Address
4.23.4
Atmel Parts
0x000
0x001
0x002
ATtiny44V
0x1E
0x92
0x07
Calibration Byte
Signature area of the ATtiny44V has one byte of calibration data for the internal RC Oscillator.
This byte resides in the high byte of address 0x000. During reset, this byte is automatically
written into the OSCCAL Register to ensure correct frequency of the calibrated RC Oscillator.
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4.23.5
Page Size
Table 4-62.
No. of Words in a Page and No. of Pages in the Flash
Atmel Device
Flash Size
Page Size
PCWORD
No. of Pages
PCPAGE
PCMSB
ATtiny44V
4K bytes
32 words
PC[4:0]
64
PC[10:5]
10
Table 4-63.
No. of Words in a Page and No. of Pages in the EEPROM
Atmel Device
ATtiny44V
4.23.6
EEPROM Size
Page Size
PCWORD
No. of Pages
PCPAGE
EEAMSB
256 bytes
4 bytes
EEA[1:0]
64
EEA[7:2]
7
Serial Downloading
Both the Flash and EEPROM memory arrays can be programmed using the serial SPI bus
while RESET is pulled to GND. The serial interface consists of pins SCK, MOSI (input) and
MISO (output). After RESET is set low, the Programming Enable instruction needs to be executed first before program/erase operations can be executed. NOTE, in Table 4-64, the pin
mapping for SPI programming is listed. Not all parts use the SPI pins dedicated for the internal
SPI interface.
Figure 4-73. Serial Programming and Verify(1)
+1.8 - 5.5V
VCC
MOSI
MISO
SCK
RESET
GND
Note:
1. If the device is clocked by the internal Oscillator, it is no need to connect a clock source to
the CLKI pin.
Table 4-64.
Pin Mapping Serial Programming
Symbol
Pins
I/O
Description
MOSI
PA6
I
Serial Data in
MISO
PA5
O
Serial Data out
SCK
PA4
I
Serial Clock
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When programming the EEPROM, an auto-erase cycle is built into the self-timed programming operation (in the Serial mode ONLY) and there is no need to first execute the Chip Erase
instruction. The Chip Erase operation turns the content of every memory location in both the
Program and EEPROM arrays into 0xFF.
Depending on CKSEL Fuses, a valid clock must be present. The minimum low and high periods for the serial clock (SCK) input are defined as follows:
Low: > 2 CPU clock cycles for fck < 12 MHz, 3 CPU clock cycles for fck >= 12MHz
High: > 2 CPU clock cycles for fck < 12 MHz, 3 CPU clock cycles for fck >= 12MHz
4.23.6.1
Serial Programming Algorithm
When writing serial data to the Atmel® ATtiny44V, data is clocked on the rising edge of SCK.
When reading data from the ATtiny44V, data is clocked on the falling edge of SCK. See Figure
8-3 on page 193 and Figure 8-4 on page 193 for timing details.
To program and verify the ATtiny44V in the Serial Programming mode, the following sequence
is recommended (see four byte instruction formats in Table 4-66 on page 172):
1. Power-up sequence:
Apply power between VCC and GND while RESET and SCK are set to “0”. In some systems, the programmer can not guarantee that SCK is held low during power-up. In this
case, RESET must be given a positive pulse of at least two CPU clock cycles duration
after SCK has been set to “0”.
2. Wait for at least 20 ms and enable serial programming by sending the Programming
Enable serial instruction to pin MOSI.
3. The serial programming instructions will not work if the communication is out of synchronization. When in sync. the second byte (0x53), will echo back when issuing the
third byte of the Programming Enable instruction. Whether the echo is correct or not, all
four bytes of the instruction must be transmitted. If the 0x53 did not echo back, give
RESET a positive pulse and issue a new Programming Enable command.
4. The Flash is programmed one page at a time. The memory page is loaded one byte at
a time by supplying the 5 LSB of the address and data together with the Load Program
memory Page instruction. To ensure correct loading of the page, the data low byte
must be loaded before data high byte is applied for a given address. The Program
memory Page is stored by loading the Write Program memory Page instruction with the
3 MSB of the address. If polling (RDY/BSY) is not used, the user must wait at least
tWD_FLASH before issuing the next page. (See Table 4-65 on page 171.) Accessing the
serial programming interface before the Flash write operation completes can result in
incorrect programming.
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5. A: The EEPROM array is programmed one byte at a time by supplying the address and
data together with the appropriate Write instruction. An EEPROM memory location is
first automatically erased before new data is written. If polling (RDY/BSY) is not used,
the user must wait at least tWD_EEPROM before issuing the next byte. (See Table 4-65 on
page 171.) In a chip erased device, no 0xFFs in the data file(s) need to be programmed.
B: The EEPROM array is programmed one page at a time. The Memory page is
loaded one byte at a time by supplying the 2 LSB of the address and data together with
the Load EEPROM Memory Page instruction. The EEPROM Memory Page is stored
by loading the Write EEPROM Memory Page Instruction with the 4 MSB of the
address. When using EEPROM page access only byte locations loaded with the Load
EEPROM Memory Page instruction is altered. The remaining locations remain
unchanged. If polling (RDY/BSY) is not used, the used must wait at least tWD_EEPROM
before issuing the next page (See Table 4-65 on page 171). In a chip erased device, no
0xFF in the data file(s) need to be programmed.
6. Any memory location can be verified by using the Read instruction which returns the
content at the selected address at serial output MISO.
7. At the end of the programming session, RESET can be set high to commence normal
operation.
8. Power-off sequence (if needed):
Set RESET to “1”.
Turn VCC power off.
Table 4-65.
Minimum Wait Delay Before Writing the Next Flash or EEPROM Location
Symbol
Minimum Wait Delay
tWD_FLASH
4.5 ms
tWD_EEPROM
4.0 ms
tWD_ERASE
4.0 ms
tWD_FUSE
4.5 ms
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4.23.6.2
Serial Programming Instruction set
Table 4-66 and Figure 4-74 on page 173 describes the Instruction set.
Table 4-66.
Serial Programming Instruction Set
Instruction Format
(1)
Instruction/Operation
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte4
Programming Enable
$AC
$53
$00
$00
Chip Erase (Program Memory/EEPROM)
$AC
$80
$00
$00
Poll RDY/BSY
$F0
$00
$00
data byte out
$4D
$00
Extended adr
$00
Load Instructions
Load Extended Address byte
Load Program Memory Page, High byte
$48
adr MSB
adr LSB
high data byte in
Load Program Memory Page, Low byte
$40
adr MSB
adr LSB
low data byte in
Load EEPROM Memory Page (page access)
$C1
$00
adr LSB
data byte in
Read Program Memory, High byte
$28
adr MSB
adr LSB
high data byte out
Read Program Memory, Low byte
$20
adr MSB
adr LSB
low data byte out
Read EEPROM Memory
$A0
$00
adr LSB
data byte out
Read Lock bits
$58
$00
$00
data byte out
Read Signature Byte
$30
$00
adr LSB
data byte out
Read Fuse bits
$50
$00
$00
data byte out
Read Fuse High bits
$58
$08
$00
data byte out
Read Extended Fuse Bits
$50
$08
$00
data byte out
Read Calibration Byte
$38
$00
$00
data byte out
Write Program Memory Page
$4C
adr MSB
adr LSB
$00
Write EEPROM Memory
$C0
$00
adr LSB
data byte in
Read Instructions
Write Instructions(6)
Write EEPROM Memory Page (page access)
$C2
$00
adr LSB
$00
Write Lock bits
$AC
$E0
$00
data byte in
Write Fuse bits
$AC
$A0
$00
data byte in
Write Fuse High bits
$AC
$A8
$00
data byte in
Write Extended Fuse Bits
$AC
$A4
$00
data byte in
Notes:
1. Not all instructions are applicable for all parts.
2. a = address
3. Bits are programmed ‘0’, unprogrammed ‘1’.
4. To ensure future compatibility, unused Fuses and Lock bits should be unprogrammed (‘1’) .
5. Refer to the correspondig section for Fuse and Lock bits, Calibration and Signature bytes and Page size.
6. Instructions accessing program memory use a word address. This address may be random within the page range.
7. See htt://www.atmel.com/avr for Application Notes regarding programming and programmers.
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If the LSB in RDY/BSY data byte out is ‘1’, a programming operation is still pending. Wait until
this bit returns ‘0’ before the next instruction is carried out.
Within the same page, the low data byte must be loaded prior to the high data byte.
After data is loaded to the page buffer, program the EEPROM page, see Figure 4-74 on page
173.
Figure 4-74. Serial Programming Instruction example
Serial Programming Instruction
Load Program Memory Page (High/Low Byte)/
Load EEPROM Memory Page (page access)
Byte 1
Byte 2
Adr MSB
A
Bit 15 B
Byte 3
Write Program Memory Page/
Write EEPROM Memory Page
Byte 1
Byte 4
Byte 2
Adr LSB
Adr MSB
Bit 15 B
0
Byte 3
Byte 4
Adrr LSB
B
0
Page Buffer
Page Offset
Page 0
Page 1
Page 2
Page Number
Page N-1
Program Memory/
EEPROM Memory
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4.23.7
High-voltage Serial Programming
This section describes how to program and verify Flash Program memory, EEPROM Data
memory, Lock bits and Fuse bits in the Atmel® ATtiny44V.
Figure 4-75. High-voltage Serial Programming
+11.5 - 12.5V
SCI
+1.8 - 5.5V
PB3 (RESET)
VCC
PB0
PA4
SDO
PA5
SII
PA6
SDI
GND
Table 4-67.
Pin Name Mapping
Signal Name in High-voltage
Serial Programming Mode
Pin Name
I/O
Function
SDI
PA6
I
Serial Data Input
SII
PA5
I
Serial Instruction Input
SDO
PA4
O
Serial Data Output
SCI
PB0
I
Serial Clock Input (min. 220ns period)
The minimum period for the Serial Clock Input (SCI) during High-voltage Serial Programming
is 220 ns.
Table 4-68.
174
Pin Values Used to Enter Programming Mode
Pin
Symbol
Value
PA0
Prog_enable[0]
0
PA1
Prog_enable[1]
0
PA2
Prog_enable[2]
0
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.23.8
4.23.8.1
High-voltage Serial Programming Algorithm
To program and verify the Atmel® ATtiny44V in the High-voltage Serial Programming mode,
the following sequence is recommended (See instruction formats in Table 4-70 on page 178):
Enter High-voltage Serial Programming Mode
The following algorithm puts the device in High-voltage Serial Programming mode:
1. Apply 4.5 - 5.5V between VCC and GND.
2. Set RESET pin to “0” and toggle SCI at least six times.
3. Set the Prog_enable pins listed in Table 4-68 on page 174 to “000” and wait at least
100 ns.
4. Apply VHVRST - 5.5V to RESET. Keep the Prog_enable pins unchanged for at least
tHVRST after the High-voltage has been applied to ensure the Prog_enable signature
has been latched.
5. Shortly after latching the Prog_enable signature, the device will activly output data on
the Prog_enable[2]/SDO pin, and the resulting drive contention may increase the
power consumption. To minimize this drive contention, release the Prog_enable[2] pin
after tHVRST has elapsed.
6. Wait at least 50 µs before giving any serial instructions on SDI/SII.
Table 4-69.
High-voltage Reset Characteristics
RESET Pin High-voltage Threshold
Minimum High-voltage Period for
Latching Prog_enable
VCC
VHVRST
tHVRST
4.5V
11.5V
100 ns
5.5V
11.5V
100 ns
Supply Voltage
4.23.8.2
Considerations for Efficient Programming
The loaded command and address are retained in the device during programming. For efficient programming, the following should be considered.
• The command needs only be loaded once when writing or reading multiple memory
locations.
• Skip writing the data value 0xFF that is the contents of the entire EEPROM (unless the
EESAVE Fuse is programmed) and Flash after a Chip Erase.
• Address High byte needs only be loaded before programming or reading a new 256 word
window in Flash or 256 byte EEPROM. This consideration also applies to Signature bytes
reading.
4.23.8.3
Chip Erase
The Chip Erase will erase the Flash and EEPROM(1) memories plus Lock bits. The Lock bits
are not reset until the Program memory has been completely erased. The Fuse bits are not
changed. A Chip Erase must be performed before the Flash and/or EEPROM are
re-programmed.
Note:
1. The EEPROM memory is preserved during Chip Erase if the EESAVE Fuse is programmed.
1. Load command “Chip Erase” (see Table 4-70 on page 178).
2. Wait after Instr. 3 until SDO goes high for the “Chip Erase” cycle to finish.
3. Load Command “No Operation”.
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4.23.8.4
Programming the Flash
The Flash is organized in pages, see Section 4.23.5 “Page Size” on page 169. When programming the Flash, the program data is latched into a page buffer. This allows one page of
program data to be programmed simultaneously. The following procedure describes how to
program the entire Flash memory:
1. Load Command “Write Flash” (see Table 4-70 on page 178).
2. Load Flash Page Buffer.
3. Load Flash High Address and Program Page. Wait after Instr. 3 until SDO goes high
for the “Page Programming” cycle to finish.
4. Repeat 2 through 3 until the entire Flash is programmed or until all data has been
programmed.
5. End Page Programming by Loading Command “No Operation”.
When writing or reading serial data to the ATtiny44V, data is clocked on the rising edge of the
serial clock, see Figure 8-5 on page 194, Figure 4-75 on page 174 and Table 8-8 on page 194
for details.
Figure 4-76. Addressing the Flash which is Organized in Pages
PCMSB
PROGRAM
COUNTER
PAGEMSB
PCPAGE
PCWORD
PAGE ADDRESS
WITHIN THE FLASH
WORD ADDRESS
WITHIN A PAGE
PROGRAM MEMORY
PAGE
PAGE
PCWORD[PAGEMSB:0]:
00
INSTRUCTION WORD
01
02
PAGEEND
Figure 4-77. High-voltage Serial Programming Waveforms
SDI
PB0
MSB
LSB
SII
PB1
MSB
LSB
SDO
PB2
SCI
PB3
176
MSB
0
LSB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
4.23.8.5
Programming the EEPROM
The EEPROM is organized in pages, see Table 8-7 on page 193. When programming the
EEPROM, the data is latched into a page buffer. This allows one page of data to be programmed simultaneously. The programming algorithm for the EEPROM Data memory is as
follows (refer to Table 4-70 on page 178):
1. Load Command “Write EEPROM”.
2. Load EEPROM Page Buffer.
3. Program EEPROM Page. Wait after Instr. 2 until SDO goes high for the “Page Programming” cycle to finish.
4. Repeat 2 through 3 until the entire EEPROM is programmed or until all data has been
programmed.
5. End Page Programming by Loading Command “No Operation”.
4.23.8.6
Reading the Flash
The algorithm for reading the Flash memory is as follows (refer to Table 4-70 on page 178):
1. Load Command "Read Flash".
2. Read Flash Low and High Bytes. The contents at the selected address are available at
serial output SDO.
4.23.8.7
Reading the EEPROM
The algorithm for reading the EEPROM memory is as follows (refer to Table 4-70 on page
178):
1. Load Command “Read EEPROM”.
2. Read EEPROM Byte. The contents at the selected address are available at serial output SDO.
4.23.8.8
Programming and Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits
The algorithms for programming and reading the Fuse Low/High bits and Lock bits are shown
in Table 4-70 on page 178.
4.23.8.9
Reading the Signature Bytes and Calibration Byte
The algorithms for reading the Signature bytes and Calibration byte are shown in Table 4-70
on page 178.
4.23.8.10
Power-off sequence
Set SCI to “0”. Set RESET to “1”. Turn VCC power off.
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Table 4-70.
High-voltage Serial Programming Instruction Set for Atmel® ATtiny44V
Instruction Format
Instruction
Instr.1/5
Instr.2/6
Instr.3/7
Instr.4
SDI
0_1000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
Chip Erase
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
Load “Write
Flash”
Command
SDI
0_0001_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_ bbbb_bbbb _00
0_eeee_eeee_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0110_1101_00
0_0110_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
Load Flash Page SDO
Buffer
SDI
Load “Read
Flash”
Command
0_dddd_dddd_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0011_1100_00
0_0111_1101_00
0_0111_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_0000_000a_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0001_1100_00
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
Load EEPROM
Page Buffer
Repeat after Instr. 1 - 7until the
entire page buffer is filled or until
all data within the page is filled.
See Note 1.
Instr 5-7.
Wait after Instr 3 until SDO goes
high. Repeat Instr. 2 - 3 for each
loaded Flash Page until the entire
Flash or all data is programmed.
Repeat Instr. 1 for a new 256 byte
page. See Note 1.
SDI
0_0000_0010_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_bbbb_bbbb_00
0_0000_000a_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0001_1100_00
0_0110_1000_00
0_0110_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
q_qqqq_qqqx_xx
Read Flash Low SDO
and High Bytes SDI
Load “Write
EEPROM”
Command
Wait after Instr.3 until SDO goes
high for the Chip Erase cycle to
finish.
Enter Flash Programming code.
SII
Load Flash High SDI
Address and
SII
Program Page
SDO
Operation Remarks
Enter Flash Read mode.
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0111_1000_00
0_0111_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
p_pppp_pppx_xx
SDI
0_0001_0001_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_bbbb_bbbb_00
0_aaaa_aaaa_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0001_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
Repeat Instr. 1, 3 - 6 for each new
address. Repeat Instr. 2 for a new
256 byte page.
Instr 5 - 6.
Enter EEPROM Programming
mode.
0_eeee_eeee_00
0_0010_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_0000_0000_00
0_0110_1101_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
Repeat Instr. 1 - 5 until the entire
page buffer is filled or until all data
within the page is filled. See Note
2.
Note:
a = address high bits, b = address low bits, d = data in high bits, e = data in low bits, p = data out high bits, q = data out low bits,
x = don’t care, 1 = Lock Bit1, 2 = Lock Bit2, 3 = CKSEL0 Fuse, 4 = CKSEL1 Fuse, 5 = CKSEL2 Fuse, 6 = CKSEL3 Fuse, 7 =
SUT0 Fuse, 8 = SUT1 Fuse, 9 = CKDIV8 Fuse, A = CKOUT Fuse, B = BODLEVEL0 Fuse, C = BODLEVEL1 Fuse, D=
BODLEVEL2 Fuse, E = EESAVE Fuse, F = WDTON Fuse, G = SPIEN Fuse, H = DWEN Fuse, I = RSTDISBL Fuse
Notes:
1. For page sizes less than 256 words, parts of the address (bbbb_bbbb) will be parts of the page address.
2. For page sizes less than 256 bytes, parts of the address (bbbb_bbbb) will be parts of the page address.
3. The EEPROM is written page-wise. But only the bytes that are loaded into the page are actually written to the EEPROM.
Page-wise EEPROM access is more efficient when multiple bytes are to be written to the same page. Note that auto-erase
of EEPROM is not available in High-voltage Serial Programming, only in SPI Programming.
178
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Table 4-70.
High-voltage Serial Programming Instruction Set for Atmel® ATtiny44V (Continued)
Instruction Format
Instruction
Program
EEPROM Page
Write EEPROM
Byte
Load “Read
EEPROM”
Command
Read EEPROM
Byte
Write Fuse Low
Bits
Instr.1/5
Write Lock Bits
Read Fuse Low
Bits
Instr.4
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_bbbb_bbbb_00
0_aaaa_aaaa_00
0_eeee_eeee_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0001_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0110_1101_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0011_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_bbbb_bbbb_00
0_aaaa_aaaa_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0001_1100_00
0_0110_1000_00
0_0110_1100_00
Enter EEPROM Read mode.
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
q_qqqq_qqq0_00
0_0100_0000_00
0_A987_6543_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_0100_0000_00
0_IHGF_EDCB_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0100_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0111_0100_00
0_0111_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0100_0000_00
0_0000_000J_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0110_0110_00
0_0110_1110_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0010_0000_00
0_0000_0021_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0100_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0110_1000_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
A_9876_543x_xx
0_0000_0100_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0100_1100_00
0_0111_1010_00
0_0111_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
I_HGFE_DCBx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0100_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0110_1010_00
0_0110_1110_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxJx_xx
SDO
Repeat Instr. 1 - 6 for each new
address. Wait after Instr. 6 until
SDO goes high. See Note 3.
Instr. 5-6
SDI
SDO
Operation Remarks
Wait after Instr. 2 until SDO goes
high. Repeat Instr. 1 - 2 for each
loaded EEPROM page until the
entire EEPROM or all data is
programmed.
0_0000_0000_00
SDI
Read Fuse High
SII
Bits
SDO
Read Fuse
Extended Bits
Instr.3/7
SDI
SDI
Write Fuse High
SII
Bits
SDO
Write Fuse
Extended Bits
Instr.2/6
Repeat Instr. 1, 3 - 4 for each new
address. Repeat Instr. 2 for a new
256 byte page.
Wait after Instr. 4 until SDO goes
high. Write A - 3 = “0” to program
the Fuse bit.
Wait after Instr. 4 until SDO goes
high. Write F - B = “0” to program
the Fuse bit.
Wait after Instr. 4 until SDO goes
high. Write J = “0” to program the
Fuse bit.
Wait after Instr. 4 until SDO goes
high. Write 2 - 1 = “0” to program
the Lock Bit.
Reading A - 3 = “0” means the
Fuse bit is programmed.
Reading F - B = “0” means the
Fuse bit is programmed.
Reading J = “0” means the Fuse
bit is programmed.
Note:
a = address high bits, b = address low bits, d = data in high bits, e = data in low bits, p = data out high bits, q = data out low bits,
x = don’t care, 1 = Lock Bit1, 2 = Lock Bit2, 3 = CKSEL0 Fuse, 4 = CKSEL1 Fuse, 5 = CKSEL2 Fuse, 6 = CKSEL3 Fuse, 7 =
SUT0 Fuse, 8 = SUT1 Fuse, 9 = CKDIV8 Fuse, A = CKOUT Fuse, B = BODLEVEL0 Fuse, C = BODLEVEL1 Fuse, D=
BODLEVEL2 Fuse, E = EESAVE Fuse, F = WDTON Fuse, G = SPIEN Fuse, H = DWEN Fuse, I = RSTDISBL Fuse
Notes:
1. For page sizes less than 256 words, parts of the address (bbbb_bbbb) will be parts of the page address.
2. For page sizes less than 256 bytes, parts of the address (bbbb_bbbb) will be parts of the page address.
3. The EEPROM is written page-wise. But only the bytes that are loaded into the page are actually written to the EEPROM.
Page-wise EEPROM access is more efficient when multiple bytes are to be written to the same page. Note that auto-erase
of EEPROM is not available in High-voltage Serial Programming, only in SPI Programming.
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Table 4-70.
High-voltage Serial Programming Instruction Set for Atmel® ATtiny44V (Continued)
Instruction Format
Instruction
Read Lock Bits
Read Signature
Bytes
Instr.1/5
Instr.3/7
Instr.4
SDI
0_0000_0100_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0111_1000_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_x21x_xx
SDI
0_0000_1000_00
0_0000_00bb_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0000_1100_00
0_0110_1000_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
q_qqqq_qqqx_xx
0_0000_1000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0100_1100_00
0_0000_1100_00
0_0111_1000_00
0_0111_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
p_pppp_pppx_xx
SDI
Read Calibration
SII
Byte
SDO
Load “No
Operation”
Command
Instr.2/6
SDI
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
Operation Remarks
Reading 2, 1 = “0” means the
Lock bit is programmed.
Repeats Instr 2 4 for each
signature byte address.
Note:
a = address high bits, b = address low bits, d = data in high bits, e = data in low bits, p = data out high bits, q = data out low bits,
x = don’t care, 1 = Lock Bit1, 2 = Lock Bit2, 3 = CKSEL0 Fuse, 4 = CKSEL1 Fuse, 5 = CKSEL2 Fuse, 6 = CKSEL3 Fuse, 7 =
SUT0 Fuse, 8 = SUT1 Fuse, 9 = CKDIV8 Fuse, A = CKOUT Fuse, B = BODLEVEL0 Fuse, C = BODLEVEL1 Fuse, D=
BODLEVEL2 Fuse, E = EESAVE Fuse, F = WDTON Fuse, G = SPIEN Fuse, H = DWEN Fuse, I = RSTDISBL Fuse
Notes:
1. For page sizes less than 256 words, parts of the address (bbbb_bbbb) will be parts of the page address.
2. For page sizes less than 256 bytes, parts of the address (bbbb_bbbb) will be parts of the page address.
3. The EEPROM is written page-wise. But only the bytes that are loaded into the page are actually written to the EEPROM.
Page-wise EEPROM access is more efficient when multiple bytes are to be written to the same page. Note that auto-erase
of EEPROM is not available in High-voltage Serial Programming, only in SPI Programming.
180
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Atmel ATA5771/73/74
5. Application
Figure 5-1 illustrates a principle application circuit using loop antenna. For the blocking measure of the power supply voltage, a capacitor value of C3 = 68 nF/X7R is recommended. C1
and C2 are used to match the loop antenna to the power amplifier. Two capacitors in series
should be used to achieve a better tolerance value for C2 and allowing the possibility of realizing the ZLoad,opt using standard valued capacitors.
Figure 5-1.
The Principle Application Circuit Using a Loop Antenna for ASK Modulation
ATA5771/73/74
S1
PXY
VDD
S1
PXY
GND
S1
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
PXY
VS
Power
up /
down
ENABLE
GND_RF
CLK
f/4
PLL
C3
VCC_RF
XTO
VCO
VS
C4
PA_ENABLE
C2
ANT2
PA
ANT1
Loop
Antenna
C1
VS
Together with the pins and the PCB board wires C1 forms a series resonance loop that suppress the 1st harmonic. Therefore the position of C1 on the PCB is important. Generally the
best suppression is achieved when C1 is placed as close as possible to the pins ANT1 and
ANT2.
The loop antenna should not exceed a width of 1.5 mm, otherwise the Q-factor of the loop
antenna is too high.
The capacitor C4 should be selected that the XTO runs on the load resonance frequency of the
crystal.
181
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Figure 5-2.
Typical ASK Application Atmel® ATA577x
VCC
C8
C5
VCC
Q1
VDD
SW1
GND
XTAL
VCC_RF
GND_RF
ENABLE
GND
23
PA0/ADC0
SW2
C7
R3
PA1/ADC1
PB0/XTAL1
C6
SW3
PA2/ADC2
PB1/XTAL2
ATA577x
PA4/ADC4
GND
ANT1
PA5/ADC5
ANT2
PA7
ADC7
PA_ENABLE
PB2
CLK
PA3/ADC3
PA6
ADC6
PB3/RESET
C1
VCC
R1
R2
L1
L2
C2
Table 5-1.
C4
Bill of Material
Component
182
C3
Type/
Manufacturer Note
Value
315 MHz
433.92MHz
868.3MHz
L1
100nH
82nH
22nH
LL1608-FSL/
TOKO
L2
39nH
27nH
2.2nH
LL1608-FSL/
TOKO
C1
1nF
1nF
1nF
GRM1885C/
Murata
C2
3.9pF
2.7pF
1.5pF
GRM1885C/
Murata
This cap must be placed as close as possible to
the pin Ant1 and Ant2
C3
27pF
16pF
4.3pF
GRM1885C/
Murata
On the demo board 2 capacitors in series are
used to reduce the tolerance
C4
3.9pF
1.6pF
0.3pF
GRM1885C/
Murata
On the demo board 2 capacitors in series are
used to reduce the tolerance
C5
68nF
68nF
68nF
GRM188R71C/ This cap must placed as close as possible to the
Murata
VCC_RF
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Table 5-1.
Bill of Material (Continued)
Component
Type/
Manufacturer Note
Value
C6
100nF
100nF
100nF
GRM188R71C / This cap must placed as close as possible to the
Murata
VDD
C7
100nF
100nF
100nF
GRM188R71C /
Murata
C8
10pF
12pF
12pF
GRM1885C/
Murata
Q1
9.843750MHz
13.56MHz
13.567187MHz
DSX530GK/
KDS
R1
100kΩ
100kΩ
100kΩ
R2
100kΩ
100kΩ
100kΩ
R3
10kΩ
10kΩ
10kΩ
Figure 5-3.
Typical FSK Application Atmel® ATA577x
C8
VCC
T1
C5
Q1
C9
GND
XTAL
VCC_RF
SW1
PA0/ADC0
SW2
C7
R3
GND_RF
VDD
ENABLE
GND
VCC
PA1/ADC1
PB0/XTAL1
C6
PB1/XTAL2
SW3
PA2/ADC2
ATA577x
PB2
PA4/ADC4
GND
ANT1
PA5/ADC5
ANT2
PA6
ADC6
PA7
ADC7
PA_ENABLE
PA3/ADC3
CLK
PB3/RESET
C1
VCC
L1
R2
R1
L2
C2
Note:
C3
C4
FSK Modulation is achieved by switching on and off an additional capacitor between the XTAL
load capacitor and GND. This is done using a MOS switch controlled by a microcontroller
output.
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Table 5-2.
Bill of Material
Component
Type/
Manufacturer Note
Value
315MHz
433.92MHz
868.3MHz
L1
100nH
82nH
22nH
LL1608-FSL/
TOKO
L2
39nH
27nH
2.2nH
LL1608-FSL/
TOKO
C1
1nF
1nF
1nF
GRM1885C/
Murata
C2
3.9pF
2.7pF
1.5pF
GRM1885C/
Murata
This cap must be placed as close as possible to
the pin Ant1 and Ant2
C3
27pF
16pF
4.3pF
GRM1885C/
Murata
On the demo board 2 capacitors in series are
used to reduce the tolerance
C4
3.9pF
1.6pF
0.3pF
GRM1885C/
Murata
On the demo board 2 capacitors in series are
used to reduce the tolerance
C5
68nF
68nF
68nF
GRM188R71C/ This cap must placed as close as possible to the
Murata
VCC_RF
C6
100nF
100nF
100nF
GRM188R71C / This cap must placed as close as possible to the
Murata
VDD
C7
100nF
100nF
100nF
GRM188R71C /
Murata
C8
3.9pF
4.7pF
5.6pF
GRM1885C/
Murata
Frequency deviation of ±16 kHz will be performed
using the combination of C8 and C9
C9
18pF
8.2pF
5.6pF
GRM1885C/
Murata
Frequency deviation of ±16 kHz will be performed
using the combination of C8 and C9
T1
184
BSS83
Q1
9.843750MHz
13.56MHz
13.567187MHz
R1
100kΩ
100kΩ
100kΩ
R2
100kΩ
100kΩ
100kΩ
R3
10kΩ
10kΩ
10kΩ
DSX530GK/
KDS
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
6. Absolute Maximum Ratings
6.1
RF Transmitter Block
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating
only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of this
specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
Parameters
Maximum
Unit
Supply voltage
Symbol
VS
5
V
Power dissipation
Ptot
100
mW
Junction temperature
Minimum
Tj
Storage temperature
Tstg
–55
Ambient temperature
Tamb
–55
Input voltage
Note:
–0.3
VmaxPA_ENABLE
150
°C
+125
°C
+125
°C
(1)
(VS + 0.3)
V
1. If VS + 0.3 is higher than 3.7V, the maximum voltage will be reduced to 3.7V
Figure 6-1.
ESD Protection Circuit of the Transmitter
VS
ANT1
CLK
PA_ENABLE
ANT2
XTAL
ENABLE
GND
6.2
Microcontroller Block (Atmel ATtiny44V)
Operating Temperature ................................... –40°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature..................................... –65°C to +175°C
Voltage on any Pin except RESET
with respect to Ground ............................... –0.5V to VCC+0.5V
Maximum operating voltage .............................................6.0V
Voltage on RESET with respect to Ground .... –0.5V to +13.0V
Note:
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum
Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device.
This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the
device at these or other conditions beyond those indicated
in the operational sections of this specification is not
implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions
for extended periods may affect device reliability.
Voltage on VCC with respect to Ground ............ –0.5V to +6.0V
DC Current per I/O Pin .................................................30.0mA
DC Current VCC and GND Pins ..................................200.0mA
Injection Current at VCC = 0V to 5V(2) ........................±5.0mA(1)
Notes:
1. Maximum current per port = ±30mA
2. Functional corruption may occur.
185
9137E–RKE–12/10
7. Thermal Resistance
Parameters
Junction ambient
Symbol
Value
Unit
RthJA
35
K/W
8. Electrical Characteristics
8.1
The General Current Consumption Characteristic for Key Fob Application
VS = 2.0V to 3.6V, Tamb = –40°C to +85°C unless otherwise specified.
Typical values are given at VS = 3.0V and Tamb = 25°C.
Transmitter (T5750/3/4)
ATtiny44V
WDT Disabled
Total
Typ. < 10nA
Typ. 2.5µA
Typ. < 2.51µA
Max. 350nA
Max. 3µA
Max. 3.35µA
Typ. 9mA
Typ. 0.8mA
Typ. 9.8mA
Max. 11.6mA
Max. 2.5mA
Max. 14.1mA
Power down
Active (VS = 3V;
RC = 4MHz)
315MHz /
434MHz
868MHz
Typ. 8.5mA
Typ. 0.8mA
Typ. 9.3mA
Max. 11mA
Max. 2.5mA
Max. 13.5mA
Note:
These values are based on the DC electrical values in Section 8.2 “RF Transmitter Block” on page 186 and Section 8.3 “Microcontroller Block” on page 188.
8.2
RF Transmitter Block
VS = 2.0V to 3.6V, Tamb = –40°C to +85°C unless otherwise specified.
Typical values are given at VS = 3.0V and Tamb = 25°C. All parameters are referred to GND (pin 7)
Parameters
Supply current of RF transmitter
block
(* please take account an additional
current consumption of the
microcontroller block)
Test Conditions
Power down,
VENABLE < 0.25 V, –40°C to +85°C
VPA-ENABLE < 0.25V, 25°C
IS_Off
Power up, PA off, VS = 3V,
VENABLE > 1.7V, VPA-ENABLE < 0.25V
315 MHz / 434 MHz
868 MHz
IS
Power up, VS = 3.0V,
VENABLE > 1.7V, VPA-ENABLE> 1.7V
315 MHz / 434 MHz
868 MHz
Output power
VS = 3.0V, Tamb = 25°C,
f = 315 MHz, ZLoad = (255 + j192)Ω
f = 433.92 MHz, ZLoad = (166 + j233)Ω
f = 868.3 MHz, ZLoad = (166 + j226)Ω
Output power variation for the full
temperature range
Tamb = –40°C to +85°C,
VS = 3.0V
VS = 2.0V
POut = PRef + ΔPRef
Note:
186
Symbol
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Unit
350
nA
nA
< 10
IS_Transmit
PRef
ΔPRef
ΔPRef
6.0
5.5
3.5
3.7
3.6
4.8
4.6
mA
9
8.5
11.6
11
mA
8.0
7.5
5.5
10.5
10
8
–1.5
–4.0
dBm
dB
dB
1. If VS is higher than 3.6V, the maximum voltage will be reduced to 3.6V.
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
8.2
RF Transmitter Block (Continued)
VS = 2.0V to 3.6V, Tamb = –40°C to +85°C unless otherwise specified.
Typical values are given at VS = 3.0V and Tamb = 25°C. All parameters are referred to GND (pin 7)
Parameters
Test Conditions
Symbol
Achievable output-power range
Selectable by load impedance
315MHz
434MHz
868MHz
POut_typ
Spurious emission
fCLK = f0/128 (ATA5773 / ATA5774)
fCLK = f0/256 (ATA5771)
Load capacitance at pin CLK = 10 pF
fO ±1 × fCLK (ATA5773 / ATA5774)
fO ±1 × fCLK (ATA5771)
fO ±4 × fCLK
other spurious are lower
Oscillator frequency XTO
(= phase comparator frequency)
fXTO = f0/32 (ATA5773 / ATA5774)
fXTO = f0/64 (ATA5771)
fXTAL = resonant frequency of the XTAL,
CM ≤ 10 fF, load capacitance selected
accordingly
Tamb = –40°C to +85°C
Min.
Typ.
0
0
–3
Max.
8.0
7.5
+5.5
–55
–52
–52
Unit
dBm
dBc
dBc
dBc
fXTO
–30
PLL loop bandwidth
fXTAL
+30
250
ppm
kHz
Phase noise of phase comparator
Referred to fPC = fXT0,
25kHz distance to carrier
–116
–110
dBc/Hz
In-loop phase noise PLL
25kHz distance to carrier
–86
–80
dBc/Hz
Phase noise VCO
at 1MHz
at 36MHz
–94
–125
–90
–121
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
Frequency range of VCO
ATA5773
ATA5774
ATA5771
350
439
928
MHz
Clock output frequency (CMOS
microcontroller compatible)
ATA5773 / ATA5774
ATA5771
Voltage swing at pin CLK
CLoad ≤ 10pF
Series resonance R of the crystal
fVCO
310
429
868
f0/128
f0/256
V0h
V0l
VS × 0.8
Rs
Capacitive load at pin XT0
FSK modulation frequency rate
Duty cycle of the modulation signal = 50%
0
ASK modulation frequency rate
Duty cycle of the modulation signal = 50%
0
ENABLE input
PA_ENABLE input
Note:
Low level input voltage
High level input voltage
Input current high
VIl
VIh
IIn
1.7
Low level input voltage
High level input voltage
Input current high
VIl
VIh
IIn
1.7
MHz
VS × 0.2
V
V
110
Ω
7
pF
32
kHz
32
kHz
0.25
20
V
V
µA
0.25
VS(1)
5
V
V
µA
1. If VS is higher than 3.6V, the maximum voltage will be reduced to 3.6V.
187
9137E–RKE–12/10
8.3
Microcontroller Block
8.3.1
DC Characteristics
TA = –40°C to +85°C, VCC = 2.0V to 3.6V (unless otherwise noted)(1)
Symbol
Parameter
Condition
VIL
Input Low Voltage except
XTAL1 and RESET pin
VCC = 1.8V to 3.6V
= –40°C to +85°C
VIL1
Input low voltage, XTAL1
pin
VIH
Max.
Unit
–0.5
+0.2VCC(1)
V
VCC = 1.8V to 3.6V
TA = –40°C to +85°C
–0.5
+0.2VCC(1)
V
Input high voltage, except
XTAL1 and RESET pins
VCC = 1.8V to 3.6V
TA = –40°C to +85°C
0.7VCC(1)
VCC + 0.5
V
VIH1
Input high voltage, XTAL1
pin
VCC = 1.8V to 3.6V
TA = –40°C to +85°C
0.9VCC(1)
VCC + 0.5
V
VIL2
Input low voltage, RESET
pin
VCC = 1.8V to 3.6V
TA = –40°C to +85°C
–0.5
+0.2VCC(1)
V
VIH2
Input high voltage, RESET
pin
VCC = 1.8V to 3.6V
TA = –40°C to +85°C
0.9VCC(1)
VCC + 0.5
V
VOL
Output low voltage(2),
I/O pin except RESET
IOL = 2mA, VCC = 1.8V
0.2
V
VOH
Output high voltage(3),
I/O pin except RESET
IOH = –2mA, VCC = 1.8V
RRST
Reset Pull-up Resistor
30
60
kΩ
Rpu
I/O Pin Pull-up Resistor
20
50
kΩ
Power Supply Current
ICC
Power-down mode
TA
Typ.
1.2
V
Active 4MHz, VCC = 3V
TA = –40°C to +85°C
0.8
2.5
mA
Idle 4MHz, VCC = 3V
TA = –40°C to +85°C
0.2
0.5
mA
WDT enabled, VCC = 3V
4
18
µA
WDT disabled, VCC = 3V
0.2
3
µA
< 10
40
mV
+50
nA
VACIO
Analog comparator
Input offset voltage
VCC = 2.7V
Vin = VCC/2
TA = –40°C to +85°C
IACLK
Analog comparator
Input leakage current
VCC = 2.7V
Vin = VCC/2
TA = –40°C to +85°C
= 1.8V to 3.6V
Notes:
Min.
VCC
–50
1. “Max” means the highest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as low.
2. “Min” means the lowest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as high.
3. Although each I/O port can sink more than the test conditions (10mA at VCC = 5V, 5mA at VCC = 3V) under steady state conditions (non-transient), the following must be observed:
1] The sum of all IOL, for all ports, should not exceed 60mA.
If IOL exceeds the test condition, VOL may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to sink current greater
than the listed test condition.
4. Although each I/O port can source more than the test conditions (10mA at VCC = 5V, 5mA at VCC = 3V) under steady state
conditions (non-transient), the following must be observed:
1] The sum of all IOH, for all ports, should not exceed 60mA.
If IOH exceeds the test condition, VOH may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to source current
greater than the listed test condition. Pull up driving strenght of the PB3 RESET pad is weak.
188
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
8.3.2
Maximum Speed versus VCC
Maximum frequency is dependent on VCC. As shown in Figure 8-1, the Maximum Frequency
versus VCC curve is linear between 1.8V < VCC < 3.6V
Figure 8-1.
Maximum Frequency versus VCC
8 MHz
4 MHz
Safe Operating Area
1.8V
8.3.3
2.7V
3.6V
Clock Characterizations
8.3.3.1
Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator Accuracy
Table 8-1.
Calibration Accuracy of Internal RC Oscillator
User Calibration
8.3.3.2
Frequency
VCC
Temperature
Accuracy
7.3MHz to 8.1MHz
1.8V to 3.6V
–40° C to +85° C
±25%
External Clock Drive Waveforms
Figure 8-2.
External Clock Drive Waveforms
V IH1
V IL1
189
9137E–RKE–12/10
8.3.3.3
External Clock Drive
Table 8-2.
External Clock Drive
VCC = 2.7 - 3.6V
8.3.4
Symbol
Parameter
Min.
Max.
Unit
0
10
MHz
1/tCLCL
Clock Frequency
tCLCL
Clock Period
100
ns
tCHCX
High Time
40
ns
tCLCX
Low Time
40
ns
tCLCH
Rise Time
1.6
µs
tCHCL
Fall Time
1.6
µs
ΔtCLCL
Change in period from one clock cycle to the next
2
%
System and Reset Characterizations
Reset, Brown-out and Internal Voltage Reference Characteristics(1)
Table 8-3.
Symbol
Parameter
Condition
Min
Brown-out Detector Hysteresis
VHYST
VRAM(2)
RAM Retention Voltage
(1)
Typ
Max
Unit
100
250
mV
50
tBOD
Min Pulse Width on Brown-out Reset
VBG
Bandgap reference voltage
VC C = 2.7V, TA = 25°C
tBG
Bandgap reference start-up time
mV
2
1.1
1.2
V
VC C = 2.7V, TA = 25°C
40
70
µs
Bandgap reference current consumption
VC C = 2.7V, TA = 25°C
IBG
Notes: 1. Values are guidelines only.
2. This is the limit to which VDD can be lowered without losing RAM data
10
Table 8-4.
1.0
ns
µA
BODLEVEL Fuse Coding(1)
BODLEVEL
Min VBOT
Typ VBOT
111
Max VBOT
Unit
Type*
BOD Disabled
110
1.7
1.8
2.0
A
001
1.7
1.9
2.1
C
000
1.8
2.0
2.2
C
V
010
2.0
2.2
2.4
C
011
2.1
2.3
2.5
C
101
2.5
2.7
2.9
A
*) Type means: A = 100% tested, C = Characterized on samples
Note:
190
1. VBOT may be below nominal minimum operating voltage for some devices. For devices where this is the case, the device
is tested down to VCC = VBOT during the production test. This guarantees that a Brown-out Reset will occur before VCC
drops to a voltage where correct operation of the microcontroller is no longer guaranteed
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
8.3.5
ADC Characteristics – Preliminary Data
Table 8-5.
ADC Characteristics, Single Ended Channels. –40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted
Symbol Parameter
Resolution
TUE
Absolute accuracy (Including
INL, DNL, quantization error,
gain and offset error)
Condition
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Single Ended Conversion
10
VCC = 1.8V, VRef = 1.8V,
ADC clock = 200kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C
Bits
2
4.0
LSB
VCC = 1.8V, VRef = 1.8V,
ADC clock = 200kHz
Noise Reduction Mode
TA = –40°C to +85°C
2
4.0
LSB
INL
Integral Non-linearity (INL)
VCC = 1.8V, VRef = 1.8V,
ADC clock = 200kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C
0.5
1.5
LSB
DNL
Differential Non-linearity (DNL)
VCC = 1.8V, VRef = 1.8V,
ADC clock = 200kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C
0.2
0.7
LSB
Gain Error
VCC = 1.8V, VRef = 1.8V,
ADC clock = 200kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C
–7.0
–3.0
+5.0
LSB
Offset Error
VCC = 1.8V, VRef = 1.8V,
ADC clock = 200kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C
–3.5
+1.5
+3.5
LSB
Conversion Time
Free Running Conversion
Clock Frequency
Vref
VIN
External Voltage Reference
Input Voltage
VINT
Internal Voltage Reference
RAIN
Analog Input Resistance
TA = –40°C to +85°C
65
260
µs
50
200
kHz
1.8
AVCC
V
GND
1.0
1.1
100
VREF
V
1.2
V
MΩ
191
9137E–RKE–12/10
Table 8-6.
ADC Characteristics, Differential Channels, TA = –40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted
Symbol Parameter
Resolution
TUE
Absolute accuracy (Including INL, DNL,
quantization error, gain and offset error)
INL
DNL
Integral Non-Linearity (INL)
Differential Non-linearity (DNL)
Condition
VDIFF
192
Max
Units
8
Gain = 1x, VCC = 1.8V,
VRef = 1.3V,
ADC clock = 125kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C,
1.6
5.0
LSB
Gain = 1x, VCC = 1.8V,
VRef = 1.3V,
ADC clock = 125kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C,
0.7
2.5
LSB
Gain = 1x, VCC = 1.8V,
VRef = 1.3V,
ADC clock = 125kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C,
0.3
1.0
LSB
Bits
Gain Error
Gain = 1x, VCC = 1.8V,
VRef = 1.3V,
ADC clock = 125kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C
–7.0
+1.50
+7.0
LSB
Offset Error
Gain = 1x, VCC = 1.8V.
VRef = 1.3V,
ADC clock = 125kHz
TA = –40°C to +85°C
–4.0
0.0
+4.0
LSB
50
200
kHz
65
260
µs
1.30
AVCC – 0.5
V
GND
AVCC
V
–VREF/Gain
VREF/Gain
V
Conversion Time
VIN
Typ
Differential conversion,
gain = 1x
BIPOLAR mode only
TA = –40°C to +85°C,
VCC = 1.8V to 3.6V
Clock Frequency
VREF
Min
Reference Voltage
TA = –40°C to +85°C,
VCC = 1.8V to 3.6V
Input Voltage
Input Differential Voltage
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
8.3.6
Serial Programming Characteristics
Figure 8-3.
Serial Programming Timing
MOSI
tSHOX
tOVSH
SCK
tSLSH
tSHSL
MISO
tSLIV
Figure 8-4.
Serial Programming Waveforms
SERIAL DATA INPUT
(MOSI)
MSB
LSB
SERIAL DATA OUTPUT
(MISO)
MSB
LSB
SERIAL CLOCK INPUT
(SCK)
SAMPLE
Table 8-7.
Symbol
1/tCLCL
Serial Programming Characteristics, TA = –40°C to +85°C, VCC = 2V - 3.6V
(Unless Otherwise Noted)
Parameter
Oscillator Frequency (Atmel ATtiny44VV)
tCLCL
Oscillator Period (Atmel ATtiny44VV)
tSHSL
Typ
0
Max
Units
4
MHz
250
ns
SCK Pulse Width High
2 tCLCL*
ns
2 tCLCL*
ns
tCLCL
ns
2 tCLCL
ns
tSLSH
SCK Pulse Width Low
tOVSH
MOSI Setup to SCK High
tSHOX
MOSI Hold after SCK High
tSLIV
SCK Low to MISO Valid
Note:
Min
TBD
TBD
TBD
ns
1. 2 tCLCL for fck < 12MHz, 3 tCLCL for fck >= 12MHz
193
9137E–RKE–12/10
8.3.7
High-voltage Serial Programming Characteristics
Figure 8-5.
High-voltage Serial Programming Timing
CC
CK
Table 8-8.
Symbol
Parameter
Min
tSHSL
SCI (PB0) Pulse Width High
110
ns
tSLSH
SCI (PB0) Pulse Width Low
110
ns
tIVSH
SDI (PA6), SII (PB1) Valid to SCI (PB0) High
50
ns
tSHIX
SDI (PA6), SII (PB1) Hold after SCI (PB0) High
50
tSHOV
SCI (PB0) High to SDO (PA4) Valid
16
ns
Wait after Instr. 3 for Write Fuse Bits
2.5
ms
tWLWH_PFB
194
High-voltage Serial Programming Characteristics
TA = 25°C ± 10%, VCC = 5.0V ± 10% (Unless otherwise noted)
Typ
Max
Units
ns
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
8.3.8
Typical Characteristics – Preliminary Data
The data contained in this section is largely based on simulations and characterization of similar devices in the same process and design methods. Thus, the data should be treated as
indications of how the part will behave.
The following charts show typical behavior. These figures are not tested during manufacturing.
All current consumption measurements are performed with all I/O pins configured as inputs
and with internal pull-ups enabled. A sine wave generator with rail-to-rail output is used as
clock source.
The power consumption in Power-down mode is independent of clock selection.
The current consumption is a function of several factors such as: operating voltage, operating
frequency, loading of I/O pins, switching rate of I/O pins, code executed and ambient temperature. The dominating factors are operating voltage and frequency.
The current drawn from capacitive loaded pins may be estimated (for one pin) as CL*VCC*f
where CL = load capacitance, VCC = operating voltage and f = average switching frequency of
I/O pin.
The parts are characterized at frequencies higher than test limits. Parts are not guaranteed to
function properly at frequencies higher than the ordering code indicates.
The difference between current consumption in Power-down mode with Watchdog Timer
enabled and Power-down mode with Watchdog Timer disabled represents the differential current drawn by the Watchdog Timer.
8.3.8.1
Active Supply Current
Figure 8-6.
Active Supply Current vs. Low Frequency (0.1 - 1.0MHz) - Temp. = 25°C
ACTIVE S UP P LY CURRENT vs . LOW FREQUENCY
0.1 - 1.0 MHz - Temperature = 25˚C
1.2
5.5 V
1
5.0 V
4.5 V
ICC (mA)
0.8
3.3 V
3.0 V
2.7 V
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency (MHz)
195
9137E–RKE–12/10
Figure 8-7.
Active Supply Current vs. frequency (1 - 20MHz) - Temp. = 25°C
ACTIVE S UP P LY CURRENT vs . FREQUENCY
1 - 20 MHz - Temperature = 25˚C
25
ICC (mA)
20
15
5.5 V
5.0 V
4.5 V
10
3.3 V
3.0 V
2.7 V
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Frequency (MHz)
Figure 8-8.
Active Supply Current vs. VCC (Internal RC Oscillator, 8MHz)
ACTIVE S UP P LY CURRENT vs . VC C
INTERNAL RC OSCILLATOR, 8 MHz
7
125
85
25
-45
6
ICC (mA)
5
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
4
3
2
1
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
196
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Figure 8-9.
Active Supply Current vs. VCC (Internal RC Oscillator, 1MHz)
ACTIVE S UP P LY CURRENT vs . VC C
INTERNAL RC OSCILLATOR, 1MHz
1.4
125
85
25
-40
1.2
ICC (mA)
1
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
Figure 8-10. Active Supply Current vs. VCC (Internal RC Oscillator, 128kHz)
ACTIVE S UP P LY CURRENT vs . V CC
INTERNAL RC OSCILLATOR, 128 KHz
0.2
ICC (mA)
0.16
-40 ˚C
25 ˚C
85 ˚C
125 ˚C
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
197
9137E–RKE–12/10
8.3.8.2
Idle Supply Current
Figure 8-11. Idle Supply Current vs. VCC (Internal RC Oscillator, 8MHz)
IDLE S UP P LY CURRENT vs . VC C
INTERNAL RC OSCILLATOR, 8 MHz
2
1.8
1.6
ICC (mA)
1.4
125
85
25
-40
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
125
85
25
-40
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
Figure 8-12. Idle Supply Current vs. VCC (Internal RC Oscillator, 1MHz)
IDLE S UP P LY CURRENT vs . VC C
INTERNAL RC OSCILLATOR, 1 MHz
0.35
0.3
ICC (mA)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
198
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Figure 8-13. Idle Supply Current vs. VCC (Internal RC Oscillator, 8MHz)
IDLE S UP P LY CURRENT vs . VCC
INTERNAL RC OSCILLATOR, 128 KHz
0.035
125
85
25
-40
0.03
ICC (mA)
0.025
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
8.3.8.3
Supply Current of IO modules
The tables and formulas below can be used to calculate the additional current consumption for
the different I/O modules in Active and Idle mode. The enabling or disabling of the I/O modules
are controlled by the Power Reduction Register. See Section 4.10.6 “Power Reduction Register” on page 42 for details.
Table 8-9.
Additional Current Consumption for the Different I/O Modules (Absolute Values)
PRR Bit
Typical Numbers
VCC = 2V, F = 1 MHz
VCC = 3V, F = 4 MHz
PRTIM1
6.6 uA
26 uA
PRTIM0
8.7 uA
35 uA
PRUSI
5.5 uA
22 uA
PRADC
22 uA
87 uA
199
9137E–RKE–12/10
8.3.8.4
Power-down Supply Current
Figure 8-14. Power-down Supply Current vs. VCC (Watchdog Timer Disabled)
P OWER-DOWN S UP P LY CURRENT vs . VC C
WATCHDOG TIMER DISABLED
5
4.5
4
ICC (uA)
3.5
125 ˚C
3
2.5
2
1.5
85 ˚C
1
0.5
25 ˚C
-45 ˚C
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
Figure 8-15. Power-down Supply Current vs. VCC (Watchdog Timer Enabled)
P OWER-DOWN S UP P LY CURRENT vs . VC C
WATCHDOG TIMER ENABLED
10
9
8
ICC (uA)
7
6
5
4
125
-45
85
25
3
2
1
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
200
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
8.3.8.5
Pin Pull-up
Figure 8-16. I/O Pin Pull-up Resistor Current vs. input Voltage (VCC = 2.7V)
I/O P IN P ULL-UP RES IS TOR CURRENT vs . INP UT VOLTAGE
V CC = 2.7V
90
80
70
IOP (uA)
60
50
40
30
20
-45
25
85
125
10
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
3
V OP (V)
Figure 8-17. Reset Pull-up Resistor Current vs. Reset Pin Voltage (VCC = 2.7V)
RES ET P ULL-UP RES IS TOR CURRENT vs . RES ET P IN VOLTAGE
Vc c = 2.7V
60
-40 ˚C
50
125 ˚C
IRE S E T (uA)
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
V RE S E T (V)
201
9137E–RKE–12/10
8.3.8.6
Pin Driver Strength
Figure 8-18. I/O Pin Output Voltage vs. Sink Current (VCC = 3V)
I/O P IN OUTP UT VOLTAGE vs . S INK CURRENT
LOW POWER PINS @ Vcc = 3V
0.06
125 ˚C
0.05
V OL (V)
0.04
85 ˚C
25 ˚C
-40 ˚C
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
IOL (mA)
Figure 8-19. I/O Pin Output Voltage vs. Source Current (VCC = 3V)
I/O P IN OUTP UT VOLTAGE vs . S OURCE CURRENT
LOW POWER PINS @ vcc = 3V
3.5
V OH (V)
3
2.5
-45 ˚C
25 ˚C
85 ˚C
125 ˚C
2
1.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
IOH (mA)
202
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
8.3.8.7
Pin Threshold and Hysteresis
Figure 8-20. I/O Pin Input Threshold Voltage vs. VCC (VIH, IO Pin Read as ‘1’)
I/O P IN INP UT THRES HOLD VOLTAGE vs . V
CC
VIH, IO PIN READ AS '1'
3.5
3
Thre s hold (V)
2.5
125
85
25
-40
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
125
85
25
-40
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
Figure 8-21. I/O Pin Input threshold Voltage vs. VCC (VIL, IO Pin Read as ‘0’)
I/O P IN INP UT THRES HOLD VOLTAGE vs . V C C
VIL, IO PIN READ AS '0'
2.5
Thre s hold (V)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
203
9137E–RKE–12/10
Figure 8-22. I/O Pin Input Hysteresis vs. VCC
I/O P IN INP UT HYS TERES IS vs . V CC
0.5
0.45
Input Hys te re s is (mV)
0.4
125
85
-20
-40
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
125
85
25
-40
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
Figure 8-23. Reset Input Threshold Voltage vs. VCC (VIH, IO Pin Threshold as ‘1’)
RES ET P IN AS I/O THRES HOLD VOLTAGE vs . VCC
VIH, RESET READ AS '1'
3
Thre s hold (V)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
204
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Figure 8-24. Reset Input Threshold Voltage vs. VCC (VIL, IO pin Read as ‘0’)
RES ET P IN AS I/O THRES HOLD VOLTAGE vs . V C C
VIL, RESET READ AS '0'
3
125
85
25
-45
Thre s hold (V)
2.5
2
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
1.5
1
0.5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
Figure 8-25. Reset Pin Input Hysteresis vs. VCC
RES ET P IN INP UT HYS TERES IS vs . V C C
1
0.9
Input Hys te re s is (mV)
0.8
0.7
0.6
-40 ˚C
0.5
0.4
25 ˚C
0.3
0.2
85 ˚C
0.1
125 ˚C
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
205
9137E–RKE–12/10
8.3.8.8
BOD Threshold and Analog Comparator Offset
Figure 8-26. BOD Threshold vs, Temperature (BODLEVEL is 2.7V)
BANDGAP VOLTAGE vs . TEMP ERATURE
BOD = 2.7V
2.78
1
2.76
Thre s hold (V)
2.74
2.72
2.7
0
2.68
2.66
2.64
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Temperature (C)
Figure 8-27. BOD Threshold vs. Temperature (BODLEVEL is 1.8V)
BANDGAP VOLTAGE vs . TEMP ERATURE
BOD = 1.8V
1.85
1.84
1
Thre s hold (V)
1.83
1.82
1.81
0
1.8
1.79
1.78
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Temperature (C)
206
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
8.3.8.9
Internal Oscillator Speed
Figure 8-28. Watchdog Oscillator Frequency vs. VCC
WATCHDOG OS CILLATOR FREQUENCY vs . OP ERATING VOLTAGE
124
122
-40 ˚C
120
FRC (kHz )
118
25 ˚C
116
114
112
85 ˚C
110
108
125 ˚C
106
104
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
Figure 8-29. Calibrated 8 MHz RC Oscillator Frequency vs. VCC
CALIBRATED 8.0MHz RC OS CILLATOR FREQUENCY vs . OP ERATING VOLTAGE
9
8.5
-40
25
85
125
FRC (MHz )
8
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
7.5
7
6.5
6
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
207
9137E–RKE–12/10
Figure 8-30. Calibrated 8 MHz RC oscillator Frequency vs. Temperature
CALIBRATED 8.0MHz RC OS CILLATOR FREQUENCY vs . TEMP ERATURE
8.4
8.3
5.0 V
3.0 V
FRC (MHz )
8.2
8.1
8
7.9
7.8
7.7
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120
Temperature
Figure 8-31. Calibrated 8 MHz RC Oscillator Frequency vs, OSCCAL Value
CALIBRATED 8.0MHz RC OS CILLATOR FREQUENCY vs . OS CCAL VALUE
(Vcc=3V)
16
125
85
25
-40
14
FRC (MHz )
12
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
176
192
208
224
240
OSCCAL (X1)
208
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
8.3.8.10
Current Consumption of Peripheral Units
Figure 8-32. ADC Current vs. VCC
ADC CURRENT vs . VC C
4.0 MHZ FREQUENCY
125
85
25
-40
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
-40
25
85
125
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
700
600
ICC (uA)
500
400
300
200
100
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
Figure 8-33. Analog Comparator Current vs. VCC
ADC CURRENT vs . VC C
4.0 MHZ FREQUENCY
100
90
80
ICC (uA)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
209
9137E–RKE–12/10
Figure 8-34. Programming Current vs. VCC
I/O MODULE CURRENT vs . VCC
4.0 MHZ FREQUENCY
12000
25 ˚C
10000
ICC (uA)
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
V CC (V)
Figure 8-35. Brownout Detector Current vs. VCC
BROWNOUT DETECTOR CURRENT vs . VC C
BOD level = 1.8V
16
14
12
125 ˚C
ICC (uA)
10
8
25 ˚C
6
4
85 ˚C
2
-40 ˚C
0
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
V CC (V)
210
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
Figure 8-36. Watchdog Timer Current vs. VCC
WATCHDOG TIMER CURRENT vs V C C
30
-40
25
85
125
25
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
ICC (uA)
20
15
10
5
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
8.3.8.11
Current Consumption in Reset and Reset Pulse width
Figure 8-37. Reset Supply Current vs. VCC (0.1 - 1.0MHz, excluding Current Through the
Reset Pull-up)
RES ET S UP P LY CURRENT vs . VC C
EXCLUDING CURRENT THROUGH THE RESET PULLUP
0.2
5.5 V
0.18
5.0 V
0.16
4.5 V
ICC (mA)
0.14
0.12
3.3 V
3.0 V
2.7 V
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency (MHz)
211
9137E–RKE–12/10
Figure 8-38. Reset Supply Current vs. VCC (1 - 20MHz, Excluding Current Through the
Reset Pull-up)
RES ET S UP P LY CURRENT vs . V C C
EXCLUDING CURRENT THROUGH THE RESET PULLUP
3
2.5
5.5 V
5.0 V
2
ICC (mA)
4.5 V
1.5
3.6
3.3
3.0
2.7
1
V
V
V
V
0.5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Frequency (MHz)
Figure 8-39. Minimum Reset Pulse Width vs. VCC
MINIMUM RES ET P ULS E WIDTH vs . V CC
1200
Puls e width (ns )
1000
800
600
125
85
25
-40
400
˚C
˚C
˚C
˚C
200
0
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
V CC (V)
212
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9. Appendix
9.1
Register Summary
Address
Name
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Page
0x3F (0x5F)
SREG
I
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
Page 16
–
–
–
–
SP9
SP8
Page 18
SP1
SP0
0x3E (0x5E)
SPH
–
–
0x3D (0x5D)
SPL
SP7
SP6
0x3C (0x5C)
OCR0B
0x3B (0x5B)
GIMSK
–
INT0
PCIE1
PCIE0
–
–
–
–
Page 58
0x3A (0x5A
GIFR
–
INTF0
PCIF1
PCIF0
–
–
–
–
Page 59
0x39 (0x59)
TIMSK0
–
–
–
–
–
OCIE0B
OCIE0A
TOIE0
Page 93
0x38 (0x58)
TIFR0
–
–
–
–
OCF0B
OCF0A
TOV0
Page 93
0x37 (0x57)
SPMCSR
–
–
–
CTPB
RFLB
PGWRT
Timer/Counter0 – Output Compare Register A
PGERS
SPMEN
Page 164
SP5
SP4
SP3
SP2
Timer/Counter0 – Output Compare Register B
Page 18
Page 92
0x36 (0x56)
OCR0A
0x35 (0x55)
MCUCR
–
PUD
SE
SM1
SM0
–
ISC01
ISC00
Page 92
Page 58
0x34 (0x54)
MCUSR
–
–
–
–
WDRF
BORF
EXTRF
PORF
Page 51
0x33 (0x53)
TCCR0B
FOC0A
FOC0B
–
–
WGM02
CS02
CS01
CS00
Page 91
0x32 (0x52)
TCNT0
0x31 (0x51)
OSCCAL
CAL2
CAL1
CAL0
Page 39
Timer/Counter0
CAL7
CAL6
CAL5
CAL4
CAL3
Page 92
0x30 (0x50)
TCCR0A
COM0A1
COM0A0
COM0B1
COM0B0
–
WGM01
WGM00
Page 88
0x2F (0x4F)
TCCR1A
COM1A1
COM1A0
COM1B1
COM1B0
–
WGM11
WGM10
Page 116
ICNC1
ICES1
–
WGM13
WGM12
CS11
CS10
Page 118
CS12
0x2E (0x4E)
TCCR1B
0x2D (0x4D)
TCNT1H
Timer/Counter1 – Counter Register High Byte
Page 120
0x2C (0x4C)
TCNT1L
Timer/Counter1 – Counter Register Low Byte
Page 120
0x2B (0x4B)
OCR1AH
Timer/Counter1 – Compare Register A High Byte
Page 120
0x2A (0x4A)
OCR1AL
Timer/Counter1 – Compare Register A Low Byte
Page 120
0x29 (0x49)
OCR1BH
Timer/Counter1 – Compare Register B High Byte
Page 120
Page 120
0x28 (0x48)
OCR1BL
Timer/Counter1 – Compare Register B Low Byte
0x27 (0x47)
DWDR
DWDR[7:0]
0x26 (0x46)
CLKPR
0x25 (0x45)
ICR1H
CLKPCE
–
–
–
Page 160
CLKPS3
CLKPS2
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Timer/Counter1 - Input Capture Register High Byte
Page 39
Page 121
Timer/Counter1 - Input Capture Register Low Byte
0x24 (0x44)
ICR1L
0x23 (0x43)
GTCCR
TSM
–
–
–
–
–
–
PSR10
Page 121
Page 124
0x22 (0x42)
TCCR1C
FOC1A
FOC1B
–
–
–
–
–
–
Page 119
0x21 (0x41)
WDTCSR
WDIF
WDIE
WDP3
WDCE
WDE
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Page 52
0x20 (0x40)
PCMSK1
–
–
–
–
PCINT11
PCINT10
PCINT9
PCINT8
Page 59
Page 29
0x1F (0x3F)
EEARH
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
EEAR8
0x1E (0x3E)
EEARL
EEAR7
EEAR6
EEAR5
EEAR4
EEAR3
EEAR2
EEAR1
EEAR0
0x1D (0x3D)
EEDR
EEPROM Data Register
Page 29
Page 29
0x1C (0x3C)
EECR
–
–
EEPM1
EEPM0
EERIE
EEMPE
EEPE
EERE
Page 29
0x1B (0x3B)
PORTA
PORTA7
PORTA6
PORTA5
PORTA4
PORTA3
PORTA2
PORTA1
PORTA0
Page 74
0x1A (0x3A)
DDRA
DDA7
DDA6
DDA5
DDA4
DDA3
DDA2
DDA1
DDA0
Page 75
0x19 (0x39)
PINA
PINA7
PINA6
PINA5
PINA4
PINA3
PINA2
PINA1
PINA0
Page 75
0x18 (0x38)
PORTB
–
–
–
–
PORTB3
PORTB2
PORTB1
PORTB0
Page 75
0x17 (0x37)
DDRB
–
–
–
–
DDB3
DDB2
DDB1
DDB0
Page 75
0x16 (0x36)
PINB
–
–
–
–
PINB3
PINB2
PINB1
PINB0
0x15 (0x35)
GPIOR2
General Purpose I/O Register 2
Page 31
0x14 (0x34)
GPIOR1
General Purpose I/O Register 1
Page 31
0x13 (0x33)
GPIOR0
General Purpose I/O Register 0
0x12 (0x32)
PCMSK0
0x11 (0x31))
Reserved
–
0x10 (0x30)
USIBR
USI Buffer Register
Page 133
0x0F (0x2F)
USIDR
USI Data Register
Page 133
PCINT7
PCINT6
PCINT5
PCINT4
PCINT3
Page 75
Page 31
PCINT2
PCINT1
PCINT0
Page 60
0x0E (0x2E)
USISR
USISIF
USIOIF
USIPF
USIDC
USICNT3
USICNT2
USICNT1
USICNT0
0x0D (0x2D)
USICR
USISIE
USIOIE
USIWM1
USIWM0
USICS1
USICS0
USICLK
USITC
Page 134
0x0C (0x2C)
TIMSK1
–
–
ICIE1
–
–
OCIE1B
OCIE1A
TOIE1
Page 121
Notes:
Page 133
1. For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addresses
should never be written.
2. I/O Registers within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these
registers, the value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions.
3. Some of the Status Flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that, unlike most other AVR®s, the CBI and SBI
instructions will only operation the specified bit, and can therefore be used on registers containing such Status Flags. The
CBI and SBI instructions work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only
213
9137E–RKE–12/10
9.1
Register Summary (Continued)
Address
Name
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Page
0x0B (0x2B)
TIFR1
–
–
ICF1
–
–
OCF1B
OCF1A
TOV1
Page 122
0x0A (0x2A)
Reserved
0x09 (0x29)
Reserved
0x08 (0x28)
ACSR
ACD
ACBG
ACO
ACI
ACIE
ACIC
ACIS1
ACIS0
Page 138
0x07 (0x27)
ADMUX
REFS1
REFS0
MUX5
MUX4
MUX3
MUX2
MUX1
MUX0
Page 152
0x06 (0x26)
ADCSRA
ADEN
ADSC
ADATE
ADIF
ADIE
ADPS2
ADPS1
ADPS0
0x05 (0x25)
ADCH
0x04 (0x24)
ADCL
0x03 (0x23)
ADCSRB
0x02 (0x22)
Reserved
0x01 (0x21)
0x00 (0x20)
Notes:
–
–
Page 155
ADC Data Register High Byte
Page 156
ADC Data Register Low Byte
BIN
ACME
–
ADLAR
DIDR0
ADC7D
ADC6D
ADC5D
ADC4D
PRR
–
–
–
–
Page 156
–
ADTS2
ADTS1
ADTS0
Page 138
ADC3D
ADC2D
PRTIM1
PRTIM0
ADC1D
ADC0D
Page 139,Page 158
PRUSI
PRADC
Page 44
–
1. For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addresses
should never be written.
2. I/O Registers within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these
registers, the value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions.
3. Some of the Status Flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that, unlike most other AVR®s, the CBI and SBI
instructions will only operation the specified bit, and can therefore be used on registers containing such Status Flags. The
CBI and SBI instructions work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only
9.2
Instruction Set Summary
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS
ADD
Rd, Rr
Add two Registers
Rd ←Rd + Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
ADC
Rd, Rr
Add with Carry two Registers
Rd ←Rd + Rr + C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
ADIW
Rdl,K
Add Immediate to Word
Rdh:Rdl ←Rdh:Rdl + K
Z,C,N,V,S
2
SUB
Rd, Rr
Subtract two Registers
Rd ←Rd - Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SUBI
Rd, K
Subtract Constant from Register
Rd ←Rd - K
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBC
Rd, Rr
Subtract with Carry two Registers
Rd ←Rd - Rr - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBCI
Rd, K
Subtract with Carry Constant from Reg.
Rd ←Rd - K - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBIW
Rdl,K
Subtract Immediate from Word
Rdh:Rdl ←Rdh:Rdl - K
Z,C,N,V,S
2
AND
Rd, Rr
Logical AND Registers
Rd ←Rd • Rr
Z,N,V
1
ANDI
Rd, K
Logical AND Register and Constant
Rd ←Rd • K
Z,N,V
1
OR
Rd, Rr
Logical OR Registers
Rd ←Rd v Rr
Z,N,V
1
ORI
Rd, K
Logical OR Register and Constant
Rd ←Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
EOR
Rd, Rr
Exclusive OR Registers
Rd ←Rd ⊕ Rr
Z,N,V
1
COM
Rd
One’s Complement
Rd ←0xFF −Rd
Z,C,N,V
1
NEG
Rd
Two’s Complement
Rd ←0x00 −Rd
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBR
Rd,K
Set Bit(s) in Register
Rd ←Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
CBR
Rd,K
Clear Bit(s) in Register
Rd ←Rd • (0xFF - K)
Z,N,V
1
1
INC
Rd
Increment
Rd ←Rd + 1
Z,N,V
1
DEC
Rd
Decrement
Rd ←Rd −1
Z,N,V
1
1
TST
Rd
Test for Zero or Minus
Rd ←Rd • Rd
Z,N,V
CLR
Rd
Clear Register
Rd ←Rd ⊕ Rd
Z,N,V
1
SER
Rd
Set Register
Rd ←0xFF
None
1
Relative Jump
PC ←PC + k + 1
None
2
Indirect Jump to (Z)
PC ←Z
None
2
Relative Subroutine Call
PC ←PC + k + 1
None
3
ICALL
Indirect Call to (Z)
PC ←Z
None
3
RET
Subroutine Return
PC ←STACK
None
4
RETI
Interrupt Return
PC ←STACK
I
Compare, Skip if Equal
if (Rd = Rr) PC ←PC + 2 or 3
None
BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS
RJMP
k
IJMP
RCALL
CPSE
k
Rd,Rr
4
1/2/3
CP
Rd,Rr
Compare
Rd −Rr
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPC
Rd,Rr
Compare with Carry
Rd −Rr −C
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPI
Rd,K
Compare Register with Immediate
Rd −K
Z, N,V,C,H
SBRC
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register Cleared
if (Rr(b)=0) PC ←PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBRS
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register is Set
if (Rr(b)=1) PC ←PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
214
1
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9.2
Instruction Set Summary (Continued)
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
SBIC
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register Cleared
if (P(b)=0) PC ←PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIS
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register is Set
if (P(b)=1) PC ←PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
BRBS
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Set
if (SREG(s) = 1) then PC←PC+k + 1
None
1/2
BRBC
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Cleared
if (SREG(s) = 0) then PC←PC+k + 1
None
1/2
BREQ
k
Branch if Equal
if (Z = 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRNE
k
Branch if Not Equal
if (Z = 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCS
k
Branch if Carry Set
if (C = 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCC
k
Branch if Carry Cleared
if (C = 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRSH
k
Branch if Same or Higher
if (C = 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLO
k
Branch if Lower
if (C = 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRMI
k
Branch if Minus
if (N = 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRPL
k
Branch if Plus
if (N = 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRGE
k
Branch if Greater or Equal, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLT
k
Branch if Less Than Zero, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHS
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Set
if (H = 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHC
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Cleared
if (H = 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTS
k
Branch if T Flag Set
if (T = 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTC
k
Branch if T Flag Cleared
if (T = 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVS
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Set
if (V = 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVC
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Cleared
if (V = 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRIE
k
Branch if Interrupt Enabled
if ( I = 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRID
k
Branch if Interrupt Disabled
if ( I = 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BIT AND BIT-TEST INSTRUCTIONS
SBI
P,b
Set Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ←1
None
2
CBI
P,b
Clear Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ←0
None
2
LSL
Rd
Logical Shift Left
Rd(n+1) ←Rd(n), Rd(0) ←0
Z,C,N,V
1
LSR
Rd
Logical Shift Right
Rd(n) ←Rd(n+1), Rd(7) ←0
Z,C,N,V
1
ROL
Rd
Rotate Left Through Carry
Rd(0)←C,Rd(n+1)←Rd(n),C←Rd(7)
Z,C,N,V
1
ROR
Rd
Rotate Right Through Carry
Rd(7)←C,Rd(n)←Rd(n+1),C←Rd(0)
Z,C,N,V
1
ASR
Rd
Arithmetic Shift Right
Rd(n) ←Rd(n+1), n=0..6
Z,C,N,V
1
SWAP
Rd
Swap Nibbles
Rd(3..0)←Rd(7..4),Rd(7..4)←Rd(3..0)
None
1
BSET
s
Flag Set
SREG(s) ←1
SREG(s)
1
BCLR
s
Flag Clear
SREG(s) ←0
SREG(s)
1
BST
Rr, b
Bit Store from Register to T
T ←Rr(b)
T
1
BLD
Rd, b
Bit load from T to Register
Rd(b) ←T
None
1
SEC
Set Carry
C ←1
C
1
CLC
Clear Carry
C ←0
C
1
SEN
Set Negative Flag
N ←1
N
1
CLN
Clear Negative Flag
N ←0
N
1
SEZ
Set Zero Flag
Z ←1
Z
1
CLZ
Clear Zero Flag
Z ←0
Z
1
SEI
Global Interrupt Enable
I ←1
I
1
CLI
Global Interrupt Disable
I ←0
I
1
SES
Set Signed Test Flag
S ←1
S
1
CLS
Clear Signed Test Flag
S ←0
S
1
SEV
Set Twos Complement Overflow.
V ←1
V
1
CLV
Clear Twos Complement Overflow
V ←0
V
1
SET
Set T in SREG
T ←1
T
1
CLT
Clear T in SREG
T ←0
T
1
SEH
CLH
Set Half Carry Flag in SREG
Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG
H ←1
H ←0
H
H
1
None
1
None
1
1
1
DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS
MOV
Rd, Rr
Move Between Registers
MOVW
Rd, Rr
Copy Register Word
Rd ←Rr
Rd+1:Rd ←Rr+1:Rr
LDI
Rd, K
Load Immediate
Rd ←K
None
LD
Rd, X
Load Indirect
Rd ←(X)
None
2
LD
Rd, X+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ←(X), X ←X + 1
None
2
LD
Rd, - X
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ←X - 1, Rd ←(X)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y
Load Indirect
Rd ←(Y)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ←(Y), Y ←Y + 1
None
2
LD
Rd, - Y
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ←Y - 1, Rd ←(Y)
None
2
LDD
Rd,Y+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ←(Y + q)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z
Load Indirect
Rd ←(Z)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ←(Z), Z ←Z+1
None
2
LD
Rd, -Z
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ←Z - 1, Rd ←(Z)
None
2
215
9137E–RKE–12/10
9.2
Instruction Set Summary (Continued)
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
LDD
Rd, Z+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ←(Z + q)
None
2
LDS
Rd, k
Load Direct from SRAM
Rd ←(k)
None
2
ST
X, Rr
Store Indirect
(X) ←Rr
None
2
ST
X+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(X) ←Rr, X ←X + 1
None
2
ST
- X, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ←X - 1, (X) ←Rr
None
2
ST
Y, Rr
Store Indirect
(Y) ←Rr
None
2
ST
Y+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Y) ←Rr, Y ←Y + 1
None
2
ST
- Y, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ←Y - 1, (Y) ←Rr
None
2
STD
Y+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Y + q) ←Rr
None
2
ST
Z, Rr
Store Indirect
(Z) ←Rr
None
2
ST
Z+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Z) ←Rr, Z ←Z + 1
None
2
ST
-Z, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ←Z - 1, (Z) ←Rr
None
2
STD
Z+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Z + q) ←Rr
None
2
STS
k, Rr
Store Direct to SRAM
(k) ←Rr
None
2
Load Program Memory
R0 ←(Z)
None
3
LPM
LPM
Rd, Z
Load Program Memory
Rd ←(Z)
None
3
LPM
Rd, Z+
Load Program Memory and Post-Inc
Rd ←(Z), Z ←Z+1
None
3
Store Program Memory
(z) ←R1:R0
None
SPM
IN
Rd, P
In Port
Rd ←P
None
OUT
P, Rr
Out Port
P ←Rr
None
1
PUSH
Rr
Push Register on Stack
STACK ←Rr
None
2
POP
Rd
Pop Register from Stack
Rd ←STACK
None
2
None
1
1
MCU CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS
NOP
No Operation
SLEEP
Sleep
(see specific descr. for Sleep function)
None
1
WDR
BREAK
Watchdog Reset
Break
(see specific descr. for WDR/Timer)
For On-chip Debug Only
None
None
1
N/A
216
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
10. Ordering Information
Extended Type Number
Package
Remarks
ATA5771-PXQW
QFN24 5mm x 5mm
Microcontroller with UHF Tx for 868MHz to 928MHz, taped and reeled
ATA5773-PXQW
QFN24 5mm x 5mm
Microcontroller with UHF Tx for 310MHz to 350MHz, taped and reeled
ATA5774-PXQW
QFN24 5mm x 5mm
Microcontroller with UHF Tx for 429MHz to 439MHz, taped and reeled
11. Package Information
Package: QFN 24 - 5 x 5
Exposed pad 3.6 x 3.6
(acc. JEDEC OUTLINE No. MO-220)
Dimensions in mm
Not indicated tolerances ±0.05
5
0.9±0.1
+0
3.6
0.05-0.05
24
19
1
24
0.4
18
0.3
6
1
technical drawings
according to DIN
specifications
13
6
12
7
0.65 nom.
Drawing-No.: 6.543-5122.01-4
Issue: 1; 15.11.05
3.25
217
9137E–RKE–12/10
12. Revision History
Please note that the following page numbers referred to in this section refer to the specific revision
mentioned, not to this document.
Revision No.
History
9137E-RKE-12/10
• Section 8.1 “The General Current Consumption Characteristics for Key
Fob Application” on page 186 changed
• Section 8.2 “RF Transmitter Block” on pages 186 to 187 changed
• Section 8.3 “Microcontroller Block” on pages 188 to 212 changed
9137D-RKE-09/10
218
•
•
•
•
•
All pages: ATtiny24 and ATtiny84 deleted
All pages: Flash size 2k and 8k deleted
Figures 4-7 and 4-8 changed
Text under headings 4.2, 4.8.1, 4.8.2, 4.8.3, 4.8.5.1 and 4.8.5.2 changed
Section 8.1 “The General Current Consumption Characteristics for Key
Fob Application” on page 186 changed
• Table 8-1 “Calibration Accuracy of Internal RC Oscillator” on page 189
changed
• Table 8-4 “BODLEVEL Fuse Coding” on page 190 changed
Atmel ATA5771/73/74
9137E–RKE–12/10
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Fax: (+81) (3) 3523-7581
© 2010 Atmel Corporation. All rights reserved. / Rev.: 9137E–RKE–12/10
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