Intersil ISL6528CB Dual regulator - standard buck pwm and linear power controller Datasheet

ISL6528
®
Data Sheet
December 28, 2004
Dual Regulator - Standard Buck PWM
and Linear Power Controller
FN9038.3
Features
The ISL6528 provides the power control and protection for
two output voltages in high-performance graphics cards and
other embedded processor applications. The dual-output
controller drives an N-Channel MOSFET in a standard buck
topology and a NPN pass transistor in a linear configuration.
The ISL6528 provides both a regulated high current, low
voltage supply and an independent, lower current supply
integrated in an 8-lead SOIC package. The controller is ideal
for graphics card applications where both graphics
processing unit (GPU) and memory supplies are required.
• Pb-Free Available (RoHS Compliant)
• Provides two regulated voltages
- One standard buck PWM
- One linear controller
• Small converter size
- 600kHz constant frequency operation
- Small external component count
• Excellent output voltage regulation
- Both outputs: ±2% over temperature
• Single 5V bias and bootstrap supply
The standard buck converter is a simple, single feedback
loop, voltage-mode control with fast transient response. Both
the switching regulator and linear regulator provide a
maximum static regulation tolerance of ±2% over line, load,
and temperature ranges. Each output is user-adjustable by
means of external resistors.
• Output voltage range: 0.8V to 3.3V
An integrated soft-start feature brings both supplies into
regulation in a controlled manner. Each output is monitored
via the FB pins for undervoltage events. If either output
drops below 52.5% of the internal reference voltage, both
regulators are shutdown.
• Linear controller drives bipolar linear pass transistor
Ordering Information
• Graphics–GPU and memory supplies
PART NUMBER TEMP. RANGE (oC)
ISL6528CB
ISL6528CB-T
ISL6528CBZ
(See Note)
0 to 70
PACKAGE
8 Ld SOIC
PKG.
DWG. #
M8.15
8Ld SOIC Tape and Reel
0 to 70
8 Ld SOIC
(Pb-free)
ISL6528CBZ-T
(See Note)
8Ld SOIC Tape and Reel (Pb-free)
ISL6528EVAL1
Evaluation Board
M8.15
• Simple single-loop voltage-mode PWM control design
• Fast PWM converter transient response
- High-bandwidth error amplifier
- Full 0–100% duty ratio
• Fully-adjustable outputs
• Undervoltage fault monitoring on both outputs
Applications
• ASIC power supplies
• Embedded processor and I/O supplies
• DSP supplies
Related Literature
• Technical Brief TB363 Guidelines for Handling and
Processing Moisture Sensitive Surface Mount Devices
(SMDs)
NOTE: Intersil Pb-free products employ special Pb-free material sets;
molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin plate
termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with
both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products
are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or
exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
Pinout
ISL6528
(SOIC)
TOP VIEW
GND 1
8 UGATE
VCC 2
7 BOOT
DRIVE2 3
6 COMP
FB2 4
1
5 FB
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
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Block Diagram
VCC
2
POWER-ON
1.28V
RESET (POR)
SHUTDOWN
FB2
EA2
BOOT
RESTART
SOFTSTART
AND FAULT
LOGIC
DRIVE1
UGATE
DRIVE2
INHIBIT
SOFT-START
INHIBIT
SOFT-START
PWM
UV2
EA1
COMP1
UV1
GND
OSCILLATOR
FB
COMP
ISL6528
INHIBIT/SOFT-START
0.42V
0.80V
VOLTAGE
REFERENCE
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
Simplified Power System Diagram
+5V
+3.3V
Q1
Q2
LINEAR
CONTROLLER
VOUT2
VOUT1
PWM
CONTROLLER
+
D1
+
ISL6528
Typical Application
+5V
+3.3V
CIN
D2
+
CBP
VCC
BOOT
VOUT2
DRIVE2
Q2
2.5V
FB2
CBOOT
UGATE
+
Q1
VOUT1
LOUT
COUT2
1.5V
PHASE
ISL6528
D1
+
COUT1
FB
COMP
GND
3
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
UGATE, BOOT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND -0.3V to +10V
VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND -0.3V to +7V
FB, DRIVE2, FB2, COMP, . . . . . . . . . . . GND -0.3V to VCC +0.3V
ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 2
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1)
Operating Conditions
θJA (oC/W)
SOIC Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . . 150oC
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . -65oC to 150oC
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC
(SOIC - Lead Tips Only)
Supply Voltage on VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5V ±10%
Supply Voltage to drain of upper MOSFET . . . . . . . . . +3.3V ±10%
Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0oC to 70oC
Junction Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0oC to 125oC
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
NOTE:
1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Refer to Block and Simplified Power System
Diagrams, and Typical Application Schematic
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
2
3.7
6.5
mA
Rising VCC Threshold
4.25
4.4
4.50
V
Falling VCC Threshold
3.75
3.8
4.00
V
FOSC
550
600
650
kHz
Ramp Amplitude
∆VOSC
-
1.5
-
VP-P
Soft-Start Interval
TSS
3.10
3.42
3.75
ms
VREF
.784
0.800
.816
V
-2.00
-
+2.00
%
-
80
-
dB
GBWP
15
-
-
MHz
Slew Rate
SR
-
6
-
V/µs
Undervoltage Level (VFB/VREF)
VUV
48.13
52.5
56.88
%
VCC SUPPLY CURRENT
Nominal Supply Current
ICC
UGATE and DRIVE2 Open
POWER-ON RESET
OSCILLATOR AND SOFT-START
Free Running Frequency
REFERENCE VOLTAGE
Reference Voltage
System Accuracy
PWM CONTROLLER ERROR AMPLIFIER
DC Gain
Gain-Bandwidth Product
PWM CONTROLLER GATE DRIVER
UGATE Source Impedance
RUGATE
VCC = 5V, VUGATE = 2.5V
-
2.75
5.0
Ω
UGATE Sink Impedance
RUGATE
VUGATE-PHASE = 2.5V
-
3.0
5.0
Ω
100
120
-
mA
LINEAR REGULATOR ERROR AMPLIFIER
Output Drive Current
VCC > 4.5V
Overvoltage Level (VFB2/VREF)
VOV
150.0
160.0
175.0
%
Undervoltage Level (VFB2/VREF)
VUV
48.13
52.5
56.88
%
4
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
Functional Pin Descriptions
Description
Operation Overview
GND 1
8 UGATE
VCC 2
7 BOOT
DRIVE2 3
6 COMP
5 FB
FB2 4
GND (Pin 1)
Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured
with respect to this pin. Place via close to pin to minimize
impedance path to ground plane.
VCC (Pin 2)
Provide a well decoupled 5V bias supply for the IC to this
pin. The voltage at this pin is monitored for Power-On Reset
(POR) purposes.
DRIVE2 (Pin 3)
Connect this pin to the base terminal of an external bipolar
NPN transistor. This pin provides the base current drive for
the linear regulator pass transistor.
FB2 (Pin 4)
Connect the output of the linear regulator to this pin through
a properly sized resistor divider. The voltage at this pin is
regulated to 0.8V. This pin is also monitored for undervoltage
events.
Pulling and holding FB2 above 1.25V shuts down both
regulators. Releasing FB2 initiates soft-start on both
regulators.
FB (Pin 5) and COMP (Pin 6)
FB and COMP are the available external pins of the error
amplifier. The FB pin is the inverting input of the error amplifier
and the COMP pin is the error amplifier output. These pins are
used to compensate the voltage-mode control feedback loop of
the standard buck converter.
BOOT (Pin 7)
Connect a suitable capacitor (0.47µF recommended) from
this pin to the source terminal of the upper MOSFET
(PHASE node). This bootstrap capacitor supplies the
UGATE driver the energy necessary to turn and hold the
upper MOSFET on. The absolute maximum voltage on
BOOT must be kept below 10V. This can be met with a 5V
VCC and 3.3V drain supply to the upper MOSFET.
UGATE (Pin 8)
Connect UGATE to the upper MOSFET gate. This pin
provides the gate drive for the MOSFET.
5
The ISL6528 monitors and precisely controls two output
voltage levels. Refer to the Block Diagram, Simplified
Power System Diagram, and Typical Application Schematic
on pp. 2–3. The controller is intended for use in graphics
card or embedded processor applications with 3.3V and 5V
bias input available. The IC integrates both a standard buck
PWM controller and a linear controller. The PWM controller
is designed to regulate the high current GPU voltage
(VOUT1). The PWM controller drives a single N-Channel
MOSFET (Q1) in a standard buck converter configuration
and regulates the output voltage to a level programmed by
a resistor divider. The linear controller is designed to
regulate the lower current local memory voltage (VOUT2)
through an external NPN pass transistor.
Initialization
The ISL6528 automatically initializes upon application of
input power. Special sequencing of the input supplies is not
necessary. The POR function continually monitors the input
bias supply voltage at the VCC pin. The POR function
initiates soft-start operation after the 5V bias supply voltage
exceeds its POR threshold.
Soft-Start
The POR function initiates the digital soft-start sequence.
Both the linear regulator error amplifier and PWM error
amplifier reference inputs are forced to track a voltage level
proportional to the soft-start voltage. As the soft-start voltage
slews up, the PWM comparator regulates the output relative
to the tracked soft-start voltage slowly charging the output
capacitor(s). Simultaneously, the linear output follows the
smooth ramp of the soft-start function into normal regulation.
Figure 1 shows the soft-start sequence for a typical application.
At T0, the +5V VCC bias voltage starts to ramp followed by the
3.3V input supply. Once the voltage on VCC crosses the 4.4V
POR threshold at time T1, both outputs begin their soft-start
sequence. The triangle waveform from the PWM oscillator is
compared to the rising error amplifier output voltage. As the
error amplifier voltage increases, the pulse-width on the
UGATE pin increases to reach its steady-state duty cycle at
time T2. The error amplifier reference of the linear controller
also rises relative to the soft-start reference. The resulting soft
ramp on DRIVE2 brings VOUT2 within regulation limits by time
T2.
Undervoltage Protection
The FB and FB2 pins are monitored during converter
operation by two separate undervoltage (UV) comparators. If
the FB voltage drops below 52.5% of the reference voltage
(0.42V), a fault signal is generated. The internal fault logic
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
+5V (VCC)
VOUT2 (2.5V)
VOUT1 (1.5V)
+3.3V (UPPER FET DRAIN)
Delay Interval
0V
0V
(1V/DIV)
(0.5V/DIV)
VOUT2 (2.5V)
VOUT2 (2.5V)
Internal Soft-Start Function
VOUT1 (1.5V)
Delay Interval
0V
0V
(0.5V/DIV)
T0
T2
T1
TIME
FIGURE 1. SOFT-START INTERVAL
shuts down both regulators simultaneously when the fault
signal triggers a restart.
Figure 2 illustrates the protection feature responding to an
UV event on VOUT1. At time T0, VOUT1 has dropped below
52.5% of the nominal output voltage. Both outputs are
quickly shut down and the internal soft-start function begins
producing soft-start ramps. The delay interval, T0 to T3,
seen by the output is equivalent to three soft-start cycles.
After a short delay interval of 10.5ms, the fourth internal softstart cycle initiates a normal soft-start ramp of the output, at
time T3. Both outputs are brought back into regulation by
time T4, as long as the UV event has cleared.
Had the cause of the UV still been present after the delay
interval, the UV protection circuitry becomes active
approximately 875µs into the soft-start interval. A fault signal
could then be generated and the outputs once again
shutdown. The resulting hiccup mode style of protection
would continue to repeat indefinitely.
Output Voltage Selection
The output voltage of the PWM converter can be
programmed to any level between VIN (i.e. +3.3V) and the
internal reference, 0.8V. An external resistor divider is used
to scale the output voltage relative to the reference voltage
and feed it back to the inverting input of the error amplifier,
see Figure 3. However, since the value of R1 affects the
values of the rest of the compensation components, it is
advisable to keep its value less than 5kΩ. Depending on the
T0
T1
T2
TIME
T3
T4
FIGURE 2. UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION RESPONSE
value chosen for R1, R4 can be calculated based on the
following equation:
R1 × 0.8V
R4 = -------------------------------------V OUT1 – 0.8V
(EQ. 1)
If the output voltage desired is 0.8V, simply route VOUT1
back to the FB pin through R1, but do not populate R4.
+5V
D2
VCC
BOOT
+3.3V
C4
LOUT
VOUT1
COUT1
UGATE
Q1
ISL6528
+
D1
FB
R3
C2
R1
COMP
C3
R2
C1
R4
FIGURE 3. OUTPUT VOLTAGE SELECTION OF THE PWM
6
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
PHASE voltage is then smoothed by the output filter, LOUT
and COUT, to produce a DC voltage level.
+3.3VIN
DRIVE2
Q2
VOUT2
COUT2
FB2
R5
+
ISL6528
R6
R5
V OUT2 = 0.8 ×  1 + --------

R6
The modulator transfer function is defined as VOUT/VE/A .
The internal PWM comparator and driver circuits equate to a
DC gain block dominated by the supply voltage, VIN, divided
by the peak-to-peak magnitude of the triangle wave, ∆VOSC.
The output filter components, LOUT and COUT, shape the
overall modulator small-signal transfer function by
contributing a double pole break frequency at FLC and a
zero at FESR .
Modulator Break Frequency Equations
FIGURE 4. OUTPUT VOLTAGE SELECTION OF THE LINEAR
The linear regulator output voltage is also set by means of
an external resistor divider as shown in Figure 4. The two
resistors used to set the output voltage should not exceed a
parallel equivalent value, referred to as RFB, of 5kΩ. This
restriction is due to the manner of implementation of the softstart function. The following relationship must be met:
R5 × R6
R FB = ---------------------- < 5kΩ
R5 + R6
(EQ. 2)
To ensure the parallel combination of the feedback resistors
meets this criteria, choose a target value for RFB of less than
5kΩ and then apply the following equations:
V OUT2
R5 = ------------------- × R FB
V REF
(EQ. 3)
R5 × V REF
R6 = ---------------------------------------V OUT2 – V REF
(EQ. 4)
1
F LC = ---------------------------------------2π × L O × C O
(EQ. 5)
1
F ESR = ----------------------------------------2π × ESR × CO
(EQ. 6)
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier
and the impedance networks ZIN and ZFB . They provide the
link between the modulator transfer function and a
controllable closed loop transfer function of VOUT/VREF. The
goal of component selection for the compensation network is
to provide a loop gain with high 0dB crossing frequency
(f0dB) and adequate phase margin. Phase margin is the
difference between the closed loop phase at f0dB and 180
degrees.
VIN
DRIVER
OSC
PWM
COMP
-
∆ VOSC
PWM Controller Feedback Compensation
A simplified representation of the voltage-mode control loop
used for output regulation by the standard buck converter is
shown in Figure 5. The output voltage, VOUT, is fed back to
the negative input of the error amplifier which is regulated to
the reference voltage level, VREF. The error amplifier output,
VE/A, is compared with the triangle wave produced by the
oscillator, VOSC, to provide a pulse-width modulated (PWM)
signal from the PWM comparator. This signal is then used to
switch the MOSFET and produce a PWM waveform with an
amplitude of VIN at the PHASE node. The square-wave
7
+
VOUT
CO
+
ESR
(PARASITIC)
ZFB
VE/A
Pulling and holding the FB2 pin above a typical threshold of
1.28V will shutdown both regulators. Upon release of the
FB2 pin, the regulators enter into a soft-start cycle which
brings both outputs back into regulation.
PHASE
+
where VOUT2 is the desired linear regulator output voltage
and VREF is the internal reference voltage, 0.8V. For an
output voltage of 0.8V, simply populate R5 with a value less
than 5kΩ and do not populate R6.
Converter Shutdown
LOUT
ZIN
VREF
ERROR
AMP
DETAILED COMPENSATION COMPONENTS
ZFB
C2
C1
VOUT
ZIN
C3
R2
R3
R1
COMP
FB
+
ISL6528
0.8V
FIGURE 5. VOLTAGE-MODE BUCK CONVERTER
COMPENSATION DESIGN
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
Compensation Break Frequency Equations
Poles:
1
F P1 = ------------------------------------------------------C1 × C2
2π × R 2 ×  ----------------------
 C1 + C2
1
F P2 = ----------------------------------2π × R 3 × C3
(EQ. 8)
(EQ. 9)
Application Guidelines
Zeros:
1
F Z1 = ----------------------------------2π × R 2 × C1
(EQ. 10)
1
F Z2 = ------------------------------------------------------2π × ( R1 + R3 ) × C3
(EQ. 11)
Follow this procedure for selecting compensation
components by locating the poles and zeros of the
compensation network:
1. Set the loop gain (R2/R1) to provide a converter
bandwidth of one quarter of the switching frequency.
2. Place the first compensation zero, FZ1, below the output
filter double pole (~75% FLC).
3. Position the second compensation zero, FZ2, at the
output filter double pole, FLC.
4. Locate the first compensation pole, FP1, at the output filter
ESR zero, FESR.
5. Position the second compensation pole at half the
converter switching frequency, FSW.
6. Check gain against error amplifier’s open-loop gain.
7. Estimate phase margin; repeat if necessary.
8.
FZ1
FZ2
FP1
FP2
100
OPEN LOOP
ERROR AMP GAIN
 V IN 
20 log  ------------------
 V OSC
80
GAIN (dB)
60
40
COMPENSATION
GAIN
20
0
-20
R2
20 log  ---------
R1
-40
MODULATOR
GAIN
-60
10
The compensation gain uses external impedance networks
ZFB and ZIN to provide a stable, high bandwidth (BW) overall
loop. A stable control loop has a gain crossing with
-20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45°.
Include worst case component variations when determining
phase margin.
100
FLC
1K
LOOP GAIN
FESR
10K
100K
1M
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 6. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN
Figure 6 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC-DC converter’s
gain vs. frequency. The actual modulator gain has a high
gain peak dependent on the quality factor (Q) of the output
filter, which is not shown in Figure 6. Using the above
procedure should yield a compensation gain similar to the
curve plotted. The open loop error amplifier gain bounds the
compensation gain. Check the compensation gain at FP2
with the capabilities of the error amplifier.
8
Layout Considerations
Layout is very important in high frequency switching
converter design. With power devices switching efficiently at
600kHz, the resulting current transitions from one device to
another cause voltage spikes across the interconnecting
impedances and parasitic circuit elements. These voltage
spikes can degrade efficiency, radiate noise into the circuit,
and lead to device overvoltage stress. Careful component
layout and printed circuit board design minimizes the voltage
spikes in the converters.
As an example, consider the turn-off transition of the PWM
MOSFET. Prior to turn-off, the MOSFET is carrying the full
load current. During turn-off, current stops flowing in the
MOSFET and is picked up by the lower Schottky diode. Any
parasitic inductance in the switched current path generates a
large voltage spike during the switching interval. Careful
component selection, tight layout of the critical components,
and short, wide traces minimizes the magnitude of voltage
spikes.
There are two sets of critical components in a DC-DC
converter using the ISL6528. The switching components are
the most critical because they switch large amounts of
energy, and therefore tend to generate large amounts of
noise. Next are the small signal components which connect
to sensitive nodes or supply critical bypass current and
signal coupling.
A multi-layer printed circuit board is recommended. Figure 7
shows the connections of the critical components in the
converter. Note that capacitors CIN and COUT could each
represent numerous physical capacitors. Dedicate one solid
layer, usually a middle layer of the PC board, for a ground
plane and make all critical component ground connections
through vias to this layer. Dedicate another solid layer as a
power plane and break this plane into smaller islands of
common voltage levels. Keep the metal runs from the
PHASE terminal to the output inductor short. The power
plane should support the input and output power nodes. Use
copper filled polygons on the top and bottom circuit layers for
the phase node. Use the remaining printed circuit layers for
small signal wiring. The wiring traces from the UGATE pin to
the MOSFET gate should be kept short and wide enough to
easily handle the 1A of drive current.
The switching components should be placed close to the
ISL6528 first. Minimize the length of the connections
between the input capacitors, CIN, and the power switches
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
PWM REGULATOR OUTPUT CAPACITORS
+3.3 VIN
Modern digital ICs can produce high transient load slew
rates. High frequency capacitors initially supply the transient
current and slow the load rate-of-change seen by the bulk
capacitors. The bulk filter capacitor selection is generally
determined by the effective series resistance (ESR) and
voltage rating requirements rather than actual capacitance
requirements.
+5 VCC
VCC
GND
CIN
CBP
D2
BOOT
CBOOT
Q1
PHASE
ISL6528
COMP
LOUT
D1
C2
VOUT1
LOAD
UGATE
COUT1
C1
R2
R1
FB
C3 R3
R4
+3.3 VIN
Q2
DRIVE2
R5
FB2
COUT2
LOAD
R6
VOUT2
KEY
ISLAND ON POWER PLANE LAYER
ISLAND ON CIRCUIT PLANE LAYER
VIA CONNECTION TO GROUND PLANE
FIGURE 7. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER PLANES AND
ISLANDS
by placing them nearby. Position both the ceramic and bulk
input capacitors as close to the upper MOSFET drain as
possible. Position the output inductor and output capacitors
between the upper MOSFET and lower diode and the load.
The critical small signal components include any bypass
capacitors, feedback components, and compensation
components. Position the bypass capacitor, CBP, close to
the VCC pin with a via directly to the ground plane. Place the
PWM converter compensation components close to the FB
and COMP pins. The feedback resistors for both regulators
should also be located as close as possible to the relevant
FB pin with vias tied straight to the ground plane as required.
Component Selection Guidelines
Output Capacitor Selection
Output capacitors are required to filter the output and supply
the load transient current. The filtering requirements are a
function of switching frequency and output current ripple.
The load transient requirements are a function of the
transient load current slew rate (di/dt) and magnitude. These
requirements are generally met with a mix of capacitors and
careful layout.
9
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as
close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be
careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that
could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance
components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on
specific decoupling requirements.
Specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for switchingregulator applications are recommended for the bulk
capacitors. The bulk capacitor’s ESR determines the output
ripple voltage and the initial voltage drop following a high
slew-rate transient edge. Aluminum electrolytic, tantalum,
and special polymer capacitor ESR values are related to the
case size with lower ESR available in larger case sizes.
However, the equivalent series inductance (ESL) of these
capacitors increases with case size and can reduce the
usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate transient
loading. Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified parameter.
Work with your capacitor supplier and measure the
capacitor’s impedance with frequency to select a suitable
component. In most cases, multiple electrolytic capacitors of
small case size perform better than a single large case
capacitor.
LINEAR REGULATOR OUTPUT CAPACITORS
The output capacitors for the linear regulator provide
dynamic load current. The linear controller uses dominant
pole compensation integrated into the error amplifier and is
relatively insensitive to output capacitor selection. Output
capacitors should be selected for transient load regulation.
PWM Output Inductor Selection
The PWM converter requires an output inductor. The output
inductor is selected to meet the output voltage ripple
requirements and sets the converter response time to a load
transient. The inductor value determines the converter’s
ripple current and the ripple voltage is also a function of the
ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are
approximated by the following equations:
V IN – V OUT V OUT
∆I = -------------------------------- × ---------------V IN
FS × L
(EQ. 11)
∆V OUT = ∆I × ESR
(EQ. 12)
Increasing the value of inductance reduces the output ripple
current and voltage ripple. However, increasing the
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
inductance value will slow the converter response time to a
load transient.
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to a
load transient is the time required to slew the inductor
current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the
ISL6528 will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in
response to a load transient. The response time is the time
interval required to slew the inductor current from an initial
current value to the final current level. During this interval the
difference between the inductor current and the load current
must be supplied by the output capacitor(s). Minimizing the
response time can minimize the output capacitance
required.
The response time to a transient is different for the
application of load and the removal of load. The following
equations give the approximate response time interval for
application and removal of a transient load:
L O × I TRAN
t RISE = ------------------------------V IN – V OUT
(EQ. 13)
L O × I TRAN
t FALL = -----------------------------V OUT
(EQ. 14)
where ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the
response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the
response time to the removal of load.
With a +3.3V input source, the worst case response time can
be either at the application or removal of load and dependent
upon the output voltage setting. Be sure to check both of
these equations at the minimum and maximum output levels
for the worst case response time.
Input Capacitor Selection
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitors are
the voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable
operation, select bulk input capacitors with voltage and
current ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest
RMS current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage
rating should be at least 1.25 times greater than the
maximum input voltage and a voltage rating of 1.5 times is a
conservative guideline. The RMS current rating requirement
for the input capacitor of a buck regulator is approximately
1/2 of the summation of the DC load current.
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use ceramic capacitance
for the high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors to
supply the RMS current. Small ceramic capacitors can be
placed very close to the upper MOSFET to suppress the
voltage induced in the parasitic circuit impedances. Connect
them directly to ground with a via placed very close to the
ceramic capacitor footprint.
10
For a through-hole design, several aluminum electrolytic
capacitors may be needed. For surface mount designs,
tantalum or special polymer capacitors can be used, but
caution must be exercised with regard to the capacitor surge
current rating. These capacitors must be capable of handling
the surge-current at power-up.
Transistor Selection/Considerations
The ISL6528 requires two external transistors. One Nchannel MOSFET is used as the upper switch in a standard
buck topology PWM converter. The linear controller drives
an NPN bipolar transistor as a pass element. The transistors
should be selected based upon rDS(ON) , current gain,
saturation voltages, gate/base supply requirements, and
thermal management considerations.
UPPER MOSFET SWITCH SELECTION
In high-current applications, the MOSFET power dissipation,
package selection and heatsink are the dominant design
factors. The power dissipation includes two loss
components; conduction loss and switching loss. The
conduction losses account for a large portion of the power
dissipation of the MOSFET. Switching losses also contribute
to the overall MOSFET power loss.
P Conduction ≅ I o2 × r DS ( on ) × D
1
P Switching ≅ --- I o × V IN × t SW × F SW
2
(EQ. 15)
(EQ. 16)
where Io is the maximum load current, D is the duty cycle of
the converter (defined as VO/VIN), tSW is the switching
interval, and FSW is the PWM switching frequency.
These equations assume linear voltage-current transitions
and are approximations. The gate-charge losses are
dissipated by the ISL6528 and do not heat the MOSFET.
However, large gate-charge increases the switching interval,
tSW, which increases the upper MOSFET switching losses.
Ensure that the MOSFET is within its maximum junction
temperature at high ambient temperature by calculating the
temperature rise according to package thermal-resistance
specifications. A separate heatsink may be necessary
depending upon MOSFET power, package type, ambient
temperature, air flow, and load current requirements.
Given the reduced available gate bias voltage (5V) a logiclevel transistor is recommended for the upper switch. Close
attention to layout guidelines should be exercised with
devices exhibiting very low VGS(on) characteristics, as the
low gate threshold could lead to some shoot-through despite
counteracting circuitry present aboard the ISL6528.
NPN PASS TRANSISTOR SELECTION
A bipolar NPN transistor must be used with the linear
controller. Insure the current gain at the given operating VCE
is sufficiently large to provide the desired maximum output
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
load current when the base is fed with the minimum driver
output current.
The main criteria for selection of the linear regulator pass
transistor is package selection for efficient removal of heat.
Select a package and heatsink that maintains the junction
temperature below the rating with a maximum expected
ambient temperature.
+5V
+3.3V
D2
CBOOT
VCC
BOOT
The power dissipated in a linear regulator is:
P LINEAR ≅ I O × ( V IN – V OUT )
PHASE
(EQ. 17)
where IO is the maximum output current and VOUT is the
nominal output voltage of the linear regulator.
Diode Selection (D1)
Rectifier D1 conducts when MOSFET Q1 is off. The diode
should be a Schottky type for low power losses. The power
dissipation in the Schottky rectifier is approximated by:
P CONDUCTION ≅ I O × V f × ( 1 – D )
(EQ. 18)
where IO is the maximum output current of the PWM
converter, Vf is the Schottky forward voltage drop, and D is
the duty cycle of the converter (defined as VO/VIN).
In addition to power dissipation, package selection and
heatsink requirements are the main design trade-offs in
choosing a Schottky rectifier. Since the three factors are
interrelated, the selection process is an iterative procedure.
The maximum junction temperature of the rectifier must
remain below the manufacturer’s specified value, typically
125°C. By using the package thermal resistance
specification and the Schottky power dissipation equation,
the junction temperature of the rectifier can be estimated. Be
sure to use the available airflow and ambient temperature to
determine the junction temperature rise.
Bootstrap Component Selection
External bootstrap components, a diode and capacitor, are
required to provide sufficient gate enhancement to the
MOSFET. The internal MOSFET gate driver is supplied by
the external bootstrap circuitry as shown in Figure 8. The
boot capacitor, CBOOT, develops a floating supply voltage
referenced to the PHASE pin. This supply is refreshed each
cycle, when D1 conducts, to a voltage of VCC less the boot
diode drop, VD2, plus the voltage rise across D1.
Just after the PWM switching cycle begins and the charge
transfer from the bootstrap capacitor to the gate capacitance
is complete, the voltage on the bootstrap capacitor is at its
lowest point during the switching cycle. The charge lost on
the bootstrap capacitor will be equal to the charge
transferred to the equivalent gate-source capacitance of the
MOSFET as shown in Equation 19.
Q GATE = C BOOT × ( V BOOT1 – V BOOT2 )
11
Q1
UGATE
D1
ISL6528
FIGURE 8. UPPER GATE DRIVE
where QGATE is the maximum total gate charge of the
MOSFET, CBOOT is the bootstrap capacitance, VBOOT1 is
the bootstrap voltage immediately before turn-on, and
VBOOT2 is the bootstrap voltage immediately after turn-on.
The bootstrap capacitor begins its refresh cycle when the
gate drive begins to turn off the MOSFET. A refresh cycle
ends when the MOSFET is turned on again, which varies
depending on the switching frequency and duty cycle.
The minimum bootstrap capacitance can be calculated by
rearranging Equation 19 and solving for CBOOT.
Q GATE
C BOOT ≥ ----------------------------------------------------V BOOT1 – V
(EQ. 20)
BOOT2
Typical gate charge values for MOSFETs considered in
these types of applications range from 20–100nC. Since the
voltage drop across D2 is offset by the voltage drop across
D1, VBOOT1 is simply VCC (+5V). A good rule is to keep the
voltage drop across the bootstrap capacitor no greater than
1V during the on-time of the MOSFET. Initial calculations
with VBOOT2 no less than 4V will quickly help narrow the
bootstrap capacitor range.
For example, consider a MOSFET is chosen with a
maximum gate charge, Qg, of 100nC. Limiting the voltage
drop across the bootstrap capacitor to 1V results in a value
of no less than 0.1µF. The tolerance of the ceramic capacitor
should also be considered when selecting the final bootstrap
capacitance value.
A fast recovery diode is recommended when selecting a
bootstrap diode to reduce the impact of reverse recovery
charge loss. Otherwise, the recovery charge, QRR, would
have to be added to the gate charge of the MOSFET and
taken into consideration when calculating the minimum
bootstrap capacitance. Employing a Schottky diode over a
standard diode will also increase the gate drive voltage
available to enhance the MOSFET.
(EQ. 19)
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
ISL6528 Converter Application Circuit
Figure 9 shows a typical DC-DC converter circuit for a graphics card application. Additional information on this circuit
can be obtained by referencing application note AN9982.
+3.3V
C7
330µF
C6
330µF
C8
1µF
D2
+5V
BAT54
C5
1µF
C4
0.1µF
UGATE
GND
VCC
Q2
DRIVE2
FB2
VOUT2
(1A)
R5
BOOT
COMP
1.71µH
D1
R2
39.2kΩ
R6
C12
470µF 5.36kΩ
C9,C10
2x470µF
FB
C1
150pF
11.3kΩ
C14
1µF
ISL6528
VOUT1
(6A)
L1
Q1
C11
1µF
C2
1500pF
R1
2.32kΩ
C1
R4
R2
2.67kΩ 0.018µF 30.9Ω
Q1
Q2
L1
D1
FDS6690A
FZT649
ETQ-P6F1R8BFA
B520C-13
Fairchild
Fairchild
Panasonic
Diode Inc.
FIGURE 9. POWER SUPPLY APPLICATION CIRCUIT FOR A GRAPHICS CONTROLLER
12
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
ISL6528
Small Outline Plastic Packages (SOIC)
M8.15 (JEDEC MS-012-AA ISSUE C)
N
INDEX
AREA
0.25(0.010) M
H
8 LEAD NARROW BODY SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC
PACKAGE
B M
E
INCHES
-B-
1
2
SYMBOL
3
L
SEATING PLANE
-A-
h x 45o
A
D
-C-
µα
e
A1
B
0.25(0.010) M
C
C A M
B S
1. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of
Publication Number 95.
MILLIMETERS
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A
0.0532
0.0688
1.35
1.75
-
0.0040
0.0098
0.10
0.25
-
B
0.013
0.020
0.33
0.51
9
C
0.0075
0.0098
0.19
0.25
-
D
0.1890
0.1968
4.80
5.00
3
E
0.1497
0.1574
3.80
4.00
4
0.050 BSC
1.27 BSC
-
H
0.2284
0.2440
5.80
6.20
-
h
0.0099
0.0196
0.25
0.50
5
L
0.016
0.050
0.40
1.27
6
8o
0o
N
NOTES:
MAX
A1
e
0.10(0.004)
MIN
α
8
0o
8
7
8o
Rev. 0 12/93
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs.
Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006
inch) per side.
4. Dimension “E” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch) per
side.
5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index
feature must be located within the crosshatched area.
6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate.
7. “N” is the number of terminal positions.
8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only.
9. The lead width “B”, as measured 0.36mm (0.014 inch) or greater
above the seating plane, shall not exceed a maximum value of
0.61mm (0.024 inch).
10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions
are not necessarily exact.
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
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13
FN9038.3
December 28, 2004
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