LTC3866 Current Mode Synchronous Controller for Sub Milliohm DCR Sensing Features n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n Description Sub Milliohm DCR Current Sensing High Efficiency: Up to 95% Selectable Current Sensing Limit Programmable DCR Temperature Compensation Die Overtemperature Thermal Shutdown ± 0.5% 0.6V Output Voltage Accuracy Programmable Fixed Frequency 250kHz to 770kHz High Speed Differential Remote Sense Amplifier Wide Input Voltage Range: 4.5V to 38V Output Voltage Range: 0.6V to 3.5V with Diffamp Adjustable Soft-Start or Output Voltage Tracking Foldback Output Current Limit Short-Circuit Soft Recovery Output Overvoltage Protection 24-Lead (4mm × 4mm) QFN and 24-Lead FE Packages Applications n n n n Computer Systems Telecom Systems Industrial and Medical Instruments DC Power Distribution Systems The LTC®3866 is a single phase current mode synchronous step-down switching regulator controller that drives all N-channel power MOSFET switches. It employs a unique architecture which enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of the current sense signal, allowing the use of a very low DC resistance power inductor to maximize the efficiency in high current applications. This feature also reduces the switching jitter commonly found in low DCR applications. The LTC3866 also includes a high speed remote sense differential amplifier, a programmable current sense limit that can be selected to 10mV, 15mV, 20mV, 25mV or 30mV, and DCR temperature compensation to limit the maximum output current precisely over temperature. The LTC3866 also features a precise 0.6V reference with a guaranteed limit of ±0.5% that provides an accurate output voltage from 0.6V to 3.5V. A 4.5V to 38V input voltage range allows it to support a wide variety of bus voltages and various types of batteries. The LTC3866 is offered in a low profile 24-lead 4mm × 4mm QFN and 24-lead exposed pad FE packages. L, LT, LTC, LTM, Burst Mode, OPTI-LOOP, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks and No RSENSE is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents, including 5481178, 5705919, 5929620, 6177787, 6580258, 6498466, 6611131, patent pending. Typical Application High Efficiency, 1.5V/30A Step-Down Converter with Very Low DCR Sensing 0.1µF FREQ MODE/PLLIN RUN PGOOD TK/SS ITEMP 30.1k 220pF 20k 10k 1.5nF C1 220nF C2 220nF LTC3866 90 80 VIN DIFFOUT INTVCC DIFFP BOOST DIFFN TG SNSD+ SW SNS– BG SNSA+ ILIM 100 4.7µF EXTVCC ITH VFB 220µF Efficiency vs Load Current and Mode VIN 4.5V TO 20V PGND CLKOUT SGND 0.1µF 0.33µH DCR = 0.32mΩ R2 931Ω R1 4.64k COUT 470µF ×2 VOUT 1.5V 30A EFFICIENCY (%) 100k 70 60 50 VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V L = 0.33µH (DCR = 0.32mΩ TYP) CCM PULSE SKIPPING Burst Mode OPERATION 40 30 20 10 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 LOAD CURRENT (A) 100 3866 TA01b 3866 TA01a 3866fa 1 LTC3866 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) Input Supply Voltage................................... –0.3V to 40V Topside Driver Voltage (BOOST)................. –0.3V to 46V Switch Voltage(SW) ...................................... –5V to 40V INTVCC, EXTVCC, RUN, PGOOD, BOOST-SW Voltages..................................... –0.3V to 6V SNSD+, SNSA+, SNS– Voltages.............. –0.3V to INTVCC MODE/PLLIN, ILIM, TK/SS, FREQ, DIFFOUT Voltages.................................. –0.3V to INTVCC DIFFP, DIFFN.......................................... –0.3V to INTVCC ITEMP, ITH, VFB Voltages ..................... –0.3V to INTVCC INTVCC Peak Output Current ...............................100mA Operating Junction Temperature Range (Notes 2, 4)............................................. –40°C to 125°C Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 125°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) FE Package........................................................ 300°C Pin Configuration 20 VIN DIFFOUT 6 DIFFN 7 DIFFP 8 17 TG SNSD+ 9 16 SW SNS– 10 15 BG 25 SGND SNSA+ 11 ILIM 12 ITEMP 5 19 INTVCC 18 EXTVCC VFB 2 17 VIN DIFFOUT 3 18 BOOST 14 PGND 13 CLKOUT FE PACKAGE 24-LEAD PLASTIC TSSOP θJA = 33°C/W, θJC = 10°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 25) IS SGND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB 16 INTVCC 25 SGND DIFFN 4 15 BOOST DIFFP 5 14 TG SNSD+ 6 13 SW 7 8 9 10 11 12 BG VFB 24 23 22 21 20 19 ITH 1 PGND 21 EXTVCC CLKOUT 4 RUN 22 ITEMP ITH ILIM 23 PGOOD 3 SNSA+ 2 SNS– RUN TK/SS PGOOD 24 MODE/PLLIN MODE/PLLIN 1 TK/SS FREQ FREQ TOP VIEW TOP VIEW UF PACKAGE 24-LEAD (4mm × 4mm) PLASTIC QFN θJA = 47°C/W, θJC = 4.5°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 25) IS SGND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB Order Information LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC3866EFE#PBF LTC3866EFE#TRPBF LTC3866FE 24-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C LTC3866IFE#PBF LTC3866IFE#TRPBF LTC3866FE 24-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C LTC3866EUF#PBF LTC3866EUF#TRPBF 3866 24-Lead (4mm × 4mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C LTC3866IUF#PBF LTC3866IUF#TRPBF 3866 24-Lead (4mm × 4mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. Consult LTC Marketing for information on non-standard lead based finish parts. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ 3866fa 2 LTC3866 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 2). VIN = 15V, VRUN = 5V unless otherwise specified. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Main Control Loops VIN Input Voltage Range VOUT Output Voltage Range with Diffamp in Loop VFB Regulated Feedback Voltage Current ITH Voltage = 1.2V (Note 5) –40°C to 85°C –40°C to 125°C l l IFB Feedback Current (Note 5) VREFLNREG Reference Voltage Line Regulation VIN = 4.5V to 38V (Note 5) VLOADREG Output Voltage Load Regulation (Note 5) Measured in Servo Loop; ∆ITH Voltage = 1.2V to 0.7V Measured in Servo Loop; ∆ITH Voltage = 1.2V to 1.6V gm Error Amplifier (EA) Transconductance ITH =1.2V, Sink/Source 5µA (Note 5) IQ Input DC Supply Current Normal Mode Shutdown (Note 6) VIN = 15V VIN = 15V, VRUN = 0V UVLO Undervoltage Lockout VINTVCC Ramping Down UVLOHYS UVLO Hysteresis Voltage VFBOVL Feedback Overvoltage Lockout Measured at VFB l ISNSD+ SNSD+ Pin Bias Current VSNSD+ = 3.3V ISNSA+ SNSA+ Pin Bias Current VSNSA+ = 3.3V AVT_SNS Total Sense Signal Gain to Current Comparator (VSNSD+ + VSNSA+)/VSNSD+ VSENSE(MAX) Maximum Current Sense Threshold 4.5 38 V 0.6 3.5 V 0.6 0.6 0.603 0.6045 V V –15 –50 nA 0.002 0.02 % 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 % % 0.597 0.5955 l l 2 mmho 3.2 30 50 mA µA 3.4 3.75 4.1 V 0.64 0.66 0.68 V l 30 100 nA l 1 2 0.5 –40°C to 85°C VSNS– = 1.8V, ILIM = 0V ILIM = 1/4 VINTVCC ILIM = 1/2 VINTVCC or Float ILIM = 3/4 VINTVCC ILIM = VINTVCC –40°C to 125°C VSNS– = 1.8V, ILIM = 0V ILIM = 1/4VINTVCC ILIM = 1/2VINTVCC or Float ILIM = 3/4VINTVCC ILIM = VINTVCC V 5 µA V/V l l l l l 9.2 14.2 19.2 23.5 28.5 10 15 20 25 30 10.8 15.8 20.8 26.5 31.5 mV mV mV mV mV l l l l l 9 14 19 23.5 28.5 10 15 20 25 30 11 16 21 26.5 31.5 mV mV mV mV mV 11 µA ITEMP DCR Temperature Compensation Current VITEMP = 0.3V l 9 10 ITK/SS Soft-Start Charge Current VTK/SS = 0V l 1.0 1.25 1.5 µA VRUN RUN Pin On Threshold Voltage VRUN Rising l 1.1 1.22 1.35 V VRUN(HYS) RUN Pin On Hysteresis Voltage TG Top Gate (TG) Transition Time Rise Time Fall Time BG tr tf tr tf Bottom Gate (BG) Transition Time Rise Time Fall Time 80 mV (Note 7) CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF 25 25 ns ns (Note 7) CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF 25 25 ns ns 3866fa 3 LTC3866 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 2). VIN = 15V, VRUN = 5V unless otherwise specified. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS TG/BG tD Top Gate Off to Bottom Gate On Delay, Synchronous Switch-On Delay Time CLOAD = 3300pF 30 ns BG/TG tD Bottom Gate Off to Top Gate On Delay, Top Switch-On Delay Time CLOAD = 3300pF 30 ns tON(MIN) Minimum On-Time (Note 8) 90 ns INTVCC Linear Regulator VINTVCC VEXTVCC Internal VCC Voltage 6V < VIN < 38V Load Regulation IINTVCC = 0mA to 20mA External VCC Switchover Voltage EXTVCC Ramping Positive EXTVCC Voltage Drop IEXTVCC = 20mA, VEXTVCC = 5V 5.25 4.5 5.5 5.75 V 0.5 2 % 4.7 50 EXTVCC Hysteresis V 100 200 mV mV Oscillator and Phase-Locked Loop fNOM Nominal Frequency VFREQ = 1.2V 450 500 550 kHz fLOW Lowest Frequency VFREQ = 0.4V 225 250 275 kHz fHIGH Highest Frequency VFREQ > 2.4V 700 770 850 kHz RMODE/PLLIN MODE/PLLIN Input Resistance IFREQ Frequency Setting Current CLKOUT Phase Relative to the Oscillator Clock CLKOUTHI Clock Output High Voltage CLKOUTLO Clock Output Low Voltage 250 9 VINTVCC = 5.5V 4.5 10 kΩ 11 µA 180 Deg 5.5 V 0 0.2 V 0.1 0.3 V 2 µA PGOOD Output VPGDLO PGOOD Voltage Low IPGOOD = 2mA IPGD PGOOD Leakage Current VPGOOD = 5.5V VPGD PGOOD Trip VFB with Respect to Set Output Voltage VFB Going Negative VFB Going Positive –10 10 % % Differential Amplifier AV Gain –40°C to 85°C –40°C to 125°C RIN Input Resistance Measured at DIFFP Input VOS Input Offset Voltage VDIFFP = 1.5V, VDIFFOUT = 100µA PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio 5V < VIN < 38V IOUT Maximum Sourcing Output Current l l 0.999 0.998 1 1 1.001 1.002 V/V V/V 2 mV 80 1.5 kΩ 90 dB 3 mA VOUT Maximum Output Voltage VINTVCC = 5.5V, IDIFFOUT = 300µA GBW Gain-Bandwidth Product (Note 9) VINTVCC – 1.4 VINTVCC – 1.1 3 MHz V SR Slew Rate (Note 9) 2 V/µs 3866fa 4 LTC3866 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 2). VIN = 15V, VRUN = 5V unless otherwise specified. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS On-Chip Driver TG RUP TG Pull-Up RDS(ON) TG High 2.6 Ω TG RDOWN TG Pull-Down RDS(ON) TG Low 1.5 Ω BG RUP BG Pull-Up RDS(ON) BG High 2.4 Ω BG RDOWN BG Pull-Down RDS(ON) BG Low 1.1 Ω Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LTC3866 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that TJ ≈ TA. The LTC3866E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 85°C operating junction temperature. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC3866I is guaranteed to meet performance specifications over the full –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range. The maximum ambient temperature consistent with these specifications is determined by specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the package thermal impedance and other environmental factors. Note 3: The junction temperature, TJ, is calculated from the ambient temperature, TA, and power dissipation, PD, according to the following formula: LTC3866FE: TJ = TA + (PD • 33°C/W) LTC3866UF: TJ = TA + (PD • 47°C/W) Note 4: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. The maximum rated junction temperature will be exceeded when this protection is active. Continuous operation above the absolute maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability or permanently damage the device. Note 5: The LTC3866 is tested in a feedback loop that servos VITH to a specified voltage and measures the resultant VFB. Note 6: Dynamic supply current is higher due to the gate charge being delivered at the switching frequency. See Applications Information. Note 7: Rise and fall times are measured using 10% and 90% levels. Delay times are measured using 50% levels. Note 8: The minimum on-time condition corresponds to the on inductor peak-to-peak ripple current ≥40% of IMAX (see Minimum On-Time Considerations in the Applications Information section). Note 9: Guaranteed by design. Typical Performance Characteristics 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 VIN = 4.5V VOUT = 1.5V L = 0.33µH (DCR = 0.32mΩ TYP) FRONT PAGE CIRCUIT CCM PULSE SKIPPING Burst Mode OPERATION 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 LOAD CURRENT (A) 100 3866 G01 EFFICIENCY (%) 100 60 VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V L = 0.33µH (DCR = 0.32mΩ TYP) FRONT PAGE CIRCUIT CCM PULSE SKIPPING Burst Mode OPERATION 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.01 Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current 0.1 1 10 LOAD CURRENT (A) 100 3866 G02 EFFICIENCY (%) Efficiency vs Load Current and Mode 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 15 VIN = 20V VOUT = 1.5V FRONT PAGE CIRCUIT 10 EFFICIENCY 5 POWER LOSS 0 5 20 15 25 10 LOAD CURRENT (A) 30 35 POWER LOSS (W) EFFICIENCY (%) Efficiency vs Load Current and Mode TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 0 3866 G03 3866fa 5 LTC3866 Typical Performance Characteristics Load Step (Burst Mode® Operation) TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. Load Step (Continuous Conduction Mode) Load Step (Pulse-Skipping Mode) ILOAD 10A/DIV 1.5A TO 15A 0A ILOAD 10A/DIV 1.5A TO 15A 0A ILOAD 10A/DIV 1.5A TO 15A 0A IL 10A/DIV 0A VOUT 100mV/DIV AC-COUPLED IL 10A/DIV 0A VOUT 100mV/DIV AC-COUPLED IL 10A/DIV 0A VOUT 100mV/DIV AC-COUPLED 3866 G04 20µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V FRONT PAGE CIRCUIT Inductor Current at Light Load VFB 500mV/DIV 0V 3866 G07 10µs/DIV 4 3 2 1 15 20 25 30 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 3866 G08 500µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V 1Ω LOAD 35 40 3866 G10 40 ILIM = 0V ILIM = 1/4 INTVCC ILIM = 1/2 INTVCC ILIM = 3/4 INTVCC ILIM = INTVCC 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 –5 –10 0 3866 G09 2.5ms/DIV Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Common Mode Voltage CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) INTVCC VOLTAGE (V) 5 10 0V VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V 40 6 VOUT VOUT 0.5V/DIV TRACK/SS 500mV/DIV Current Sense Threshold vs ITH Voltage INTVCC Line Regulation 5 VTK/SS VTK/SS 0.2V/DIV 0V VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V ILOAD = 300mA 0 Tracking Up and Down with TK/SS External Ramp VOUT 500mV/DIV PULSE-SKIPPING MODE 0A 5A/DIV 3866 G06 20µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V FRONT PAGE CIRCUIT Prebiased Output at 1.2V CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION 0A MODE 5A/DIV Burst Mode OPERATION 5A/DIV 0A 0 3866 G05 20µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V FRONT PAGE CIRCUIT 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 VITH (V) 3866 G11 35 ILIM = INTVCC 30 ILIM = 3/4 INTVCC 25 ILIM = 1/2 INTVCC 20 ILIM = 1/4 INTVCC 15 ILIM = 0V 10 5 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 VSENSE COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (V) 4.0 3866 G12 3866fa 6 LTC3866 Typical Performance Characteristics ILIM = INTVCC 30 ILIM = 3/4 INTVCC 25 ILIM = 1/4 INTVCC 15 1.35 1.4 1.30 1.0 0.8 0.4 5 0 1.6 0.6 ILIM = 0V 10 1.40 1.2 ILIM = 1/2 INTVCC 20 1.8 RUN THRESHOLD (V) 40 35 Shutdown (RUN) Threshold vs Temperature TK/SS Pull-Up Current vs Temperature TK/SS (µA) MAXIMUM CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) Maximum Current Sense Threshold Voltage vs Feedback Voltage (Current Foldback) 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) 0 –50 –25 0.6 600 0 900 VFREQ = 1.2V 700 525 500 475 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 35 40 3866 G19 Shutdown Current vs Input Voltage 100 SHUTDOWN CURRENT (µA) UVLO THRESHOLD (V) 0 90 4.1 FALL 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 –50 –25 VFREQ = 0V 300 3866 G18 RISE 3.9 400 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) Undervoltage Lockout Threshold (INTVCC) vs Temperature 4.3 VFREQ = 1.2V 500 100 400 –50 –25 3866 G17 4.5 600 200 425 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) VFREQ = 2.5V 800 450 599.0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) Oscillator Frequency vs Input Voltage FREQUENCY (kHz) FREQUENCY (kHz) 599.5 0 3866 G16 550 0 1.10 1.00 –50 –25 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 575 601.0 600.0 OFF 1.15 Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature 601.5 598.5 –50 –25 1.20 3866 G15 Regulated Feedback Voltage vs Temperature 600.5 ON 1.25 1.05 0.2 3866 G14 REGULATED FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (mV) TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3866 G20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 35 40 3866 G21 3866fa 7 LTC3866 Typical Performance Characteristics Input Quiescent Current vs Input Voltage without EXTVCC Shutdown Current vs Temperature 40 35 30 25 20 4.0 3.8 3.75 QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) 45 SHUTDOWN CURRENT (µA) Quiescent Current vs Temperature without EXTVCC 4.00 50 3.50 3.25 3.00 2.75 15 10 –50 –25 TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 2.50 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 5 10 25 20 30 15 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 3866 G22 Pin Functions 3.6 35 40 3866 G23 2.4 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3866 G24 (FE/UF) FREQ (Pin 1/Pin 22): Oscillator Frequency Control Input. A 10µA current source flows out of this pin. Connecting a resistor between this pin and ground sets a DC voltage which in turn programs the oscillator frequency. Alternatively, this pin can be driven with a DC voltage to vary the frequency of the internal oscillator. DIFFN (Pin 7/Pin 4): Negative Input of Remote Sensing Differential Amplifier. Connect this pin close to the ground of the output load. RUN (Pin 2/Pin 23): Run Control Input. A voltage above 1.22V turns on the IC. Pulling this pin below 1.14V causes the IC to shut down. There is a 1μA pull-up current for the pin. Once the RUN pin rises above 1.22V, an additional 4.5μA pull-up current is added to the pin. SNSD+ (Pin 9/Pin 6): First Positive Current Sense Input. This pin is connected to sense the signal of the output inductor’s DCR, it is to be used with a filter that matches the bandwidth, L/DCR, of the inductor. TK/SS (Pin 3/Pin 24): Output Voltage Tracking and SoftStart Input. An internal soft-start current of 1.25μA charges the external soft-start capacitor connected to this pin. ITH (Pin 4/Pin 1): Current Control Threshold and Error Amplifier Compensation Pin. The current comparator tripping threshold is proportional with this voltage. VFB (Pin 5/Pin 2): Error Amplifier Feedback Input. This pin receives the remotely sensed feedback voltage to set the output voltage through an external resistive divider connected to the DIFFOUT pin or the output. DIFFOUT (Pin 6/Pin 3): Output of Remote Sensing Differential Amplifier. Connect this pin to VFB through a resistive divider to set the desired output voltage. 8 DIFFP (Pin 8/Pin 5): Positive Input of Remote Sensing Differential Amplifier. Connect this pin close to the output load. SNS– (Pin 10/Pin 7): Negative Current Sense Input. This negative input of the current comparator is to be connected to the output. SNSA+ (Pin 11/Pin 8): Second Positive Current Sense Input. This input is to be connected to sense the signal of the output’s inductor DCR with a filter bandwidth of five times larger than L/DCR. ILIM (Pin 12/Pin 9): Current Comparator Sense Voltage Limit. Apply a DC voltage to set the maximum current sense threshold for the current comparator. CLKOUT (Pin 13/Pin 10): Clock Output Pin. The CLKOUT signal is 180° out of phase to the rising edge of the IC internal clock. 3866fa LTC3866 Pin Functions (FE/UF) PGND (Pin 14/Pin 11): Power Ground. Connect to the source of the bottom N-channel MOSFET and the negative terminals of the VIN and INTVCC decoupling capacitors close to this pin. BG (Pin 15/Pin 12): Bottom Gate Driver Output. This pin drives the gate of the bottom N-channel MOSFET and swings between INTVCC or EXTVCC and PGND. SW (Pin 16/Pin 13): Switch Node Connection. Connect this pin to the output filter inductor, bottom N-channel MOSFET drain and top N-channel MOSFET source. Voltage swing at these pins is from a Schottky diode (external) voltage drop below ground to VIN. TG (Pin 17/Pin 14): Top Gate Driver Output. This is a floating driver to be connected to the gate of the top N‑channel MOSFET. The voltage swing of this pin equals to INTVCC superimposed over the switch node (SW) voltage. BOOST (Pin 18/Pin 15): Boosted Top Gate Driver Supply. The (+) terminal of the booststrap capacitor connects to this pin. This pins swings from a diode voltage drop below INTVCC up to VIN + INTVCC. INTVCC (Pin 19/Pin 16): Internal 5.5V Regulator Output. The internal control circuits are powered from this voltage. Decouple this pin to PGND with a 4.7μF low ESR tantalum or ceramic capacitor. VIN (Pin 20/Pin 17): Main Input Supply. Decouple this pin to PGND with a capacitor (0.1μF to 1μF). For applications where the main input power is 5V, tie the VIN and INTVCC pins together. EXTVCC (Pin 21/Pin 18): External Supply Voltage Input. Whenever an external voltage supply greater than 4.7V is connected to this pin, an internal switch will close and bypass the internal low dropout regulator, and the external supply will power the IC. Do not exceed 6V on this pin and ensure VIN > VEXTVCC at all times. ITEMP (Pin 22/Pin 19): Temperature DCR Compensation Input. Connect to a NTC (negative tempco) resistor placed near the output inductor to compensate for its DCR change over temperature. Floating this pin or tying it to INTVCC disables the DCR temperature compensation function. PGOOD (Pin 23/Pin 20): Power Good Indicator Output. Open-drain logic out that is pulled to ground when the output exceeds the 10% regulation window, after the internal 20μs power bad mask timer expires. MODE/PLLIN (Pin24/Pin 21): Mode Operation or External Clock Synchronization. Connect this pin to SGND to set the continuous mode of operation. Connect to INTVCC to enable pulse-skipping mode of operation. Leaving the pin floating will enable Burst Mode operation. A clock signal applied to the pin will force the controller into continuous mode of operation and synchronizes the internal oscillator. SGND (Exposed Pad Pin 25/ Exposed Pad Pin 25): Signal Ground. This is the ground of the controller. Connect compensation components and output setting resistors to this ground. The exposed pad must be soldered to the PCB ground plane. 3866fa 9 LTC3866 Functional Block Diagram EXTVCC ITEMP MODE/PLLIN 4.7V FREQ + – TEMPSNS F 0.6V MODE/SYNC DETECT VIN + – + 5.5V REG CIN INTVCC F PLL-SYNC VIN BOOST BURST EN CLKOUT S R Q ICOMP + – M1 VOUT SNSA+ SWITCH LOGIC AND ANTISHOOTTHROUGH IREV CB SW ON – + TG FCNT OSC DB SNS– + BG RUN M2 OV PGND COUT CVCC ILIM PGOOD SLOPE COMPENSATION + INTVCC UVLO UV 0.54V VFB R2 – 1 R SNSD+ + ACTIVE CLAMP ITHB AMP SLEEP – – + – – + + 0.5V SS RUN 1.25µA + EA VOUT R1 OV VIN + – 0.6V REF – + 0.66V DIFFOUT 40k + 40k DIFFAMP SGND DIFFP – 1.22V 40k 0.55V 40k DIFFN 1µA/5.5µA 3866 BD ITH RC CC1 RUN TK/SS CSS 3866fa 10 LTC3866 Operation Main Control Loop The LTC3866 uses LTC proprietary current sensing, current mode step-down architecture. During normal operation, the top MOSFET is turned on every cycle when the oscillator sets the RS latch, and turned off when the main current comparator, ICMP , resets the RS latch. The peak inductor current at which ICMP resets the RS latch is controlled by the voltage on the ITH pin, which is the output of the error amplifier, EA. The remote sense amplifier (diffamp) produces a signal equal to the differential voltage sensed across the output capacitor divided down by the feedback divider and re-references it to the local IC ground reference. The VFB pin receives this feedback signal and compares it to the internal 0.6V reference. When the load current increases, it causes a slight decrease in the VFB pin voltage relative to the 0.6V reference, which in turn causes the ITH voltage to increase until the inductor’s average current equals the new load current. After the top MOSFET has turned off, the bottom MOSFET is turned on until either the inductor current starts to reverse, as indicated by the reverse current comparator, IREV , or the beginning of the next cycle. The main control loop is shut down by pulling the RUN pin low. Releasing RUN allows an internal 1.0µA current source to pull up the RUN pin. When the RUN pin reaches 1.22V, the main control loop is enabled and the IC is powered up. When the RUN pin is low, all functions are kept in a controlled state. Sensing Signal of Very Low DCR The LTC3866 employs a unique architecture to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio that enables it to operate with a small sense signal of a very low value inductor DCR, 1mΩ or less, to improve power efficiency, and reduce jitter due to the switching noise which could corrupt the signal. The LTC3866 can sense a DCR value as low as 0.2mΩ with careful PCB layout.The LTC3866 comprises two positive sense pins, SNSD+ and SNSA+, to acquire signals and processes them internally to provide the response as with a DCR sense signal that has a 14dB signal-to-noise ratio improvement. In the meantime, the current limit threshold is still a function of the inductor peak current and its DCR value, and can be accurately set from 10mV to 30mV in a 5mV steps with the ILIM pin. The filter time constant, R1C1, of the SNSD+ should match the L/DCR of the output inductor, while the filter at SNSA+ should have a bandwidth of five times larger than SNSD+, R2C2 equals R1C1/5. INTVCC/EXTVCC Power Power for the top and bottom MOSFET drivers and most other internal circuitry is derived from the INTVCC pin. When the EXTVCC pin is left open or tied to a voltage less than 4.7V, an internal 5.5V linear regulator supplies INTVCC power from VIN. If EXTVCC is taken above 4.7V, the 5.5V regulator is turned off and an internal switch is turned on connecting EXTVCC to INTVCC. Using the EXTVCC pin allows the INTVCC power to be derived from a high efficiency external source such as a switching regulator output. The top MOSFET driver is biased from the floating bootstrap capacitor, CB, which normally recharges during the off cycle through an external diode when the top MOSFET turns off. If the input voltage, VIN, decreases to a voltage close to VOUT , the loop may enter dropout and attempt to turn on the top MOSFET continuously. The dropout detector detects this and forces the top MOSFET off for about one-twelfth of the clock period plus 100ns every third cycle to allow CB to recharge. However, it is recommended that a load be present or the IC operates at low frequency during the dropout transition to ensure CB is recharged. Internal Soft-Start By default, the start-up of the output voltage is normally controlled by an internal soft-start ramp. The internal soft-start ramp connects to the noninverting input of the error amplifier. The FB pin is regulated to the lower of the error amplifier’s three noninverting inputs (the internal soft-start ramp, the TK/SS pin or the internal 600mV reference). As the ramp voltage rises from 0V to 0.6V over approximately 600µs, the output voltage rises smoothly from its prebiased value to its final set value. Certain applications can result in the start-up of the converter into a non-zero load voltage, where residual charge is stored on the output capacitor at the onset of converter switching. In order to prevent the output from discharging under these conditions, the bottom MOSFET is disabled until soft-start is greater than VFB. 3866fa 11 LTC3866 Operation Shutdown and Start-Up (RUN and TK/SS Pins) The LTC3866 can be shut down using the RUN pin. Pulling the RUN pin below 1.14V shuts down the main control loop for the controller and most internal circuits, including the INTVCC regulator. Releasing the RUN pin allows an internal 1.0µA current to pull up the pin and enable the controller. Alternatively, the RUN pin may be externally pulled up or driven directly by logic. Be careful not to exceed the absolute maximum rating of 6V on this pin. The start-up of the controller’s output voltage, VOUT , is controlled by the voltage on the TK/SS pin, if the internal soft-start has expired. When the voltage on the TK/SS pin is less than the 0.6V internal reference, the LTC3866 regulates the VFB voltage to the TK/SS pin voltage instead of the 0.6V reference. This allows the TK/SS pin to be used to program a soft-start by connecting an external capacitor from the TK/SS pin to SGND. An internal 1.25µA pull-up current charges this capacitor, creating a voltage ramp on the TK/SS pin. As the TK/SS voltage rises linearly from 0V to 0.6V (and beyond), the output voltage, VOUT , rises smoothly from zero to its final value. Alternatively, the TK/SS pin can be used to cause the start-up of VOUT to track that of another supply. Typically, this requires connecting to the TK/SS pin an external resistor divider from the other supply to ground (see the Applications Information section). When the RUN pin is pulled low to disable the controller, or when INTVCC drops below its undervoltage lockout threshold of 3.75V, the TK/SS pin is pulled low by an internal MOSFET. When in undervoltage lockout, the controller is disabled and the external MOSFETs are held off. Light Load Current Operation (Burst Mode Operation, Pulse-Skipping or Continuous Conduction) The LTC3866 can be enabled to enter high efficiency Burst Mode operation, constant-frequency pulse-skipping mode or forced continuous conduction mode. To select forced continuous operation, tie the MODE/PLLIN pin to SGND. To select pulse-skipping mode of operation, tie the MODE/ PLLIN pin to INTVCC. To select Burst Mode operation, float the MODE/PLLIN pin. When the controller is enabled for Burst Mode operation, the peak current in the inductor is set to approximately one-third of the maximum sense voltage even though the voltage on the ITH pin indicates a lower value. If the average inductor current is higher than the load current, the error amplifier, EA, will decrease the voltage on the ITH pin. When the ITH voltage drops below 0.5V, the internal sleep signal goes high (enabling “sleep” mode) and both external MOSFETs are turned off. In sleep mode, the load current is supplied by the output capacitor. As the output voltage decreases, the EA’s output begins to rise. When the output voltage drops enough, the sleep signal goes low, and the controller resumes normal operation by turning on the top external MOSFET on the next cycle of the internal oscillator. When the controller is enabled for Burst Mode operation, the inductor current is not allowed to reverse. The reverse current comparator (IREV) turns off the bottom external MOSFET just before the inductor current reaches zero, preventing it from reversing and going negative. Thus, the controller operates in discontinuous operation. In forced continuous operation, the inductor current is allowed to reverse at light loads or under large transient conditions. The peak inductor current is determined by the voltage on the ITH pin, just as in normal operation. In this mode, the efficiency at light loads is lower than in Burst Mode operation. However, continuous mode has the advantages of lower output ripple and less interference with audio circuitry. When the MODE/PLLIN pin is connected to INTVCC, the LTC3866 operates in PWM pulse skipping mode at light loads. At very light loads, the current comparator, ICMP , may remain tripped for several cycles and force the external top MOSFET to stay off for the same number of cycles (i.e., skipping pulses). The inductor current is not allowed to reverse (discontinuous operation). This mode, like forced continuous operation, exhibits low output ripple as well as low audio noise and reduced RF interference as compared to Burst Mode operation. It provides higher low current efficiency than forced continuous mode, but not nearly as high as Burst Mode operation. Frequency Selection and Phase-Locked Loop (FREQ and MODE/PLLIN Pins) The selection of switching frequency is a trade-off between efficiency and component size. Low frequency operation increases efficiency by reducing MOSFET switching losses, but requires larger inductance and/or capacitance to maintain low output ripple voltage. 3866fa 12 LTC3866 Operation If the MODE/PLLIN pin is not being driven by an external clock source, the FREQ pin can be used to program the controller’s operating frequency from 250kHz to 770kHz. There is a precision 10µA current flowing out of the FREQ pin so that the user can program the controller’s switching frequency with a single resistor to SGND. A curve is provided later in the Applications Information section showing the relationship between the voltage on the FREQ pin and switching frequency. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is available on the LTC3866 to synchronize the internal oscillator to an external clock source that is connected to the MODE/PLLIN pin. The PLL loop filter network is integrated inside the LTC3866. The phase‑locked loop is capable of locking any frequency within the range of 250kHz to 770kHz. The frequency setting resistor should always be present to set the controller’s initial switching frequency before locking to the external clock. The controller operates in forced continuous mode when it is synchronized. Sensing the Output Voltage with a Differential Amplifier The LTC3866 includes a low offset, high input impedance, unity-gain, high bandwidth differential amplifier for applications that require true remote sensing. Sensing the load across the load capacitors directly greatly benefits regulation in high current, low voltage applications, where board interconnection losses can be a significant portion of the total error budget. Connect DIFFP to the output load, and DIFFN to the load ground. See Figure 1. VOUT LTC3866 8 COUT 7 DIFFP DIFFN + DIFFAMP – DIFFOUT 6 VFB 5 3866 F01 Figure 1. Differential Amplifier Connection The LTC3866 differential amplifier has a typical output slew rate of 2V/µs. The amplifier is configured for unity gain, meaning that the difference between DIFFP and DIFFN is translated to DIFFOUT, relative to SGND. Care should be taken to route the DIFFP and DIFFN PCB traces parallel to each other all the way to the remote sensing points on the board. In addition, avoid routing these sensitive traces near any high speed switching nodes in the circuit. Ideally, the DIFFP and DIFFN traces should be shielded by a low impedance ground plane to maintain signal integrity. Power Good (PGOOD Pin) The PGOOD pin is connected to the open drain of an internal N-channel MOSFET. The MOSFET turns on and pulls the PGOOD pin low when the VFB pin voltage is not within ±10% of the 0.6V reference voltage. The PGOOD pin is also pulled low when the RUN pin is below 1.14V or when the LTC3866 is in the soft-start or tracking up phase. When the VFB pin voltage is within the ±10% regulation window, the MOSFET is turned off and the pin is allowed to be pulled up by an external resistor to a source of up to 6V. The PGOOD pin will flag power good immediately when the VFB pin is within the regulation window. However, there is an internal 20µs power-bad mask when the VFB goes out of the window. Output Overvoltage Protection An overvoltage comparator, OV, guards against transient overshoots (>10%) as well as other more serious conditions that may overvoltage the output. In such cases, the top MOSFET is turned off and the bottom MOSFET is turned on until the overvoltage condition is cleared. Undervoltage Lockout The LTC3866 has two functions that help protect the controller in case of undervoltage conditions. A precision UVLO comparator constantly monitors the INTVCC voltage to ensure that an adequate gate-drive voltage is present. It locks out the switching action when INTVCC is below 3.75V. To prevent oscillation when there is a disturbance on the INTVCC, the UVLO comparator has 600mV of precision hysteresis. 3866fa 13 LTC3866 Operation Another way to detect an undervoltage condition is to monitor the VIN supply. Because the RUN pin has a precision turn-on reference of 1.22V, one can use a resistor divider to VIN to turn on the IC when VIN is high enough. An extra 4.5µA of current flows out of the RUN pin once the RUN pin voltage passes 1.22V. The RUN comparator itself has about 80mV of hysteresis. One can program additional hysteresis for the RUN comparator by adjusting the values of the resistive divider. For accurate VIN undervoltage detection, VIN needs to be higher than 4.75V. Applications Information The Typical Application on the first page of this data sheet is a basic LTC3866 application circuit. The LTC3866 is designed and optimized for use with a very low DCR value by utilizing a novel approach to reduce the noise sensitivity of the sensing signal by a factor of 14dB. DCR sensing is becoming popular because it saves expensive current sensing resistors and is more power efficient, especially in high current applications. However, as the DCR value drops below 1mΩ, the signal-to-noise ratio is low and current sensing is difficult. LTC3866 uses an LTC proprietary technique to solve this issue. In general, external component selection is driven by the load requirement, and begins with the DCR and inductor value. Next, power MOSFETs are selected. Finally, input and output capacitors are selected. Current Limit Programming The ILIM pin is a 5-level logic input which sets the maximum current limit of the controller. When ILIM is either grounded, floated or tied to INTVCC, the typical value for the maximum current sense threshold will be 10mV, 20mV or 30mV, respectively. Setting ILIM to one-fourth INTVCC and three-fourths INTVCC for maximum current sense thresholds of 15mV and 25mV. Which setting should be used? For the best current limit accuracy, use the highest setting that is applicable to the output requirements. SNSD+, SNSA+ and SNS– Pins The SNSA+ and SNS– pins are the inputs to the current comparators, while the SNSD+ pin is the input of an internal amplifier. The operating input voltage range of 0V to 3.5V is for SNSA+, SNS– and SNSD+ when the internal differential amplifier is used to remotely sense the output. All the positive sense pins that are connected to the current comparator or the amplifier are high impedance with input bias currents of less than 1µA, but there is also a resistance of about 300k from the SNS– pin to ground. The SNS– should be connected directly to VOUT. The SNSD+ pin connects to the filter that has a R1C1 time constant matched to L/DCR of the inductor. The SNSA+ pin is connected to the second filter with the time constant one-fifth that of R1C1. Care must be taken not to float these pins during normal operation. Filter components, especially capacitors, must be placed close to the LTC3866, and the sense lines should run close together to a Kelvin connection underneath the current sense element (Figure 2). Because the LTC3866 is designed to be used with a very low DCR value to sense inductor current, without proper care, the parasitic resistance, capacitance and inductance will degrade the current sense signal integrity, making the programmed current limit unpredictable. As shown in Figure 3, resistors R1 and R2 are placed close to the output inductor and capacitors C1 and C2 are close to the IC pins to prevent noise coupling to the sense signal. TO SENSE FILTER, NEXT TO THE CONTROLLER 3866 F02 COUT INDUCTOR Figure 2. Sense Lines Placement with Inductor DCR 3866fa 14 LTC3866 Applications Information VIN INTVCC VIN BOOST INDUCTOR LTC3866 RITEMP ITEMP TG SNSD+ SNS– RP 90.9k DCR VOUT BG PGND RS 22.6k RNTC 100k L SW SNSA+ R1 R2 C1 C2 SGND PLACE C1, C2 NEXT TO IC PLACE R1, R2 NEXT TO INDUCTOR R1C1 = 5 • R2C2 3866 F03 Figure 3. Inductor DCR Current Sensing The LTC3866 could also be used like any typical current mode controller by disabling the SNSD+ pin, shorting it to ground. An RSENSE resistor or a RC filter can be used to sense the output inductor signal and connects to the SNSA+ pin. If the RC filter is used, its time constant, R • C, is equaled to L/DCR of the output inductor. In these applications, the current limit, VSENSE (MAX), will be five times larger for the specified ILIM, and the operating voltage range of SNSA+ and SNS– is from 0V to 5.25V. Without using the internal differential amplifier, the output voltage of 5V can be generated as shown in the Typical Applications section. Inductor DCR Sensing The LTC3866 is specifically designed for high load current applications requiring the highest possible efficiency; it is capable of sensing the signal of an inductor DCR in the sub milliohm range (Figure 3). The DCR is the DC winding resistance of the inductor’s copper, which is often less than 1mΩ for high current inductors. In high current and low output voltage applications, a conduction loss of a high DCR or a sense resistor will cause a significant reduction in power efficiency. For a specific output requirement, chose the inductor with the DCR that satisfies the maximum desirable sense voltage, and uses the relationship of the sense pin filters to output inductor characteristics as depicted below. DCR = VSENSE(MAX) IMAX + ∆IL 2 L/DCR = R1• C1 = 5 • R2 • C2 where: VSENSE(MAX): Maximum sense voltage for a given ILIM threshold IMAX: Maximum load current ∆IL: Inductor ripple current L, DCR: Output inductor characteristics R1, C1: Filter time constant of the SNSD+ pin R2, C2: Filter time constant of the SNSA+ pin To ensure that the load current will be delivered over the full operating temperature range, the temperature coefficient of DCR resistance, approximately 0.4%/°C, should be taken into account. The LTC3866 features a DCR temperature compensation circuit that uses an NTC temperature sensing resistor for this purpose. See the Inductor DCR Sensing Temperature Compensation section for details. 3866fa 15 LTC3866 Applications Information There will be some power loss in R1 and R2 that relates to the duty cycle, and will be the most in continuous mode at the maximum input voltage: PLOSS ( VIN(MAX) – VOUT ) • VOUT (R) = R Ensure that R1 and R2 have a power rating higher than this value. However, DCR sensing eliminates the conduction loss of a sense resistor; it will provide a better efficiency at heavy loads. To maintain a good signal-to-noise ratio for the current sense signal, using a minimum ∆VSENSE of 2mV for duty cycles less than 40% is desirable. The actual ripple voltage will be determined by the following equation: ∆VSENSE = VOUT VIN – VOUT • VIN R1C1• fOSC Inductor DCR Sensing Temperature Compensation with NTC Thermistor For DCR sensing applications, the temperature coefficient of the inductor winding resistance should be taken into account when the accuracy of the current limit is critical over a wide range of temperature. The main element used in inductors is Copper; that has a positive tempco of approximately 4000ppm/°C. The LTC3866 provides a feature to correct for this variation through the use of the ITEMP pin. There is a 10µA precision current source flowing out of the ITEMP pin. A thermistor with a NTC (negative temperature coefficient) resistance can be used in a network, RITEMP (Figure 3) connected to maintain the current limit threshold constant over a wide operating temperature. The ITEMP voltage range that activates the correction is from 0.7V or less. If floating this pin, its voltage will be at INTVCC potential, about 5.5V. When the ITEMP voltage is higher than 0.7V, the temperature compensation is inactive. The following guideline will help to choose components for temperature correction. The initial compensation is for 25°C ambient temperature: ITEMP • RITEMP = 0.7V for 25°C RITEMP is a thermistor resistance network connected to ITEMP pin. Since ITEMP = 10µA, choose RITEMP network = 70kΩ at 25°C TCRITEMP = –(1.5/0.7) • TCDCR Typically TCDCR = 4000ppm/°C, tempco of DCR which is usually Copper. For ideal compensation, the tempco of the RITEMP should be: TCRITEMP = –(1.5/0.7) • 4000 ppm/°C = –8570 ppm/°C For example, a Murata NTC thermistor of 100k with B = 4334 that has a nonlinear temperature characteristic as described in R[T] = R[T0] • EXP B (1/T – 1/T0) where T0 is the temperature at 300°K. Resistors RS and RP of 22.6k and 90.9k respectively are used to linearize the network as shown in Figure 4.The current limit threshold will be compensated from 25°C to over 100°C of the inductor temperature, Figure 5. Once the temperature compensation is done, it will remain valid for all programmable current sense limit scales. 10000 1000 RESISTANCE (kΩ) Typically, C1 and C2 are selected in the range of 0.047µF to 0.47µF. If C1 and C2 are chosen to be 220nF, and an inductor of 330nH with 0.32mΩ DCR is selected, R1 and R2 will be 4.7k and 942Ω respectively. The bias current at SNSD+ and SNSA+ is about 30nA and 500nA respectively, and it causes some small error to the sense signal. THERMISTOR RESISTANCE RO = 100k TO = 25°C B = 4334 FOR 25°C TO 100°C 100 10 RITEMP RS = 22.6k RP = 90.9k 100k NTC 1 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 INDUCTOR TEMPERATURE (°C) 3866 F04 Figure 4. Resistance Versus Temperature for the ITEMP Pin Network and the 100k NTC 3866fa 16 LTC3866 Applications Information 50 45 40 IMAX (A) 35 CORRECTED IMAX 30 25 RITEMP: RS = 22.6k UNCORRECTED RP = 90.9k IMAX 15 NTC THERMISTOR: RO = 100k 10 TO = 25°C 5 B = 4334 NOMINAL IMAX = 30A 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 –50 –25 0 INDUCTOR TEMPERATURE (°C) 20 3866 F05 Figure 5. Worst-Case IMAX Versus Inductor Temperature Curve with and without NTC Temperature Compensation VOUT RNTC L1 SW1 3867 F08 Figure 6. Thermistor Location. Place the Thermistor Next to the Inductor for Accurate Sensing of the Inductor Temperature, But Keep the ITEMP Pin Away from the Switch Nodes and Gate Drive Traces For the most accurate temperature detection, place the thermistor next to the output inductor as shown in Figure 6. Care should be taken to keep the ITEMP sense line away from switch nodes. Pre-Biased Output Start-Up There may be situations that require the power supply to start up with a pre-bias on the output capacitors. In this case, it is desirable to start up without discharging that output pre-bias. The LTC3866 can safely power up into a pre-biased output without discharging it. The LTC3866 accomplishes this by disabling both TG and BG until the TK/SS pin voltage and the internal soft-start voltage are above the VFB pin voltage. When VFB is higher than TK/SS or the internal soft-start voltage, the error amp output is railed low. The control loop would like to turn BG on, which would discharge the output. Disabling BG and TG prevents the pre-biased output voltage from being discharged. When TK/SS and the internal soft-start both cross 500mV or VFB, whichever is lower, TG and BG are enabled. If the pre-bias is higher than the OV threshold, the bottom gate is turned on immediately to pull the output back into the regulation window. Overcurrent Fault Recovery When the output of the power supply is loaded beyond its preset current limit, the regulated output voltage will collapse depending on the load. The output may be shorted to ground through a very low impedance path or it may be a resistive short, in which case the output will collapse partially, until the load current equals the preset current limit. The controller will continue to source current into the short. The amount of current sourced depends on the ILIM pin setting and the VFB voltage as shown in the Current Foldback graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics section. Upon removal of the short, the output soft starts using the internal soft-start, thus reducing output overshoot. In the absence of this feature, the output capacitors would have been charged at current limit, and in applications with minimal output capacitance this may have resulted in output overshoot. Current limit foldback is not disabled during an overcurrent recovery. The load must step below the folded back current limit threshold in order to restart from a hard short. Thermal Protection Excessive ambient temperatures, loads and inadequate airflow or heat sinking can subject the chip, inductor, FETs etc. to high temperatures. This thermal stress reduces component life and if severe enough, can result in immediate catastrophic failure (Note 4). To protect the power supply from undue thermal stress, the LTC3866 has a fixed chip temperature-based thermal shutdown. The internal thermal shutdown is set for approximately 160°C with 10°C of hysteresis. When the chip reaches 160°C, both TG and BG are disabled until the chip cools down below 150°C. 3866fa 17 LTC3866 Applications Information Inductor Value Calculation Given the desired input and output voltages, the inductor value and operating frequency, fOSC, directly determine the inductor’s peak-to-peak ripple current: IRIPPLE = VOUT ⎛ VIN – VOUT ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ VIN ⎝ fOSC • L ⎠ Lower ripple current reduces core losses in the inductor, ESR losses in the output capacitors, and output voltage ripple. Thus, highest efficiency operation is obtained at low frequency with a small ripple current. Achieving this, however, requires a large inductor. A reasonable starting point is to choose a ripple current that is about 40% of IOUT(MAX). Note that the largest ripple current occurs at the highest input voltage. To guarantee that ripple current does not exceed a specified maximum, the inductor should be chosen according to: L≥ VIN – VOUT VOUT • fOSC •IRIPPLE VIN Inductor Core Selection Once the inductance value is determined, the type of inductor must be selected. Core loss is independent of core size for a fixed inductor value, but it is very dependent on inductance selected. As inductance increases, core losses go down. Unfortunately, increased inductance requires more turns of wire and therefore copper losses will increase. Ferrite designs have very low core loss and are preferred at high switching frequencies, so design goals can concentrate on copper loss and preventing saturation. Ferrite core material saturates “hard,” which means that inductance collapses abruptly when the peak design current is exceeded. This results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current and consequent output voltage ripple. Do not allow the core to saturate! Power MOSFET and Schottky Diode (Optional) Selection At least two external power MOSFETs need to be selected: One N-channel MOSFET for the top (main) switch and one or more N‑channel MOSFET(s) for the bottom (synchronous) switch. The number, type and on-resistance of all MOSFETs selected take into account the voltage step-down ratio as well as the actual position (main or synchronous) in which the MOSFET will be used. A much smaller and much lower input capacitance MOSFET should be used for the top MOSFET in applications that have an output voltage that is less than one-third of the input voltage. In applications where VIN >> VOUT , the top MOSFETs’ onresistance is normally less important for overall efficiency than its input capacitance at operating frequencies above 300kHz. MOSFET manufacturers have designed special purpose devices that provide reasonably low on-resistance with significantly reduced input capacitance for the main switch application in switching regulators. The peak-to-peak MOSFET gate drive levels are set by the internal regulator voltage, VINTVCC, requiring the use of logic-level threshold MOSFETs in most applications. Pay close attention to the BVDSS specification for the MOSFETs as well; many of the logic-level MOSFETs are limited to 30V or less. Selection criteria for the power MOSFETs include the on-resistance, RDS(ON), input capacitance, input voltage and maximum output current. MOSFET input capacitance is a combination of several components but can be taken from the typical gate charge curve included on most data sheets (Figure 7). The curve is generated by forcing a constant input current into the gate of a common source, current source loaded stage and then plotting the gate voltage versus time. The initial slope is the effect of the gate-to-source and the gate-to-drain capacitance. The flat portion of the curve is the result of the Miller multiplication effect of the drain-to-gate capacitance as the drain drops the voltage across the current source load. The upper sloping line is 3866fa 18 LTC3866 Applications Information VIN MILLER EFFECT VGS a V b + QIN VGS – CMILLER = (QB – QA)/VDS +V DS – 3766 F07 Figure 7. Gate Charge Characteristic due to the drain-to-gate accumulation capacitance and the gate-to-source capacitance. The Miller charge (the increase in coulombs on the horizontal axis from a to b while the curve is flat) is specified for a given VDS drain voltage, but can be adjusted for different VDS voltages by multiplying the ratio of the application VDS to the curve specified VDS values. A way to estimate the CMILLER term is to take the change in gate charge from points a and b on a manufacturer’s data sheet and divide by the stated VDS voltage specified. CMILLER is the most important selection criteria for determining the transition loss term in the top MOSFET but is not directly specified on MOSFET data sheets. CRSS and COS are specified sometimes but definitions of these parameters are not included. When the controller is operating in continuous mode the duty cycles for the top and bottom MOSFETs are given by: Main Switch Duty Cycle = VOUT VIN ⎛V – V ⎞ Synchronous Switch Duty Cycle = ⎜ IN OUT ⎟ VIN ⎝ ⎠ The power dissipation for the main and synchronous MOSFETs at maximum output current are given by: PMAIN = VOUT IMAX VIN ( ) 2 (1+ δ)RDS(ON) + 2 ⎛ IMAX ⎞ ⎟ (RDR ) (CMILLER ) • ( VIN ) ⎜ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 ⎢ ⎥• f + ⎢⎣ VINTVCC – VTH(MIN) VTH(MIN) ⎥⎦ PSYNC = VIN – VOUT IMAX VIN ( ) 2 (1+ δ)RDS(ON) where δ is the temperature dependency of RDS(ON), RDR is the effective top driver resistance (approximately 2Ω at VGS = VMILLER), VIN is the drain potential and the change in drain potential in the particular application. VTH(MIN) is the data sheet specified typical gate threshold voltage specified in the power MOSFET data sheet at the specified drain current. CMILLER is the calculated capacitance using the gate charge curve from the MOSFET data sheet and the technique described above. Both MOSFETs have I2R losses while the topside N-channel equation includes an additional term for transition losses, which peak at the highest input voltage. For VIN < 20V, the high current efficiency generally improves with larger MOSFETs, while for VIN > 20V, the transition losses rapidly increase to the point that the use of a higher RDS(ON) device with lower CMILLER actually provides higher efficiency. The synchronous MOSFET losses are greatest at high input voltage when the top switch duty factor is low or during a short-circuit when the synchronous switch is on close to 100% of the period. The term (1 + δ ) is generally given for a MOSFET in the form of a normalized RDS(ON) vs temperature curve, but δ = 0.005/°C can be used as an approximation for low voltage MOSFETs. An optional Schottky diode across the synchronous MOSFET conducts during the dead time between the conduction of the two large power MOSFETs. This prevents the body diode of the bottom MOSFET from turning on, storing charge during the dead time and requiring a reverse-recovery period which could cost as much as several percent in efficiency. A 2A to 8A Schottky is generally a good compromise for both regions of operation due to the relatively small average current. Larger diodes result in additional transition loss due to their larger junction capacitance. CIN and COUT Selection In continuous mode, the source current of the top MOSFET is a square wave of duty cycle (VOUT)/(VIN). To prevent large voltage transients, a low ESR capacitor sized for the maximum RMS current of one channel must be used. The maximum RMS capacitor current is given by: CIN Required IRMS ≈ 1/2 IMAX ⎡ ⎣( VOUT ) ( VIN – VOUT )⎤⎦ VIN 3866fa 19 LTC3866 Applications Information This formula has a maximum at VIN = 2VOUT, where IRMS = IOUT/2. This simple worst-case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief. Note that capacitor manufacturers’ ripple current ratings are often based on only 2000 hours of life. This makes it advisable to further derate the capacitor, or to choose a capacitor rated at a higher temperature than required. Several capacitors may be paralleled to meet size or height requirements in the design. Due to the high operating frequency of the LTC3866, ceramic capacitors can also be used for CIN. Always consult the manufacturer if there is any question. where f = operating frequency, COUT = output capacitance and ∆IRIPPLE = ripple current in the inductor. The output ripple is highest at maximum input voltage since ∆IRIPPLE increases with input voltage. The output ripple will be less than 50mV at maximum VIN with ∆IRIPPLE = 0.4IOUT(MAX) assuming: Ceramic capacitors are becoming very popular for small designs but several cautions should be observed. X7R, X5R and Y5V are examples of a few of the ceramic materials used as the dielectric layer, and these different dielectrics have very different effect on the capacitance value due to the voltage and temperature conditions applied. Physically, if the capacitance value changes due to applied voltage change, there is a concomitant piezo effect which results in radiating sound! A load that draws varying current at an audible rate may cause an attendant varying input voltage on a ceramic capacitor, resulting in an audible signal. A secondary issue relates to the energy flowing back into a ceramic capacitor whose capacitance value is being reduced by the increasing charge. The voltage can increase at a considerably higher rate than the constant current being supplied because the capacitance value is decreasing as the voltage is increasing! Nevertheless, ceramic capacitors, when properly selected and used, can provide the lowest overall loss due to their extremely low ESR. The emergence of very low ESR capacitors in small, surface mount packages makes very small physical implementations possible. The ability to externally compensate the switching regulator loop using the ITH pin allows a much wider selection of output capacitor types. The impedance characteristic of each capacitor type is significantly different than an ideal capacitor and therefore requires accurate modeling or bench evaluation during design. Manufacturers such as Nichicon, Nippon Chemi-Con and Sanyo should be considered for high performance through-hole capacitors. The OS-CON semiconductor dielectric capacitors available from Sanyo and the Panasonic SP surface mount types have a good (ESR)(size) product. A small (0.1µF to 1µF) bypass capacitor, CIN, between the chip VIN pin and ground, placed close to the LTC3866, is also suggested. A 2.2Ω to 10Ω resistor placed between CIN and VIN pin provides further isolation. The selection of COUT is driven by the required effective series resistance (ESR). Typically once the ESR requirement is satisfied the capacitance is adequate for filtering. The steady-state output ripple (∆VOUT) is determined by: ⎛ 1 ⎞ ∆VOUT ≈ ∆IRIPPLE ⎜ESR + ⎟ 8fCOUT ⎠ ⎝ COUT required ESR < N • RSENSE and COUT > 1 (8f) (RSENSE ) Once the ESR requirement for COUT has been met, the RMS current rating generally far exceeds the IRIPPLE(P-P) requirement. Ceramic capacitors from AVX, Taiyo Yuden, Murata and TDK offer high capacitance value and very low ESR, especially applicable for low output voltage applications. In surface mount applications, multiple capacitors may have to be paralleled to meet the ESR or RMS current handling requirements of the application. Aluminum electrolytic and dry tantalum capacitors are both available in surface mount configurations. New special polymer surface mount capacitors offer very low ESR also but have much lower capacitive density per unit volume. In the case of tantalum, it is critical that the capacitors are surge tested for use in switching power supplies. Several excellent choices are the AVX TPS, AVX TPSV, the KEMET T510 series of surface mount tantalums or the Panasonic SP series of surface mount special polymer capacitors 3866fa 20 LTC3866 Applications Information available in case heights ranging from 2mm to 4mm. Other capacitor types include Sanyo POSCAP, Sanyo OS-CON, Nichicon PL series and Sprague 595D series. Consult the manufacturers for other specific recommendations. Differential Amplifier The LTC3866 has true remote voltage sense capability. The sense connections should be returned from the load, back to the differential amplifier’s inputs through a common, tightly coupled pair of PC traces. The differential amplifier rejects common mode signals capacitively or inductively radiated into the feedback PC traces as well as ground loop disturbances. The LTC3866 diffamp has 80kΩ input impedance on DIFFP. It is designed to be connected directly to the output. The output of the diffamp connects to the VFB pin through a voltage divider, setting the output voltage. External Soft-Start and Tracking The LTC3866 has the ability to either soft-start by itself or track the output of another channel or external supply. When the controller is configured to soft-start by itself, a capacitor may be connected to its TK/SS pin or the internal soft-start may be used. The controller is in the shutdown state if its RUN pin voltage is below 1.14V and its TK/SS pin is actively pulled to ground in this shutdown state. If the RUN pin voltage is above 1.22V, the controller powers up. A soft-start current of 1.25µA then starts to charge the TK/SS soft-start capacitor. Note that soft-start or tracking is achieved not by limiting the maximum output current of the controller but by controlling the output ramp voltage according to the ramp rate on the TK/SS pin. Current foldback is disabled during this phase to ensure smooth soft-start or tracking. The soft-start or tracking range is defined to be the voltage range from 0V to 0.6V on the TK/SS pin. The total soft-start time can be calculated as: tSOFTSTART = 0.6 • CSS 1.25µA Regardless of the mode selected by the MODE/PLLIN pin, the controller always starts in discontinuous mode up to TK/SS = 0.5V. Between TK/SS = 0.5V and 0.54V, it will operate in forced continuous mode and revert to the selected mode once TK/SS > 0.54V. The output ripple is minimized during the 40mV forced continuous mode window, ensuring a clean PGOOD signal. When the channel is configured to track another supply, the feedback voltage of the other supply is duplicated by a resistor divider and applied to the TK/SS pin. Therefore, the voltage ramp rate on this pin is determined by the ramp rate of the other supply’s voltage. It is only possible to track another supply that is slower than the internal soft-start ramp. Note that the small soft-start capacitor charging current is always flowing, producing a small offset error. To minimize this error, select the tracking resistive divider value to be small enough to make this error negligible. In order to track down another channel or supply after the soft-start phase expires, the LTC3866 is forced into continuous mode of operation as soon as VFB is below the undervoltage threshold of 0.54V regardless of the setting on the MODE/PLLIN pin. However, the LTC3866 should always be set in forced continuous mode tracking down when there is no load. After TK/SS drops below 0.1V, the controller operates in discontinuous mode. The LTC3866 allows the user to program how its output ramps up and down by means of the TK/SS pin. Through these pins, the output can be set up to either coincidentally or ratiometrically track another supply’s output, as shown in Figure 8. In the following discussions, VOUT2 refers to the LTC3866’s output as a slave and VOUT1 refers to another supply output as a master. To implement the coincident tracking in Figure 8a, connect an additional resistive divider to VOUT1 and connect its mid-point to the TK/SS pin of the slave controller. The ratio of this divider should be the same as that of the slave controller’s feedback divider shown in Figure 9a. In this tracking mode, VOUT1 must be set higher than VOUT2. To implement the ratiometric tracking in Figure 8b, the ratio of the VOUT2 divider should be exactly the same as the master controller’s feedback divider shown in Figure 9b . By selecting different resistors, the LTC3866 can achieve different modes of tracking including the two in Figure 8. So which mode should be programmed? While either mode in Figure 8 satisfies most practical applications, 3866fa 21 LTC3866 Applications Information VOUT1 OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE VOUT1 VOUT2 VOUT2 TIME TIME (8a) Coincident Tracking 3866 F08 (8b) Ratiometric Tracking Figure 8. Two Different Modes of Output Voltage Tracking VOUT1 VOUT2 TO TK/SS2 PIN R3 R1 R4 R2 TO VFB1 PIN TO VFB2 PIN R3 R4 VOUT1 TO TK/SS2 PIN VOUT2 R1 R2 TO VFB1 PIN TO VFB2 PIN R3 R4 3866 F09 (9a) Coincident Tracking Setup (9b) Ratiometric Tracking Setup Figure 9. Setup and Coincident and Ratiometric Tracking some trade-offs exist. The ratiometric mode saves a pair of resistors, but the coincident mode offers better output regulation. Under ratiometric tracking, when the master controller’s output experiences dynamic excursion (under load transient, for example), the slave controller output will be affected as well. For better output regulation, use the coincident tracking mode instead of ratiometric. INTVCC (LDO) and EXTVCC The LTC3866 features a true PMOS LDO that supplies power to INTVCC from the VIN supply. INTVCC powers the gate drivers and much of the LTC3866’s internal circuitry. The LDO regulates the voltage at the INTVCC pin to 5.5V when VIN is greater than 6V. EXTVCC connects to INTVCC through a P-channel MOSFET and can supply the needed power when its voltage is higher than 4.7V. Either of these can supply a peak current of 100mA and must be bypassed to ground with a minimum of 4.7µF ceramic capacitor or low ESR electrolytic capacitor. No matter what type of bulk capacitor is used, an additional 0.1µF ceramic capacitor placed directly adjacent to the INTVCC and PGND pins is highly recommended. Good bypassing is needed to supply the high transient currents required by the MOSFET gate drivers. High input voltage applications in which large MOSFETs are being driven at high frequencies may cause the maximum junction temperature rating for the LTC3866 to be exceeded. The INTVCC current, which is dominated by the gate charge current, may be supplied by either the 5.5V LDO or EXTVCC. When the voltage on the EXTVCC pin is less than 4.5V, the LDO is enabled. Power dissipation for the IC in this case is highest and is equal to VIN • IINTVCC. The gate charge current is dependent on operating frequency as discussed in the Efficiency Considerations section. The junction temperature can be estimated by using the equations given in Note 2 of the Electrical Characteristics tables. For example, the LTC3866 INTVCC current is limited to less than 39mA from a 38V supply in the UF package and not using the EXTVCC supply with a 70°C ambient temperature: TJ = 70°C + (39mA)(38V)(37°C/W) ≅ 125°C 3866fa 22 LTC3866 Applications Information To prevent the maximum junction temperature from being exceeded, the input supply current must be checked while operating in continuous conduction mode (MODE/PLLIN = SGND) at maximum VIN. When the voltage applied to EXTVCC rises above 4.7V, the INTVCC LDO is turned off and the EXTVCC is connected to the INTVCC. The EXTVCC remains on as long as the voltage applied to EXTVCC remains above 4.5V. Using the EXTVCC allows the MOSFET driver and control power to be derived from an efficient switching regulator output during normal operation. If more current is required through the EXTVCC than is specified, an external Schottky diode can be added between the EXTVCC and INTVCC pins. Do not apply more than 6V to the EXTVCC pin and make sure that EXTVCC < VIN. pins to the 5V input with a 1Ω or 2.2Ω resistor as shown in Figure 10 to minimize the voltage drop caused by the gate charge current. This will override the INTVCC linear regulator and will prevent INTVCC from dropping too low due to the dropout voltage. Make sure the INTVCC voltage is at or exceeds the RDS(ON) test voltage for the MOSFET which is typically 4.5V for logic-level devices. Significant efficiency and thermal gains can be realized by powering INTVCC from EXTVCC, since the VIN current resulting from the driver and control currents will be scaled by a factor of (duty cycle)/(switcher efficiency). Tying the EXTVCC pin to a 5V supply reduces the junction temperature in the previous example from 125°C to: Figure 10. Setup for a 5V Input TJ = 70°C + (39mA)(5V)(37°C/W) = 77°C However, for low voltage outputs, additional circuitry is required to derive INTVCC power from the output. The following list summarizes the three possible connections for EXTVCC: 1. EXTVCC left open (or grounded). This will cause INTVCC to be powered from the internal LDO resulting in an efficiency penalty of up to 10% at high input voltages. 2. EXTVCC connected to an external supply. If a 5V external supply is available, it may be used to power EXTVCC providing it is compatible with the MOSFET gate drive requirements. 3. EXTVCC connected to an output-derived boost network. For 3.3V and other low voltage regulators, efficiency gains can still be realized by connecting EXTVCC to an output-derived voltage that has been boosted to greater than 4.7V. For applications where the main input power is 5V, tie the VIN and INTVCC pins together and tie the combined LTC3866 VIN INTVCC RVIN 1Ω CINTVCC 4.7µF + 5V CIN 3866 F10 Topside MOSFET Driver Supply (CB, DB) External bootstrap capacitor, CB, connected to the BOOST pin supplies the gate drive voltages for the topside MOSFET. Capacitor CB in the Functional Diagram is charged though external diode DB from INTVCC when the SW pin is low. When the topside MOSFET is to be turned on, the driver places the CB voltage across the gate source of the MOSFET. This enhances the MOSFET and turns on the topside switch. The switch node voltage, SW, rises to VIN and the BOOST pin follows. With the topside MOSFET on, the boost voltage is above the input supply: VBOOST = VIN + VINTVCC – VDB The value of the boost capacitor, CB, needs to be 100 times that of the total input capacitance of the topside MOSFET(s). The reverse breakdown of the external Schottky diode must be greater than VIN(MAX). When adjusting the gate drive level, the final arbiter is the total input current for the regulator. If a change is made and the input current decreases, then the efficiency has improved. If there is no change in input current, then there is no change in efficiency. Setting Output Voltage The LTC3866 output voltage is set by an external feedback resistive divider carefully placed across the DIFFOUT pin, 3866fa 23 LTC3866 Applications Information as shown in Figure 11. The regulated output voltage is determined by: ⎛ R ⎞ VOUT = 0.6V • ⎜1+ B ⎟ ⎝ RA ⎠ To improve the frequency response, a feedforward capacitor, CFF , may be used. Great care should be taken to route the VFB line away from noise sources, such as the inductor or the SW line. To minimize the effect of the voltage drop caused by high current flowing through board conductance; connect DIFFN and DIFFP sense lines close to the ground and the load output respectively. DIFFOUT RB LTC3866 CFF VFB RA 3866 F11 Figure 11. Setting Output Voltage Fault Conditions: Current Limit and Current Foldback The LTC3866 includes current foldback to help limit load current when the output is shorted to ground. If the output falls below 50% of its nominal output level, then the maximum sense voltage is progressively lowered from its maximum programmed value to one-third of the maximum value. Foldback current limiting is disabled during the soft-start or tracking up using the TK/SS pin. It is not disabled for internal soft-start. Under short-circuit conditions with very low duty cycles, the LTC3866 will begin cycle skipping in order to limit the short-circuit current. In this situation the bottom MOSFET will be dissipating most of the power but less than in normal operation. The short circuit ripple current is determined by the minimum on-time tON(MIN) of the LTC3866 (≈90ns), the input voltage and inductor value: ∆IL(SC) = tON(MIN) • The resulting short-circuit current is: ⎛ 1/3 VSENSE(MAX) 1 ⎞ ISC = ⎜ – ∆IL (SC) ⎟ 2 RSENSE ⎝ ⎠ After a short, or while starting with internal soft-start, make sure that the load current takes the folded-back current limit into account. Phase-Locked Loop and Frequency Synchronization The LTC3866 has a phase-locked loop (PLL) comprised of an internal voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and a phase detector. This allows the turn-on of the top MOSFET to be locked to the rising edge of an external clock signal applied to the MODE/PLLIN pin. The phase detector is an edge sensitive digital type that provides zero degrees phase shift between the external and internal oscillators. This type of phase detector does not exhibit false lock to harmonics of the external clock. The output of the phase detector is a pair of complementary current sources that charge or discharge the internal filter network. There is a precision 10µA current flowing out of the FREQ pin. This allows the user to use a single resistor to SGND to set the switching frequency when no external clock is applied to the MODE/PLLIN pin. The internal switch between the FREQ pin and the integrated PLL filter network is on, allowing the filter network to be pre-charged to the same voltage as the FREQ pin. The relationship between the voltage on the FREQ pin and operating frequency is shown in Figure 12 and specified in the Electrical Characteristics table. If an external clock is detected on the MODE/PLLIN pin, the internal switch mentioned above turns off and isolates the influence of the FREQ pin. Note that the LTC3866 can only be synchronized to an external clock whose frequency is within range of the LTC3866’s internal VCO. This is guaranteed to be between 250kHz and 770kHz. A simplified block diagram is shown in Figure 13. VIN L 3866fa 24 LTC3866 Applications Information 900 Minimum On-Time Considerations 800 Minimum on-time, tON(MIN), is the smallest time duration that the LTC3866 is capable of turning on the top MOSFET. It is determined by internal timing delays and the gate charge required to turn on the top MOSFET. Low duty cycle applications may approach this minimum on-time limit and care should be taken to ensure that: FREQUENCY (kHz) 700 600 500 400 300 200 tON(MIN) < 100 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 FREQ PIN VOLTAGE (V) 2 2.5 3866 F12 Figure 12. Relationship Between Oscillator Frequency and Voltage at the FREQ Pin 2.4V 5.5V 10µA RSET FREQ MODE/PLLIN EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR DIGITAL SYNC PHASE/ FREQUENCY DETECTOR VCO 3866 F13 Figure 13. Phase-Locked Loop Block Diagram VOUT VIN ( f) If the duty cycle falls below what can be accommodated by the minimum on-time, the controller will begin to skip cycles. The output voltage will continue to be regulated, but the voltage ripple and current ripple will increase. The minimum on-time for the LTC3866 is approximately 90ns, with good PCB layout, minimum 30% inductor current ripple and at least 2mV ripple on the current sense signal. The minimum on-time can be affected by PCB switching noise in the voltage and current loop. As the peak sense voltage decreases the minimum on-time gradually increases to about 110ns. This is of particular concern in forced continuous applications with low ripple current at light loads. If the duty cycle drops below the minimum on-time limit in this situation, a significant amount of cycle skipping can occur with correspondingly larger current and voltage ripple. Efficiency Considerations If the external clock frequency is greater than the internal oscillator’s frequency, fOSC, then current is sourced continuously from the phase detector output, pulling up the filter network. When the external clock frequency is less than fOSC, current is sunk continuously, pulling down the filter network. If the external and internal frequencies are the same but exhibit a phase difference, the current sources turn on for an amount of time corresponding to the phase difference. The voltage on the filter network is adjusted until the phase and frequency of the internal and external oscillators are identical. At the stable operating point, the phase detector output is high impedance and the filter capacitor CLP holds the voltage. Typically, the external clock (on the MODE/PLLIN pin) input high threshold is 1.6V, while the input low threshold is 1V. The percent efficiency of a switching regulator is equal to the output power divided by the input power times 100%. It is often useful to analyze individual losses to determine what is limiting the efficiency and which change would produce the most improvement. Percent efficiency can be expressed as: %Efficiency = 100% – (L1 + L2 + L3 + ...) where L1, L2, etc. are the individual losses as a percentage of input power. Although all dissipative elements in the circuit produce losses, four main sources usually account for most of the losses in LTC3866 circuits: 1) IC VIN current, 2) INTVCC regulator current, 3) I2R losses, 4) topside MOSFET transition losses. 3866fa 25 LTC3866 Applications Information 1. The VIN current is the DC supply current given in the Electrical Characteristics table, which excludes MOSFET driver and control currents. VIN current typically results in a small (<0.1%) loss. 4. Transition losses apply only to the topside MOSFET(s), and become significant only when operating at high input voltages (typically 15V or greater). Transition losses can be estimated from: 2. INTVCC current is the sum of the MOSFET driver and control currents. The MOSFET driver current results from switching the gate capacitance of the power MOSFETs. Each time a MOSFET gate is switched from low to high to low again, a packet of charge dQ moves from INTVCC to ground. The resulting dQ/dt is a current out of INTVCC that is typically much larger than the control circuit current. In continuous mode, IGATECHG = f(QT + QB), where QT and QB are the gate charges of the topside and bottom side MOSFETs. Supplying INTVCC power through EXTVCC from an output-derived source will scale the VIN current required for the driver and control circuits by a factor of (duty cycle)/(efficiency). For example, in a 20V to 5V application, 10mA of INTVCC current results in approximately 2.5mA of VIN current. This reduces the mid-current loss from 10% or more (if the driver was powered directly from VIN) to only a few percent. Transition Loss = (1.7) VIN2 • IO(MAX) • CRSS • f 3. I2R losses are predicted from the DC resistances of the fuse (if used), MOSFET, inductor and current sense resistor (if used). In continuous mode, the average output current flows through L and RSENSE, but is chopped between the topside MOSFET and the synchronous MOSFET. If the two MOSFETs have approximately the same RDS(ON), then the resistance of one MOSFET can simply be summed with the resistances of L and RSENSE to obtain I2R losses. For example, if each RDS(ON) = 10mΩ, RL = 10mΩ, RSENSE = 5mΩ, then the total resistance is 25mΩ. This results in losses ranging from 2% to 8% as the output current increases from 3A to 15A for a 5V output, or a 3% to 12% loss for a 3.3V output. Efficiency varies as the inverse square of VOUT for the same external components and output power level. The combined effects of increasingly lower output voltages and higher currents required by high performance digital systems is not doubling but quadrupling the importance of loss terms in the switching regulator system! Other hidden losses such as copper trace and internal battery resistances can account for an additional 5% to 10% efficiency degradation in portable systems. It is very important to include these system level losses during the design phase. The internal battery and fuse resistance losses can be minimized by making sure that CIN has adequate charge storage and very low ESR at the switching frequency. A 25W supply will typically require a minimum of 20µF to 40µF of capacitance having a maximum of 20mΩ to 50mΩ of ESR. Other losses, including Schottky conduction losses during dead time and inductor core losses, generally account for less than 2% total additional loss. Checking Transient Response The regulator loop response can be checked by looking at the load current transient response. Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a step in DC (resistive) load current. When a load step occurs, VOUT shifts by an amount equal to ∆ILOAD • ESR, where ESR is the effective series resistance of COUT . ∆ILOAD also begins to charge or discharge COUT, generating the feedback error signal that forces the regulator to adapt to the current change and return VOUT to its steady-state value. During this recovery time VOUT can be monitored for excessive overshoot or ringing, which would indicate a stability problem. The availability of the ITH pin not only allows optimization of control loop behavior but also provides a DC-coupled and AC-filtered closed-loop response test point. The DC step, rise time and settling at this test point truly reflects the closed-loop response. Assuming a predominantly second order system, phase margin and/or damping factor can be estimated using the percentage of overshoot seen at this pin. The bandwidth can also be estimated by examining the rise time at the pin. The ITH external components shown in the Typical Application circuit will provide an 3866fa 26 LTC3866 Applications Information adequate starting point for most applications. The ITH series RC-CC filter sets the dominant pole-zero loop compensation. The values can be modified slightly (from 0.5 to 2 times their suggested values) to optimize transient response once the final PC layout is done and the particular output capacitor type and value have been determined. The output capacitors need to be selected because the various types and values determine the loop gain and phase. An output current pulse of 20% to 80% of full-load current having a rise time of 1µs to 10µs will produce output voltage and ITH pin waveforms that will give a sense of the overall loop stability without breaking the feedback loop. Placing a power MOSFET directly across the output capacitor and driving the gate with an appropriate signal generator is a practical way to produce a realistic load step condition. The initial output voltage step resulting from the step change in output current may not be within the bandwidth of the feedback loop, so this signal cannot be used to determine phase margin. This is why it is better to look at the ITH pin signal which is in the feedback loop and is the filtered and compensated control loop response. The gain of the loop will be increased by increasing RC and the bandwidth of the loop will be increased by decreasing CC. If RC is increased by the same factor that CC is decreased, the zero frequency will be kept the same, thereby keeping the phase shift the same in the most critical frequency range of the feedback loop. The output voltage settling behavior is related to the stability of the closed-loop system and will demonstrate the actual overall supply performance. A second, more severe transient is caused by switching in loads with large (>1µF) supply bypass capacitors. The discharged bypass capacitors are effectively put in parallel with COUT , causing a rapid drop in VOUT . No regulator can alter its delivery of current quickly enough to prevent this sudden step change in output voltage if the load switch resistance is low and it is driven quickly. If the ratio of CLOAD to COUT is greater than 1:50, the switch rise time should be controlled so that the load rise time is limited to approximately 25 • CLOAD. Thus a 10µF capacitor would require a 250µs rise time, limiting the charging current to about 200mA. PC Board Layout Checklist When laying out the printed circuit board, the following checklist should be used to ensure proper operation of the IC. These items are also illustrated graphically in the layout diagram of Figure 14. Check the following in the PC layout: 1. The INTVCC decoupling capacitor should be placed immediately adjacent to the IC between the INTVCC pin and PGND plane. A 1µF ceramic capacitor of the X7R or X5R type is small enough to fit very close to the IC to minimize the ill effects of the large current pulses drawn to drive the bottom MOSFETs. An additional 4.7µF to 10µF of ceramic, tantalum or other very low ESR capacitance is recommended in order to keep the internal IC supply quiet. L1 VIN SW2 RIN + CIN D1 VOUT DCR SW1 COUT + RL 3866 F14 BOLD LINES INDICATE HIGH, SWITCHING CURRENTS. KEEP LINES TO A MINIMUM LENGTH Figure 14. Branch Current Waveforms 3866fa 27 LTC3866 Applications Information 2. Place the feedback divider between the + and – terminals of COUT. Route DIFFP and DIFFN with minimum PC trace spacing from the IC to the feedback divider. 3. Are the SNSD+, SNSA+ and SNS– printed circuit traces routed together with minimum PC trace spacing? The filter capacitors between SNSD+, SNSA+ and SNS– should be as close as possible to the pins of the IC. Connect the SNSD+ and SNSA+ pins to the filter resistors as illustrated in Figure 3. 4. Do the (+) plates of CIN connect to the drain of the topside MOSFET as closely as possible? This capacitor provides the pulsed current to the MOSFET. 5. Keep the switching nodes, SW, BOOST and TG away from sensitive small-signal nodes (SNSD+, SNSA+, SNS–, DIFFP, DIFFN, VFB). Ideally the SW, BOOST and TG printed circuit traces should be routed away and separated from the IC and especially the quiet side of the IC. Separate the high dv/dt traces from sensitive small-signal nodes with ground traces or ground planes. 6. Use a low impedance source such as a logic gate to drive the MODE/PLLIN pin and keep the lead as short as possible. 7. The 47pF to 330pF ceramic capacitor between the ITH pin and signal ground should be placed as close as possible to the IC. Figure 14 illustrates all branch currents in a switching regulator. It becomes very clear after studying the current waveforms why it is critical to keep the high switching current paths to a small physical size. High electric and magnetic fields will radiate from these loops just as radio stations transmit signals. The output capacitor ground should return to the negative terminal of the input capacitor and not share a common ground path with any switched current paths. The left half of the circuit gives rise to the noise generated by a switching regulator. The ground terminations of the synchronous MOSFET and Schottky diode should return to the bottom plate(s) of the input capacitor(s) with a short isolated PC trace since very high switched currents are present. External OPTI-LOOP® compensation allows overcompensation for PC layouts which are not optimized but this is not the recommended design procedure. 8. Are the signal and power grounds kept separate? The combined IC signal ground pin and the ground return of CINTVCC must return to the combined COUT (–) terminals. The VFB and ITH traces should be as short as possible. The path formed by the top N-channel MOSFET, Schottky diode and the CIN capacitor should have short leads and PC trace lengths. The output capacitor (–) terminals should be connected as close as possible to the (–) terminals of the input capacitor by placing the capacitors next to each other and away from the Schottky loop described above. 9. Use a modified “star ground” technique: a low impedance, large copper area central grounding point on the same side of the PC board as the input and output capacitors with tie-ins for the bottom of the INTVCC decoupling capacitor, the bottom of the voltage feedback resistive divider and the SGND pin of the IC. Design Example As a design example of the front page circuit for a single channel high current regulator, assume VIN = 12V(nominal), VIN = 20V(maximum), VOUT = 1.5V, IMAX = 30A, and f = 400kHz (see front page schematic). The regulated output voltage is determined by: ⎛ R ⎞ VOUT = 0.6V • ⎜1+ B ⎟ ⎝ RA ⎠ Using a 20k 1% resistor from the VFB node to ground, the top feedback resistor is (to the nearest 1% standard value) 30.1k. The frequency is set by biasing the FREQ pin to 1V (see Figure 12). The inductance value is based on a 35% maximum ripple current assumption (10.5A). The highest value of ripple current occurs at the maximum input voltage: L= VOUT f • ∆IL(MAX) ⎛ ⎞ ⎜1− VOUT ⎟ ⎜ V ⎟ IN(MAX) ⎠ ⎝ 3866fa 28 LTC3866 Applications Information This design will require 0.33µH. The Würth 744301033, 0.32µH inductor is chosen. At the nominal input voltage (12V), the ripple current will be: ∆IL(NOM) = ⎞ VOUT ⎛ V ⎜1− OUT ⎟ f • L ⎜⎝ VIN(NOM) ⎟⎠ It will have 10A (33%) ripple. The peak inductor current will be the maximum DC value plus one-half the ripple current, or 35A. The minimum on-time occurs at the maximum VIN, and should not be less than 90ns: VOUT 1.5V tON(MIN) = = = 187ns VIN(MAX)f 20V(400kHz) DCR sensing is used in this circuit. If C1 and C2 are chosen to be 220nF, based on the chosen 0.33µH inductor with 0.32mΩ DCR, R1 and R2 can be calculated as: L = 4.69k DCR • C1 L R2 = = 937Ω DCR • C2 • 5 R1= Choose R1 = 4.64k and R2 = 931Ω. The maximum DCR of the inductor is 0.34Ω. The VSENSE(MAX) is calculated as: VSENSE(MAX) = IPEAK • DCRMAX = 12mV The current limit is chosen to be 15mV. If temperature variation is considered, please refer to Inductor DCR Sensing Temperature Compensation with NTC Thermistor. The power dissipation on the topside MOSFET can be easily estimated. Choosing an Infineon BSC050NE2LS MOSFET results in: RDS(ON) = 7.1mΩ (max), VMILLER = 2.8V, CMILLER ≅ 35pF. At maximum input voltage with TJ (estimated) = 75°C: 1.5V (30A )2 [1+(0.005)(75°C – 25°C)] • 20V ⎛ 30A ⎞ (0.0071Ω) + (20V )2 ⎜ ⎟ (2Ω) (35pF ) • ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 ⎢⎣ 5.5V – 2.8V + 2.8V ⎥⎦( 400kHz ) = 599mW + 122mW PMAIN = = 721mW For a 0.32mΩ DCR, a short-circuit to ground will result in a folded back current of: ISC = (1/ 3) 15mV – 1 ⎛ 90ns(20V) ⎞ = 12.9A 0.0032Ω ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎝ 0.33µH ⎠ An Infineon BSC010NE2LS, RDS(ON) = 1.1mΩ, is chosen for the bottom FET. The resulting power loss is: 20V – 1.5V (30A )2 • 20V ⎡⎣1+ (0.005) • (75°C – 25°C)⎤⎦ • 0.0011Ω PSYNC = PSYNC = 1.14W CIN is chosen for an equivalent RMS current rating of at least 13.7A. COUT is chosen with an equivalent ESR of 4.5mΩ for low output ripple. The output ripple in continuous mode will be highest at the maximum input voltage. The output voltage ripple due to ESR is approximately: VORIPPLE = RESR (∆IL) = 0.0045Ω • 10A = 45mVP-P Further reductions in output voltage ripple can be made by placing a 100µF ceramic capacitor across COUT. 3866fa 29 LTC3866 Typical Applications Very Low Output Ripple Converter The LTC3866 can work with very low DCR inductors because it can operate with only a small peak-to-peak sense voltage. Two inductor characteristics can diminish this signal: lower DC resistance and higher inductance. While lower DCR improves efficiency, higher inductance reduces output ripple. Because the LTC3866 only requires a ripple signal about a quarter of the sense signal of the next best current mode converters, output ripple can be drastically reduced by increasing the inductance and capacitance of the output filter. The very small output voltage ripple is critical for low noise applications such as audio systems and noise sensitive systems. 100k 0.1µF FREQ PGOOD TK/SS ITEMP EXTVCC ITH RB 30.1k 75pF RA 20k 10k 680pF C1 220nF C2 220nF Increasing the inductance, while maintaining the same physical size inductor, will invariably increase conduction losses due to higher DC resistance. However, reduced ripple current will decrease the core loss and the AC resistance loss often enough to negate the extra DC conduction losses. Figure 18 shows a high efficiency converter with the benefit of low output ripple current. MODE/PLLIN RUN VFB The schematic as shown Figure 15 is similar to that of the front page circuit, except that three times the inductance and double the output capacitance are used. The compensation components are changed to maintain the same crossover frequency and phase margin. Figure 16 shows the transient response of 15A load step, and Figure 17 demonstrates that the output voltage ripple is a factor of six smaller than that of typical current mode converters. LTC3866 VIN DIFFOUT INTVCC DIFFP BOOST DIFFN TG SNSD+ SW SNS– SNSA+ ILIM BG PGND CLKOUT SGND 220µF VIN 4.5V TO 20V 4.7µF CMDSH-3 0.1µF BSC050NE2LS L1 1µH DCR = 1mΩ BSC010NE2LS R2 909Ω R1 4.53k COUT 470µF ×4 VOUT 1.5V 25A 3866 F15 Figure 15. High Efficiency, 1.5V/25A Step-Down Converter with Very Low Output Ripple 3866fa 30 LTC3866 Typical Applications VOUT TYPICAL FRONT PAGE 10mV/DIV AC-COUPLED IL 10A/DIV 0A VOUT LOW RIPPLE FIGURE 15 10mV/DIV AC-COUPLED VOUT 100mV/DIV AC-COUPLED VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V 3866 F16 50µs/DIV Figure 16. Load Step Transient Response 100 3866 F17 2µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V Figure 17. Very Low Output Voltage Ripple VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.01 1 0.1 10 LOAD CURRENT (A) 100 3866 F18 Figure 18. Power Efficiency vs Load Current 5V/25A Step-Down Converter 2.2Ω FREQ 20k MODE/PLLIN RUN PGOOD TK/SS 28.7k 100pF 2.2nF VFB R2 147k R3 20k C1 220nF 120k 4.7µF 10µF ×2 VIN 180µF 12V ×2 ITEMP EXTVCC ITH 0.1µF 1µF LTC3866 VIN DIFFOUT INTVCC DIFFP BOOST DIFFN TG SNSD+ SW SNS– BG SNSA+ ILIM PGND CLKOUT SGND VOUT CMDSH-3 BSC024NE2LS BSC010NE2LS L1 1µH DCR = 1.3mΩ R1 3.48k 100µF ×2 330µF ×2 VOUT 5V 25A 3866 TA04 3866fa 31 LTC3866 Typical Applications High Efficiency, Dual Phase Very Low DCR Sensing 1.5V/60A Step-Down Supply 100k 0.1µF FREQ PGOOD RUN 3.57k 120k ITH EXTVCC VFB VIN DIFFOUT 10µF ×2 2.2Ω ITEMP TK/SS 30.1k VIN 7V TO 20V MODE/PLLIN CMDSH-3 INTVCC LTC3866 DIFFP BOOST 20k 0.1µF DIFFN 202nF + 220nF 220nF BSC050NE2LS TG SNSD SW SNS– BG SNSA+ BSC010NE2LS 931Ω 4.64k PGND 4.7µF ILIM 0.33µH DCR = 0.32mΩ VOUT 1.5V 60A 330µF ×2 100µF ×2 1µF CLKOUT SGND GND 30.1k 330pF 10k FREQ MODE/PLLIN PGOOD RUN ITEMP TK/SS ITH EXTVCC VFB VIN DIFFOUT 120k CMDSH-3 10µF ×2 INTVCC DIFFP LTC3866 BOOST DIFFN TG SNSD+ SW SNS– BG 0.1µF 220nF 100k 220nF SNSA+ PGND 4.7µF ILIM CLKOUT SGND 1µF BSC050NE2LS 0.33µH DCR = 0.32mΩ BSC010NE2LS 931Ω 4.64k 330µF ×2 100µF ×2 3866 TA02 3866fa 32 LTC3866 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. FE Package 24-Lead Plastic TSSOP (4.4mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1771 Rev B) Exposed Pad Variation AA 7.70 – 7.90* (.303 – .311) 3.25 (.128) 3.25 (.128) 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 6.60 ±0.10 2.74 (.108) 4.50 ±0.10 6.40 2.74 (.252) (.108) BSC SEE NOTE 4 0.45 ±0.05 1.05 ±0.10 0.65 BSC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 4.30 – 4.50* (.169 – .177) 0.09 – 0.20 (.0035 – .0079) 0.25 REF 0.50 – 0.75 (.020 – .030) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS MILLIMETERS 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (INCHES) 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 1.20 (.047) MAX 0° – 8° 0.65 (.0256) BSC 0.195 – 0.30 (.0077 – .0118) TYP 0.05 – 0.15 (.002 – .006) FE24 (AA) TSSOP REV B 0910 4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PCB METAL SIZE FOR EXPOSED PAD ATTACHMENT *DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.150mm (.006") PER SIDE 3866fa 33 LTC3866 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. UF Package 24-Lead Plastic QFN (4mm × 4mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1697) 0.70 ±0.05 4.50 ±0.05 2.45 ±0.05 3.10 ±0.05 (4 SIDES) PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS 4.00 ±0.10 (4 SIDES) BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD R = 0.115 TYP 0.75 ±0.05 PIN 1 NOTCH R = 0.20 TYP OR 0.35 × 45 CHAMFER 23 24 PIN 1 TOP MARK (NOTE 6) 0.40 ±0.10 1 2 2.45 ±0.10 (4-SIDES) (UF24) QFN 0105 0.200 REF 0.00 – 0.05 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC NOTE: 1. DRAWING PROPOSED TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE MO-220 VARIATION (WGGD-X)—TO BE APPROVED 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE, IF PRESENT 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 3866fa 34 LTC3866 Revision History REV DATE DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER A 08/12 Clarified operating temperatures. 2-5 Modified the PD equation thermal resistance value. 5 Modified the Block Diagram sense amplifier. 10 Clarified the SNS section values. 14 Modified the ripple value in the Soft-Start section. 21 Modified values in the INTVCC and EXTVCC section. 22-23 Modified the 5V/25A Step-Down Converter circuit schematic. 31 3866fa Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 35 LTC3866 Typical Application High Efficiency Step-Down Converter with Power Block 100k INTVCC 100k 0.1µF 6 ITEMP PGOOD RUN MODE/PLLIN VIN INTVCC LTC3866EUF DIFFN BOOST DIFFP TG SNSD+ SW 47nF 25 7 8 9 PGND 5 DIFFOUT SGND 20k 4 470µF 2.2Ω EXTVCC CLKOUT 30.1k VFB ILIM 10k ITH SNSA+ 3 220pF FREQ TK/SS 2 1500pF SNS– 1 VIN 1µF 24 23 22 21 20 19 BG 18 VIN INTVCC 4.7µF 15 CMDSH-3 0.1µF 12 10 11 INTVCC 47nF 4 3 2 14 13 7 5 17 16 1 6 9 13 10µF VIN1 VOUT1 VIN2 VOUT2 PWMH 11 12 PWML 15 TEMP+ VGATE TEMP– 14 GND CS– 10 GND CS VOUT 100µF + 330µF + VOUT 1.5V 40A 330µF GND 10Ω 10Ω GND GND + 8 ACBEL POWER BLOCK VRA001-4C1G 4.75k 3866 TA03 Related Parts PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LTC3833 Fast Accurate Step-Down DC/DC Controller with Differential Output Sensing Very Fast Transient Response, tON(MIN) = 20ns, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5.5V, TSSOP-20E, 3mm × 4mm QFN-20 LTC3878/LTC3879 No RSENSE™ Constant On-Time Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controllers Very Fast Transient Response, tON(MIN) = 43ns, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 0.9VIN, SSOP-16, MSOP-16E, 3mm × 3mm QFN-16 LTC3775 High Frequency Synchronous Voltage Mode Step-Down DC/DC Controller Very Fast Transient Response, tON(MIN) = 30ns, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 0.8VIN, MSOP-16E, 3mm × 3mm QFN-16 LTC3854 Small Footprint Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller Fixed 400kHz Operating Frequency, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5.25V, 2mm × 3mm QFN-12 LTC3851A/LTC3851A-1 No RSENSE Wide VIN Range Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controllers PLL Fixed Frequency 250kHz to 750kHz, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5.25V, MSOP-16E, 3mm × 3mm QFN-16, SSOP-16 LTC3891 60V, Low IQ Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller PLL Capable Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 60V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 24V, IQ = 50µA LTC3856 2-Phase, Single Output Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with Diff Amp and DCR Temp Compensation PLL Fixed 250kHz to 770kHz Frequency, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5.25V LTC3829 3-Phase, Single Output Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with Diff Amp and DCR Temp Compensation PLL Fixed 250kHz to 770kHz Frequency, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5.25V LTC3855 2-Phase, Dual Output Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with Differential Remote Sense PLL Fixed Frequency 250kHz to 770kHz, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 12.5V LTC3860 Dual, Multiphase, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with Diff Amp and Three-State Output Drive Operates with Power Blocks, DRMOS Devices or External Drivers/ MOSFETs, 3V ≤ VIN ≤ 24V, tON(MIN) = 20ns LTC3869/LTC3869-2 2-Phase, Dual Output Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controllers, with Accurate Multiphase Current Matching PLL Fixed Frequency 250kHz to 780kHz, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 30V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 12.5V, 4mm × 5mm QFN-28, SSOP-28 LTC3867 Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with Nonlinear Fast Transient Response, tON(MIN) = 65ns, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 14V, 4mm × 4mm QFN-24 Control and Remote Sense 3866fa 36 Linear Technology Corporation LT 0812 REV A • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2012