AD AD605-EB Dual, low noise, single-supply variable gain amplifier Datasheet

Dual, Low Noise, Single-Supply
Variable Gain Amplifier
AD605
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
FEATURES
VGN
VREF
GAIN
CONTROL
AND
SCALING
PRECISION PASSIVE
INPUT ATTENUATOR
FIXED GAIN
AMPLIFIER
+34.4dB
OUT
FBK
VOCM
+IN
–IN
DIFFERENTIAL
ATTENUATOR
0 TO –48.4dB
AD605
00541-001
2 independent linear-in-dB channels
Input noise at maximum gain: 1.8 nV/√Hz, 2.7 pA/√Hz
Bandwidth: 40 MHz (–3 dB)
Differential input
Absolute gain range programmable
–14 dB to +34 dB (FBK shorted to OUT) through
0 dB to 48 dB (FBK open)
Variable gain scaling: 20 dB/V through 40 dB/V
Stable gain with temperature and supply variations
Single-ended unipolar gain control
Output common mode independently set
Power shutdown at lower end of gain control
Single 5 V supply
Low power: 90 mW/channel
Drives ADCs directly
Figure 1.
APPLICATIONS
Ultrasound and sonar time-gain controls
High performance AGC systems
Signal measurement
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD605 is a low noise, accurate, dual channel, linear-in-dB
variable gain amplifier, optimized for any application requiring
high performance, wide bandwidth variable gain control.
Operating from a single 5 V supply, the AD605 provides
differential inputs and unipolar gain control for ease of use.
Added flexibility is achieved with a user-determined gain range
and an external reference input that provides user-determined
gain scaling (dB/V).
Each independent channel of the AD605 provides a gain range
of 48 dB that can be optimized for the application. Gain ranges
between −14 dB to +34 dB and 0 dB to +48 dB can be selected
by a single resistor between Pin FBK and Pin OUT. The lower
and upper gain ranges are determined by shorting Pin FBK to
Pin OUT, or leaving Pin FBK unconnected, respectively. The
two channels of the AD605 can be cascaded to provide 96 dB of
very accurate gain range in a monolithic package.
The high performance linear-in-dB response of the AD605 is
achieved with the differential input, single-supply, exponential
amplifier (DSX-AMP) architecture. Each of the DSX-AMPs
comprise a variable attenuator of 0 dB to −48.4 dB followed by a
high speed fixed gain amplifier. The attenuator is based on a
7-stage R-1.5R ladder network. The attenuation between tap
points is 6.908 dB, and 48.360 dB for the entire ladder network.
The DSX-AMP architecture results in 1.8 nV/√Hz input noise
spectral density and accepts a ±2.0 V input signal when VOCM
is biased at VP/2.
The gain control interface provides an input resistance of
approximately 2 MΩ and scale factors from 20 dB/V to 30 dB/V
for a VREF input voltage of 2.5 V to 1.67 V, respectively. Note
that scale factors up to 40 dB/V are achievable with reduced
accuracy for scales above 30 dB/V. The gain scales linearly in dB
with control voltages (VGN) of 0.4 V to 2.4 V for the 20 dB/V
scale and 0.20 V to 1.20 V for the 40 dB/V scale. When VGN is
<50 mV, the amplifier is powered down to draw 1.9 mA. Under
normal operation, the quiescent supply current of each
amplifier channel is only 18 mA.
The AD605 is available in 16-lead PDIP and 16-lead SOIC_N
and is guaranteed for operation over the −40°C to +85°C
temperature range.
Rev. D
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no
responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other
rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No
license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700
www.analog.com
Fax: 781.461.3113
©2006 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD605
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1
Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 13
Applications....................................................................................... 1
Differential Ladder (Attenuator).............................................. 14
Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1
AC Coupling ............................................................................... 14
General Description ......................................................................... 1
Gain Control Interface............................................................... 14
Revision History ............................................................................... 2
Active Feedback Amplifier (Fixed Gain Amp) ...................... 15
Specifications..................................................................................... 3
Applications..................................................................................... 16
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 5
Connecting Two Amplifiers to Double the Gain Range....... 16
ESD Caution.................................................................................. 5
Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 18
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions............................. 6
Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 19
Typical Performance Characteristics (per Channel) ................... 7
REVISION HISTORY
1/06—Rev. C to Rev. D
Updated Format..................................................................Universal
Changes to Table 2............................................................................ 5
Changes to the Differential Ladder (Attenuator) Section......... 14
Updated the Outline Dimensions ................................................ 18
Changes to the Ordering Guide.................................................... 19
7/04—Rev. B to Rev. C
Edits to General Description........................................................... 1
Edits to Specifications ...................................................................... 2
Edits to Ordering Guide .................................................................. 3
Change to TPC 22............................................................................. 6
Updated Outline Dimensions ....................................................... 12
Rev. D | Page 2 of 20
AD605
SPECIFICATIONS
Each channel @ TA = 25°C, VS = 5 V, RS = 50 Ω, RL = 500 Ω, CL = 5 pF, VREF = 2.5 V (scaling = 20 dB/V), −14 dB to +34 dB gain range,
unless otherwise noted.
Table 1.
Parameter
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Input Resistance
Input Capacitance
Peak Input Voltage
Input Voltage Noise
Input Current Noise
Noise Figure
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
−3 dB Bandwidth
Slew Rate
Output Signal Range
Output Impedance
Output Short-Circuit Current
Harmonic Distortion
HD2
HD3
HD2
HD3
Two-Tone Intermodulation
Distortion (IMD)
1 dB Compression Point
Third-Order Intercept
Channel-to-Channel Crosstalk
Group Delay Variation
VOCM Input Resistance
ACCURACY
Absolute Gain Error
−14 dB to −11 dB
−11 dB to +29 dB
+29 dB to +34 dB
Gain Scaling Error
Output Offset Voltage
Output Offset Variation
Conditions
Min
At minimum gain
VGN = 2.9 V
VGN = 2.9 V
RS = 50 Ω, f = 10 MHz, VGN = 2.9 V
RS = 200 Ω, f = 10 MHz, VGN = 2.9 V
f = 1 MHz, VGN = 2.65 V
Constant with gain
VGN = 1.5 V, Output = 1 V step
RL ≥ 500 Ω
f = 10 MHz
VGN = 1 V, VOUT = 1 V p-p
f = 1 MHz
f = 1 MHz
f = 10 MHz
f = 10 MHz
RS = 0 Ω, VGN = 2.9 V, VOUT = 1 V p-p
f = 1 MHz
f = 10 MHz
f = 10 MHz, VGN = 2.9 V, output referred
f = 10 MHz, VGN = 2.9 V,
VOUT = 1 V p-p, input referred
Ch1: VGN = 2.65 V, inputs shorted,
Ch2: VGN = 1.5 V (mid gain),
f = 1 MHz, VOUT = 1 V p-p
1 MHz < f < 10 MHz, full gain range
0.25 V < VGN < 0.40 V
0.40 V < VGN < 2.40 V
2.40 V < VGN < 2.65 V
0.4 V < VGN < 2.4 V
VREF = 2.500 V, VOCM = 2.500 V
VREF = 2.500 V, VOCM = 2.500 V
−1.2
−1.0
−3.5
−50
Rev. D | Page 3 of 20
AD605A
Typ
Max
Min
AD605B
Typ
Max
Unit
175 ± 40
3.0
2.5 ± 2.5
1.8
2.7
8.4
12
−20
175 ± 40
3.0
2.5 ± 2.5
1.8
2.7
8.4
12
−20
Ω
pF
V
nV/√Hz
pA/√Hz
dB
dB
dB
40
170
2.5 ± 1.5
2
±40
40
170
2.5 ± 1.5
2
±40
MHz
V/μs
V
Ω
mA
−64
−68
−51
−53
−64
−68
−51
−53
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
−72
−60
+15
−1
−72
−60
+15
−1
dBc
dBc
dBm
dBm
−70
−70
dB
±2.0
45
±2.0
45
ns
kΩ
+1.0
±0.3
−1.25
±0.25
±30
30
+3.0
+1.0
+1.2
–1.2
–1.0
–3.5
+50
95
–50
+0.75
±0.2
−1.25
±0.25
±30
30
+3.0
+1.0
+1.2
+50
50
dB
dB
dB
dB/V
mV
mV
AD605
Parameter
GAIN CONTROL INTERFACE
Gain Scaling Factor
Gain Range
Input Voltage (VGN) Range
Input Bias Current
Input Resistance
Response Time
POWER SUPPLY
Supply Voltage
Power Dissipation
VREF Input Resistance
Quiescent Supply Current
Power Down
Power-Up Response Time
Power-Down Response Time
Conditions
Min
VREF = 2.5 V, 0.4 V < VGN < 2.4 V
VREF = 1.67 V
FBK short to OUT
FBK open
20 dB/V, VREF = 2.5 V
19
4.5
48 dB gain change
VPOS
VPOS, VGN < 50 mV
48 dB gain, VOUT = 2 V p-p
Rev. D | Page 4 of 20
AD605A
Typ
Max
Min
20
30
−14 to +34
0 to 48
0.1 to 2.9
−0.4
2
0.2
21
19
5.0
90
10
18
1.9
0.6
0.4
5.5
4.5
23
3.0
AD605B
Typ
Max
Unit
20
30
−14 to +34
0 to 48
0.1 to 2.9
−0.4
2
0.2
21
dB/V
dB/V
dB
dB
V
μA
MΩ
μs
5.0
90
10
18
1.9
0.6
0.4
5.5
V
mW
kΩ
mA
mA
μs
μs
23
3.0
AD605
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 2.
Parameter
Supply Voltage +VS
Pin 12, Pin 13 (with Pin 4, Pin 5 = 0 V)
Input Voltage Pin 1 to Pin 3, Pin 6 to Pin 9, Pin 16
Internal Power Dissipation
16-Lead PDIP
16-Lead SOIC_N
Operating Temperature Range
Storage Temperature Range
Lead Temperature, Soldering 60 sec
Thermal Resistance θJA
16-Lead PDIP
16-Lead SOIC_N
Rating
6.5 V
VPOS, 0
1.4 W
1.2 W
−40°C to +85°C
−65°C to +150°C
300°C
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
85°C/W
100°C/W
ESD CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on
the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although this product features
proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy
electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance
degradation or loss of functionality.
Rev. D | Page 5 of 20
AD605
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
VGN1 1
16 VREF
–IN1 2
15 OUT1
+IN1 3
GND1 4
14 FBK1
AD605
+IN2 6
11 FBK2
–IN2 7
10 OUT2
VGN2 8
9 VOCM
00541-002
13 VPOS
TOP VIEW
GND2 5 (Not to Scale) 12 VPOS
Figure 2. Pin Configuration
Table 3. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Mnemonic
VGN1
−IN1
+IN1
GND1
GND2
+IN2
−IN2
VGN2
VOCM
OUT2
FBK2
VPOS
VPOS
FBK1
OUT1
VREF
Description
CH1 Gain-Control Input and Power-Down Pin. If grounded, device is off; otherwise, positive voltage increases gain.
CH1 Negative Input.
CH1 Positive Input.
Ground.
Ground.
CH2 Positive Input.
CH2 Negative Input.
CH2 Gain-Control Input and Power-Down Pin. If grounded, device is off; otherwise, positive voltage increases gain.
Input to This Pin Defines Common-Mode Voltage for OUT1 and OUT2.
CH2 Output.
Feedback Pin That Selects Gain Range of CH2.
Positive Supply.
Positive Supply.
Feedback Pin That Selects Gain Range of CH1.
CH1 Output.
Input to This Pin Sets Gain Scaling for Both Channels: 2.5 V = 20 dB/V, and 1.67 V = 30 dB/V.
Rev. D | Page 6 of 20
AD605
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS (PER CHANNEL)
VREF = 2.5 V (20 dB/V scaling), f = 1 MHz, RL = 500 Ω, CL = 5 pF, TA = 25°C, VSS = 5 V.
40.0
40
–40°C, +25°C, +85°C
GAIN SCALING (dBV)
35.0
20
GAIN (dB)
THEORETICAL
37.5
30
10
0
32.5 ACTUAL
30.0
27.5
25.0
–10
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
VGN (V)
2.1
2.5
20.0
1.25
2.9
00541-006
00541-003
–20
22.5
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
VREF (V)
Figure 3. Gain vs. VGN
Figure 6. Gain Scaling vs. VREF
3.0
50
2.5
2.0
40
GAIN (dB)
30
GAIN ERROR (dB)
1.5
FBK (OPEN)
20
FBK (SHORT)
10
1.0
–40°C
0.5
0
–0.5
+25°C
+85°C
–1.0
–1.5
0
–2.5
00541-004
–20
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
VGN (V)
2.1
2.5
00541-007
–2.0
–10
–3.0
0.2
0.7
1.2
2.9
1.7
2.2
2.7
VGN (V)
Figure 7. Gain Error vs. VGN at Three Temperatures
Figure 4. Gain vs. VGN for Different Gain Ranges
2.0
40
1.5
30
20dB/V
(VREF = 2.50V)
10
0
0
f = 5MHz
–0.5
f = 10MHz
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
VGN (V)
2.1
2.5
–2.0
00541-008
–1.5
–10
–20
f = 1MHz
0.5
–1.0
00541-005
GAIN (dB)
20
1.0
ACTUAL
GAIN ERROR (dB)
ACTUAL
30dB/V
(VREF = 1.67V)
0.2
0.7
1.2
1.7
2.2
VGN (V)
2.9
Figure 8. Gain Error vs. VGN at Three Frequencies
Figure 5. Gain vs. VGN for Different Gain Scalings
Rev. D | Page 7 of 20
2.7
AD605
2.0
60
VGN = 2.9V (FBK = OPEN)
1.5
40
VGN = 2.9V (FBK = SHORT)
VGN = 1.5V (FBK = OPEN)
20
20dB/V
VREF = 2.50V
0.5
GAIN (dB)
GAIN ERROR
1.0
0
30dB/V
VREF = 1.67V
–0.5
VGN = 1.5V (FBK = SHORT)
VGN = 0.1V (FBK = OPEN)
0
VGN = 0.1V (FBK = SHORT)
–20
–1.0
VGN = 0.0V
00541-009
–2.0
0.2
0.7
1.2
1.7
2.2
00541-013
–40
–1.5
–60
100k
2.7
1M
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
VGN (V)
Figure 12. AC Response for Three Values of VGN
Figure 9. Gain Error vs. VGN for Two Gain Scale Values
2.515
14
2.510
12
2.505
VOS (V)
16
10
2.495
6
2.490
4
2.485
2
2.480
–0.8
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
0
0.2
DELTA GAIN (dB)
0.4
0.6
2.475
0.8
+25°C
+85°C
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
VGN (V)
Figure 10. Gain Match, VGN1 = VGN2 = 1.0 V
Figure 13. Output Offset vs. VGN at Three Temperatures
20
18
–40°C
2.500
8
0
VOCM = 2.50V
2.520
00541-010
PERCENTAGE
18
2.525
N = 50
∆G(dB) = G(CH1) – G(CH2)
00541-014
20
100M
130
N = 50
∆G(dB) = G(CH1) – G(CH2)
+85°C
125
16
120
NOISE (nV/ Hz)
+25°C
12
10
8
115
110
–40°C
105
6
100
4
–0.8
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
0
0.2
DELTA GAIN (dB)
0.4
0.6
90
0
0.8
00541-015
2
0
95
00541-011
PERCENTAGE
14
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
VGN (V)
Figure 14. Output Referred Noise vs. VGN at Three Temperatures
Figure 11. Gain Match, VGN1 = VGN2 = 2.50 V
Rev. D | Page 8 of 20
AD605
1000
100
VGN = 2.9V
1
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
VGN (V)
2.1
2.5
10
1.0
RSOURCE ALONE
00541-019
NOISE (nV/ Hz)
10
00541-016
NOISE (nV/ Hz)
100
0.1
1
2.9
10
100
1k
RSOURCE (Ω)
Figure 18. Input Referred Noise vs. RSOURCE
Figure 15. Input Referred Noise vs. VGN
30
2.00
VGN = 2.9V
VGN = 2.9V
1.95
25
NOISE FIGURE (dB)
NOISE (nV/ Hz)
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.75
20
15
1.70
00541-017
1.60
–40 –30 –20 –10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
00541-020
10
1.65
5
1
90
10
100
Figure 19. Noise Figure vs. RSOURCE
Figure 16. Input Referred Noise vs. Temperature
60
1.90
VGN = 2.9V
RS = 50Ω
50
NOISE FIGURE (dB)
1.80
1.75
1.70
40
30
20
1M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
0
0.1
10M
Figure 17. Input Referred Noise vs. Frequency
00541-021
10
1.65
00541-018
NOISE (nV/ Hz)
1.85
1.60
100k
1k
RSOURCE (Ω)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
VGN (V)
2.1
Figure 20. Noise Figure vs. VGN
Rev. D | Page 9 of 20
2.5
2.9
AD605
15
–30
VOUT = 1V p-p
VGN = 1.0V
10
–40
INPUT GENERATOR
LIMIT = 21dBm
5
–45
PIN (dBm)
–50
HD3
–55
HD2
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FREQ = 10MHz
FREQ = 1MHz
–15
00541-022
–65
1M
–5
–10
–60
–70
100k
0
–20
0.1
100M
Figure 21. Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency
0.5
0.9
00541-025
HARMONIC DISTORTION (dBc)
–35
1.3
1.7
VGN (V)
2.1
2.5
2.9
Figure 24. 1 dB Compression vs. VGN
–35
35
–40
30
HD3
(10MHz)
25
HD2
(10MHz)
–55
–60
–75
0.5
HD3
(1MHz)
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.7
VGN (V)
2.0
2.3
2.6
–5
0.6
2.9
1.0
1.4
1.8
VGN (V)
2.2
2.6
3.0
Figure 25. Third-Order Intercept vs. VGN at 1 MHz and 10 MHz
–20
–40
10
0
Figure 22. Harmonic Distortion vs. VGN at 1 MHz and 10 MHz
–30
f = 10MHz
15
5
–65
–70
f = 1MHz
20
00541-026
–50
HD2
(1MHz)
INTERCEPT (dBm)
–45
00541-023
HARMONIC DISTORTION (dBc)
VOUT = 1V p-p
2V
f = 10MHz
VOUT = 1V p-p
VGN = 1.0V
VOUT = 2V p-p
VGN = 1.5V
–400mV/DIV
–60
–70
–80
–90
–110
–120
9.92
9.96
10.00
10.02
FREQUENCY (MHz)
10.04
Figure 23. Intermodulation Distortion
00541-027
TRIG'D
–100
00541-024
POUT (dBm)
–50
2V
253ns
100ns/DIV
Figure 26. Large Signal Pulse Response
Rev. D | Page 10 of 20
1.253µs
AD605
–30
VOUT = 200mV p-p
VGN = 1.5V
VGN1 = 1V
VOUT1 = 1V p-p
40mV (DIV)
CROSSTALK (dB)
–40
VIN2 = GND
–50
VGN2 = 2.9V
–60
–70
TRIG'D
VGN2 = 2.5V
00541-028
–80
–200
253ns
Figure 27. Small Signal Pulse Response
VGN2 = 0.1V
–90
100k
1.253µs
100ns/DIV
VGN2 = 2.0V
00541-031
200
1M
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
100M
Figure 30. Crosstalk (CH1 to CH2) vs. Frequency for Four Values of VGN2
0
VIN = 0dBm
500mV
2.9V
–10
100
VGN = 2.9V
90
VGN (V)
CMRR (dB)
–20
VGN = 2.5V
–30
–40
VGN = 2.0V
VGN = 0.1V
10
500mV
200ns
00541-029
0.0V
–60
100k
00541-032
–50
0%
1M
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
100M
Figure 31. Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) vs.
Frequency for Four Values of VGN
Figure 28. Power-Up/Power-Down Response
180
VGN = 2.9V
500mV
2.9V
175
100
VGN (V)
INPUT IMPEDANCE (Ω)
90
170
165
160
155
150
10
0%
100ns
00541-030
500mV
Figure 29. Gain Response
140
100k
00541-033
145
0.1V
1M
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 32. Input Impedance vs. Frequency
Rev. D | Page 11 of 20
100M
AD605
25
16
+IS (AD605)
14
GROUP DELAY (ns)
15
10
50
0
10 20 30 40 50
TEMPERATURE (°C)
10
8
VGN = 0.1V
60
70
80
90
VGN = 2.9V
4
100k
1M
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 34. Group Delay vs. Frequency
Figure 33. Supply Current (One Channel) vs. Temperature
Rev. D | Page 12 of 20
00541-035
0
–40 –30 –20 –10
12
6
+IS (VGN = 0)
00541-034
SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)
20
100M
AD605
THEORY OF OPERATION
The AD605 is a dual channel, low noise variable gain amplifier.
Figure 35 shows the simplified block diagram of one channel.
Each channel consists of a single-supply X-AMP® (hereafter
called DSX, differential single-supply X-AMP) comprised of:
•
Precision passive attenuator (differential ladder)
•
Gain control block
•
VOCM buffer with supply splitting resistors R3 and R4
•
Active feedback amplifier 1 (AFA) with gain setting
resistors R1 and R2
The linear-in-dB gain response of the AD605 can generally be
described by Equation 1.
G (dB) = (Gain Scaling (dB/V)) × (Gain Control (V)) −
(19 dB − (14 dB) × (FB))
(1)
where:
FB = 0, if FBK-to-OUT are shorted.
FB = 1, if FBK-to-OUT is open.
Each channel provides between −14 dB to +34.4 dB through
0 dB to +48.4 dB of gain depending on the value of the
resistance connected between Pin FBK and Pin OUT. The
center 40 dB of gain is exactly linear-in-dB while the gain error
increases at the top and bottom of the range. The gain is set by
the gain control voltage (VGN). The VREF input establishes the
gain scaling. The useful gain scaling range is between 20 dB/V
and 40 dB/V for a VREF voltage of 2.5 V and 1.25 V,
respectively. For example, if FBK to OUT were shorted and
VREF were set to 2.50 V (to establish a gain scaling of 20 dB/V),
the gain equation would simplify to
G (dB) = (20 (dB/V)) × (VGN (V)) – 19 dB
The desired gain can then be achieved by setting the unipolar
gain control (VGN) to a voltage within its nominal operating
range of 0.25 V to 2.65 V (for 20 dB/V gain scaling). The gain is
monotonic for a complete gain control range of 0.1 V to 2.9 V.
Maximum gain can be achieved at a VGN of 2.9 V.
Because the two channels are identical, only Channel 1 is used
to describe their operation. VREF and VOCM are the only
inputs that are shared by the two channels, and because they are
normally ac grounds, crosstalk between the two channels is
minimized. For highest gain scaling accuracy, VREF should
have an external low impedance voltage source. For low accuracy
20 dB/V applications, the VREF input can be decoupled with a
capacitor to ground. In this mode, the gain scaling is determined
by the midpoint between +VCC and GND; therefore, care should
be taken to control the supply voltage to 5 V. The input resistance
looking into the VREF pin is 10 kΩ ± 20%.
The AD605 is a single-supply circuit and the VOCM pin is used
to establish the dc level of the midpoint of this portion of the
circuit. VOCM needs only an external decoupling capacitor to
ground to center the midpoint between the supply voltages (5 V,
GND). However, if the dc level of the output is important to the
user (see the Applications section of the AD9050 data sheet for
an example), then VOCM can be specifically set. The input
resistance looking into the VOCM pin is 45 kΩ ± 20%.
1
To understand the active-feedback amplifier topology, refer to the AD830
data sheet. The AD830 is a practical implementation of the idea.
(2)
VREF
VGN
GAIN
CONTROL
DIFFERENTIAL
ATTENUATOR
EXT
+
G1
+
Ao
–IN
VPOS
R3
200kΩ
VOCM
+
C3
OUT
175Ω
R2
20Ω
G2
+
3.36kΩ
R1
820Ω
R4
200kΩ
EXT
Figure 35. Simplified Block Diagram of a Single Channel of the AD605
Rev. D | Page 13 of 20
FBK
00541-036
C2
DISTRIBUTED GM
175Ω
C1
+IN
AD605
+IN
R
–6.908dB
R
1.5R
–13.82dB
R
1.5R
–20.72dB
R
1.5R
R
–27.63dB
1.5R
R
–34.54dB
1.5R
–41.45dB
R
–48.36dB
1.5R
1.5R
175Ω
1.5R
175Ω
–IN
R
1.5R
R
1.5R
R
1.5R
R
1.5R
R
1.5R
R
1.5R
R
NOTE: R = 96Ω
1.5R = 144Ω
00541-037
MID
Figure 36. R-1.5R Dual Ladder Network
DIFFERENTIAL LADDER (ATTENUATOR)
AC COUPLING
The attenuator before the fixed gain amplifier is realized by a
differential 7-stage R-1.5R resistive ladder network with an
untrimmed input resistance of 175 Ω single-ended or 350 Ω
differentially. The signal applied at the input of the ladder
network is attenuated by 6.908 dB per tap; thus, the attenuation
at the first tap is 6.908 dB, at the second, 13.816 dB, and so on
all the way to the last tap where the attenuation is 48.356 dB
(see Figure 36). A unique circuit technique is used to interpolate
continuously between the tap points, thereby providing
continuous attenuation from 0 dB to −48.36 dB. One can
think of the ladder network together with the interpolation
mechanism as a voltage-controlled potentiometer.
The DSX is a single-supply circuit; therefore, its inputs need to
be ac-coupled to accommodate ground-based signals. External
Capacitor C1 and Capacitor C2 in Figure 35 level shift the input
signal from ground to the dc value established by VOCM
(nominal 2.5 V). C1 and C2, together with the 175 Ω looking
into each of DSX inputs (+IN and −IN), act as high-pass filters
with corner frequencies depending on the values chosen for C1
and C2. For example, if C1 and C2 are 0.1 μF, then together
with the 175 Ω input resistance of each side of the differential
ladder of the DSX, a −3 dB high-pass corner at 9.1 kHz is formed.
Since the DSX is a single-supply circuit, some means of biasing
its inputs must be provided. Node MID together with the
VOCM buffer performs this function. Without internal biasing,
external biasing is required. If not done carefully, the biasing
network can introduce additional noise and offsets. By
providing internal biasing, the user is relieved of this task and
only needs to ac couple the signal into the DSX. It should be
made clear again that the input to the DSX is still fully
differential if driven differentially, that is, Pin +IN and Pin −IN
see the same signal but with opposite polarity. What changes is
the load as seen by the driver; it is 175 Ω when each input is
driven single-ended, but 350 Ω when driven differentially. This
can be easily explained when thinking of the ladder network as
two 175 Ω resistors connected back-to-back with the middle
node, MID, being biased by the VOCM buffer. A differential
signal applied between nodes +IN and −IN results in zero
current into node MID, but a single-ended signal applied to
either input +IN or −IN, while the other input is ac grounded,
causes the current delivered by the source to flow into the
VOCM buffer via node MID.
A feature of the X-AMP architecture is that the output-referred
noise is constant vs. gain over most of the gain range. Referring
to Figure 36, the tap resistance is approximately equal for all
taps within the ladder, excluding the end sections. The resistance
seen looking into each tap is 54.4 Ω, which makes 0.95 nV/√Hz of
Johnson noise spectral density. Because there are two attenuators,
the overall noise contribution of the ladder network is √2 times
0.95 nV/√Hz or 1.34 nV/√Hz, a large fraction of the total DSX
noise. The rest of the DSX circuit components contribute another
1.20 nV/√Hz, which together with the attenuator produces
1.8 nV/√Hz of total DSX input, referred noise.
If the DSX output needs to be ground referenced, then another
ac coupling capacitor is required for level shifting. This capacitor
also eliminates any dc offsets contributed by the DSX. With a
nominal load of 500 Ω and a 0.1 μF coupling capacitor, this adds a
high-pass filter with −3 dB corner frequency at about 3.2 kHz.
The choice for all three of these coupling capacitors depends on
the application. They should allow the signals of interest to pass
unattenuated, while at the same time, they can be used to limit
the low frequency noise in the system.
GAIN CONTROL INTERFACE
The gain control interface provides an input resistance of
approximately 2 MΩ at Pin VGN1 and gain scaling factors from
20 dB/V to 40 dB/V for VREF input voltages of 2.5 V to 1.25 V,
respectively. The gain varies linearly in dB for the center 40 dB
of gain range, that is, for VGN equal to 0.4 V to 2.4 V for the
20 dB/V scale, and 0.25 V to 1.25 V for the 40 dB/V scale.
Figure 37 shows the ideal gain curves when the FBK-to-OUT
connection is shorted as described by the following equations:
G (20 dB/V) = 20 × VGN − 19, VREF = 2.500 V
(3)
G (30 dB/V) = 30 × VGN − 19, VREF = 1.6666 V
(4)
G (40 dB/V) = 40 × VGN − 19, VREF = 1.250 V
(5)
From the equations one can see that all gain curves intercept at
the same −19 dB point; this intercept is 14 dB higher (−5 dB) if
the FBK-to-OUT connection is left open. Outside of the central
linear range, the gain starts to deviate from the ideal control law
but still provides another 8.4 dB of range. For a given gain
scaling, one can calculate VREF as
Rev. D | Page 14 of 20
VREF =
2.500 V × 20 dB/V
Gain Scale
(6)
AD605
40dB/V
30dB/V
20dB/V
The AFA makes a differential input structure possible since one
of its inputs (G1) is fully differential; this input is made up of a
distributed gm stage. The second input (G2) is used for feedback.
The output of G1 is some function of the voltages sensed on the
attenuator taps that is applied to a high-gain amplifier (A0).
Because of negative feedback, the differential input to the high
gain amplifier is zero; this in turn implies that the differential
input voltage to G2 times gm2 (the transconductance of G2) is
equal to the differential input voltage to G1 times gm1 (the
transconductance of G1). Therefore the overall gain function
of the AFA is
35
30
25
20
GAIN (dB)
15
LINEAR-IN-dB RANGE
OF AD605
10
5
0
–5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
GAIN CONTROL VOLTAGE
VOUT
–10
VATTEN
=
gm1 R1 × R2
×
gm2
R2
(7)
00541-038
–15
–20
Figure 37. Ideal Gain Curves vs. VREF
Usable gain control voltage ranges are 0.1 V to 2.9 V for the
20 dB/V scale and 0.1 V to 1.45 V for the 40 dB/V scale. VGN
voltages of less than 0.1 V are not used for gain control because
below 50 mV the channel is powered down. This can be used to
conserve power and at the same time gate-off the signal. The
supply current for a powered-down channel is 1.9 mA, and the
response time to power the device on or off is less than 1 μs.
ACTIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER (FIXED GAIN AMP)
To achieve single-supply operation and a fully differential input
to the DSX, an active feedback amplifier (AFA) was used. The
AFA is an op amp with two gm stages; one of the active stages is
used in the feedback path (therefore the name), while the other
is used as a differential input. Note that the differential input is
an open-loop gm stage that requires that it be highly linear over
the expected input signal range. In this design, the gm stage that
senses the voltages on the attenuator is a distributed one; for
example, there are as many gm stages as there are taps on the
ladder network. Only a few of them are on at any one time,
depending on the gain control voltage.
where:
VOUT is the output voltage.
VATTEN is the effective voltage sensed on the attenuator.
(R1 + R2)/R2 = 42.
gm1/gm2 = 1.25; the overall gain is therefore 52.5 (34.4 dB).
The AFA has additional features: inverting the output signal by
switching the positive and negative input to the ladder network;
the possibility of using the −IN input as a second signal input;
and independent control of the DSX common-mode voltage.
Under normal operating conditions, it is best to connect a
decoupling capacitor to Pin VOCM, in which case, the commonmode voltage of the DSX is half of the supply voltage; this allows
for maximum signal swing. Nevertheless, the common-mode
voltage can be shifted up or down by directly applying a voltage
to VOCM. It can also be used as another signal input, the only
limitation being the rather low slew rate of the VOCM buffer.
If the dc level of the output signal is not critical, another
coupling capacitor is normally used at the output of the DSX;
again, this is done for level shifting and to eliminate any dc
offsets contributed by the DSX (see the AC Coupling section).
The gain range of the DSX is programmable by a resistor
connected between Pin FBK and Pin OUT. The possible ranges
are −14 dB to +34.4 dB when the pins are shorted together, or
0 dB to +48.4 dB when FBK is left open. Note that for the
higher gain range, the bandwidth of the amplifier is reduced by
a factor of five to about 8 MHz because the gain increased by
14 dB. This is the case for any constant gain bandwidth product
amplifier that includes the active feedback amplifier.
Rev. D | Page 15 of 20
AD605
APPLICATIONS
0.1µF
VIN
0.1µF
1
VGN1
VREF 16
2.500V
2
–IN1
OUT1 15
OUT
3
+IN1
4
GND1
VPOS 13
5
GND2
VPOS 12
AD605
FBK1 14
6
+IN2
FBK2 11
7
–IN2
OUT2 10
8
VGN2
VOCM 9
0.1µF
5V
0.1µF
C1
0.1µF
VIN
C2
0.1µF
C3
0.1µF
C4
0.1µF
1
VGN1
VREF 16
2
–IN1
OUT1 15
3
+IN1
AD605
FBK1 14
4
GND1
VPOS 13
5
GND2
VPOS 12
6
+IN2
FBK2 11
7
–IN2
OUT2 10
8
VGN2
VOCM 9
2.500V
R1
5V
R2
C5
0.1µF
OUT
C6
0.1µF
Figure 39. Doubling the Gain Range with Two Amplifiers
00541-039
VGN
VGN
00541-040
The basic circuit in Figure 38 shows the connections for one
channel of the AD605 with a gain range of −14 dB to +34.4 dB.
The signal is applied at Pin 3. The ac coupling capacitors before
Pin −IN1 and Pin +IN1 should be selected according to the
required lower cutoff frequency. In this example, the 0.1 μF
capacitors, together with the 175 Ω of each of the DSX input
pins, provide a −3 dB high pass corner of about 9.1 kHz. The
upper cutoff frequency is determined by the amplifier and is
40 MHz.
Figure 38. Basic Connections for a Single Channel
As shown in Figure 38, the output is ac-coupled for optimum
performance. In the case of connecting to the 10-bit, 40 MSPS
ADC, AD9050, ac coupling can be eliminated as long as
Pin VOCM is biased by the same 3.3 V common-mode
voltage as the AD9050.
Pin VREF requires a voltage of 1.25 V to 2.5 V, with gain scaling
between 40 dB/V and 20 dB/V, respectively. Voltage VGN
controls the gain; its nominal operating range is from 0.25 V to
2.65 V for 20 dB/V gain scaling, and 0.125 V to 1.325 V for
40 dB/V scaling. When this pin is taken to ground, the channel
powers down and disables its output.
CONNECTING TWO AMPLIFIERS TO DOUBLE THE
GAIN RANGE
Figure 39 shows the two channels of the AD605 connected in
series to provide a total gain range of 96.8 dB. When R1 and R2
are shorts, the gain range is from −28 dB to +68.8 dB with a
slightly reduced bandwidth of about 30 MHz. The reduction in
bandwidth is due to two identical low-pass circuits being
connected in series; in the case of two identical single-pole lowpass filters, the bandwidth would be reduced by exactly √2. If
R1 and R2 are replaced by open circuits, that is, Pin FBK1 and
Pin FBK2 are left unconnected, then the gain range shifts up by
28 dB to 0 dB to 96.8 dB. As previously noted, the bandwidth of
each individual channel is reduced by a factor of 5 to about
8 MHz because the gain increased by 14 dB. In addition, there is
still the √2 reduction because of the series connection of the
two channels that results in a final bandwidth of the higher gain
version of about 6 MHz.
Two other easy combinations are possible to provide a gain
range of −14 dB to +82.8 dB: make R1 a short and R2 an open,
or make R1 an open and R2 a short. The bandwidth for both of
these cases is dominated by the channel that is set to the higher
gain and is about 8 MHz. From a noise standpoint, the second
choice is the best because by increasing the gain of the first
amplifier, the second amplifier’s noise has less of an impact on
the total output noise. One further observation regarding noise
is that by increasing the gain, the output noise increases
proportionally; therefore, there is no increase in signal-to-noise
ratio. It actually stays fixed.
It should be noted that by selecting the appropriate values of R1
and R2, any gain range between −28 dB to +68.8 dB and 0 dB to
+96.8 dB can be achieved with the circuit in Figure 39. When
using any value other than shorts and opens for R1 and R2, the
final value of the gain range depends on the external resistors
matching the on-chip resistors. Since the internal resistors can
vary by as much as ±20%, the actual values for a particular gain
have to be determined empirically. Note that the two channels
within one part match quite well; therefore, R1 tracks R2 in
Figure 39.
C3 is not required because the common-mode voltage at
Pin OUT1 should be identical to the one at Pin +IN2 and
Pin −IN2. However, since only 1 mV of offset at the output of
the first DSX introduces an offset of 53 mV when the second
DSX is set to the maximum gain of the lowest gain range
(34.4 dB), and 263 mV when set to the maximum gain of the
highest gain range (48.4 dB), it is important to include ac
coupling to get the maximum dynamic range at the output of
the cascaded amplifiers. C5 is necessary if the output signal
needs to be referenced to any common-mode level other than
half of the supply as is provided by Pin OUT2.
Rev. D | Page 16 of 20
AD605
4
f = 1MHz
3
2
GAIN ERROR (dB)
Figure 40 shows the gain vs. VGN for the circuit in Figure 39 at
1 MHz and the lowest gain range (−14 dB to +34.4 dB). Note
that the gain scaling is 40 dB/V, double the 20 dB/V of an
individual DSX; this is the result of the parallel connection of
the gain control inputs, VGN1 and VGN2. One could of course
also sequentially increase the gain by first increasing the gain of
Channel 1 and then Channel 2. In this case, VGN1 and VGN2
are driven from separate voltage sources, for instance two
separate DACs. Figure 41 shows the gain error of Figure 39.
80
ACTUAL
–2
00541-042
0.7
1.2
1.7
2.2
VGN (V)
40
Figure 41. Gain Error vs. VGN for the Circuit in Figure 39
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
00541-041
GAIN (dB)
–1
–4
0.2
60
50
0
–3
THEORETICAL
f = 1MHz
70
1
–30
–40
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
VGN (V)
2.1
2.5
2.9
Figure 40. Gain vs. VGN for the Circuit in Figure 39
Rev. D | Page 17 of 20
2.7
AD605
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
0.800 (20.32)
0.790 (20.07)
0.780 (19.81)
16
9
1
0.280 (7.11)
0.250 (6.35)
0.240 (6.10)
8
0.325 (8.26)
0.310 (7.87)
0.300 (7.62)
PIN 1
0.100 (2.54)
BSC
0.060 (1.52)
MAX
0.210
(5.33)
MAX
0.195 (4.95)
0.130 (3.30)
0.115 (2.92)
0.015
(0.38)
MIN
0.150 (3.81)
0.130 (3.30)
0.115 (2.92)
0.015 (0.38)
GAUGE
PLANE
SEATING
PLANE
0.022 (0.56)
0.018 (0.46)
0.014 (0.36)
0.005 (0.13)
MIN
0.430 (10.92)
MAX
0.014 (0.36)
0.010 (0.25)
0.008 (0.20)
0.070 (1.78)
0.060 (1.52)
0.045 (1.14)
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-001-AB
CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES; MILLIMETER DIMENSIONS
(IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF INCH EQUIVALENTS FOR
REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN.
CORNER LEADS MAY BE CONFIGURED AS WHOLE OR HALF LEADS.
Figure 42. 16-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP]
(N-16)
Dimensions shown in inches and (millimeters)
10.00 (0.3937)
9.80 (0.3858)
4.00 (0.1575)
3.80 (0.1496)
16
9
1
8
1.27 (0.0500)
BSC
0.25 (0.0098)
0.10 (0.0039)
COPLANARITY
0.10
6.20 (0.2441)
5.80 (0.2283)
1.75 (0.0689)
1.35 (0.0531)
0.50 (0.0197)
× 45°
0.25 (0.0098)
8°
0.51 (0.0201) SEATING
0.25 (0.0098) 0° 1.27 (0.0500)
0.31 (0.0122) PLANE
0.40 (0.0157)
0.17 (0.0067)
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-012-AC
CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS; INCH DIMENSIONS
(IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS FOR
REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN.
Figure 43. 16-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N]
Narrow Body
(R-16)
Dimensions shown in millimeters and (inches)
Rev. D | Page 18 of 20
AD605
ORDERING GUIDE
Model
AD605AN
AD605ANZ 1
AD605AR
AD605AR-REEL
AD605AR-REEL7
AD605ARZ1
AD605ARZ-RL1
AD605ARZ-RL71
AD605BN
AD605BR
AD605BR-REEL
AD605BR-REEL7
AD605BRZ1
AD605BRZ-RL1
AD605BRZ-RL71
AD605-EB
AD605ACHIPS
1
Temperature Range
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
Package Description
16-Lead PDIP
16-Lead PDIP
16-Lead SOIC_N
16-Lead SOIC_N, 13" Reel
16-Lead SOIC_N, 7" Reel
16-Lead SOIC_N
16-Lead SOIC_N, 13" Reel
16-Lead SOIC_N, 7" Reel
16-Lead PDIP
16-Lead SOIC_N
16-Lead SOIC_N, 13" Reel
16-Lead SOIC_N, 7" Reel
16-Lead SOIC_N
16-Lead SOIC_N, 13" Reel
16-Lead SOIC_N, 7" Reel
Evaluation Board
DIE
Z = Pb-free part.
Rev. D | Page 19 of 20
Package Option
N-16
N-16
R-16
R-16
R-16
R-16
R-16
R-16
N-16
R-16
R-16
R-16
R-16
R-16
R-16
AD605
NOTES
©2006 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
C00541-0-1/06(D)
Rev. D | Page 20 of 20