PowerWise® Boosted, Ultra Low-EMI, Mono, E2S Class D Audio Power Amplifier General Description Key Specifications Part of National’s PowerWise family or products, the LM48512 delivers 1.8W into 8Ω, while consuming 14.5mA of quiescent current. The LM48512 also features National’s Enhanced Emissions Suppression (E2S) system, a patented, ultra low EMI PWM architecture that significantly reduces RF emissions while preserving audio quality and efficiency. LM48512 improves battery life, reduces external component count, board area consumption, system cost, and simplifies design. The LM48512 is designed to meet the demands of portable multimedia devices. The LM48512 features high efficiency compared to other boosted amplifiers and low EMI Class D amplifiers. The LM48512 is capable of driving an 8Ω speaker to 5.5V levels (1.8W) from a 3.6V supply while operating at 82% efficiency. Flexible power supply requirements allow operation from 2.3V to 5.5V. The E2S system features a patented edge rate control (ERC) architecture that further reduces emissions by minimizing the high frequency component of the device output, while maintaining high quality audio reproduction (THD+N = 0.03%) and high efficiency. A low power shutdown mode reduces supply current consumption to 0.04μA. The LM48512 features a battery-saving automatic gain control (AGC). The AGC detects the battery voltage and reduces the gain of the amplifier to limit the output as the battery voltage decreases. Superior click and pop suppression eliminates audible transients on power-up/down and during shutdown. ■ Power Output at VDD = 3.6V RL = 8Ω, THD+N ≤ 1% ■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 800mW into 8Ω 1.8W (typ) 82% (typ) ■ Quiescent Power Supply Current at 3.6V 14.5mA ■ Shutdown current 0.04μA (typ) Features ■ E2S System Reduces EMI while Preserving Audio Quality ■ ■ ■ ■ and Efficiency Integrated Boost Converter Supply Voltage Level Detection on Boost Converter Low Power Shutdown Mode "Click and Pop" suppression Applications ■ Mobile phones ■ Smart phones ■ PDAs Typical Application 30121756 FIGURE 1. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit Boomer® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. © 2012 Texas Instruments Incorporated 301217 SNAS497A www.ti.com LM48512 PowerWise® Boosted, Ultra Low-EMI, Mono, E2S Class D Audio Power Amplifier April 9, 2012 LM48512 LM48512 Connection Diagrams TL Package 2.098mm x 2.098mm x 0.6mm 16 – Bump micro SMD Markings 30121760 Top View XY = Date Code TT = Die Traceability G = Boomer Family N3 = LM48512TL 30121769 Top View Order Number LM48512TL See NS Package Number TLA16QSA Pin Descriptions TABLE 1. www.ti.com PIN NAME A1 PVDD A2 PVOUT DESCRIPTION Amplifier Power Supply Input. Connect to PVOUT. Boost Converter Output A3 SW Boost Converter Switching Node A4 PGND Boost Converter Power Ground B1 OUTA Non-Inverting Amplifier Output B2 GAIN Gain Select Input B3 RTRIP Boost Supply Threshold Voltage Set Pin B4 VDD Power Supply C1 OUTB Inverting Amplifier Output C2, D1 PGND Class D Power Ground C3 SDAMP C4 GND D2 IN+ Non-Inverting Amplifier Input D3 IN- Inverting Amplifier Input D4 SDREG Active Low Amplifier Shutdown Input. Connect to VDD for normal operation. Ground Active Low Boost Converter Shutdown Input. Connect to VDD for normal operation. 2 θJA (TLA16QSA) Soldering Information See AN-1112 “Micro SMD Wafer Level Chip Scale Package” 2) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Supply Voltage (VDD) (Note 1) Storage Temperature Power Dissipation (Note 3) ESD Rating (Note 4) ESD Rating (Note 5) Junction Temperature 50°C/W Operating Ratings 6.0V −65°C to +150°C Internally Limited 2000V 200V 150°C Temperature Range TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX Supply Voltage Electrical Characteristics VDD = 3.6V, PVDD = 5.75V −40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C 2.3V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V (Note 1, Note 2) The following specifications apply for AV = 2V/V, L = 2.2μH, RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH (Note 8), f = 1kHz, unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25°C. LM48512 Symbol Parameter Conditions Limit (Note 6) (Note 7) 3 10 mV 14.5 8.5 19 mA (max) mA VOS Differential Output Offset Voltage VIN = 0, VDD = 2.3V to 5.5V IDD Quiescent Power Supply Current VIN = 0, RL = ∞ VDD = 3.6V Boost Converter Only PVOUT Boost Converter Output Voltage SDREG = VDD SDAMP = GND 5.75 ISD Shutdown Current SDAMP = SDREG = GND 0.04 VIH Logic Input High Voltage VIL Logic Input Low Voltage TWU Wake Up Time fSW(AMP) Class D Switching Frequency AV Gain RIN Input Resistance VCM Input Common Mode VIN Differential AC Input THD+N Output Power Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise V 1 μA (max) 1.35 V (min) 0.35 V (max) 9 ms 320 kHz GAIN = GND (<0.7V) GAIN = float (0.7V–1.0V) GAIN = VDD (>1.0V) 2 6 ±5% ±5% V/V (max) V/V (max) 10 ±5% V/V (max) AV = 2V/V (6dB) AV = 6V/V (15.5dB) AV = 10V/V (20dB) 30 15 10 8 kΩ kΩ kΩ (min) SDAMP = SDREG = GND PO Units (Limits) Typical 70 kΩ 1.4 V Device Enabled or Disabled 5.6 VP-P (max) RL = 15μH+8Ω+15μH, THD+N = 10% f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW 2.2 RL = 15μH+8Ω+15μH, THD+N = 1% f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW 1.8 RL = 15μH+4Ω+15μH, THD+N = 1% f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW 2.7 W RL = 15μH+8Ω+15μH, f = 1kHz PO = 100mW PO = 1W 0.03 0.03 % % RL = 15μH+4Ω+15μH, f = 1kHz PO = 1W 0.03 % 3 W 1.7 W (min) www.ti.com LM48512 Thermal Resistance Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1, Note LM48512 LM48512 Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limit (Note 6) (Note 7) Units (Limits) VRIPPLE = 200mVP-P Sine Inputs AC GND, Input referred CIN = 100nF, fRIPPLE = 217Hz 90 dB VRIPPLE = 200mVP-P Sine Inputs AC GND, Input referred CIN = 100nF, fRIPPLE = 1kHz 85 dB Common Mode Rejection Ratio VRIPPLE = 1VP-P fRIPPLE = 217Hz 65 dB η Efficiency RL = 15μH+8Ω+15μH, f = 1kHz PO = 400mW PO = 800mW PO = 1.8W 78 82 81 % % % SNR Signal-To-Noise-Ratio PO = 1.8W, A-weighted Filter 97 dB Input referred, A-weighted Filter 25 μV Input referred, Un-weighted 50 μV PSRR CMRR εOS Power Supply Rejection Ratio Output Noise RTRIP = 64.9kΩ 3.00 3.55 3.70 ±5% ±5% ±5% V (max) V (max) V (max) VDD(TRIP) Supply Voltage AGC Trip Point ILIMIT(SU) Boost Converter Start-up Current Limit 600 mA IIND Boost Converter Maximum Inductor Current 2.25 A RTRIP = 27.5kΩ RTRIP = 20kΩ Gain Compression Range 6 dB tA Attack Time 20 μs/dB tR Release Time 1600 ms/dB fSW(REG) Boost Converter Switching Frequency 2 MHz Note 1: “Absolute Maximum Ratings” indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur, including inoperability and degradation of device reliability and/or performance. Functional operation of the device and/or non-degradation at the Absolute Maximum Ratings or other conditions beyond those indicated in the Recommended Operating Conditions is not implied. The Recommended Operating Conditions indicate conditions at which the device is functional and the device should not be operated beyond such conditions. All voltages are measured with respect to the ground pin, unless otherwise specified. Note 2: The Electrical Characteristics tables list guaranteed specifications under the listed Recommended Operating Conditions except as otherwise modified or specified by the Electrical Characteristics Conditions and/or Notes. Typical specifications are estimations only and are not guaranteed. Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, θJA, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation is PDMAX = (TJMAX − TA) / θJA or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. Note 4: Human body model, applicable std. JESD22-A114C. Note 5: Machine model, applicable std. JESD22-A115-A. Note 6: Typical values represent most likely parametric norms at TA = +25°C, and at the Recommended Operation Conditions at the time of product characterization and are not guaranteed. Note 7: Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by test or statistical analysis. Note 8: RL is a resistive load in series with two inductors to simulate an actual speaker load. For RL = 8Ω, the load is 15µH+8Ω+15µH. For RL = 4Ω, the load is 15µH+4Ω+15µH. www.ti.com 4 LM48512 Typical Performance Characteristics THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 3.6V, PO = 1W, RL = 8Ω THD+N vs Output Power VDD = 2.7V, RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz 30121778 30121772 THD+N vs Output Power VDD = 3.6V, RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz THD+N vs Output Power VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz 30121775 30121774 THD+N vs Output Power VDD = 5.0V, RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz Efficiency vs Output Power RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz 30121776 30121779 5 www.ti.com LM48512 CMRR vs Frequency VDD = 3.6V, f = 217Hz VRIPPLE = 1VP-P, RL = 8Ω PSRR vs Frequency VDD = 3.6V, f = 1kHz VRIPPLE = 200mVp-p, RL = 8Ω 30121787 30121786 Power Dissipation vs Output Power RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz Output Power vs Supply Voltage RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz 30121780 30121789 Supply Current vs Supply Voltage No Load Boost Output Voltage vs Load Current VDD = 2.7V 30121783 30121782 www.ti.com 6 LM48512 Boost Output Voltage vs Load Current VDD = 3.6V Boost Output Voltage vs Load Current VDD = 5.0V 30121784 30121785 7 www.ti.com LM48512 Application Information GENERAL AMPLIFIER FUNCTION The LM48512 mono Class D audio power amplifier features a filterless modulation scheme that reduces external component count, conserving board space and reducing system cost. The outputs of the device transition from VDD to GND with a 300kHz switching frequency. With no signal applied, the outputs (VOUTA and VOUTB) switch with a 50% duty cycle, in phase, causing the two outputs to cancel. This cancellation results in no net voltage across the speaker, thus there is no current to the load in the idle state. With the input signal applied, the duty cycle (pulse width) of the LM48512 outputs changes. For increasing output voltage, the duty cycle of VOUTA increases, while the duty cycle of VOUTB decreases. For decreasing output voltages, the converse occurs. The difference between the two pulse widths yields the differential output voltage. BOOST INPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION An input capacitor is required to serve as an energy reservoir for the current which must flow into the coil each time the switch turns ON. The input capacitor will also help keep the noise low from the power supply. This capacitor must have extremely low ESR, so ceramic capacitors are recommended. A nominal value of 10μF is recommended for this application. MAXIMUM CURRENT The boost converter of the LM48512 has two maximum current limits to prevent damage to the device and also battery shutdown when the current gets too high. First is the control of the start-up current, where the boost converter internally limits it to 600mA (ILIMIT(SU)). The second limit is on the inductor current, where it is typically internally limited to 2.25A. ENHANCED EMISSIONS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (E2S) The LM48512 features National’s patent-pending E2S system that reduces EMI, while maintaining high quality audio reproduction and efficiency. The E2S system features advanced edge rate control (ERC), greatly reducing the high frequency components of the output square waves by controlling the output rise and fall times, slowing the transitions to reduce RF emissions, while maximizing THD+N and efficiency performance. The overall result of the E2S system is a filterless Class D amplifier that passes FCC Class B radiated emissions standards with 20in of twisted pair cable, with excellent 0.03% THD+N and high 82% efficiency. AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL AND AUTOMATIC LEVEL CONTROL The LM48512 features either Automatic Gain Control (AGC) or Automatic Level Control (ALC) by configuring the RTRIP pin B3. The settings are shown in Table 2. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER EXPLANATION As logic supplies continue to shrink, system designers are increasingly turning to differential analog signal handling to preserve signal to noise ratios with restricted supply level. The LM48512 features a fully differential speaker amplifier. A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between the two input signals. Traditional audio power amplifiers have typically offered only single-ended inputs resulting in a 6dB reduction of SNR relative to differential inputs. The LM48512 also offers the possibility of DC input coupling which eliminates the input coupling capacitors. A major benefit of the fully differential amplifier is the improved common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) over single ended input amplifiers. The increased CMRR of the differential amplifier reduces sensitivity to ground offset related noise injection, especially important in noisy systems. When evaluating the LM48512, use BAL-GND inputs and provide clean grounding to ensure proper operation. Automatic Gain Control Operation The AGC circuitry is designed to limit the output swing to the load for speaker protection and to prolong battery life. When RTRIP is connected to a resistor, AGC activates by detecting the VDD level in combination with the input level. The user can set the VDD level (VDD(TRIP)) at which AGC trips by connecting different resistor values (RTRIP) to ground, refer to Table 3. TABLE 2. Automatic Gain/Level Control Table RTRIP Operation VDD Disable AGC and ALC Resistor AGC GND ALC TABLE 3. AGC Table SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER The LM48512 uses an internal synchronous series switch in place of an external Schottcky diode, which reduces the number of external components required for its application. Efficiency is also increased since the power dissipation of the switch is less than the power dissipation of a diode. RTRIP (kΩ) VDD(TRIP) (V) 20.0 3.7 24.8 3.6 27.5 3.55 30.3 3.5 36.3 3.4 42.8 3.3 49.7 3.2 57.1 3.1 64.9 3.0 73.2 2.9 82.0 2.8 Once VDD drops below the VDD(TRIP) voltage set by RTRIP, AGC operation begins. While AGC is in operation, VDD sets the output swing as shown in Figure 2. www.ti.com 8 LM48512 30121702 FIGURE 2. AGC Output Swing vs Supply Voltage Graph If output swing of the amplifier exceeds the limit determined by VDD, gain of the amplifier will be adjusted accordingly. See Figure 3 for the following: Attack: AGC attack occurs at increments of -1dB steps every 20μs until the output is below the output swing limit or when it reaches the maximum gain compression of -6dB. Release: AGC releases at increments of 0.5dB steps per every 800ms if the output does not reach the output swing limit. Adjusting: While the part is in compression mode, the first attack following a release is at increments of 0.5dB steps, this is also referred to as Adjusting. 30121759 FIGURE 3. AGC Operation output limit swing of the amplifier will be limited to 90% of PVOUT, with the same Attack, Release, and Adjusting characteristics as the AGC. Automatic Level Control The ALC circuitry is similar to AGC in that it also limits the output swing of the amplifier, but the difference is that ALC is always activated once the RTRIP pin is connected to GND. The 9 www.ti.com LM48512 tors as close to the device as possible. A 10μF and a 1μF bypass capacitors are recommended to increase supply stability. POWER DISSIPATION AND EFFICIENCY The major benefit of a Class D amplifier is increased efficiency versus a Class AB. The efficiency of the LM48512 is attributed to the region of operation of the transistors in the output stage. The Class D output stage acts as current steering switches, consuming negligible amounts of power compared to their Class AB counterparts. Most of the power loss associated with the output stage is due to the IR loss of the MOSFET onresistance, along with switching losses due to gate charge. AUDIO AMPLIFIER INPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION Input capacitors may be required for some applications, or when the audio source is single-ended. Input capacitors block the DC component of the audio signal, eliminating any conflict between the DC component of the audio source and the bias voltage of the LM48512. The input capacitors create a highpass filter with the input resistors RIN. The -3dB point of the high pass filter is found using Equation 1 below. SHUTDOWN FUNCTION The LM48512 features a low current shutdown mode. Set SDREG = SDAMP = GND to disable the amplifier and reduce supply current to 0.04μA. Switch SDREG and SDAMP between GND and VDD for minimum current consumption is shutdown. The LM48512 may be disabled with shutdown voltages in between GND and VDD, the idle current will be greater than the typical 0.1μA value. Increased THD+N may also be observed when a voltage of less than VDD is applied to SDREG and SDAMP. f = 1 / 2πRINCIN Where RIN is the value of the input resistor given in the Electrical Characteristics table. The input capacitors can also be used to remove low frequency content from the audio signal. Small speakers cannot reproduce, and may even be damaged by low frequencies. High pass filtering the audio signal helps protect the speakers. When the LM48512 is using a single-ended source, power supply noise on the ground is seen as an input signal. Setting the high-pass filter point above the power supply noise frequencies (for example, 217Hz in a GSM phone), filters out the noise such that it is not amplified and heard on the output. Capacitors with a tolerance of 10% or better are recommended for impedance matching and improved CMRR and PSRR. PROPER SELECTION OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS Inductor Selection The LM48512 is designed to use a 2.2μH inductor. When the boost converter is boosting, the inductor will typically be the biggest area of efficiency loss in the boost converter circuitry, therefore, choosing an inductor with the lowest possible series resistance is important. In addition to the series resistance, the saturation rating of the inductor should also be greater than the maximum operating peak current. AUDIO AMPLIFIER GAIN The LM48512 features three logic configured gain settings. The device gain is selected through the GAIN input. The gain settings are as shown in Table 4. Boost Output Capacitor Selection The boost converter in the LM48512 is designed to operate with a 22μF ceramic output capacitor. When the boost converter is running, the output capacitor supplies the load current during the boost converter on-time. When the NMOS switch turns off, the inductor energy is discharged through the internal PMOS switch, supplying power to the load and restoring charge to the output capacitor. This causes a sag in the output voltage (PVOUT) during the on-time and a rise in the output voltage during the off-time. The output capacitor is chosen to limit this output ripple and to ensure the converter remains stable. TABLE 4. Gain Settings AUDIO AMPLIFIER POWER SUPPLY BYPASSING/ FILTERING Proper power supply bypassing is critical for low noise performance and high PSRR. Place the supply bypass capaci- www.ti.com (1) 10 GAIN pin input AV GND (<0.7V) 6dB Float (0.7V–1.0V) 15.5dB VDD (>1.0V) 20dB 30121770 FIGURE 4. Single-Ended Input Configuration PCB LAYOUT GUIDELINES As output power increases, interconnect resistance (PCB traces and wires) between the amplifier, load and power supply create a voltage drop. The voltage loss due to the traces between the LM48512 and the load results in lower output power and decreased efficiency. Higher trace resistance between the supply and the LM48512 has the same effect as a poorly regulated supply, increasing ripple on the supply line, and reducing peak output power. The effects of residual trace resistance increases as output current increases due to higher output power, decreased load impedance or both. To maintain the highest output voltage swing and corresponding peak output power, the PCB traces that connect the output pins to the load and the supply pins to the power supply should be as wide as possible to minimize trace resistance. The use of power and ground planes will give the best THD +N performance. In addition to reducing trace resistance, the use of power planes creates parasitic capacitors that help to filter the power supply line. The inductive nature of the transducer load can also result in overshoot on one of both edges, clamped by the parasitic diodes to GND and VDD in each case. From an EMI standpoint, this is an aggressive waveform that can radiate or conduct to other components in the system and cause interference. In is essential to keep the power and output traces short and well shielded if possible. Use of ground planes beads and micros-strip layout techniques are all useful in preventing unwanted interference. As the distance from the LM48512 and the speaker increases, the amount of EMI radiation increases due to the output wires or traces acting as antennas become more efficient with length. Ferrite chip inductors places close to the LM48512 outputs may be needed to reduce EMI radiation. 11 www.ti.com LM48512 One thing to note is that the Differential AC Input specification of 5.6VP-P (max) will be 2.8VP-P in the Single-Ended application. Figure 4 shows the typical single-ended applications circuit. SINGLE-ENDED AUDIO AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION The LM48512 is compatible with single-ended sources. When configured for single-ended inputs, input capacitors must be used to block and DC component at the input of the device. *RLIMIT on demoboard is equilvalent to RTRIP resistor in datasheet. FIGURE 8. LM48512 Demo Board Schematic 30121761 LM48512 LM48512 Demo Board Schematic www.ti.com 12 LM48512 Demo Boards 30121766 30121767 FIGURE 9. Top Silkscreen FIGURE 10. Top Layer 30121763 30121764 FIGURE 11. Layer 2 (GND) FIGURE 12. Layer 3 (VDD ) 30121762 30121765 FIGURE 13. Bottom Layer FIGURE 14. Bottom Silkscreen 13 www.ti.com LM48512 Revision History www.ti.com Rev Date 1.0 04/09/12 Description Initial WEB released. 14 LM48512 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted micro SMD Order Number LM48512TL NS Package Number TLA16QSA X1 = 2.098mm, X2 = 2.098mm, X3 = 0.6mm 15 www.ti.com LM48512 PowerWise® Boosted, Ultra Low-EMI, Mono, E2S Class D Audio Power Amplifier Notes www.ti.com IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. 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