Microchip MCP1651 Adding intelligence to lighting application Datasheet

LED Lighting Solutions
Summer 2010
Adding Intelligence to Lighting Applications
LED Lighting Design Guide
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions
Table of Contents
LED Lighting ................................................................ 3
LED Applications ......................................................... 3
Efficient LED Control .................................................... 3
Driving LEDs with a Charge Pump ................................. 4
MCP1252 Charge Pump Backlight
Demonstration Board (MCP1252DM-BKLT) ................. 4
Driving LEDs with a Boost Regulator ............................. 4
MCP1650 Multiple White LED
Demonstration Board (MCP1650DM-LED2) ................. 5
Driving LEDs with a SEPIC Regulator .............................. 5
MCP1650 3W White LED Demonstration Board
(MCP1650DM-LED1) ................................................. 5
High Efficiency LED Smart Driver.................................... 6
Adding Intelligence – PIC10F Solutions .......................... 7
Provide Simple Dimming Control .................................... 8
Integrate Multiple Tasks –
PIC12 and PIC16 Mixed Signal Solutions ....................... 8
Internal 5V Regulator .................................................... 8
Generating PWM Control Signals ................................... 9
Mixed-Signal LED Drivers .............................................. 10
MCP1630 and MCP1631 High-Speed
PWM Controllers .......................................................... 11
MCP1630 Boost Mode LED Driver
Demonstration Board (MCP1630DM-LED2) ................. 11
MCP1631HV Digitally Controlled Programmable
Current Source Reference Design
(MCP631RD-DCPC1) ................................................. 11
Digital Control vs. Analog Control ................................... 12
Low Cost Digital Control ................................................ 12
High Performance Digital Control ................................... 13
Wired Communication Solutions for Lighting
0-10V Interface ......................................................... 14
Digitally Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) ............. 14
DALI Ballast Software Library ..................................... 14
DMX512 .................................................................. 14
2
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
Advanced Communication Solutions for Lighting
ZigBee® Protocol....................................................... 15
MiWi™ Protocol ........................................................ 15
MiWi™ P2P Protocol ................................................. 15
Wi-Fi Interface .......................................................... 15
USB Interface ........................................................... 16
Ethernet Interface ..................................................... 16
CAN and LIN Protocols .............................................. 16
Automotive Ambient Lighting Module
Reference Design (APGRD004) .................................. 16
Temperature Sensing Solutions for
Power LED Applications ................................................ 17
Logic Output Temperature Sensors ................................ 17
Resistor-Programmable Temperature Switches ............... 17
Using TC6501 Open Drain Output for
Current Set-Point Control .............................................. 18
Using the TC6501 to Provide MCU Interrupt ................... 18
Fan Controller Application Using TC6502 ....................... 18
Voltage Output Temperature Sensors ............................. 19
Power LED Thermal Control Circuit Using
MCP9700 and MCP1650 ............................................. 19
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions
LED Lighting
Efficient LED Control
LEDs are no longer used just for providing the pretty red and
green indicator lights on electronic equipment. Advances
in technology have allowed LEDs to be used as practical
sources of illumination. The primary benefits of LEDs are
long life, durability and efficiency. When driven properly, a
power LED can last tens of thousands of hours without a
degradation of light output. The typical efficacy of a power
LED, measured in lumens per watt, is 40-80. This is several
times greater than incandescent light sources and is only
exceeded by fluorescent light sources. Since the LED is a
solid-state device, it can withstand shock and vibration that
would damage a filament bulb.
LEDs must be driven with a source of constant current. Most
LEDs have a specified current level that will achieve the
maximum brightness for that LED without premature failures.
An LED could be driven with a linear voltage regulator
configured as a constant current source. However, this
approach is not practical for higher power LEDs due to power
dissipation in the regulator circuit. A switch-mode power
supply (SMPS) provides a much more efficient solution to
drive the LED.
An LED will have a forward voltage drop across its terminals
for a given current drive level. The power supply voltage and
the LED forward voltage characteristics determine the SMPS
topology that is required. Multiple LEDs can be connected
in series to increase the forward voltage drop at the chosen
drive current level.
The SMPS circuit topologies adopted to regulate current
in LED lighting applications are the same used to control
voltage in a power supply application. Each type of SMPS
topology has its advantages and disadvantages as presented
in the table below.
This design guide presents two types of LED driver solutions.
First, an analog driver IC can be used independently or
together with a MCU for added intelligence. Second, the LED
drive function can be integrated into the MCU application.
LED Applications
The benefits of LED lighting are helpful in many types of
lighting applications:
■Automotive and aircraft cabin lighting
■Automotive and aircraft instrument panel lighting
■ Architectural emergency exit lighting
■ Architectural color effect lighting
■ Industrial and outdoor lighting
■ Traffic and railway signals
■ Automotive brake lights
■ Dot matrix signs and video displays
■ LCD display backlighting
■ Personal flashlights
■ Medical instrument and tool lighting
■ Digital camera flash and video light
Literature on the Web
■ AN1114 – Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
Topologies (Part I), DS01114
■ AN1207 – Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
Topologies (Part II), DS01207
Common SMPS Topologies Useful for LED Lighting
Regulator
Topology
VIN to VOUT
Relationship
Complexity
Component
Count
-VOUT < VIN < VOUT
Low
Medium
– Limited IOUT range
– No inductors
Buck
VIN > VOUT
Medium
Medium
– Chopped IIN
– High side drive
Boost
VIN < VOUT
Medium
Medium
– Extra parts needed to isolate
output from input
SEPIC
VOUT < VIN < VOUT
Medium
High
Buck-Boost
VOUT < VIN < VOUT
Medium
Medium
– Single inductor
– Up to four switches
Depends on
transformer
Medium
Medium
– Transformer can provide electrical
isolation
– Multiple outputs possible
Charge Pump
Flyback
www.microchip.com/lighting
Comments
– Smooth IIN
– Multiple outputs
– Two inductors
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
3
LED Lighting Solutions
Driving LEDs with a Charge Pump
Driving LEDs with a Boost Regulator
A charge pump power supply does not have inductors that
are required in other SMPS topologies. This provides a
more compact and less expensive circuit. The downside is
that charge pumps cannot supply large amounts of current
compared to the other topologies. Charge pump circuits
are most useful for backlighting applications. Common
applications include PCs, LCD displays and automotive
instrumentation.
A boost regulator topology is used when the output voltage
of the converter must be equal to or greater than the input
voltage. A boost regulator is useful for driving a chain of
LEDs connected in series. It is beneficial to drive multiple
LEDs in series. This ensures that all LEDs receive the same
amount of current and will have the same brightness level.
Using a coupled inductor in the boost circuit reducing the
switching voltage requirements of the MOSFET switch.
The MCP1640 synchronous boost regulator can provide
a stable operating voltage for an LED from a single cell
alkaline battery.
The MCP1650 Boost Regulator uses an external switch
so that it can be used for any type of load. An additional
advantage of the MCP1650 in battery applications is the
Gated Oscillator Architecture which provides 2 duty cycles
reducing high-peak inductor current and output ripple
voltages. Input voltages above 3.8V engage a 56% duty
cycle and an 80% duty cycle when the input voltage drops
below 3.8V, extending battery life in these applications.
MCP1252 Charge Pump Backlight
Demonstration Board (MCP1252DM-BKLT)
Demonstrates the use of a charge
pump device in an LED application
and acts as a platform to evaluate
the MCP1252 device in general.
Light intensity is controlled
uniformly through the use of ballast
resistors. A PIC10F206 MCU
provides an enable signal to the MCP1252 and accepts a
push-button input that allows the white LEDs to be adjusted
to five different light intensities.
MCP1640 Single Cell Synchronous Boost Regulator
Literature on the Web
■ MCP1252/3 Data Sheet, DS21572
■ MCP1252 Charge Pump Backlight Demo Board
L1
4.7 μH
User’s Guide, DS51551
■ MCP1252/3 Evaluation Kit User’s Guide, DS51313
■ DG10 – Power Solutions Design Guide, DS21913
VOUT
3.3V @ 100 mA
SW
VIN
0.9V to 1.7V
VIN
MCP1640
EN
976 KΩ
COUT
10 μF
VFB
Alkaline
CIN
4.7 μF
VOUT
562 KΩ
GND
Charge Pump LED Driver Using the MCP1252
5
6
C-
3
Single
Li-Ion
Cen
VIN
C+
VOUT
2
MCP1252-ADJ
7
1
8
SHDN
PG
FB
GND
4
PWM Brightness
Control
4
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
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LED Lighting Solutions
MCP1650 Multiple White LED Demonstration Board
Driving LEDs with a SEPIC Regulator
(MCP1650DM-LED2)
The MCP1650 Multiple White LED Demo
Board uses the MCP1650 IC to power the
nine white LEDs which are connected in
series. A PIC10F202 microcontroller in a
SOT-23 6-pin package is used to provide the
PWM signal to the MCP1650. It also accepts
a push button input that allows the user
to adjust the white LEDs to three different
intensities of 100%, 50% and 25%.
The Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC)
regulator topology uses an additional inductor, but provides
the following advantages for battery powered applications:
■ The converter can buck or boost as the input voltage
changes.
■ The circuit topology provides inherent short-circuit
protection due to the use of a coupling capacitor.
Literature on the Web
■ MCP1640/B/C/D Data Sheet, DS22234
■ MCP1650/51/52/53 Data Sheet, DS21876
■ MCP1650 Multiple White LED Demo Board
MCP1650 3W White LED Demonstration Board
(MCP1650DM-LED1)
Demonstrates the MCP165X Boost Controller
product family in a battery-powered white LED
application with an input voltage range of 2.0V
to 4.5V.
User’s Guide, DS51586
■ AN948 – Efficiently Powering Nine White LEDs
Literature on the Web
■ MCP1650 3W White LED Demo Board User’s Guide,
Using the MCP1650, DS00948
■ AN980 – Designing a Boost-Switching Regulator with
the MCP1650, DS00980
■ DG10 – Power Solutions Design Guide, DS21913
DS51513
Battery Operated Boost LED Driver Example Using the MCP1650
VIN
VBAT
EXT
MCP1650
+
CS
NC
NC
FB
9 LEDs
33V/15 mA
-
ON
SHDN
OFF
GND
Battery Input to 3.6V 3W LED Driver (SEPIC Converter)
VBAT
VBAT
VIN
3W
LED
EXT
MCP1651
VBAT
+
CS
FB
LBI
LBO
SHDN
GND
4.5-2.0V
ON
OFF
www.microchip.com/lighting
Low Battery
Warning
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
5
LED Lighting Solutions
High Efficiency LED Smart Driver
9-13 volt systems easily adapt to a Smart Driver Circuit
to drive High Power LEDs using the MCP1702, MCP1652
and a PIC10F202. The MCP1702 directly connected to
the 12 volt source creates a 5 volt bias supply capable of
delivering 250 mA to the intelligent boost control circuit.
The LEDs are powered by the source voltage boosted by the
MCP1652, minimizing the current requirements for the 5V
power system. A PIC10F202 adds intelligence to the circuit
providing a means for thermal protection, load open and
short circuit protection as well as the capability of a user
interface to control dimming and other features.
Low Battery Detect enables the designer to determine
a trip point for a low battery condition to make “smart”
adjustments to the circuit function with the PIC10F202. The
Power Good Indication enables the designer to determine
when output voltage conditions are correct.
Literature on the Web
■ MCP1650/51/52/53 Data Sheet, DS21876
■ AN980 – Designing a Boost-Switching Regulator with
the MCP1650, DS00980
■ DG10 – Power Solutions Design Guide, DS21913
MCP165X Driver Devices
Device
Special Features
Package
MCP1650
Standard Device
8-Pin MSOP
MCP1651
Low Battery Detect
8-Pin MSOP
MCP1652
Power Good Indication
8-Pin MSOP
MCP1653
Low Battery Detect and
Power Good Indication
10-Pin MSOP
LED Smart Driver with 12V Input
9-13V DC
MCP1703
5V LDO
VIN
EXT
MCP1652
Dimming
Output
Control
CS
NC
PG
FB
10 LED String
700 mA, 34V DC
PIC10F202
SHDN
GND
User
Interface
6
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
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LED Lighting Solutions
Adding Intelligence – PIC10F Solutions
Package Comparison
SOT-23 vs. MSOP and SOIC
8-TDFN
(MC/MNY)
2 x 3 mm
6-SOT (OT)
3 x 3 mm
PIC10F2XX
8-MSOP (MS)
3 x 5 mm
8-SOIC (SN)
5 x 6 mm
Shown approximate size.
Provide Simple Dimming Control
LED lighting applications can benefit from the intelligence of
a MCU. The MCU can be used for a variety of tasks, including
the user interface, communication, battery status monitoring
and temperature measurement.
The addition of a MCU to a design does not have to be
complicated, space consuming, or expensive. Microchip offers the
PIC10F family of MCUs with devices that have 6 pins in a space
saving SOT-23 or 2 x 3 mm DFN style package. The oscillator and
reset circuitry are inside the device. Connect power, ground, and
you get four I/O pins that can be programmed to do anything you
want. It’s as simple as that.
The PIC10F pins can be used as analog or digital pins. Two
devices in the PIC10F family have analog comparator modules.
Two PIC10F devices are available with an 8-bit analog to digital
converter (ADC). There are only 33 assembly instructions to learn
in order to write code for the PIC10F. There are also C compilers
are available for the PIC10F family, if you prefer to write in a
high-level language.
One application for a MCU in LED lighting is brightness
control. A power LED can be dimmed by reducing the drive
current. However, this is not the most efficient way to
control the brightness of a LED. A power LED provides the
best efficiency at the maximum rated drive current. Better
efficiency can be obtained by turning the LED on and off
using a low frequency PWM signal. The PWM signal is
connected to the enable input of the SMPS control IC. The
LED is always driven at the maximum current level when it is
on.
The MCP1650 Multiple White LED Demo Board and the
MCP1650 3W White LED Demo Board both take advantage
of the 6-pin PIC10F206 MCU (see pages 5-7 for more
information). The PIC10F206 device provides the user button
interface and generates the PWM control signal for the
SMPS IC. The PIC10F206 has an internal oscillator and reset
circuit, so no external circuitry is required. The PIC10F206
device could also be used to linearize the brightness control
or monitor battery status in these applications.
PIC10F 6-Pin Microcontroller Family
Flash Program Memory
Words
Data
RAM Bytes
8-Bit
Timer
Analog Comparator
Module
8-bit
ADC Module
PIC10F200
256
16
Yes
–
–
PIC10F202
512
24
Yes
–
–
PIC10F204
256
16
Yes
Yes
–
PIC10F206
512
24
Yes
Yes
–
PIC10F220
256
16
Yes
–
Yes
PIC10F222
512
24
Yes
–
Yes
Device
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
7
LED Lighting Solutions
Integrate Multiple Tasks –
PIC12 and PIC16 Mixed Signal Solutions
Easy Migration
The 8, 14 and 20-pin devices in the PIC12F and PIC16F
families have compatible pin-outs for upward and downward
migration. Common connections such as power and ground
are located in the same positions on the package footprint
so that an 8-pin design can easily be expanded to a 14 or
20-pin design.
The LED current drive function can be integrated with other
tasks on the same MCU. Members of the PIC12F and PIC16F
device families provide the next step up from the PIC10F
family and facilitate highly integrated mixed signal designs in
8, 14 and 20-pin package options. The available peripherals
in this series of devices include:
■ Shunt Voltage Regulator
■ Comparators
■ Op Amps
■ ADC
■ Voltage Reference
■ Hardware PWM (Digital Timebase or SR Latch)
These peripherals allow external power circuits to be directly
controlled by the MCU. For a LED driver application, the
analog peripherals can be configured and interconnected in
software to provide constant current regulation. This leaves
the CPU free to run other tasks such as communication,
dimming control or fault detection.
Literature on the Web
■ AN1035 – Designing with HV Microcontrollers, DS01035
■ PIC16F785/HV785 Device Data Sheet, DS41249
Web Links
www.microchip.com/8bit
Compatible Pinouts Provide Migration Options
VDD
VSS
PIC® MCU
8-Pin
Internal 5V Regulator
The internal shunt voltage regulator option allows the MCU
to be operated from a higher voltage DC bus making it
useful in AC line powered applications. Only a series resistor
is required between the power supply and the device VDD
pin.
Devices with an “HV” designator in the part number have an
internal regulator.
14-Pin
20-Pin
8, 14 and 20-Pin PIC® Microcontroller Mixed Signal Features
Pins
Voltage
Reference
Analog
Comparator
Op Amps
ADC
Digital
PWM
Module
PWM SR
Latch
PIC12F609/PIC12HV609
8
–
1
–
–
–
–
PIC12F615/PIC12HV615
8
–
1
–
10-bit
1
–
PIC12F1822
8
Yes
1
–
10-bit
1
1
PIC16F610/PIC12HV610
14
–
2
–
–
–
1
PIC16F616/PIC16HV616
14
–
2
–
10-bit
1
1
PIC16F785/PIC16HV785
20
Yes
2
2
10-bit
1
2
PIC16F1828
20
Yes
2
–
10-bit
4
1
Device
Note: ‘HV’ part numbers have internal shunt voltage regulator.
8
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
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LED Lighting Solutions
Generating PWM Control Signals
■ An external PWM peripheral IC may be used. This option
There are multiple ways to generate PWM control signals to
control power circuits.
■ Devices with the Capture-Compare-PWM (CCP) module
can generate PWM signals to control power circuits using
an on-chip digital timebase. The signal pulse width is
controlled by the MCU clock and a duty cycle register.
■ The Enhanced CCP (ECCP) module allows one PWM signal
to control 2 or 4 output pins for half-bridge or H-bridge
control, respectively.
■ Devices that have a comparator and the ECCP module
can use the comparator signal to control the turn-off time
of the PWM signal.
■ Devices with comparators and a PWM SR latch can use
comparator signals and/or clock pulses to turn the latch
output on and off.
is useful when multiple high speed PWM channels are
required.
■ PWM signals can be generated using software and I/O
pins. This option is less costly when PWM frequency and
duty cycle resolution requirements are not too high.
A PIC microcontroller with an on-chip comparator such as
the PIC12F609 can be used to implement a simple LED
driver. The PIC12HV609 adds an internal regulator, allowing
operation from a DC bus higher than 5 volts.
Literature on the Web
■ AN874 – Buck Configuration High-Power LED Driver,
DS00874
■ AN1074 – Software PWM Generation for LED Dimming
and RGB Color Applications, DS01074
Buck LED Driver Using a Comparator
VBUS
VDD
VSS
PIC12HV615
-–
Drive
Level
Comparator
++
Other Device Options:
PIC12F1822
PIC16F1823
Buck Topology
Driver
RGB Color LED Application Using PIC12HV615
RGB LED
50 mA
VIN
ADC Input
Color Set
Other Device Options:
PIC12F1822
PIC16F1827
R
G
B
PIC12HV615
User
Interface
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
9
LED Lighting Solutions
Mixed-Signal LED Drivers
Some devices, such as the PIC16F616, have a SR latch
module that can be used in many different ways along with
the comparators and other digital signal events. Events such
as clock pulses or comparator signals can be programmed to
set or reset the SR latch. These programming options allow
almost any kind of control signal to be generated.
The PIC16F785 has two on-chip op amps, two on-chip
comparators, two SR latch PWM modules and an adjustable
voltage reference. This combination of peripherals can be
digitally configured to implement a wide variety of SMPS
circuit topologies.
Literature on the Web
■ AN1035 – Designing with HV Microcontrollers DS01035
■ AN1047 – Buck-Boost LED Driver Using the PIC16F785
MCU, DS01047
■ AN1271 – Offline Power Converter for High Brightness
LEDs Using the PIC16HV785 Microcontroller, DS01271
■ PIC16F785/HV785 Device Data Sheet, DS41249
PIC16HV785 Boost LED Driver Application
VBUS
PIC16HV785
Digital IO
CPU
OA1
Int OSC
5V Reg.
Voltage
Ref.
BOR
COMP1
+
+
PWM
–
–
LED
String
OA2
+
–
COMP2
Temp
Sensor
10-bit ADC
+
–
PIC16HV785 Flyback Converter with PFC and Dimming Control
Input
Filter
VBUS
PIC16HV785
Int OSC
CPU
VBUS
5V Reg.
LED
String
Voltage
Ref.
AC Ref
BOR
COMP1
+
MCP1402
PWM
–
ISENSE
COMP2
OA1
+
+
–
–
RFB
OA2
10-bit ADC
VBUS
+
PWM
PWM Dimming Control
10
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
–
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions
MCP1630 and MCP1631 High-Speed
PWM Controllers
MCP1630 Boost Mode LED Driver
Demonstration Board (MCP1630DM-LED2)
The MCP1630 and MCP1631 offer another method that can
be used to generate high speed PWM signals for high power
LED drivers. The MCP1630 is an 8-pin device that contains
the components needed to generate an analog PWM control
loop, including an error amplifier, comparator and a high
current output pin to drive a power transistor.
The MCP1630 is designed to be used with a MCU that
provides a reference clock source. The MCU controls the
PWM frequency and maximum duty cycle. The switching
frequency can be up to 1 MHz, depending on the application
requirements. The MCU can also control the reference input
for the error amplifier when dimming or soft start functions
are required. Multiple MCP1630 devices can be attached to
a MCU to support multiple power channels.
The MCP1630 can be used to solve advanced power supply
issues. When multiple MCP1630 devices are used, phase
offsets can be applied to each clock input to reduce bus
current ripple. For applications that are sensitive to EMI,
dithering can be applied to the clock signal to reduce
radiated energy at a given frequency.
The MCP1631 is a 20-pin device which, in addition to
the MCP1630 includes an internal 5V or 3.3V regulator,
shutdown control, overvoltage protection, oscillator disable
and 1x and 10x gain amplifiers.
This demo board is a step-up, switch-mode,
DC-DC converter used for power LED
applications. The demo board provides a
350 mA or 700 mA constant current source
with a jumper selection. The input operating
voltage range is 9-16 VDC and the board
can supply up to 30W to a string of power
LEDs.
MCP1631HV Digitally Controlled Programmable
Current Source Reference Design (MCP631RD-DCPC1)
This board provides a SEPIC DC-DC
converter for power LED and battery
charging applications. The input voltage
range is 3.5-16 VDC and the maximum
power output is 8.5W.
Literature on the Web
■ MCP1630/MCP1630V Device Data Sheet, DS21896
■ MCP1631 Device Data Sheet, DS22063
MCP1630 Boost Mode LED Driver
9-13V DC
5V
5V
PIC12HV615
MCU
Clock
MCP1630
PWM
Controller
10 LED String
700 mA, 34V DC
MCP9700
Temp Sensor
User
Interface
Reference
Current Feedback
Thermal Feedback
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
11
LED Lighting Solutions
Digital Control vs. Analog Control
Low Cost Digital Control
LEDs can be driven with a fully digital control loop. Instead
of measuring the LED current with an op amp or comparator
circuit, the LED current is sampled using an ADC. Some
type of digital algorithm replaces the analog control loop.
A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm is
commonly used because it has software coefficients that
can readily be adjusted to affect the controller behavior. A
digital PWM peripheral is used to drive the LED. The digital
algorithm computes an output based on its inputs and
provides the duty cycle for the PWM peripheral.
Some power supply applications require fast dynamic
response to compensate for load changes. In these
applications, a fast ADC and fast calculation performance
are required. However, a LED provides a stable load for a
constant-current power supply. Therefore, a fast ADC and fast
processing power are not always required to implement a
digital control loop for a LED driver application.
A low-cost device in the PIC12F or PIC16F family with a CCP
peripheral and an ADC can be used to implement a LED
driver using digital control. The CCP peripheral is used in
PWM mode to control the power supply circuit. Operating
from the internal 8 MHz device oscillator, the CCP can
provide PWM frequencies above 100 KHz to keep power
component sizes small. Since the LED provides a constant
load, it is sufficient to sample the output current and adjust
the PWM duty cycle at a much lower rate. A sample rate of
1000 Hz is ideal for many applications.
Literature on the Web
■ AN1138 – A Digital Constant Current Power LED Driver,
DS01138
Comparison of Digital Control vs. Analog Control Functions
Set
Controller
Feedback Loop
Digital Controller
Analog Controller
Microcontroller
Set Point
+
Controller
Output
–
Set Point
Feedback
ADC
PID or
Digital Filter
Algorithm
PWM
Controller
Output
Feedback
PIC12HV615 Buck LED Driver with Digital Control
DC Bus
15V
5V
LED
String
PIC12HV615
Other Device Options:
PIC12F1822
PIC16F1823
MCP1402
Gate Driver
ADC Input
125 KHz
PWM
Current
Sense
Filter
12
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions
High Performance Digital Control
Devices in the PIC18F, PIC24 and dsPIC33F families offer
8-bit and 16-bit solutions for fast calculation of digital control
loops. In addition, these families have device variants with
fast ADC peripherals and specialized PWM modules that are
optimized for power control applications.
A selection of devices for digital power control is shown in
the table below. There are many other Microchip devices that
could be used, but these devices represent low-cost and
small package choices.
Devices in the PIC18F family have an 8-bit CPU with a
hardware multiplier. The PIC18 is a good choice for moderate
control loop rates (1-10 KHz). Devices in the dsPIC33F family
have a 16-bit CPU with DSP resources. This family is a good
choice if you need to execute multiple control loops at a
faster rate. Devices in the PIC24 family offer an intermediate
solution with 16-bit calculation performance.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS202 device has a Power Supply PWM
module that can generate high switching frequencies with
very fine edge resolution. This PWM module can also
generate phase shifted PWM signals for advanced power
supply applications.
The 28-pin dsPIC33FJ06GS202 device can provide a highly
integrated solution for LED lighting applications. The PWM
peripheral can drive 3 strings of LEDs, replacing 3 separate
analog control ICs. Furthermore, there are resources left
over for active power factor correction (PFC) and digital
communications.
LED Lighting Development Kit Reference Design
The LED Lighting Development Kit demonstrates the
capabilities of Microchips “GS” series of dsPIC Digital Signal
Controllers (DSC) in High Brightness (HB) LED applications.
More information is available at: www.microchip.com/LED.
Web Links
www.microchip.com/smps
www.microchip.com/pic24
www.microchip.com/pic18
Selected Devices for Digital Power Control
Device
Pins
Architecture
ADC
PWM
PIC18F23K22
28
8-bit MCU
10-bit, 100 KSPS
3 Enhanced, 2 Standard
PIC24FJ16GA002
28
16-bit MCU
10-bit, 500 KSPS
5 Standard
dsPIC33FJ06GS202
28
16-bit DSC
10-bit, 2 MSPS
4 Power Supply
Multiple LED Driver Application with PFC
VBUS
VAC
PFC
PFC
Drive
LED Drive 1
LED Drive 2
LED Drive 3
MCP1416
120
VAC
Drive 1
I1
I2
I3
dsPIC33FJ06GS202
VAC
PWM1
lPFC
PWM2
VBUS
10-bit
ADC
I1
PWM3
Output Compare
Serial
Comm.
www.microchip.com/lighting
Drive 3
PWM4
I2
I3
Drive 2
PFC Drive
GPIO
40 MIPS DSP
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
13
LED Lighting Solutions
Wired Communication Solutions for Lighting
DMX512
Many lighting applications require some form of
communication for remote control but also for diagnostic
purposes. Some of the most common interfaces used in
lighting are:
■ 0-10V
■ DMX512
■ Digitally Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI)
The DMX512 interface (ANSI E1.11) has gained great
popularity in theatrical/entertainment lighting applications
because of its simplicity and low cost. It is based on a 250
Kbaud asynchronous serial interface that uses the standard
RS-485 differential line transceivers. Transmitter and
receivers can be implemented on most PIC microcontrollers
in a few lines of code. PIC microcontrollers that offer a
EUSART peripheral allow for the simplest and most efficient
implementation of the protocol.
Application note AN1076 offers an example implementation
of both a transmitter and typical DMX512 receiver on a
PIC18F2420 model.
The figure below shows an application example where
a PIC24FJ16GA002 implements a DMX512 receiver to
control three PWM output channels (each capable of 16-bit
resolution).
0-10V Interface
All PIC microcontroller families offer models that integrate
an Analog-to-Digital converter peripheral with a minimum of
8-bit resolution that allows them to connect to the industry
standard 0-10V interface with minimum external component
count. Most Flash PIC microcontroller models offer a
10-bit resolution ADC, while 12-bit resolution is available
on selected models. Each I/O pin is protected by a pair of
(clipping) diodes so to prevent latch-up and damages that
could follow from the incorrect wiring of a 0-10V interface
(over-voltage).
There are different 0-10V specifications based on
the intended application. The 0-10V control interface
for controllable ballasts is defined in Annex E of the
IEC60929 specification. The 0-10V control interface for the
entertainment industry is defined by ANSI E1.3-2001.
Literature on the Web
■ AN1076 – Using a PIC Microcontroller for DMX512
Communication
PIC24FJ16GA002 Controlling 3 PWM Output Channels
PIC24FJ16GA002
Digitally Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI)
D
DALI
is a bi-directional
digital protocol that
d
rrequires a two wire
cconnection system
ssimilar to the 0-10V
iinterface, but offers
iindividual lamp or group
addressability in a bus
a
cconfiguration. The low
sspeed Manchester
encoding system used
e
allows for an inexpensive firmware implementation on
most any PIC microcontroller. Many PIC devices offering an
analog comparator peripheral can implement an advanced
power saving techniques as demonstrated in application
note AN809. Application note AN811 illustrates the
implementation of a bridge between DALI and a standard
RS-232 serial interface.
PWM1
E
U
S
A
R
T
DMX512
PWM2
PWM3
RS-485
Transceiver
DALI Ballast Software Library
A DALI ballast software library is available for PIC MCUs
that comply with the latest release of the IEC60929
specification. Contact your local sales office for availability.
Literature on the Web
■ AN809 – Digitally Addressable DALI Dimming Ballast
■ AN811 – The RS-232/DALI Bridge Interface
14
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions
Advanced Communication Solutions for Lighting
Development Tools
Several advanced wired and wireless communication
interfaces are being evaluated for use in a multitude of
innovative lighting applications including:
■ ZigBee® and MiWi™ wireless protocols based on the
IEEE 802.15.4 standard
■ Wi-Fi™, IEEE 802.11
■ Ethernet, IEEE 802.3
■ USB
■ CAN, LIN
MRF24J10 – a fully integrated 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4
compatible transceiver
DM163027-4 – PICDEM Z 2.4 GHz Demonstration Kit
DM183023 – ZENA™ wireless network analyzer tool uses
a simple graphical interface to configure the free Microchip
ZigBee and MiWi protocol stacks.
ZigBee® Protocol
The ZigBee protocol is
an industry standard
protocol for wireless
networking. Specifically
designed for low cost and
relatively low bandwidth
automation applications
it allows the quick
deployment of several
networking flexible
topologies, including star,
cluster and mesh.
PIC microcontrollers offer the ideal combination of
performance and low power features required to implement
an efficient ZigBee solution. Microchip offers a free ZigBee
Residential stack implementation for the PIC18 and PIC24
family of microcontrollers. More information can be found in
Application Note AN1232. Microchip also offers Zigbee PRO
stack along with public application profiles such as Smart
Energy Profile.
MiWi™ Protocol
Web Links
www.microchip.com/wireless
www.microchip.com/zigbee
www.microchip.com/miwi
Wi-Fi Interface
Microchip’s Wi-Fi modules have been architected to ease
integration at minimum system cost. Designing from a
module removes effort and time from having to design with a
chip. All module components are tuned for best performance
and have been tested for a variety of antennas. Designers
can simply design the module onto their board in order to
go straight to production. Because the MRF24WB0MA and
MRF24WB0MB modules are certified, designers can save
tens of thousands of dollars for certification fees and about
six months of engineering time. For high volume customers,
the best path is to start with the module to get to market
rapidly.
MRF24WB0MA/MB
PCB
Antenna
Microchip MiWi P2P is one of the wireless protocols that
is supported in MiWi Development Environment (DE). It
is a variation of IEEE 802.15.4, using Microchip’s IEEE
802.15.4 compliant and other proprietary RF transceivers,
which are controlled by Microchip 8, 16 or 32-bit
microcontroller with a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI).
Application Note AN1204 describes the Microchip Wireless
(MiWi) Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Protocol and its differences from
IEEE 802.15.4.
Interface
2.4 GHz
Transceiver
RAM
Digital I/O
Interrupt
Power
(MA Only)
The MiWi Wireless Networking Protocol is a simple protocol
designed for low data rate, short distance, low-cost
networks. Fundamentally based on IEEE 802.15.4™ for
wireless personal area networks (WPANs) later expanded
to support Microchip proprietary RF transceivers, the MiWi
protocol provides an easy-to-use alternative for wireless
communication. In particular, it targets smaller applications
that have relatively small network sizes and with few hops
between. For more details, check Application Note AN1066.
MiWi™ P2P Protocol
Flash
SPI
AES, TKIP
Encryption
Accelerator
Matching
Circuitry
JTAG
Debug
Power
Amplifier
ROM
Reset
Hibernate
Wireless Tools
DM183032 – PICDEM PIC18 Explorer Board
DM240001 – Explorer 16 Demo Board
AC164134 – MRF24J40MA PICtail™ Plus Daughter Board
AC164137 – MRF49XA PICtail™ Plus Daughter Board
AC164138 – MRF89XA PICtail™ Plus Daughter Board
AC164136-4 – MRF24WB0MA Wi-Fi PICtail™ Plus Daughter
Board
Web Link
www.microchip.com/wireless
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
15
LED Lighting Solutions
USB Interface
With the demise of the serial port, any application that
requires a connection with a personal computer has now
to be routed to the USB port. Some innovative lighting
applications occasionally require such a connection to be
established. Several models of PIC18F microcontrollers
incorporate a complete USB interface. Several interface
examples are offered to the designer to simplify the
transition from serial port to USB and to integrate the
application with existing Microsoft Windows® drivers.
Development Tools
DM163025 – PICDEM FS-USB Demonstration Board
DM320003-2 – PIC32 USB Starter Kit II
■ EUI-48™ and EUI-64™ enabled MAC address chips along
with Serial EEPROM functionality
■ A broad range of development tools to enhance the user’s
experience
Development Tools
DM320004 – PIC32 Ethernet Starter Kit
AC164123 – Ethernet PICtail™ Plus Daughter Board
AC164121 – Ethernet PICtail™ Daughter Board
DM240001 – Explorer 16 Development Board
DM163024 – PICDEM.net™ 2 Development Board
Web Link
www.microchip.com/ethernet
Web Link
CAN and LIN Protocols
www.microchip.com/usb
Both the CAN and LIN protocols were originally created
for the automotive market. CAN was designed as a high
reliability and speed protocol (up to 1 Mbit/s) for the harsh
environment of the car electrical bus. LIN was later added
as a simple low cost alternative for the control of non-critical
modules on a vehicle. Both find occasional applications in
lighting.
Many of the PIC18F, PIC24H, PIC32 microcontrollers and
dsPIC DSCs include a complete CAN serial interface. The
MCP25XX series of peripheral interfaces includes several
CAN transceiver and CAN I/O expander devices.
All PIC microcontroller devices offering an EUSART module
(PIC18F devices and most recent PIC16F devices) offer
direct support for LIN bus connectivity with auto-baud rate
detection and specific low power features.
Ethernet Interface
Ethernet connectivity is becoming ubiquitous and most new
office and industrial building are being wired for Ethernet. As
lower cost solutions are becoming available it is increasingly
tempting to use Ethernet for even the simplest control and
diagnostic applications.
Ethernet Interface Controller
MCU
INT, WOL
Microchip addresses the growing demand for a small
and low-cost embedded Ethernet solution by offering the
following:
■ PIC32MX6XX and PIC32MX7XX families with integrated
10/100 Ethernet MAC, dedicated DMA interface supports
packet scatter/gather for outstanding low CPU-overhead
performance at full 100 Megabit/seconds. Industry
standard RMII/MII interface, pre-programmed unique
MAC address. This family is fully compatible with
10/100/1000 Base-T networks
■ 10/100 Base-T ENC624J600 standalone Ethernet
controllers which are IEEE 802.3 compliant, integrated
with hardware cryptographic security engines and factory
preprogrammed unique MAC address. This family is fully
compatible with 10/100/1000 Base-T networks
■ 10 Base-T ENC28J60 standalone Ethernet controller and
the PIC18F97J60 family, which are IEEE 802.3 compliant
and fully compatible with 10/100/1000 Base-T networks
■ Free licensed and robust TCP/IP stack, which is optimized
for the PIC18, PIC24 and PIC32 microcontroller and dsPIC
digital signal controller families
16
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
Automotive Ambient Lighting Module
Reference Design (APGRD004)
The Automotive Ambient Interior Lighting
Module Reference Design demonstrates
microcontroller-based control of RGB LED
devices. This module can be controlled
remotely by a master body controller via
a LIN bus. These modules are offered in a very compact
form-factor board and are comprised of a PIC12F615 MCU,
an MCP2021 LIN transceiver/voltage regulator, and RGB
LED. LIN commands are interpreted by the module to control
color mixing (16,383 colors) and intensity (1023 levels).
The kit ships with 4 modules to assign as lighting zones in
a LIN or J2602 network. These modules can also be used in
conjunction with the APGDT001 LIN Serial Analyzer to quickly
create a working LIN network straight out of the box.
Development Tools
DM163005 – PICDEM LIN Demonstration Board
DM163011 – PICDEM CAN-LIN 2 Demonstration Board
APGDT001 – LIN Serial Analyzer Tool
APGRD004 – Ref Design, Automotive Ambient Lighting
Literature on the Web
■ AN829 – LightKeeper Automotive Lighting Control
Module, DS00829
Web Links
www.microchip.com/can
www.microchip.com/lin
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions
Temperature Sensing Solutions for
Power LED Applications
Every light source has a specific energy efficiency. A certain
portion of the energy supplied to it is wasted in the form of
heat. One of the fundamental differences between Power
LED technology and other traditional sources of light is in
the way this heat is transferred. In fact, LEDs are particularly
good at producing a radiation with very narrow range of
frequencies typically designed to produce a specific color
in the visible spectrum. There is very little infrared (heat)
radiation produced. All the heat produced by the light
source has to be transferred instead by contact. Packaging
technology plays an important role in facilitating the heat
transfer from the LED, but an accurate thermal analysis
of the entire lighting application (total thermal resistance
from junction to ambient) is required to guarantee that
the maximum temperature of the junction is not exceeded
during operation. In particular, white LEDs employ phosphor
materials to convert the monochromatic light emitted into a
wider spectrum, to produce a “white” color. The phosphors
are even more sensitive to temperature and can be easily
damaged if overheated.
Before the LED junction reaches the maximum operating
junction temperature (typically 125°C) the temperature
increase will have negative impact on a number of LED
characteristics including efficiency, light intensity, lifetime
and color.
While the safe way to design a power LED application is to
provide a low temperature resistance path to a heat sink
that is dimensioned for the worst possible environmental
and usage conditions, this might not always be possible
for physical or cost constraints. For this reason driver
ICs used in LED applications (such as the MCP1630 and
MCP1650) often incorporate an over-temperature protection,
performing what is substantially a device shutdown when
the temperature rises above a given threshold. While this is
effective to protect the device from reaching temperatures
that could damage the LED (or the phosphor layer for white
LED applications), the driver IC is not always guaranteed
to be placed close to the emitting device(s). If the LEDs
are arranged in modules, separate from the driving circuit,
comprising several emitters connected in series or parallel,
the temperature sensed by the driver could be considerably
different from the actual module emitter’s junctions.
Logic Output Temperature Sensors
Low cost temperature
sensing devices such
TOVER TC6501
GND
as the TC6501 and
TOVER TC6502
TC6501
TC6502 (offered in
TC6502
SOT-23 packages) can be
GND
conveniently placed near
power LED(s) to obtain a
HYST
VCC
more accurate temperature
monitoring and provide a
logic output fault signal.
The fault signal will be activated as soon as a factoryprogrammed temperature threshold is reached. Temperature
threshold values can be selected in increments of 20°C as
indicated in the following table.
TC6501/TC6502 Logic Output Temperature Sensors
Temperature
Threshold (°C)
Device
TC6501P045VCT
45
TC6501P065VCT
65
TC6501P075VCT
75
TC6501P095VCT
95
TC6501P0105VCT
105
TC6501P0115VCT
115
TC6501P0120VCT
120
TC6501P0125VCT
125
Resistor-Programmable Temperature Switches
The MCP9509/10 devices are programmable logic output
temperature switches. The temperature switch threshold can
be programmed with a single external resistor, which provides
high design flexibility and simplicity. In addition, this family
of devices provide user programmable features such as 2°C
and 10°C (typical) switch hysteresis and output structure
configuration. The MCP9509 provides an open drain output,
whereas the MCP9510 is offered in three different user
selectable output configurations: Active-low/Active-high
push pull and Active-Low Open-Drain output with an internal
100 kΩ pull-up resistor.
The MCP9509/10 operate from 2.7V to 5.5V. This family is
capable of triggering for temperatures -40°C to +125°C with
high accuracy.
MCP9509/10 Resistor-Programmable
Temperature Switches
Device
www.microchip.com/lighting
Temperature Threshold (°C)
MCP9509CT-E/OT
-40ºC to +125ºC (Falling Hot to Cold)
MCP9509HT-E/OT
-40ºC to +125ºC (Rising Cold to Hot)
MCP9510CT-E/CH
-40ºC to +125ºC (Falling Hot to Cold)
MCP9510HT-E/CH
-40ºC to +125ºC (Rising Cold to Hot)
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
17
LED Lighting Solutions
Using TC6501 Open Drain Output for
Current Set-Point Control
Fan Controller Application Using TC6502
If a cooling device (fan) is available, a TC6502 device (with
the HYST pin connected to VCC to obtain a 10°C hysteresis
threshold) can directly control a cooling fan to improve the
heat transfer.
There are different ways that the TC6501 and TC6502
temperature sensors can be used in an application. The
open-drain output of the TC6501 is useful for controlling
signals in analog circuits. For example, the TC6501 could
be used to limit a current reference set-point for a switchmode power supply. It could also be connected to signals in
op amp circuits to alter the behavior of the system when a
temperature limit is exceeded (see figure below).
+12V
+5V
Using the TC6501 to Provide MCU Interrupt
Fan
If a microcontroller is present and managing the application,
a TC6502 with CMOS active-high output signal can be used
to provide an interrupt. The microcontroller in turn will be
able to apply PWM dimming techniques to reduce the power
output to the module (as shown in figure below).
VCC
TC6502
HIST
TOVER
GND
GND
Using TC6501 Open Drain Output for Current Set-Point Control
VIN
L
+5V
D1
VIN
VCC
OSC IN
VEXT
TC6501
MCP1630
Dn
CS
T OVER
VREF
FB
GND
GND
HIST
GND
COMP
Using the TC6501 to Provide MCU Interrupt
+5V
VCC
VCC
T OVER
TC6502
GND
18
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
GND
GP0
PWM
LED
Dimming
Signal
PIC12F683
HIST
GND
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions
Voltage Output Temperature Sensors
The most basic technique employed to protect the device
from damaging over-temperature conditions is to provide
a shutdown signal to the driver circuit when a pre-defined
threshold is reached. However, this behavior can be
unacceptable in applications where continuous lighting
is required for safety or regulatory conditions. A more
advanced approach can be obtained if a microcontroller is
used to manage the lighting application providing closed
loop control of the power supplied by the driver circuit.
As the temperature approaches the threshold the current
supplied can be reduced to limit the power output.
By using a Voltage Output Temperature Sensor such as
the MCP9700 and MCP9701, placed on the LED module
close to the emitting device, it is possible to provide a
linear voltage feedback signal to a PIC microcontroller. This
solution ensures that the light source can always operate at
a power level that remains within temperature limits. Almost
any kind of software algorithm can be implemented in the
microcontroller to respond to the temperature feedback,
allowing tremendous flexibility.
Power LED Thermal Control Circuit Using
MCP9700 and MCP1650
Alternatively a PIC microcontroller can perform a direct
PWM control (on/off) of the entire LED driving circuit at low
frequency (100-120 Hz). By limiting the average
on-time of the power LED, the total power output can be
limited. This technique has the advantage of stabilizing the
application temperature while maintaining the LED driving
current constant therefore limiting the LED color shift
produced by forward current changes. The diagram below
illustrates an example of a switching DC-DC converter design
based on the MCP1650 boost regulator controlled by a 6-pin
PIC10F220 microcontroller.
Learn More
The Intelligent Power Supply Design Center
(www.microchip.com/power) features temperature sensing
solutions, including application notes and product selection
charts.
Literature on the Web
■ DG4 – Temperature Sensor Design Guide, DS21895
MCP9700/01 Voltage Output Temperature Sensors
3-Pin TO-92
MCP9700/9701
Only
NC
NC
1 2 3
5-Pin SC-70
GND
MCP9700/9700A
MCP9701/9701A
VOUT
Bottom
View
VDD
1
VDD
GND
VOUT
Power LED Thermal Control Circuit Using MCP9700 and MCP1650
Boost Converter
MCP1650
SHDN
Temperature
Sensing
PWM
Power
Control
GP0
VOUT
AN1
High Power
LED Module
VCC
MCP9700
Vcc
GND
PIC10F220
GP3
GND
GP2
User Interface
Communication
www.microchip.com/lighting
LED Lighting Solutions Design Guide
19
Support
Training
Microchip is committed to supporting its customers
in developing products faster and more efficiently. We
maintain a worldwide network of field applications
engineers and technical support ready to provide product
and system assistance. In addition, the following service
areas are available at www.microchip.com:
■ Support link provides a way to get questions
answered fast: http://support.microchip.com
■ Sample link offers evaluation samples of any
Microchip device: http://sample.microchip.com
■ Forum link provides access to knowledge base and
peer help: http://forum.microchip.com
■ Buy link provides locations of Microchip Sales Channel
Partners: www.microchip.com/sales
If additional training interests you, then Microchip can
help. We continue to expand our technical training options,
offering a growing list of courses and in-depth curriculum
locally, as well as significant online resources – whenever
you want to use them.
■ Regional Training Centers: www.microchip.com/rtc
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■ Resources from our Distribution and Third Party Partners
www.microchip.com/training
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1/26/09
www.microchip.com
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC, MPLAB and PIC are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology
Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. MiWi, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICtail and ZENA are trademarks of Microchip
Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective
companies. © 2010, Microchip Technology Incorporated, All Rights Reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. 7/10
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