LINER LCXW 1.1a, low noise, low dropout linear regulator Datasheet

LT1965
1.1A, Low Noise,
Low Dropout Linear Regulator
FEATURES
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DESCRIPTION
Output Current: 1.1A
Dropout Voltage: 290mV
Low Noise: 40μVRMS (10Hz to 100kHz)
500μA Quiescent Current
Wide Input Voltage Range: 1.8V to 20V
No Protection Diodes Needed
Controlled Quiescent Current in Dropout
Adjustable Output from 1.20V to 19.5V
< 1μA Quiescent Current in Shutdown
Stable with 10μF Output Capacitor
Stable with Ceramic, Tantalum or Aluminum
Electrolytic Capacitors
Reverse Battery Protection
No Reverse Current
Current Limit with Foldback Protection
Thermal Limiting
5-Lead TO-220, DD-PAK, Thermally Enhanced 8-Lead
MSOP and 8-Lead 3mm × 3mm DFN Packages
The LT®1965 is a low noise, low dropout linear regulator.
The device supplies 1.1A of output current with a 290mV
typical dropout voltage. Operating quiescent current is
500μA, reducing to <1μA in shutdown. Quiescent current
is well controlled; it does not rise in dropout as with many
other regulators. The LT1965 regulator has very low output noise which makes it ideal for sensitive RF and DSP
supply applications.
Output voltage ranges from 1.20V to 19.5V. The LT1965
regulator is stable with output capacitors as low as 10μF.
Internal protection circuitry includes reverse battery protection, current limiting with foldback, thermal limiting
and reverse current protection. The LT1965 is available
as an adjustable device with a 1.20V reference voltage.
The package offering includes the 5-lead TO-220, 5-lead
DD-PAK as well as the thermally enhanced 8-lead MSOP
and 8-lead 3mm × 3mm DFN.
, LT, LTC and LTM are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
APPLICATIONS
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Logic Power Supplies
Post Regulator for Switching Supplies
Low Noise Instrumentation
TYPICAL APPLICATION
Dropout Voltage
3.3V to 2.5V Regulator
10μF*
OUT
5.11k
1%
LT1965
SHDN
2.5V
1.1A
+
10μF*
ADJ
GND
1965 TA01
4.75k
1%
*CERAMIC, TANTALUM OR
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC
TJ = 25°C
350
DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
VIN > 3V
TO 20V
IN
+
400
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
1
1.2
1965 TA01b
1965f
1
LT1965
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
(Note 1)
IN Pin Voltage .........................................................±22V
OUT Pin Voltage ......................................................±22V
Input to Output Differential Voltage (Note 2) ......... ±22V
ADJ Pin Voltage ........................................................±9V
⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N Pin Voltage ...................................................±22V
Output Short-Circuit Duration .......................... Indefinite
Operating Junction Temperature Range (E, I Grade)
(Notes 2, 13)......................................–40°C to 125°C
Storage Temperature Range...................–65°C to 150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)
(Only for MSOP, TO-220, DD-PAK Packages) ... 300°C
PIN CONFIGURATION
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
OUT 1
OUT 2
ADJ 3
9
GND 4
8
IN
7
IN
6
SHDN
5
GND
OUT
OUT
ADJ
GND
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
9
IN
IN
SHDN
GND
MS8E PACKAGE
8-LEAD PLASTIC MSOP
DD PACKAGE
8-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 65°C/W
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 9) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 60°C/W
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 9) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB
FRONT VIEW
FRONT VIEW
TAB IS
GND
5
ADJ
5
ADJ
4
OUT
4
OUT
3
GND
3
GND
2
IN
2
IN
1
SHDN
1
SHDN
TAB IS
GND
T PACKAGE
5-LEAD PLASTIC TO-220
Q PACKAGE
5-LEAD PLASTIC DD-PAK
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 30°C/W
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 50°C/W
ORDER INFORMATION
LEAD FREE FINISH
TAPE AND REEL
PART MARKING*
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
TEMPERATURE RANGE
LT1965EDD#PBF
LT1965EDD#TRPBF
LCXW
8-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN
–40°C to 125°C
LT1965EMS8E#PBF
LT1965EMS8E#TRPBF
LTCXX
8-Lead Plastic MSOP
–40°C to 125°C
LT1965EQ#PBF
LT1965EQ#TRPBF
LT1965Q
5-Lead Plastic DD-PAK
–40°C to 125°C
LT1965ET#PBF
LT1965ET#TRPBF
LT1965T
5-Lead Plastic TO-220
–40°C to 125°C
LT1965IDD#PBF
LT1965IDD#TRPBF
LCXW
8-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN
–40°C to 125°C
LT1965IMS8E#PBF
LT1965IMS8E#TRPBF
LTCXX
8-Lead Plastic MSOP
–40°C to 125°C
LT1965IQ#PBF
LT1965IQ#TRPBF
LT1965Q
5-Lead Plastic DD-PAK
–40°C to 125°C
LT1965IT#PBF
LT1965IT#TRPBF
LT1965T
5-Lead Plastic TO-220
–40°C to 125°C
Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *Temperature grades are identified by a label on the shipping container.
Consult LTC Marketing for information on non-standard lead based finish parts.
For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/
For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/
1965f
2
LT1965
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 3)
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
Minimum Input Voltage (Notes 4, 12)
ILOAD = 0.5A
ILOAD = 1.1A
●
VIN = 2.1V, ILOAD = 1mA
2.3V < VIN < 20V, 1mA < ILOAD < 1.1A
●
Line Regulation (Note 4)
ΔVIN = 2.1V to 20V, ILOAD = 1mA
●
Load Regulation
VIN = 2.3V, ΔILOAD = 1mA to 1.1A
VIN = 2.3V, ΔILOAD = 1mA to 1.1A
●
ILOAD = 1mA
ILOAD = 1mA
●
ILOAD = 100mA
ILOAD = 100mA
●
ILOAD = 500mA
ILOAD = 500mA
●
ILOAD = 1.1A
ILOAD = 1.1A
●
GND Pin Current
VIN = VOUT(NOMINAL) + 1V
(Notes 6, 8)
ILOAD = 0mA
ILOAD = 1mA
ILOAD = 100mA
ILOAD = 500mA
ILOAD = 1.1A
●
●
●
●
●
Output Voltage Noise
COUT = 10μF, ILOAD = 1.1A, BW = 10Hz to 100kHz
ADJ Pin Voltage (Notes 4, 5)
Dropout Voltage
VIN = VOUT(NOMINAL)
(Notes 6, 7, 12)
MIN
1.182
1.164
●
●
VOUT = Off to On
VOUT = On to Off
MAX
1.65
1.8
2.3
V
V
1.20
1.20
1.218
1.236
V
V
3
8
mV
4.25
8
16
mV
mV
0.05
0.08
0.14
V
V
0.10
0.175
0.28
V
V
0.19
0.25
0.36
V
V
0.29
0.36
0.49
V
V
0.5
0.6
2.2
8.2
21
1.1
1.5
5.5
20
40
mA
mA
mA
mA
mA
40
ADJ Pin Bias Current (Notes 4, 9)
Shutdown Threshold
TYP
0.2
UNITS
μVRMS
1.3
4.5
μA
0.85
0.45
2
V
V
⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N Pin Current (Note 10)
V⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N = 0V
V⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N = 20V
0.01
5.5
1
10
μA
μA
Quiescent Current in Shutdown
VIN = 6V, V⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N = 0V
0.01
1
μA
Ripple Rejection
VIN – VOUT = 1.5V (AVG), VRIPPLE = 0.5VP-P,
fRIPPLE = 120Hz, ILOAD = 0.75A
Current Limit
VIN = 7V, VOUT = 0
VIN = VOUT(NOMINAL) + 1V, ΔVOUT = -0.1V (Note 6)
Input Reverse Leakage Current
VIN = –20V, VOUT = 0
Reverse Output Current (Note 11)
VOUT = 1.2V, VIN < 1.2V (Note 4)
Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute
Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device
reliability and lifetime.
Note 2: Absolute maximum input to output differential voltage is not
achievable with all combinations of rated IN pin and OUT pin voltages.
With the IN pin at 22V, the OUT pin may not be pulled below 0V. The total
measured voltage from IN to OUT must not exceed ±22V.
Note 3: The LT1965 is tested and specified under pulse load conditions
such that TJ ≅ TA. The LT1965E is 100% tested at TA = 25°C. Performance
at –40°C and 125°C is assured by design, characterization, and correlation
with statistical process controls. The LT1965I is guaranteed over the full
–40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range.
Note 4: The LT1965 is tested and specified for these conditions with the
ADJ connected to the OUT pin.
57
●
75
dB
2
A
A
1.2
175
1
mA
400
μA
Note 5: Maximum junction temperature limits operating conditions. The
regulated output voltage specification does not apply for all possible
combinations of input voltage and output current. Limit the output current
range if operating at the maximum input voltage. Limit the input-to-output
voltage differential if operating at the maximum output current.
Note 6: To satisfy minimum input voltage requirements, the LT1965 is
tested and specified for these conditions with an external resistor divider
(bottom 4.02k, top 4.32k) for an output voltage of 2.5V. The external
resistor divider adds 300μA of output DC load current.
Note 7: Dropout voltage is the minimum input-to-output voltage
differential needed to maintain regulation at a specified output current. In
dropout, the output voltage equals: (VIN – VDROPOUT)
Note 8: GND pin current is tested with VIN = VOUT(NOMINAL) + 1V and a
current source load. GND pin current increases slightly in dropout. See
GND pin current curves in the Typical Performance Characteristics section.
1965f
3
LT1965
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Note 9: ADJ pin bias current flows into the ADJ pin.
Note 10: ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin current flows into the ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin.
Note 11: Reverse output current is tested with the IN pin grounded and the
OUT pin forced to the rated output voltage. This current flows into the OUT
pin and out of the GND pin.
Note 12: For the LT1965, the minimum input voltage specification limits
the dropout voltage under some output voltage/load conditions.
Note 13: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended
to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Junction
temperature will exceed 125°C when overtemperature is active.
Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating junction
temperature may impair device reliability.
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Typical Dropout Voltage
Guaranteed Dropout Voltage
500
DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
450
400
350
TJ = 125°C
300
250
200
TJ = 25°C
150
100
50
0
= TEST POINTS
450
450
400
TJ = 125°C
350
300
TJ = 25°C
250
200
150
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
1
0
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
0.4
0.3
IL = 1mA
1.210
0.8
1.206
1.202
1.198
1.194
0.1
1.186
1965 G04
–25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
1.182
–50
100
125
Quiescent Current
1.0
0.9
1.190
125
IL = 1mA
1965 G03
1.214
0.2
100
IL = 100mA
0
–50
1.2
QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA)
ADJ PIN VOLTAGE (V)
QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA)
0.6
0.5
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
150
ADJ Pin Voltage
1.218
0.7
–25
1
IL = 500mA
200
1965 G02
VIN = 6V
R L = ∞ , IL = 0
VSHDN = VIN
0
–50
250
50
1.2
IL = 1.1A
300
50
Quiescent Current
0.8
350
100
1965 G01
0.9
400
100
0
0
1.0
Dropout Voltage
500
DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
GUARANTEED DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
500
TJ = 25°C
RL = 4.02k
VSHDN = VIN
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
1965 G05
0
2
4
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
1965 G06
1965f
4
LT1965
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
GND PIN CURRENT (mA)
1.6
1.2
1.0
0.8
RL = 120Ω, IL = 10mA*
0.6
RL = 1.2k, IL = 1mA*
GND Pin Current vs ILOAD
RL = 1.091Ω, IL = 1.1A*
15
10
RL = 2.4Ω, IL = 500mA*
20.0
0.2
1
2
3 4 5 6 7
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
8
9
1
2
3 4 5 6 7
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
8
⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N Pin Threshold
9
0
10
⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N Pin Input Current
1.0
6.0
0.6
ON TO OFF
0.4
0.3
0.2
5.9
5
SHDN PIN INPUT CURRENT (μA)
SHDN PIN INPUT CURRENT (μA)
0.7
4
3
2
1
0.1
1.0
1.2
VSHDN = 20V
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
0
–50
0
–25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
0
125
2
4
5.0
–50
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
SHDN PIN VOLTAGE (V)
ADJ Pin Bias Current
2.5
ΔVOUT = –100mV
1.0
VIN = 7V
VOUT = 0V
TJ = –50°C
1.5
TJ = 125°C
1.0
TJ = 25°C
0.5
CURRENT LIMIT (A)
CURRENT LIMIT (A)
1.5
125
2.5
2.0
3.5
2.0
100
Current Limit vs Temperature
3.0
4.0
3.0
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
1965 G12
Current Limit vs VIN –VOUT
4.5
2.5
–25
1965 G11
1965 G10
ADJ PIN BIAS CURRENT (μA)
0.6
0.8
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N Pin Input Current
OFF TO ON
0.8
0.2
1965 G09
6
0.5
10.0
7.50
1965 G08
1965 G07
0.9
12.5
0
0
10
15.0
2.50
0
0
17.5
5.00
RL = 12Ω, IL = 100mA*
0
VIN = VOUT(NOMINAL) + 1V
22.5
5
0.4
SHDN PIN THRESHOLD (V)
25.0
TJ = 25°C
VSHDN = VIN
*FOR VOUT = 1.2V
20
RL = 24Ω, IL = 50mA*
1.4
GND PIN CURRENT (mA)
TJ = 25°C
VSHDN = VIN
*FOR VOUT = 1.2V
1.8
GND Pin Current
25
GND PIN CURRENT (mA)
GND Pin Current
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
0
–50
0
–25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
1965 G13
0
2
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
INPUT/OUTPUT DIFFERENTIAL (V)
1965 G14
0
–50
–25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
1965 G15
1965f
5
LT1965
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Reverse Output Current
Reverse Output Current
0.50
5
4
3
2
1
0.45
Ripple Rejection vs Frequency
90
VIN = 0V
VOUT = 1.2V
80
0.40
RIPPLE REJECTION (dB)
TJ = 25°C
VIN = 0V
CURRENT FLOWS INTO
OUTPUT PIN
VOUT = VADJ
REVERSE OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
REVERSE OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
6
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
0
2
0
–50
10
4
6
8
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
–25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
1965 G16
125
70
60
50
40
30
20 IL = 0.75A
COUT = 10μF CERAMIC
10 VIN = VOUT(NOMINAL)
+ 1V + 50mVRMS RIPPLE
0
100
10
1k
10k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Minimum Input Voltage
100
Load Regulation
2.5
0
RIPPLE REJECTION (dB)
80
70
IL = 0.75A
VIN = VOUT(NOMINAL) + 1V + 0.5P-P
RIPPLE AT f = 120Hz
60
–50
–25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
2.0
IL = 1.1A
IL = 500mA
1.5
IL = 100mA
1.0
0.5
100
0
–50
125
VOUT = 1.8V
VOUT = 1.5V
1k
VOUT = 1.2V
10k
100k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1965 G22
OUTPUT NOISE VOLTAGE (μVRMS)
OUTPUT NOISE SPECTRAL DENSITY (μV Hz)
VOUT = 3.3V
100
–8
–10
–12
–25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
–16
–50
–25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
1965 G21
1.8V 10Hz to 100kHz
Output Noise
80
COUT = 10μF
IL = 1.1A
10
–6
RMS Output Noise vs Load
Current (10Hz to 100kHz)
0.10
0.01
–4
1965 G20
Output Noise Spectral Density
VOUT
= 2.5V
VIN = 2.3V
ΔIL = 1mA TO 1.1A
–14
1965 G19
1.00
LOAD REGULATION (mV)
MINIMUM INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
–2
90
1M
1965 G18
1965 G17
Ripple Rejection vs Temperature
100k
COUT = 10μF
IL = 1.1A
COUT = 10μF
70 IL = 1.1A
60
VOUT = 3.3V
50
VOUT = 2.5V
VOUT
100μV/DIV
40
VOUT = 1.8V
30
20
VOUT = 1.2V
10
0
0.0001
400μs/DIV
VOUT = 1.5V
0.001
0.01
0.1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
1
1965 G24
10
1965 G23
1965f
6
LT1965
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N Transient Response
4.0
VOUT = 3.3V
50
0
–50
LOAD CURRENT (A)
–100
1.5
VIN = 4.3V
CIN = 10μF CERAMIC
COUT = 10μF CERAMIC
1.0
0.5
SHDN AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
DEVIATION (mV)
Transient Response
100
3.5
SHDN
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
OUTPUT
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0
10
20
30 40 50
TIME (μs)
60
70
80
1965 G25
PIN FUNCTIONS
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TIME (μs)
1965 G26
VIN = 3.3V
COUT = 10μF CERAMIC
RL = 2.5k, IL = 1mA FOR VOUT = 2.5V
(DFN/MSOP/DD-PAK/TO-220)
OUT (Pins 1, 2 / 1, 2 / 4 / 4): Output. This pin supplies
power to the load. Use a minimum output capacitor of
10μF to prevent oscillations. Large load transient applications require larger output capacitors to limit peak voltage transients. See the Applications Information section
for more information on output capacitance and reverse
output characteristics.
ADJ (Pins 3 / 3 / 5 / 5): Adjust. This pin is the input to the
error amplifier. It has a typical bias current of 1.3μA that
flows into the pin. The ADJ pin voltage is 1.20V referenced
to ground.
GND (Pins 4, 5 / 4, 5 / 3 / 3): Ground. For the adjustable
LT1965, connect the bottom of the resistor divider, setting
output voltage, directly to GND for optimum regulation.
⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N (Pin 6 / 6 / 1 / 1): Shutdown. Pulling the ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin
low puts the LT1965 into a low power state and turns the
output off. Drive the ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin with either logic or an open
collector/drain with a pull-up resistor. The resistor supplies the pull-up current to the open collector/drain logic,
⎯ H
⎯ D
⎯ N
⎯ pin current,
normally several microamperes and the S
typically less than 6μA. If unused, connect the ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin
to VIN. The LT1965 will be in its low power shutdown state
if the ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin is not connected. The ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin cannot
be driven below GND unless it is tied to the IN pin. If the
⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin is driven below GND while IN is powered, the
output will turn on. ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin logic cannot be referenced
to a negative supply rail.
IN (Pins 7, 8 / 7, 8 / 2 / 2): Input. This pin supplies power
to the device. The LT1965 requires a bypass capacitor at IN
if located more than six inches from the main input filter
capacitor. Include a bypass capacitor in battery-powered
circuits as a battery’s output impedance generally rises
with frequency. A bypass capacitor in the range of 1μF to
10μF suffices. The LT1965’s design withstands reverse
voltages on the IN pin with respect to ground and the
OUT pin. In the case of a reversed input, which occurs if
a battery is plugged in backwards, the LT1965 behaves
as if a diode is in series with its input. No reverse current
flows into the LT1965 and no reverse voltage appears at
the load. The device protects itself and the load.
Exposed Pad (Pin 9 / 9, DFN and MSOP Packages Only):
Ground. Tie this pin directly to Pins 4 and 5 and the PCB
ground. This pin provides enhanced thermal performance
with its connection to the PCB ground. See the Applications Information section for thermal considerations and
calculating junction temperature.
1965f
7
LT1965
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
The LT1965 is a 1.1A low dropout regulator with shutdown. The device is capable of supplying 1.1A at a typical
dropout voltage of 290mV. The low operating quiescent
current (500μA) drops to less than 1μA in shutdown. In
addition to its low quiescent current, the LT1965 regulator
incorporates several protection features that make it ideal
for use in battery-powered systems. The device protects
itself against both reverse input and reverse output voltages. In battery backup applications, if a backup battery
holds up the output when the input is pulled to ground,
the LT1965 performs like it has a diode in series with its
output, preventing reverse current flow. Also, in dual supply applications where the regulator load is returned to a
negative supply, the output can be pulled below ground
by as much as 20V. The LT1965 still starts and operates
normally in this situation.
Adjustable Operation
The LT1965 has an output voltage range of 1.20V to 20V.
Figure 1 illustrates that the ratio of two external resistors
sets the output voltage. The device servos the output to
maintain the ADJ pin voltage at 1.20V referenced to ground.
R1’s current equals 1.20V/R1. R2’s current equals R1’s
current plus the ADJ pin bias current. The ADJ pin bias
current, 1.3μA at 25°C, flows through R2 into the ADJ pin.
Use the formula in Figure 1 to calculate output voltage.
Linear Technology recommends that R1’s value be less
than 12.1k to minimize output voltage errors due to the
ADJ pin bias current. In shutdown, the output turns off
and the divider current is zero. For curves depicting ADJ
Pin Voltage vs Temperature and ADJ Pin Bias Current vs
Temperature, see the Typical Performance Characteristics
section.
IN
VIN
OUT
R2
LT1965
ADJ
⎛ R2⎞
VOUT = 1.20 V ⎜1 + ⎟ + IADJ • R2
⎝ R1⎠
VADJ = 1.20 V
IADJ = 1.3µA AT 25º C
R1
GND
+
VOUT
OUTPUT RANGE = 1.20 V TO 19.5V
1965 F01
Figure 1. Adjustable Operation
The adjustable device is tested and specified with the ADJ
pin tied to the OUT pin for an output voltage of 1.20V.
Specifications for output voltages greater than 1.20V are
proportional to the ratio of the desired output voltage to
1.20V: VOUT/1.20V. For example, load regulation for an
output current change of 1mA to 1.1A is typically –4.25mV
at VOUT = 1.20V. At VOUT = 5V, load regulation is:
5V
• – 4 . 25mV = – 17 . 71mV
1 . 20 V
Output Capacitance
The LT1965’s design is stable with a wide range of output capacitors. The ESR of the output capacitor affects
stability, most notably with small capacitors. A minimum
output capacitor of 10μF with an ESR of 3Ω or less is
recommended to prevent oscillations. The LT1965 is a
low quiescent current device and output load transient
response is a function of output capacitance. Larger values
of output capacitance decrease the peak deviations and
provide improved transient response for larger current
changes.
Ceramic capacitors require extra consideration. Manufacturers make ceramic capacitors with a variety of dielectrics,
each with different behavior across temperature and applied
voltage. The most common dielectrics used are specified
with EIA temperature characteristic codes of Z5U, Y5V,
X5R and X7R. The Z5U and Y5V dielectrics provide high
C-V products in a small package at low cost, but exhibit
strong voltage and temperature coefficients as shown in
Figures 2 and 3. When used with a 5V regulator, a 16V
10μF Y5V capacitor can exhibit an effective value as low
as 1μF to 2μF for the DC bias applied and over the operating temperature range. The X5R and X7R dielectrics yield
much more stable characteristics and are more suitable
for use as the output capacitor. The X7R type works over
a wider temperature range and has better temperature
stability whereas X5R is less expensive and is available in
higher values. Care still must be exercised when using X5R
and X7R capacitors; the X5R and X7R codes only specify
operating temperature range and maximum capacitance
change over temperature. Capacitance change due to DC
bias with X5R and X7R capacitors is better than Y5V and
Z5U capacitors, but can still be significant enough to drop
1965f
8
LT1965
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
capacitor values below appropriate levels. Capacitor DC
bias characteristics tend to improve as component case
size increases, but expected capacitance at operating
voltages should be verified.
Voltage and temperature coefficients are not the only
sources of problems. Some ceramic capacitors have a
piezoelectric response. A piezoelectric device generates
voltage across its terminals due to mechanical stress,
similar to the way a piezoelectric accelerometer or microphone works. For a ceramic capacitor, the stress can be
induced by vibrations in the system or thermal transients.
The resulting voltages produced can cause appreciable
amounts of noise. A ceramic capacitor produced the trace
in Figure 4 in response to light tapping from a pencil.
Similar vibration induced behavior can masquerade as
increased output voltage noise.
20
Overload Recovery
Like many IC power regulators, the LT1965 has safe operating area protection. The safe area protection decreases
current limit as input-to-output voltage increases and keeps
the power transistor inside a safe operating region for all
values of input-to-output voltage. The protective design
provides some output current at all values of input-tooutput voltage up to the device breakdown.
When power is first applied, as input voltage rises, the
output follows the input, allowing the regulator to start up
into very heavy loads. During start-up, as the input voltage
is rising, the input-to-output voltage differential is small,
allowing the regulator to supply large output currents. With
a high input voltage, a problem can occur wherein removal
of an output short will not allow the output to recover.
40
BOTH CAPACITORS ARE 16V,
1210 CASE SIZE, 10μF
20
X5R
CHANGE IN VALUE (%)
CHANGE IN VALUE (%)
0
–20
–40
–60
Y5V
–80
–100
–20
–40
2
4
8
6
10 12
DC BIAS VOLTAGE (V)
14
Y5V
–60
–80
0
X5R
0
BOTH CAPACITORS ARE 16V,
1210 CASE SIZE, 10μF
–100
–50 –25
16
1965 F02
Figure 2. Ceramic Capacitor DC Bias Characteristics
50
25
75
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
1965 F03
Figure 3. Ceramic Capacitor Temperature Characteristics
1mV/DIV
VOUT = 1.3V
COUT = 10μF
ILOAD = 0
1ms/DIV
1965 F04
Figure 4. Noise Resulting from Tapping on a Ceramic Capacitor
1965f
9
LT1965
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Other regulators, such as the LT1083/LT1084/LT1085
family, also exhibit this phenomenon, so it is not unique
to the LT1965.
The problem occurs with a heavy output load when the
input voltage is high and the output voltage is low. Common situations include immediately after the removal of a
short-circuit or if the shutdown pin is pulled high after the
input voltage has already been turned on. The load line for
such a load may intersect the output current curve at two
points. If this happens, there are two stable output operating
points for the regulator. With this double intersection, the
input power supply may need to be cycled down to zero
and brought up again to make the output recover.
Output Voltage Noise
The LT1965 regulator’s design provides low output voltage
noise over the 10Hz to 100kHz bandwidth while operating
⎯ z⎯
at full load. Output voltage noise is approximately 80nV/√H
over this frequency bandwidth for the LT1965. For higher
output voltages (generated by using a resistor divider),
the output voltage noise gains up accordingly.
Higher values of output voltage noise may be measured
if care is not exercised with regard to circuit layout and
testing. Crosstalk from nearby traces can induce unwanted
noise onto the LT1965’s output. Power supply ripple rejection must also be considered; the LT1965 regulator does
not have unlimited power supply rejection and will pass a
small portion of the input noise through to the output.
Thermal Considerations
The LT1965’s maximum rated junction temperature of
125°C limits its power handling capability. Two components comprise the power dissipated by the device:
1. Output current multiplied by the input/output voltage
differential: IOUT • (VIN – VOUT), and
2. GND pin current multiplied by the input voltage:
IGND • VIN
GND pin current is determined using the GND Pin Current
curves in the Typical Performance Characteristics section.
Power dissipation equals the sum of the two components
listed.
The LT1965 regulator has internal thermal limiting that
protects the device during overload conditions. For continuous normal conditions, do not exceed the maximum
junction temperature rating of 125°C. Carefully consider
all sources of thermal resistance from junction to ambient including other heat sources mounted in proximity to
the LT1965.
The underside of the LT1965 DFN package has exposed
metal (4mm2) from the lead frame to the die attachment.
The underside of the LT1965 MSOP package also has exposed metal (2mm2). Both packages allow heat to directly
transfer from the die junction to the printed circuit board
metal to control maximum operating junction temperature.
The dual-in-line pin arrangement allows metal to extend
beyond the ends of the package on the topside (component
side) of a PCB. Connect this metal to GND on the PCB.
The multiple IN and OUT pins of the LT1965 also assist
in spreading heat to the PCB.
For surface mount devices, heat sinking is accomplished
by using the heat spreading capabilities of the PC board
and its copper traces. Copper board stiffeners and plated
through-holes can also be used to spread the heat generated by power devices.
1965f
10
LT1965
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
The following tables list thermal resistance for several
different board sizes and copper areas. All measurements
were taken in still air on 1/16" FR-4 board with one ounce
copper.
Table 1. Measured Thermal Resistance for DFN Package
Copper Area
Topside*
Backside
2500mm2
2500mm2
2
1000mm
2500mm2
2
225mm
2500mm2
100mm2
2500mm2
2
50mm
2500mm2
*Device is mounted on topside
Board Area
Thermal Resistance
(Junction-to-Ambient)
2500mm2
2500mm2
2500mm2
2500mm2
2500mm2
60°C/W
62°C/W
65°C/W
68°C/W
70°C/W
2500mm2
2500mm2
2
1000mm
2500mm2
2
225mm
2500mm2
100mm2
2500mm2
2
50mm
2500mm2
*Device is mounted on topside
Example: Given an output voltage of 2.5V, an input voltage
range of 3.3V ± 5%, an output current range of 0mA to
500mA and a maximum ambient temperature of 85°C,
what will the maximum junction temperature be?
The power dissipated by the device equals:
IOUT(MAX) • (VIN(MAX) – VOUT) + IGND • VIN(MAX)
where:
IOUT(MAX) = 500mA
VIN(MAX) = 3.465V
Table 2. Measured Thermal Resistance for MSOP Package
Copper Area
Topside*
Backside
Calculating Junction Temperature
Board Area
Thermal Resistance
(Junction-to-Ambient)
2500mm2
2500mm2
2500mm2
2500mm2
2500mm2
55°C/W
57°C/W
60°C/W
65°C/W
68°C/W
IGND at (IOUT = 500mA, VIN = 3.465V) = 8.2mA
So,
P = 500mA(3.465V – 2.5V) + 8.2mA(3.465V) = 0.511W
Using a DFN package, the thermal resistance will be in
the range of 60°C/W to 70°C/W depending on the copper area. So the junction temperature rise above ambient
approximately equals:
0.511W • 65°C/W = 33.22°C
Table 3. Measured Thermal Resistance for DD-PAK Package
Copper Area
Topside*
Backside
2500mm2
2500mm2
1000mm2
2500mm2
125mm2
2500mm2
*Device is mounted on topside
Board Area
Thermal Resistance
(Junction-to-Ambient)
2500mm2
2500mm2
2500mm2
25°C/W
30°C/W
35°C/W
The maximum junction temperature equals the maximum
ambient temperature plus the maximum junction temperature rise above ambient or:
TJMAX = 85°C + 33.22°C = 118.22°C
Measured Thermal Resistance for TO-220 Package
Thermal Resistance (Junction-to-Case) = 3°C/W
1965f
11
LT1965
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Protection Features
The LT1965 incorporates several protection features
that make it ideal for use in battery-powered circuits.
In addition to the normal protection features associated
with monolithic regulators, such as current limiting and
thermal limiting, the device also protects against reverse
input voltages, reverse output voltages and reverse output-to-input voltages.
Current limit protection and thermal overload protection
protect the device against current overload conditions
at its output. For normal operation, do not exceed the
maximum rated junction temperature of 125°C.
The input of the device withstands reverse voltages of 22V.
The LT1965 limits current flow to less than 1mA (typically
less than 200μA) and no negative voltage appears at the
output. The device protects both itself and the load against
batteries that are plugged in backwards.
The LT1965 incurs no damage if its output is pulled below
ground. If the input is left open circuit or grounded, the
output can be pulled below ground by 22V. For the adjustable version, the output acts like an open circuit and no
current flows from the output. However, current flows in
(but is limited by) the resistor divider that sets the output
voltage. If the input is powered by a voltage source, the
output sources current equal to its current limit capability
and the LT1965 protects itself by thermal limiting. In this
case, grounding the ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin turns off the device and
stops the output from sourcing current.
REVERSE OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
6
The LT1965 incurs no damage if the ADJ pin is pulled above
or below ground by 9V. If the input is left open circuit or
grounded, the ADJ pin performs like an open circuit when
pulled below ground and like a large resistor (typically 5k
up to 3V on the ADJ pin and then 1.5k up to 9V) in series
with a diode when pulled above ground.
In situations where the ADJ pin connects to a resistor
divider that would pull the ADJ pin above its 9V clamp voltage if the output is pulled high, the ADJ pin input current
must be limited to less than 5mA. For example, a resistor
divider is used to provide a regulated 1.5V output from the
1.20V reference when the output is forced to 20V. The top
resistor of the resistor divider must be chosen to limit the
current into the ADJ pin to less than 5mA when the ADJ
pin is at 9V. The 11V difference between the OUT and ADJ
pins divided by the 5mA maximum current into the ADJ
pin yields a minimum top resistor value of 2.2k.
In circuits where a backup battery is required, several
different input/output conditions can occur. The output
voltage may be held up while the input is either pulled
to ground, pulled to some intermediate voltage, or is left
open circuit. Current flow back into the output follows the
curve shown in Figure 5.
If the LT1965’s IN pin is forced below the OUT pin or the
OUT pin is pulled above the IN pin, input current typically
drops to less than 2μA. This occurs if the LT1965 input is
connected to a discharged (low voltage) battery and either
a backup battery or a second regulator holds up the output.
The state of the ⎯S⎯H⎯D⎯N pin has no effect on the reverse
output current if the output is pulled above the input.
TJ = 25°C
VIN = 0V
CURRENT FLOWS INTO
OUTPUT PIN
VOUT = VADJ
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
2
4
6
8
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
10
1965 F05
Figure 5. Reverse Output Current
1965f
12
LT1965
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Paralleling of Regulators for Higher Output Current
R1
0.01Ω
+
VIN > 3.7V
IN
OUT
LT1965
C1
100μF
ADJ
SHDN
+
R8
6.98k
1%
3.3V
2.2A
C2
22μF
R9
4.02k
1%
GND
R2
0.01Ω
IN
OUT
R6
6.65k
1%
LT1965
SHDN
SHDN
ADJ
R7
4.02k
1%
GND
R3
2.2k
R4
2.2k
3
2
+
1/2
LT1366
–
R5
10k
8
4
1
C3
0.01μF
1965 TA03
1965f
13
LT1965
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
DD Package
8-Lead Plastic DFN (3mm × 3mm)
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1698)
R = 0.115
TYP
5
0.38 ± 0.10
8
0.675 ±0.05
3.5 ±0.05
1.65 ±0.05
2.15 ±0.05 (2 SIDES)
3.00 ±0.10
(4 SIDES)
PACKAGE
OUTLINE
1.65 ± 0.10
(2 SIDES)
PIN 1
TOP MARK
(NOTE 6)
(DD) DFN 1203
0.25 ± 0.05
0.75 ±0.05
0.200 REF
0.50 BSC
4
0.25 ± 0.05
2.38 ±0.05
(2 SIDES)
1
0.50 BSC
2.38 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
0.00 – 0.05
BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS
NOTE:
1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-1)
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE
5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED
6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION
ON TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
MS8E Package
8-Lead Plastic MSOP
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1662)
BOTTOM VIEW OF
EXPOSED PAD OPTION
0.889 ± 0.127
(.035 ± .005)
2.794 ± 0.102
(.110 ± .004)
1
2.06 ± 0.102
(.081 ± .004)
3.00 ± 0.102
(.118 ± .004)
(NOTE 3)
8
7 6 5
1.83 ± 0.102
(.072 ± .004)
5.23
(.206)
MIN
2.083 ± 0.102 3.20 – 3.45
(.082 ± .004) (.126 – .136)
0.65
(.0256)
BSC
0.42 ± 0.038
(.0165 ± .0015)
TYP
0.254
(.010)
8
1
1.10
(.043)
MAX
DETAIL “A”
DETAIL “A”
0° – 6° TYP
3.00 ± 0.102
(.118 ± .004)
(NOTE 4)
4.90 ± 0.152
(.193 ± .006)
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT
0.52
(.0205)
REF
2 3
4
0.86
(.034)
REF
0.18
(.007)
SEATING
PLANE
GAUGE
PLANE
0.53 ± 0.152
(.021 ± .006)
NOTE:
1. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETER/(INCH)
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR
GATE BURRS. MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS SHALL
NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE
0.22 – 0.38
(.009 – .015)
TYP
0.65
(.0256)
BSC
0.127 ± 0.076
(.005 ± .003)
MSOP (MS8E) 0603
4. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS.
INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE
5. LEAD COPLANARITY (BOTTOM OF LEADS AFTER FORMING) SHALL BE 0.102mm (.004") MAX
1965f
14
LT1965
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
Q Package
5-Lead Plastic DD Pak
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1461)
.256
(6.502)
.390 – .415
(9.906 – 10.541)
.060
(1.524)
.165 – .180
(4.191 – 4.572)
.045 – .055
(1.143 – 1.397)
15° TYP
.060
(1.524)
.060
(1.524)
TYP .330 – .370
(8.382 – 9.398)
.183
(4.648)
+.008
.004 –.004
+0.203
0.102 –0.102
.059
(1.499)
TYP
(
)
.095 – .115
(2.413 – 2.921)
.075
(1.905)
.300
(7.620)
+.012
.143 –.020
+0.305
3.632 –0.508
(
BOTTOM VIEW OF DD PAK
HATCHED AREA IS SOLDER PLATED
COPPER HEAT SINK
.067
(1.702)
.028 – .038 BSC
(0.711 – 0.965)
TYP
)
Q(DD5) 0502
.420
.276
.080
.420
.050 ± .012
(1.270 ± 0.305)
.013 – .023
(0.330 – 0.584)
.325
.350
.205
.565
.565
.320
.090
.090
NOTE:
1. DIMENSIONS IN INCH/
(MILLIMETER)
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
.042
.067
.042
.067
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT
FOR THICKER SOLDER PASTE APPLICATIONS
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT
T Package
5-Lead Plastic TO-220 (Standard)
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1420)
.390 – .415
(9.906 – 10.541)
.165 – .180
(4.191 – 4.572)
.147 – .155
(3.734 – 3.937)
DIA
.045 – .055
(1.143 – 1.397)
.230 – .270
(5.842 – 6.858)
.460 – .500
(11.684 – 12.700)
.570 – .620
(14.478 – 15.748)
.620
(15.75)
TYP
.330 – .370
(8.382 – 9.398)
.700 – .728
(17.78 – 18.491)
.095 – .115
(2.413 – 2.921)
SEATING PLANE
.260 – .320
(6.60 – 8.13)
.152 – .202
(3.861 – 5.131)
.155 – .195*
(3.937 – 4.953)
.013 – .023
(0.330 – 0.584)
.067
BSC
(1.70)
.028 – .038
(0.711 – 0.965)
.135 – .165
(3.429 – 4.191)
* MEASURED AT THE SEATING PLANE
T5 (TO-220) 0801
1965f
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
15
LT1965
TYPICAL APPLICATION
Adjustable Current Source
R5, 0.01Ω
IN
+
VIN > 2.7V
C1
10μF
R1
1k
LOAD
+
SHDN
ADJ
GND
LT1004-1.2
R4
2.2k
R2
80.6k
R3
2k
R6
2.2k
2
3
NOTE: ADJUST R1 FOR
0A TO 1.1A CONSTANT-CURRENT
LT1965
OUT
C2
3.3μF
R7
470Ω
8
1
1/2
LT1366
+
R8
100k
C3
1μF
–
C4
10μF
1965 TA04
4
RELATED PARTS
PART NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
COMMENTS
LT1129
700mA, Micropower, LDO
VIN: 4.2V to 30V, VOUT(MIN) = 3.8V, VDO = 0.40V, IQ = 50μA, ISD = 16μA;
DD, SOT-223, S8, TO220-5 and TSSOP20 Packages
LT1761
100mA, Low Noise Micropower, LDO
VIN: 1.8V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.22V, VDO = 0.30V, IQ = 20μA, ISD = < 1μA,
Low Noise < 20μVRMS , Stable with 1μF Ceramic Capacitors, ThinSOT™ Package
LT1762
150mA, Low Noise Micropower, LDO
VIN: 1.8V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.22V, VDO = 0.30V, IQ = 25μA, ISD = < 1μA,
Low Noise < 20μVRMS , MS8 Package
LT1763
500mA, Low Noise Micropower, LDO
VIN: 1.8V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.22V, VDO = 0.30V, IQ = 30μA, ISD = < 1μA,
Low Noise < 20μVRMS , S8 Package
LT1764/LT1764A
3A, Low Noise, Fast Transient Response,
LDO
VIN: 2.7V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.21V, VDO = 0.34V, IQ = 1mA, ISD = < 1μA, Low Noise
< 40μVRMS , “A” Version Stable with Ceramic Capacitors, DD and TO220-5 Packages
LTC1844
150mA, Very Low Drop-Out LDO
VIN: 1.6V to 6.5V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.25V, VDO = 0.08V, IQ = 35μA, ISD = < 1μA,
Low Noise < 60μVRMS , ThinSOT™ Package
LT1962
300mA, Low Noise Micropower, LDO
VIN: 1.8V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.22V, VDO = 0.27V, IQ = 30μA, ISD = < 1μA,
Low Noise < 20μVRMS , MS8 Package
LT1963/LT1963A
1.5A, Low Noise, Fast Transient Response, VIN: 2.1V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.21V, VDO = 0.34V, IQ = 1mA, ISD = < 1μA,
Low Noise < 40μVRMS , “A” Version Stable with Ceramic Capacitors;
LDO
DD, TO220-5, SOT-223 and S8 Packages
LT3020
100mA, Low Voltage VDO , VIN(MIN) = 0.9V,
LDO
VIN: 0.9V to 10V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.20V, VDO = 0.15V, IQ = 120μA, ISD = 3μA, DFN and
MS8 Packages
LT3021
500mA, Low Voltage VDO , VIN(MIN) = 0.9V,
LDO
VIN: 0.9V to 10V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.20V, VDO = 0.16V, IQ = 120μA, ISD = 3μA, DFN and
S8 Packages
LT3023
Dual, 2x 100mA, Low Noise Micropower,
LDO
VIN: 1.8V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.22V, VDO = 0.30V, IQ = 40μA, ISD = < 1μA, DFN and
MS10 Packages
LT3024
Dual, 100mA/500mA, Low Noise
Micropower, LDO
VIN: 1.8V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.22V, VDO = 0.30V, IQ = 60μA, ISD = < 1μA, DFN and
TSSOP Packages
LT3027
Dual, 2x 100mA, Low Noise Micropower,
LDO with Independent Inputs
VIN: 1.8V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.22V, VDO = 0.30V, IQ = 25μA, ISD = < 1μA,
Low Noise < 20μVRMS , DFN and MS10 Packages
LT3028
Dual, 100mA/500mA, Low Noise
VIN: 1.8V to 20V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.22V, VDO = 0.30V, IQ = 30μA, ISD = < 1μA,
Micropower, LDO with Independent Inputs Low Noise < 20μVRMS , DFN and TSSOP Packages
ThinSOT is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation
1965f
16 Linear Technology Corporation
LT 0807 • PRINTED IN USA
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
(408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507
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