Hartcran House, 231 Kenton Lane, Harrow, Middlesex, HA3 8RP, England Tel: +44 (0) 20 8909 9595, Fax: +44 (0) 20 8909 2233, www.radiometrix.com NiM2B Issue 1, 4 November 2014 Frequency Programmable 25kHz NBFM Transceiver The narrow band NiM2B transceiver offers a low power, reliable data link in a Radiometrix transceiver standard pin out and footprint. This makes the NiM2B ideally suited to those low power applications where existing single frequency wideband UHF modules have insufficient range. Features Conforms to ETSI EN 300 220-2 (radio) and EN 301 489-3 (EMC) Standard frequency - 434.650MHz (programs to any frequency in the 432 - 436MHz range) 458MHz (UK) and 448MHz band units are also available. Data rates up to 10kbps Usable range over 500m 12.5kHz / 20kHz / 25kHz Channel spacing (factory set) Feature-rich interface (true analogue and/or digital baseband) Figure 1: NiM2B-434.650-10 Available for licence-exempt operation in the 433MHz EU band, the NiM2B modules combine effective screening with internal filtering to minimise spurious radiation and susceptibility thereby ensuring EMC compliance. They can be used in existing low data rate (<10kbps) applications where the operating range of the system using wide band transceivers need to be extended. Because of their small size and low power consumption, NiM2B is ideal for use in battery-powered portable applications. NiM2B is also available as separate NiM2BT transmitter and NiM2BR receiver, which can be used as dualin-line equivalents of NTX2B transmitter and NRX2B receiver respectively. Applications EPOS equipment, barcode scanners Data loggers Industrial telemetry and telecommand In-building environmental monitoring and control High-end security and fire alarms DGPS systems Vehicle data up/download Technical Summary Fully integrated sigma-delta PLL synthesizer based design High stability TCXO reference Data bit rate: 10kbps max. Transmit power: +10dBm (10mW) SAW front-end band pass filter, image rejection: >60dB Receiver sensitivity: -118dBm (for 12dB SINAD) RSSI output with >50dBm range Supply: 3.1V - 15V @ 20mA transmit, 18mA receive Dimensions: 33 x 23 x 11mm (fully screened) Evaluation platforms: NBEK + BiM / SMX carrier Radiometrix Ltd., NiM2B transceiver data sheet Page 1 Figure 2: NiM2B-434.650-10 Radiometrix Ltd., NiM2B transceiver data sheet Page 2 Functional description The transmit section of the NiM2B consists of a highly integrated sigma delta (fractional N) synthesizer based single chip RF device, configured over an SPI serial bus by an on-board microcontroller. The primary frequency reference for the transmitter is a 26MHz VC-TCXO. Modulation is applied directly to this reference via an AF baseband filter (rather than using the chip's internal modulator) to permit a wider range of baseband data rates and waveforms. Operation is controlled by the N_TXE line, the transmitter achieving full RF output typically within 5ms of this line being pulled low. The RF output is filtered to ensure compliance with the appropriate radio regulations and fed to the 50Ω antenna pin. The receiver section of the NiM2B consists of a highly integrated sigma delta (fractional N) synthesizer based Local Oscillator (LO), configured over an SPI serial bus by an on-board microcontroller. The primary frequency reference for the LO is a 26MHz VC-TCXO. The RF input is filtered using SAW filters in the frontend to provide image rejection and enhanced blocking performance. These SAW filters reduce user programmable frequency range to the filter passband, but a wide number of (factory set) sub-bands are available, determined by SAW filter availability. User interface side view (through can) side view (with can) 11 mm top view (without can) RF GND 1 Antenna 2 RF GND 3 4 5 6 No pin 7 8 9 18 0 Volt 17 Vcc 16 15 N_TXE 14 TXD 13 AF 12 RXD 11 RSSI 10 0 Volt RF OUT (TX)* RF IN (RX)* 30.48 mm 33 mm 23 mm recommended PCB hole size: 1.2 mm module footprint size: 25 x 32 mm pin pitch: 2.54 mm pins 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 are not fitted Figure 3: NiM2B pin-out and dimension NiM2B Pin 1, 3, 10, 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Name 0V VCC N_RXE / RX PGM N_TXE / TX PGM TXD AF RXD Function Ground 3.1 – 15V DC power supply Pull low to enable Receiver / receive programming in put Pull low to enable Transmitter / transmit programming in put DC coupled input for 3V CMOS logic. Rin = 100k 500mV pk-pk audio. DC coupled, approx 1.5V bias Open collector output, with a 10k pullup to Vcc. Suitable for Biphase codes DC level between 0.5V and 2V. 60dB dynamic range 11 RSSI NOTES: 1. N_Rxe and N_Txe have (10K approx.) pullups to +Vin 2. Unit is programmable (in the same way as an NTX2B or NRX2B) using the N_Rxe or N_Txe pins Reprogramming requires a 0v to +Vin logic level non-inverted RS232 data-stream to pin 3 or 4 An RS232 port can be directly connected to the enable pin for programming 3. Avoid N_Rxe and N_Txe both low: undefined module operation (but damage will not result) 4. A 25mW version is available (3.4-15v operation, 40mA TX) 5. Pinout is as NiM2. On RF connector end only pins 1,2,3 are present (*except for NiM2B with separate RX and TX ports which has 4 pins. See ordering info ( p10) for further details on this special built). 6. Switching time as controlled by N_Txe or N_Rxe pins is <5mS, but when power is first applied to the unit there is a 20mS long “calibration” period before the transmitter becomes active. If the rail is switched (as opposed to the EN pin) then this should be considered as a 25mS device Radiometrix Ltd., NiM2B transceiver data sheet Page 3 Absolute maximum ratings Exceeding the values given below may cause permanent damage to the module. Operating temperature Storage temperature -20C to +70C -30C to +85C RF in (pin 1) All other pins 50V @ <10MHz, +13dBm @ >10MHz -0.3V to +15.0V Performance specifications: (Vcc = 3.1V / temperature = 20C unless stated) General DC supply Supply voltage TX Supply current (10mW) RX Supply current Antenna pin impedance RF centre frequency Channel spacing Number of channels Transmitter RF RF power output Spurious emissions Adjacent channel TX power Frequency accuracy FM deviation (peak) Baseband Modulation bandwidth @ -3dB TXD input level (logic low) TXD input level (logic high) pin min. typ. max. units 17 17 17 3.1 20 18 15 V mA mA 2 2 2 50 434.650 25 1 +9 +10 2.5 -37 1.5 (2.5ppm) 3.0 0 14 14 +11 -40 3.5 5 5 Receiver RF/IF RF sensitivity @ 12dB SINAD RF sensitivity @ 1ppm BER RSSI range Blocking Image rejection Adjacent channel rejection Spurious response rejection LO leakage, radiated 2, 13 2, 12 2, 11 2 2 2 2 Baseband Baseband bandwidth @ -3dB AF level DC offset on AF out Distortion on recovered AF 13 13 13 12 50 -118 -112 60 80 dBm dBm dBm kHz kHz kHz V V 60 60 -60 5 500 1.5 5 2 3 4 5 6 6 ms dBm dBm dB dB dB dB dB dBm 60 NiM2B transceiver data sheet 1 1 0 3.0 Dynamic timing TX select to full RF Radiometrix Ltd., Ω MHz kHz notes kHz mVP-P V % 7 3 4 8 Page 4 General pin Dynamic timing RX enable with signal present N_RXE active (low) to stable AF output N_RXD active (low) to stable RXD output Signal applied with receiver enabled Signal to valid AF Signal to stable data min. typ. max. units 16, 13 16, 12 10 25 ms 2, 11 2, 12 10 25 ms ms notes Notes: 1. Programs to any frequency in the 432 - 436MHz range (other frequencies by special order, subject to SAW filter availability). 458MHz and 448MHz band units also available 2. Measured into 50 resistive loads. 3. Exceeds EN/EMC requirements at all frequencies. 4. 2.5ppm TCXO. Total over full supply and temperature range. 5. With 0V – 3.0V modulation input. 6. To achieve specified FM deviation. 7. See applications information for further details. 8. For received signal with 3kHz FM deviation. Channel Programming At the heart of the device is a fractional N synthesizer locked to a high stability VCXO. The minimum step size of this PLL is (approximately) 12.4Hz The data required by the PLL consists of two coefficients: the integer (INTE) and the fraction (FRAC). Output frequency relates to these values thus: FRAC 2 VCTCXO Freq INTE 19 Outdiv 2 where 2 26MHz 6.5MHz 8 NiM2B uses 26MHz VCTCXO and Output Divider (Outdiv) value for 425MHz - 525MHz band is 8. For correct operation, the component (FRAC / 219) must have a value between 1 and 2 FRAC Freq INTE 19 6.5 2 1 Freq INTE WholeNum 1 6.5 FRAC 2 219 524,288 FRAC 1,048,576 Freq FRAC DecimalNum 1 524288 6.5 In interface terms, these coefficients are expressed as a 32-bit binary word (eight hexadecimal digits) where the most significant byte comprises the integer value, and the remaining three bytes (24 bits) make up "fraction" TX Example: 434.650MHz 66.8692307692 6.5MHz INTE = 66-1 = 65 (0x41) FRAC = (0.8692307692 +1) 524288 = 980015 (0x0EF42F) FRAC2 = 0x0E FRAC1 = 0xF4 FRAC0 = 0x2F Freq = 65 Radiometrix Ltd., 980015 6.5 434.649998MHz 434.650 MHz 3.2 Hz 524288 NiM2B transceiver data sheet Page 5 However, the frequency programmed into the receiver section is the LOCAL OSCILLATOR (LO) frequency, not the actual channel frequency. For unit operating on a channel frequency of 446MHz or higher, the local oscillator is 21.4MHz below the carrier (so subtract 21.4MHz). AF output will be inverted on higher receive frequency units. LO RF IF 458.700 MHz 21.4 MHz 437.3MHz for RF 446 MHz For units operating on frequencies below 446MHz, the local oscillator is 21.4MHz above the channel. LO RF IF 434.650 MHz 21.4 MHz 456.05MHz for RF 446 MHz RX Example: 434.650 MHz 21.4 MHz 70.1615384615 6.5MHz INTE = 70-1 = 69 (0x45) FRAC = (0.1615384615 +1) 524288 = 608980 (0x094AD4) 0x094AD4 FRAC2 = 0x09 FRAC1 = 0x4A FRAC0 = 0xD4 Freq = 65 608980 6.5 456.0499992MHz 456.050 MHz 8.4 Hz 524288 When programming the NiM2B, keep in mind that the unit maintains in SRAM the current values of all programmable values (frequency, band of operation, RF power and frequency offset adjustments values) and that toggling the PGM pin does NOT erase or corrupt them. These values are only loaded from EEPROM at cold start power-up (but not when the relevant N_TXE or N_RXE pins are cycled) There is one "write all values to EEPROM" command. It is usually necessary to load the relevant current operating RAM value(s) and THEN issue a suitable command to write the RAM value to EEPROM. The NiM2B stores Frequency coefficients (for transmit and receive), frequency Offsets, band select and TX RF Power level constants in internal EPROMs. ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT THE TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SECTIONS OF THE NiM2B ARE INDEPENDANT, AND ARE PROGRAMMED ENTIRELY SEPARATELY. No command sent to the transmitter will have any effect on the receiver, and vice-versa. For the NiM2B RX section, power level should always be set to 3 Programming a value or coefficient over the serial bus over-writes the previous value and implements this change on the PLL immediately, but does not change the EEPROM contents until a relevant "program EEPROM" command is issued In general, the most recent stimulus received by the unit will decide the operating frequency. Whenever a frequency coefficient is programmed into the unit, the frequency will change immediately to this new value regardless of other modes or operation. This is the simplest and most flexible means of controlling the unit. Radiometrix Ltd., NiM2B transceiver data sheet Page 6 Serial interface commands NiM2B is programmable (in the same way as an NTX2B or NRX2B) using the N_Rxe or N_Txe pins Reprogramming requires a 0v to +Vin logic level non-inverted RS232 data-stream to pin 3 (RX PGM) or 4 (TX PGM) An RS232 port can be directly connected to the enable pin for programming. The serial data should be in the following format: 9600bps, 8 data bits, No Parity, 1 Stop Every command string starts with the phrase "@PRG_" and terminated with Carriage Return <cr>. The characters in a command string must not be separated by more than 5ms (so typing individual characters on a terminal keyboard will NOT work), but a pause of at least 10ms is required between commands (more following a BURN_ROM command. In this case a much longer idle period, of 50mS at least, is needed for EEPROM programming) User commands Commands @PRG_iif2f1f0<cr> @PRG_BURN_ROM<cr> @PRG_POWER 00<cr> @PRG_POWER FF<cr> @PRG_00000000<cr> Function sets the transmitter / receiver frequency iif2f1f0 is an 8 digit hexadecimal number, coding 4 bytes: ii is the "integer" value f2 most significant FRAC2 byte in the 24 bit FRAC word f1 bits 8 through 15 of the fraction word (FRAC1) f0 least significant FRAC0 byte e.g. @PRG_410EF42F<cr> to program 434.650MHz (@PRG_45094AD4 <cr> for receiver) write current setup into EEPROM Turn the unit completely OFF (power down) Turn the unit ON (power up) TX /RX PGM pin can also be cycled Re-sets itself to the values currently stored in EEPROM (this usually only happens at power-up) Factory alignment commands Commands @PRG_POWER pp <cr> @PRG_TRIM+ aa <cr> @PRG_TRIM- aa <cr> @PRG_BAND# bb @PRG_BURN_ROM<cr> Radiometrix Ltd., Function Sets the RF Power output pp is a 2 digit hexadecimal number (in the range 00 to 3F) 00 - power OFF, FF – power ON e.g. @PRG_POWER 32<cr> set an "up" offset aa is 00 (0Hz) to 7F (+1574.8Hz) at 12.4Hz per bit @PRG_TRIM+1E<cr> sets a "down" offset aa is 00 (0Hz) to 7F (-1574.8Hz) at 12.4Hz per bit band divider value (bb) 08 850-1050MHz 0A 425-520MHz 0B 280-350MHz 0D 140-175MHz e.g. PRG_BAND# 0A<cr> write current setup into EEPROM NiM2B transceiver data sheet Page 7 Applications information Power supply requirements The NiM2B have built-in regulators which deliver a constant 3.0V to the transmitter and the receiver circuitry when the external supply voltage is 3.1V or greater. This ensures constant performance up to the maximum permitted rail, and removes the need for external supply decoupling except in cases where the supply rail is extremely poor (ripple/noise content >0.1Vp-p). TX modulation requirements The module is factory-set to produce the specified FM deviation with a TXD input to pin 14 of 3V amplitude, i.e. 0V “low”, 3V “high If the data input level is greater than 3V, a resistor must be added in series with the TXD input to limit the modulating input voltage to a maximum of around 3V on pin 14. TXD input resistance is 100k to ground, giving typical required resistor values as follows: Vcc 3V 3.3V 5V 9V Series resistor 10 k 68k 220k RX Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) The NiM2B wide range RSSI which measures the strength of an incoming signal over a range of 60dB or more. This allows assessment of link quality and available margin and is useful when performing range tests. The output on pin 11 of the module has a standing DC bias of up to 0.5V (approx.) with no signal, rising to around 2.0V at maximum indication. DVmin-max is typically 1V and is largely independent of standing bias variations. Output impedance is 56k. Pin 11 can drive a 100A meter directly, for simple monitoring. Please note that the actual RSSI voltage at any given RF input level varies somewhat between units. The RSSI facility is intended as a relative indicator only - it is not designed to be, or suitable as, an accurate and repeatable measure of absolute signal level or transmitter-receiver distance. Typical RSSI characteristic is as shown below: Figure 4: RSSI level with respect to received RF level at NiM2B antenna pin Radiometrix Ltd., NiM2B transceiver data sheet Page 8 Expected range Predicting the range obtainable in any given situation is notoriously difficult since there are many factors involved. The main ones to consider are as follows: Type and location of antennas in use Type of terrain and degree of obstruction of the link path Sources of interference affecting the receiver “Dead” spots caused by signal reflections from nearby conductive objects Data rate and degree of filtering employed Data formats and range extension The NiM2B TXD input is normally driven directly by logic signals, but will also accept analogue drive (e.g. 2tone signalling). In this case the TXD pin can either be directly DC driven with a 3v pp waveform with a 1.5v centre point, or a 3v pp signal can be AC coupled (when the input circuits will self-bias to 1.5v). Do not exceed 3v pp, or the baseband waveform will begin to clip. The VC-TCXO in the NiM2B is highly linear, and tx distortion figures well under 5% should be seen. At the other end of the link the NiM2B AF output (or the RXD pin) may be used to drive an external decoder or other signal processing circuitry. Although the modulation bandwidth of the NiM2B extends down to DC it is not advisable to use data containing a DC component. This is because frequency errors and drifts between the transmitter and receiver occur in normal operation, resulting in DC offset errors on the NiM2B audio output. The NiM2B in standard form incorporates a low pass filter with a 5kHz nominal bandwidth. This is suitable for transmission of data at raw bit rates up to 10kbps. Antennas The choice and positioning of transmitter and receiver antennas is of the utmost importance and is the single most significant factor in determining system range. The following notes are intended to assist the user in choosing the most effective antenna type for any given application. The following types of integral antenna are in common use: Quarter-wave whip. This consists simply of a piece of wire or rod connected to the module at one end. At 434MHz the total length should be 164mm from module pin to antenna tip including any interconnecting wire or tracking. Because of the length of this antenna it is almost always external to the product casing. Helical. This is a more compact but slightly less effective antenna formed from a coil of wire. It is very efficient for its size, but because of its high Q it suffers badly from detuning caused by proximity to nearby conductive objects and needs to be carefully trimmed for best performance in a given situation. The size shown in figure 5 below is about the maximum commonly used at 433MHz and appropriate scaling of length, diameter and number of turns can make individual designs much smaller. Loop. A loop of PCB track having an inside area as large as possible (minimum about 4cm2), tuned and matched with 2 or 4 capacitors. Loops are relatively inefficient but have good immunity to proximity detuning, so may be preferred in shorter range applications where high component packing density is necessary. Integral antenna summary: Feature Ultimate performance Ease of design set-up Size Immunity to proximity effects Radiometrix Ltd., whip *** *** * ** helical ** ** *** * loop * * ** *** NiM2B transceiver data sheet Page 9 0.5 mm enameled copper wire close wound on 3.2 mm diameter former RF 433 MHz = 24 turns A. Helical antenna Feed point 15% to 25% of total loop length RF-GND track width = 1mm 2 C2 C3 C1 4 to 10 cm inside area RF C4 B. Loop antenna 16.4cm wire, rod, PCB-track or a combination of these three RF C. Whip antenna 433 MHz = 16.4 cm total from RF pin. Figure 5: integral antenna configurations Module mounting considerations Good RF layout practice should be observed. If the connection between module and antenna is more than about 20mm long use 50 microstrip line or coax or a combination of both. It is desirable (but not essential) to fill all unused PCB area around the module with ground plane. Variants and ordering information The NiM2BT transmitters, NiM2BR receivers and NiM2B transceivers are manufactured in the following variants as standard: At 434.650MHz: NiM2B-434.65-10 Transceiver NiM2BT-434.65-10 Transmitter NiM2BR-434.65-10 Receiver (These can be programmed on any frequency in the 432 - 436MHz range) 458MHz and 448MHz band units are also available Other frequencies are by special order, subject to SAW filter availability NiM2B with separate TX and RX RF ports: NiM2B-434.65-10-TR The NiM2B can be factory built with separate RX and TX ports. This special built will have 4 pins on the RF connector instead of three (refer to figure 3) Pin 1 RF GND 2 RF OUT (TX) 3 RF GND 4 RF IN (RX) The RF IN (RX) port MUST be externally AC coupled, as it has a bias voltage on it This is useful if an application requires using an external TX power amp, RX pre-amp, or separate antennas TX and RX. Radiometrix Ltd., NiM2B transceiver data sheet Page 10 Radiometrix Ltd Hartcran House 231 Kenton Lane Harrow, Middlesex HA3 8RP ENGLAND Tel: +44 (0) 20 8909 9595 Fax: +44 (0) 20 8909 2233 [email protected] www.radiometrix.com Copyright notice This product data sheet is the original work and copyrighted property of Radiometrix Ltd. Reproduction in whole or in part must give clear acknowledgement to the copyright owner. Limitation of liability The information furnished by Radiometrix Ltd is believed to be accurate and reliable. Radiometrix Ltd reserves the right to make changes or improvements in the design, specification or manufacture of its subassembly products without notice. Radiometrix Ltd does not assume any liability arising from the application or use of any product or circuit described herein, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from the use of its products. This data sheet neither states nor implies warranty of any kind, including fitness for any particular application. These radio devices may be subject to radio interference and may not function as intended if interference is present. We do NOT recommend their use for life critical applications. The Intrastat commodity code for all our modules is: 8542 6000 R&TTE Directive After 7 April 2001 the manufacturer can only place finished product on the market under the provisions of the R&TTE Directive. Equipment within the scope of the R&TTE Directive may demonstrate compliance to the essential requirements specified in Article 3 of the Directive, as appropriate to the particular equipment. Further details are available on The Office of Communications (Ofcom) web site: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/ Information Requests Ofcom Riverside House 2a Southwark Bridge Road London SE1 9HA Tel: +44 (0)300 123 3333 or 020 7981 3040 Fax: +44 (0)20 7981 3333 [email protected] European Communications Office (ECO) Peblingehus Nansensgade 19 DK 1366 Copenhagen Tel. +45 33896300 Fax +45 33896330 [email protected] www.ero.dk