LM2612 400mA Sub-miniature, Programmable, Step-Down DC-DC Converter for Ultra Low-Voltage Circuits General Description Key Specifications The LM2612 step-down DC-DC converter is optimized for powering ultra-low voltage circuits from a single Lithium-Ion cell. It provides up to 400mA (300mA for B grade), over an input voltage range of 2.8V to 5.5V. Pin programmable output voltages of 1.05V, 1.3V, 1.5V or 1.8V allow adjustment for MPU voltage options without board redesign or external feedback resistors. The device has three pin-selectable modes for maximizing battery life in mobile phones and similar portable applications. Low-noise PWM mode offers 600kHz fixed-frequency operation to reduce interference in RF and data acquisition applications during full-power operation. In PWM mode, internal synchronous rectification provides high efficiency (91% typ. at 1.8VOUT). A SYNC input allows synchronizing the switching frequency in a range of 500kHz to 1MHz to avoid noise from intermodulation with system frequencies. Low-current hysteretic PFM mode reduces quiescent current to 150 µA (typ.) during system standby. Shutdown mode turns the device off and reduces battery consumption to 0.1µA (typ.). Additional features include soft start and current overload protection. The LM2612 is available in a 10 pin micro SMD packge. This package uses National’s wafer level chip-scale micro SMD technology and offers the smallest possible size. Only three small external surface-mount components, an inductor and two ceramic capacitors are required. n Operates from a single LiION cell (2.8V to 5.5V) n Pin programmable output voltage (1.05V, 1.3V, 1.5V and 1.8V) n 400mA maximum load capability (300mA for B grade) n ± 2% PWM mode DC output voltage precision n 2mV typ PWM mode output voltage ripple n 150 µA typ PFM mode quiescent current n 0.1µA typ shutdown mode current n Internal synchronous rectification for high PWM mode efficiency (91% at 2.8VIN, 1.8VOUT) n 600kHz PWM mode switching frequency n SYNC input for PWM mode frequency synchronization from 500kHz to 1MHz Features n Sub-miniature 10-pin micro SMD package n Only three tiny surface-mount external components required n Uses small ceramic capacitors. n Internal soft start n Current overload protection n No external compensation required Applications n Mobile Phones n Hand-Held Radios n Battery Powered Devices Typical Application Circuit 20007102 © 2002 National Semiconductor Corporation DS200071 www.national.com LM2612 400mA Sub-miniature, Programmable, Step-Down DC-DC Converter for Ultra Low-Voltage Circuits May 2002 LM2612 Connection Diagrams micro SMD package 20007104 20007105 TOP VIEW BOTTOM VIEW Ordering Information Order Number Package Type NSC Package Drawing Supplied As 10-Pin micro SMD LM2612ABP LM2612BBP LM2612ABPX 250 Units, Tape and Reel 10-bump Wafer Level Chip Scale (micro SMD) BPA10VWB LM2612BBPX 250 Units, Tape and Reel 3000 Units, Tape and Reel 3000 Units, Tape and Reel Pin Description Pin Number(*) Pin Name A1 FB B1 VID1 C1 VID0 D1 SYNC/MODE Function Feedback Analog Input. Connect to the output at the output filter capacitor (Figure 1) Output Voltage Control Inputs. Set the output voltage using these digital inputs (see Table 1). The output defaults to 1.5V if these pins are unconnected. Synchronization Input. Use this digital input for frequency selection or modulation control. Set: SYNC/MODE = high for low-noise 600kHz PWM mode SYNC/MODE = low for low-current PFM mode SYNC/MODE = a 500kHz - 1MHz external clock for synchronization to an external clock in PWM mode. See Synchronization and Operating Modes in the Device Information section. D2 EN Enable Input. Set this CMOS Schmitt trigger digital input high to VDD for normal operation. For shutdown, set low to SGND. Set EN low during power-up and other low supply voltage conditions. (See Shutdown Mode in the Device Information section.) D3 PGND C3 SW B3 PVIN Power Supply Input to the internal PFET switch. Connect to the input filter capacitor (Figure 1). A3 VDD Analog Supply Input. If board layout is not optimum, an optional 0.1µF ceramic capacitor is suggested (Figure 1) A2 SGND Power Ground Switching Node connection to the internal PFET switch and NFET synchronous rectifier. Connect to an inductor with a saturation current rating that exceeds the 850mA max Switch Peak Current Limit specification of the LM2612 (Figure 1) Analog and Control Ground (*) note the pin numbering scheme for the MicroSMD package was revised in April, 2002 to comform to JEDEC standard. Only the pin numbers were revised. No changes to the physical location of the inputs/outputs were made. For reference purpose, the obsolete numbering has FB as pin 1, VID1 as pin 2, VID0 as pin 3, SYNC as pin 4, EN as pin 5, PGND as pin 6, SW as pin 7, PVIN as pin 8, VDD as pin 9 and SGND as pin 10. www.national.com 2 Lead temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) (Note 1) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. PVIN, VDD, to SGND Junction Temperature (Note 2) EN, SYNC/MODE, VID0, VID1 to SGND FB, SW −25˚C to 125˚C −0.2V to +0.2V Minimum ESD Rating Human body model, C = 100pF, R = 1.5 kΩ ± 2.5kV −0.2V to +6V Thermal Resistance (θJA) LM2612ABP & LM2612BBP (Note 3) 170˚C/W −0.2V to +6V PGND to SGND 260˚C (GND −0.2V) to (VDD +0.2V) Storage Temperature Range −45˚C to +150˚C Electrical Characteristics Specifications with standard typeface are for TA = TJ = 25˚C, and those in bold face type apply over the full Operating Temperature Range (TA = TJ = −25˚C to +85˚C). Unless otherwise specified, PVIN = VDD = EN = SYNC = 3.6V, VID0 = VID1 = 0V. Symbol VIN VFB VHYST Parameter Input Voltage Range (Note 5) Feedback Voltage (Note 6) Conditions PVIN = VDD = VID1 = VIN, VID0 = 0V Min Typ 2.8 Max Units 5.5 V VID0 = VIN, VID1 = VIN 1.00 1.05 1.10 VID0 = VIN, VID1 = 0V 1.274 1.30 1.326 VID0 = 0V, VID1 = 0V 1.470 1.50 1.530 VID0 = 0V, VID1 = VIN 1.764 1.8 1.836 V PFM Comparator Hysteresis Voltage (Note 7) PFM Mode (SYNC = 0V) ISHDN Shutdown Supply Current EN = 0V 0.1 3 IQ1 DC Bias Current into VDD (VOUT set to 1.5V) No-Load, PFM mode (SYNC/MODE = 0V) 150 185 No-Load, PWM mode (SYNC/MODE = VIN) 555 725 370 500 mΩ 330 500 mΩ IQ2 16 mV µA RDSON (P) Pin-Pin Resistance for P FET LM2612ABP & LM2612BBP RDSON (N) Pin-Pin Resistance for N FET LM2612ABP & LM2612BBP RDSON , TC FET Resistance Temperature Coefficient Ilim Switch Peak Current Limit (Note 8) LM2612ABP 510 690 850 LM2612BBP 400 690 980 EN Positive Going Threshold Voltage (Note 8) VDD = 3.6V 2.54 2.85 EN Negative Going Threshold Voltage (Note 8) VDD = 3.6V VEN_H VEN_L VSYNC_H SYNC/MODE Positive Going Threshold Voltage VSYNC_L SYNC/MODE Negative Going Threshold Voltage VID_H VID0, VID1 Positive Going Threshold Voltage VID_L VID0, VID1 Negative Going Threshold Voltage 0.5 1.70 0.4 0.83 mA V V 1.3 0.9 0.92 0.4 %/C 2.00 0.95 3 µA V V 1.2 V V www.national.com LM2612 Absolute Maximum Ratings LM2612 Electrical Characteristics (Continued) Specifications with standard typeface are for TA = TJ = 25˚C, and those in bold face type apply over the full Operating Temperature Range (TA = TJ = −25˚C to +85˚C). Unless otherwise specified, PVIN = VDD = EN = SYNC = 3.6V, VID0 = VID1 = 0V. Symbol Parameter IVID VID1, VID0 Pull Down Current fsync SYNC/MODE Clock Frequency Range (Note 10) FOSC Tmin Internal Oscillator Frequency Conditions Min VID1, VID0 = 3.6V Typ Max 1.8 500 µA 1000 LM2612ABP, PWM Mode (SYNC = VIN) 468 600 732 LM2612BBP, PWM Mode (SYNC = VIN) 450 600 750 Minimum ON-Time of P FET Switch in PWM Mode Units kHz kHz 200 ns Load Transient Response in PWM Mode Circuit of Figure 1 IOUT = 20mA to 200mA Step ± 25 mV Line Transient Response in PFM Mode Circuit of Figure 1 VIN = 3.0V to 3.6V Step tr = tp = 10 µs ±3 mV Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions for which the device is intended to be functional, but parameter specifications may not be guaranteed. For guaranteed specifications and associated test conditions, see the Min and Max limits and Conditions in the Electrical Characteristics table. Electrical Characteristics table limits are guaranteed by production testing, design or correlation using standard Statistical Quality Control methods. Typical (Typ) specifications are mean or average values from characterization at 25C and are not guaranteed. Note 2: In PWM mode, Thermal shutdown will occur if the junction temperature exceeds the 150˚C maximum junction temperature of the device. Note 3: Thermal resistance specified with 2 layer PCB(0.5/0.5 oz. cu). Note 4: Thermal resistance specified with 3 layer PCB (2/1/1 oz. cu) and 12 vias 0.33mm diameter (see Application Note AN-1187). Note 5: The LM2612 is designed for cell phone applications where turn-on after power-up is controlled by the system processor and internal UVLO (Under Voltage LockOut) circuitry is unecessary. The LM2612 has no UVLO circuitry and should be kept in shutdown by holding the EN pin low until the input voltage exceeds 2.8V. Although the LM2612 exhibited safe behavior during pre-production evaluation while enabled at low input voltages, this is not guaranteed. Note 6: The feedback voltage is trimmed at the 1.5V output setting. The other output voltages result from the pin selection of the internal DAC’s divider ratios. The precision for the feedback voltages is ± 2%, except for the 1.05V setting, which is 5%. Contact the Portable Power Applications group at National Semiconductor, if trimming at other voltages is desired. Note 7: : The hysteresis voltage is the minimum voltage swing on FB that causes the internal feedback and control circuitry to turn the internal PFET switch on and then off, during PFM mode. Note 8: Current limit is built-in, fixed, and not adjustable. If the current limit is reached while the output is pulled below about 0.7V, the internal PFET switch turns off for 2.5 µs to allow the inductor current to diminish. Note 9: EN is a CMOS Schmitt trigger digital input with logic thresholds that scale with the supply voltage at the VDD pin. The nominal logic thresholds are approximately 0.71VDD and 0.55VDD for the high and low thresholds respectively. Note 10: SYNC driven with an external clock switching between VIN and GND. When an external clock is present at SYNC, the IC is forced to PWM mode at the external clock frequency. The LM2612 synchronizes to the rising edge of the external clock. www.national.com 4 LM2612 Typical Operating Characteristics LM2612ABP, Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 3.6V, TA = 25˚C, L1 = 10 µH, unless otherwise noted. Quiescent Supply Current vs Temperature Quiescent Supply Current vs Supply Voltage 20007106 20007107 Shutdown Quiescent Current vs Temperature Output Voltage vs Temperature (PWM Mode) 20007108 20007109 Output Voltage vs Supply Voltage (VOUT = 1.8V, PWM Mode) Output Voltage vs Temperature (PFM Mode) 20007110 20007111 5 www.national.com LM2612 Typical Operating Characteristics LM2612ABP, Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 3.6V, TA = 25˚C, L1 = 10 µH, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) Output Voltage vs Supply Voltage (VOUT = 1.8V, PFM Mode) Output Voltage vs Supply Voltage (VOUT = 1.5V, PWM Mode) 20007112 20007113 Output Voltage vs Supply Voltage (VOUT = 1.5V, PFM Mode) Output Voltage vs Supply Voltage (VOUT = 1.3V, PWM Mode) 20007115 20007114 Output Voltage vs Supply Voltage (VOUT = 1.3V, PFM Mode) Output Voltage vs Supply Voltage (VOUT = 1.05V, PWM Mode) 20007116 www.national.com 20007117 6 LM2612ABP, Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 3.6V, TA = 25˚C, L1 = 10 µH, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) Output Voltage vs Supply Voltage (VOUT = 1.05V, PFM Mode) Output Voltage vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.8V, PWM Mode) 20007119 20007118 Output Voltage vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.8V, PFM Mode) Output Voltage vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.5V, PWM Mode) 20007120 20007121 Output Voltage vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.5V, PFM Modee) Output Voltage vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.3V, PWM Mode) 20007122 20007123 7 www.national.com LM2612 Typical Operating Characteristics LM2612 Typical Operating Characteristics LM2612ABP, Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 3.6V, TA = 25˚C, L1 = 10 µH, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) Output Voltage vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.3V, PFM Mode) Output Voltage vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.05V, PWM Mode, With Diode) 20007124 20007125 Output Voltage vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.05V, PFM Mode, With Diode) Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.8V, PWM Mode, With Diode) 20007126 20007127 Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.8V, PFM Mode, With Diode) Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.5V, PWM Mode, With Diode) 20007128 www.national.com 20007129 8 LM2612ABP, Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 3.6V, TA = 25˚C, L1 = 10 µH, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.5V, PFM Mode, With Diode) Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.3V, PWM Mode, With Diode) 20007130 20007131 Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.3V, PFM Mode) Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.05V, PWM Mode) 20007132 20007133 Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.05V, PFM Mode, With Diode) Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.8V, PWM Mode,No Diode) 20007135 20007134 9 www.national.com LM2612 Typical Operating Characteristics LM2612 Typical Operating Characteristics LM2612ABP, Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 3.6V, TA = 25˚C, L1 = 10 µH, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) Efficiency vs Output Current (VOUT = 1.8V, PFM Mode, No Diode) Switching Frquency vs Temperature (PWM Mode) 20007136 20007139 Load Transient Response (PWM Mode) Load Transient Response (PFM Mode) 20007146 20007141 A: INDUCTOR CURRENT, 500mA/div A: INDUCTOR CURRENT, 500mA/div B: SW PIN, 5V/div B: SW PIN, 5V/div C: VOUT, 50mV/div, AC COUPLED D: LOAD, 20mA to 200mA, 200mA/div C: VOUT, 50mV/div, AC COUPLED D: LOAD, 10mA to 100mA, 100mA/div Shutdown Response (PWM Mode) Shutdown Response (PFM Mode) 20007145 20007140 A: INDUCTOR CURRENT, 500mA/div A: INDUCTOR CURRENT, 500mA/div B: SW PIN, 2V/div B: SW PIN, 2V/div C: VOUT, 1V/div D: EN, 5V/div C: VOUT, 1V/div D: EN, 5V/div www.national.com 10 LM2612ABP, Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 3.6V, TA = 25˚C, L1 = 10 µH, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) PWM to PFM Response Line Transient Response (PWM Mode) 20007144 20007149 A: INDUCTOR CURRENT, 500mA/div A: SUPPLY VOLTAGE, 500mV/div, AC COUPLED B: SW PIN, 2V/div B: SW PIN, 5V/div C: VOUT, 50mV/div, AC COUPLED C: VOUT, 10mV/div, AC COUPLED D: SYNC/MODE, 5V/div L1 = 22 µH 11 www.national.com LM2612 Typical Operating Characteristics LM2612 current to 150µA typ to maximize battery life. Shutdown mode turns the device off and reduces battery consumption to 0.1µA (typ.). The LM2612 offers good performance and a full set of features. It is based on a current-mode switching buck architecture for cycle-by-cycle current limiting. DC PWM mode output voltage precision is ± 2% for most output voltages and ± 3% for 1.05V. The SYNC/MODE input accepts an external clock between 500kHz and 1MHz. The output voltage selection pins eliminate external feedback resistors. Additional features include soft-start, current overload protection, over-voltage protection and thermal overload protection. The LM2612 is constructed using a chip-scale 10-pin micro SMD package. The micro SMD package offers the smallest possible size for space critical applications, such as cell phones. Required external components are only a small 10uH inductor, and tiny 10uF and 22uF ceramic capacitors for reduced board area. Device Information The LM2612 is a simple, step-down DC-DC converter optimized for powering low-voltage CPUs or DSPs in cell phones and other miniature battery powered devices. It provides pin-selectable output voltages of 1.05V, 1.3V, 1.5V or 1.8V from a single 2.8V to 5.5V LiION battery cell. It is designed for a maximum load capability of 400mA (300mA for B grade). The device has all three of the pin-selectable operating modes required for cell phones and other complex portable devices. Such applications typically spend a small portion of their time operating at full power. During full power operation, synchronized or fixed-frequency PWM mode offers full output current capability while minimizing interference to sensitive IF and data acquisition circuits. PWM mode uses synchronous rectification for high efficiency: typically 91% for a 100mA load with 1.8V output, 2.8V input. These applications spend the remainder of their time in low-current standby operation or shutdown to conserve battery power. During standby operation, hysteretic PFM mode reduces quiescent 20007103 FIGURE 1. Typical Operating Circuit transferred back into the circuit and depleted, the inductor current ramps down with a slope of VOUT/L. If the inductor current reaches zero before the next cycle, the synchronous rectifier is turned off to prevent current reversal. The output filter capacitor stores charge when the inductor current is high, and releases it when low, smoothing the voltage across the load. The output voltage is regulated by modulating the PFET switch on-time to control the average current sent to the load. The effect is identical to sending a duty-cycle modulated rectangular wave formed by the switch and synchronous rectifier to a low-pass filter created by the inductor and output filter capacitor. The output voltage is equal to the average voltage at the SW pin. Circuit Operation Referring to Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3 the LM2612 operates as follows: During the first part of each switching cycle, the control block in the LM2612 turns on the internal PFET switch. This allows current to flow from the input through the inductor to the output filter capacitor and load. The inductor limits the current to a ramp with a slope of (VIN -VOUT)/L, by storing energy in a magnetic field. During the second part of each cycle, the controller turns the PFET switch off, blocking current flow from the input, and then turns the NFET synchronous rectifier on. In response, the inductor’s magnetic field collapses, generating a voltage that forces current from ground through the synchronous rectifier to the output filter capacitor and load. As the stored energy is www.national.com 12 LM2612 Circuit Operation (Continued) 20007101 FIGURE 2. Simplified Functional Diagram the PWM comparator resets the flip-flop and turns off the PFET switch, ending the first part of the cycle. The NFET synchronous rectifier turns on until the next clock pulse or the inductor current ramps to zero. If an increase in load pulls the output voltage down, the error amplifier output increases, which allows the inductor current to ramp higher before the comparator turns off the PFET switch. This increases the average current sent to the output and adjusts for the increase in the load. Before going to the PWM comparator, the current sense signal is summed with a slope compensation ramp from the oscillator for stability of the current feedback loop. During the second part of the cycle, a zero crossing detector turns off the NFET synchronous rectifier if the inductor current ramps to zero. PWM Operation The LM2612 can be set to current-mode PWM operation by connecting the SYNC/MODE pin to VDD. While in PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) mode, the output voltage is regulated by switching at a constant frequency and then modulating the energy per cycle to control power to the load. Energy per cycle is set by modulating the PFET switch on-time pulse-width to control the peak inductor current. This is done by controlling the PFET switch using a flip-flop driven by an oscillator and a comparator that compares a ramp from the current-sense amplifier with an error signal from a voltage-feedback error amplifier. At the beginning of each cycle, the oscillator sets the flip-flop and turns on the PFET switch, causing the inductor current to ramp up. When the current sense signal ramps past the error amplifier signal, 13 www.national.com LM2612 PWM Operation (Continued) PWM Mode Switching Waveform PFM Mode Switching Waveform 20007143 20007142 A: INDUCTOR CURRENT, 500mA/div A: INDUCTOR CURRENT, 500mA/div B: SW PIN, 2V/div B: SW PIN, 2V/div C: VOUT, 10mV/div, AC COUPLED C: VOUT, 50mV/div, AC COUPLED FIGURE 3. Typical Circuit Waveforms in (a) PWM Mode and (b) PFM Mode 50mA for precise regulation and reduced current consumption when the system is in standby.The LM2612 has an over-voltage protection feature that may activate if the device is left in PWM mode under low-load conditions ( < 50mA) to prevent the output voltage from rising too high. See Overvoltage Protection, for more information. Select modes with the SYNC/MODE pin using a signal with a slew rate faster than 5V/100µs. Use a comparator Schmitt trigger or logic gate to drive the SYNC/MODE pin. Do not leave the pin floating of allow it to linger between logic levels. These measures will prevent output voltage errors that could otherwise occur in response to an indeterminate logic state. Ensure a minimum load to keep the output voltage in regulation when switching modes frequently. The minimum load requirement varies depending on the mode change frequency. A typical load of 8µA is required when modes are changed at 100 ms intervals, 85µA for 10 ms and 800µA for 1 ms. PFM Operation Connecting the SYNC/MODE pin to SGND sets the LM2612 to hysteretic PFM operation. While in PFM (Pulse Frequency Modulation) mode, the output voltage is regulated by switching with a discrete energy per cycle and then modulating the cycle rate, or frequency, to control power to the load. This is done by using an error comparator to sense the output voltage and control the PFET switch. The device waits as the load discharges the output filter capacitor, until the output voltage drops below the lower threshold of the PFM errorcomparator. Then the error comparator initiates a cycle by turning on the PFET switch. This allows current to flow from the input, through the inductor to the output, charging the output filter capacitor. The PFET switch is turned off when the output voltage rises above the regulation threshold of the PFM error comparator. After the PFET switch turns off, the output voltage rises a little higher as the inductor transfers stored energy to the output capacitor by pushing current into the output cacitor. Thus, the output voltage ripple in PFM mode is proportional to the hysteresis of the error comparator and the inductor current. In PFM mode, the device only switches as needed to service the load. This lowers current consumption by reducing power consumed during the switching action in the circuit due to transition losses in the internal MOSFETs, gate drive currents, eddy current losses in the inductor, etc. It also improves light-load voltage regulation. During the second part of the cycle, the intrinsic body diode of the NFET synchronous rectifier conducts until the inductor current ramps to zero. The LM2612 does not turn on the synchronous rectifier while in PFM mode. Frequency Synchronization (SYNC/MODE Pin) The SYNC/MODE input can also be used for frequency synchronization. To synchronize the LM2612 to an external clock, supply a digital signal to the SYNC/MODE pin with a voltage swing exceeding 0.4V to 1.3V. During synchronization, the LM2612 initiates cycles on the rising edge of the clock. When synchronized to an external clock, it operates in PWM mode. The device can synchronize to a 50% duty-cycle clock over frequencies from 500kHz to 1MHz. Use the following waveform and duty-cycle guidelines when applying an external clock to the SYNC/MODE pin. Each clock cycle should have high and low periods between 1.3µs and 200ns and a duty cycle between 30% and 70%. The total clock period should be 2µs or less. Clock under/ overshoot should be less than 100mV below GND or above VDD. When applying noisy clock signals, especially sharp edged signals from a long cable during evaluation, terminate the cable at its characteristic impedance; add an RC filter to the SYNC pin, if necessary, to soften the slew rate and Operating Mode Selection (SYNC/MODE Pin) The SYNC/MODE digital input pin is used to select between PWM or PFM operating modes. Set SYNC/MODE high (above 1.3V) for 600kHz PWM operation when the system is active and the load is above 50mA. Set SYNC/MODE low (below 0.4V) to select PFM mode when the load is less than www.national.com 14 designed to conduct through it’s intrinsic body diode during transient intervals before it turns on, eliminating the need for an external diode. over/undershoot. Note that sharp edged signals from a pulse or function generator can develop under/overshoot as high as 10V at the end of an improperly terminated cable. Drive the SYNC/MODE pin using a signal with a slew rate faster than 5V/100µs. Use a comparator Schmitt trigger or logic gate to drive the SYNC/MODE pin. Do not leave the pin floating of allow it to linger between logic levels. These measures will prevent output voltage errors that could otherwise occur in response to an indeterminate logic state. Synchronous rectification is disabled and the NFET conducts through it’s body diode during the second part of each cycle while in PFM mode to reduce quiescent current associated with the synchronous rectifier’s control circuitry. The synchronous rectifier may also remain off in PWM mode when duty cycles are short due to high input-output voltage differentials or light loads, when there is insufficient time for the synchronous rectifier to activate. The body diode of the NFET is also used under these conditions. To increase efficiency in PFM or short duty-cycle PWM conditions, place an external Schottky diode from PGND to SW. Contact the Portable Power applications group at National Semiconductor, if interested in a device with synchronous rectification in PFM mode. Overvoltage Protection The LM2612 has an over-voltage comparator that prevents the output voltage from rising too high when the device is left in PWM mode under low-load conditions. Otherwise, the output voltage could rise out of regulation from the minimum energy transferred per cycle due to the 200ns minimum on-time of the PFET switch while in PWM mode. When the output voltage rises by 30mV over its regulation threshold, the OVP comparator inhibits PWM operation to skip pulses until the output voltage returns to the regulation threshold. In over voltage protection, output voltage and ripple increase slightly. Current Limiting A current limit feature allows the LM2612 to protect itself and external components during overload conditions. Current limiting is implemented using an independent internal comparator that trips at 850mA max, (980mA for B grade devices). In PWM mode, cycle-by-cycle current limiting is normally used. If an excessive load pulls the output voltage down to approximately 0.7V, then the device switches to a timed current limit mode. In timed current limit mode the internal P-FET switch is turned off after the current comparator trips and the beginning of the next cycle is inhibited for 2.5µs to force the instantaneous inductor current to ramp down to a safe value. PFM mode also uses timed current limit operation. The synchronous rectifier is off in timed current limit mode. Timed current limit prevents the loss of current control seen in some products when the output voltage is pulled low in serious overload conditions. Shutdown Mode Setting the EN digital input pin low to SGND places the LM2612 in a 0.1uA (typ) shutdown mode. During shutdown, the PFET switch, NFET synchronous rectifier, reference, control and bias of the LM2612 are turned off. Setting EN high to VDD enables normal operation. While turning on, soft start is activated. EN is a CMOS Schmitt trigger digital input with thresholds that scale with the input voltage at VDD. The nominal logic thresholds are approximately 0.71VDD and 0.55VDD for the high and low thresholds respectively. Drive EN using CMOS logic referenced to the supply voltage at the VDD pin of the LM2612. EN must be set low to turn off the LM2612 during power-up and undervoltage conditions when the supply is less than the 2.8V minimum operating voltage. The LM2612 is designed for mobile phones and similar applications where power sequencing is determined by the system controller and internal UVLO (Under Voltage LockOut) circuitry is unnecessary. The LM2612 has no UVLO circuitry. Although the LM2612 exhibited safe behavior during pre-production evaluation while enabled at low input voltages, this is not guaranteed. Current Limiting and PWM Mode Transient Response Considerations The LM2612 was designed for fast response to moderate load steps. Harsh transient conditions during loads above 300mA can cause the inductor current to swing up to the 850mA current limit, resulting in PWM mode jitter or instability from activation of the current limit comparator. To avoid this jitter or instability, do not power-up or start the LM2612 into a full load (loads near or above 400mA). Do not change operating modes or output voltages when operating at a full load. Avoid extremely sharp and wide-ranging load steps to full load, such as from < 30mA to > 350mA. Internal Synchronous Rectification Pin Selectable Output Voltage While in PWM mode, the LM2612 uses an internal NFET as a synchronous rectifier to improve efficiency by reducing rectifier forward voltage drop and associated power loss. In general, synchronous rectification provides a significant improvement in efficiency whenever the output voltage is relatively low compared to the voltage drop across an ordinary rectifier diode. Under moderate and heavy loads, the internal NFET synchronous rectifier is turned on during the inductor current down-slope in the second part of each cycle. The synchronous rectifier is turned off prior to the next cycle, or when the inductor current ramps near zero at light loads. The NFET is The LM2612 features pin-selectable output voltage to eliminate the need for external feedback resistors. The output can be set to 1.05V, 1.3V, 1.5V or 1.8V by configuring the VID0 and VID1 pins. See Setting the Output Voltage in the Application Information section for further details. Soft-Start The LM2612 has soft start to reduce current inrush during power-up and startup. This reduces stress on the LM2612 and external components. It also reduces startup transients on the power source. 15 www.national.com LM2612 Frequency Synchronization (SYNC/MODE Pin) (Continued) LM2612 Soft-Start TABLE 1. VID0 and VID1 Output Voltage Selection Settings (Continued) Soft start is implemented by ramping up the internal reference in the LM2612 to gradually increase the output voltage. The reference ramps up in about 400µs. When powering up in PWM mode, soft start may take an additional 200us to allow time for the error amplifier compensation network to charge. VOUT (V) Logic Level VID0 VID1 1.8 0 1 1.5 0 0 1.5 N.C. N.C. Thermal Overload Protection 1.3 1 0 The LM2612 has a thermal overload protection function that operates to protect itself from short-term misuse and overload conditions. When the junction temperature exceeds about 155˚C, the device initiates a soft-start cycle which is completed after the temperature drops below 130˚C. Prolonged operation in thermal overload conditions may damage the device and is considered bad practice. 1.05 1 1 VID0 and VID1 are digital inputs. They may be set high by connecting to VDD or low by connecting to SGND. Optionally, VID0 and VID1 may be driven by digital gates that provide over 1.2V for a high state and less than 0.4V for a low state to ensure valid logic levels. The VID0 and VID1 inputs each have an internal 1.8 µA pull-down that pulls them low for a default 1.5V output, when left unconnected. Leaving these pins open is acceptable, but setting the pins high or low is recommended. Application Information Setting The Output Voltage The LM2612 features pin-selectable output voltage to eliminate the need for external feedback resistors. Select an output voltage of 1.05V, 1.3V, 1.5V or 1.8V by configuring the VID0 and VID1 pins, as directed in Table 1. Inductor Selection A 10µH inductor with a saturation current rating over 850mA (980mA for B grade) is recommended for most applications. The inductor’s resistance should be less than 0.3Ω for good efficiency. Table 2 lists suggested inductors and suppliers. TABLE 2. Suggested Inductors and Their Suppliers Model Vendor DO1608C-103 Coilcraft DO1606T-103 Coilcraft UP1B-100 Coiltronics UP0.4CB-100 Coiltronics Phone FAX 847-639-6400 847-639-1469 561-241-7876 561-241-9339 714-373-7366 714-373-7323 ELL6GM100M Panasonic ELL6PM100M Panasonic P1174.103T Pulse Engineering 858-674-8100 858-674-8262 CDRH5D18-100 Sumida 847-956-0666 847-956-0702 CDRH4D28-100 Sumida 847-925-0888 847-925-0899 847-803-6100 847-803-6296 847-297-0070 847-699-7864 CDC5D23-100 Sumida NP05D B100M Taiyo Yuden NP04S B100N Taiyo Yuden SLF6025T-100M1R0 TDK SLF6020T-100MR90 TDK A918CY-100M Toko A915AY-100M Toko the inductor looses it’s ability to limit current through the PFET switch to a ramp and allows the switch current to increase rapidly. This can cause poor efficiency, regulation errors or stress to DC-DC converters like the LM2612. Saturation occurs when the magnetic flux density from current through the windings of the inductor exceeds what the inductor’s core material can support with energy storage in a corresponding magnetic field. For low-cost applications, an unshielded bobbin inductor is suggested. For noise critical applications, a toroidal or shielded-bobbin inductor should be used. A good practice is to lay out the board with overlapping footprints of both types for design flexibility. This allows substitution of a low-noise toroidal inductor, in the event that noise from low-cost bobbin models is unacceptable. The saturation current rating is the current level beyond which an inductor looses it’s inductance. Beyond this rating, TABLE 3. Suggested Capacitors and Their Suppliers Model Size Vendor Phone FAX 847-803-6100 847-803-6296 22µF, X7R or X5R Ceramic Capacitor for C2 (Output Filter Capacitor) C3225X5RIA226M www.national.com 1210 TDK 16 LM2612 Application Information (Continued) TABLE 3. Suggested Capacitors and Their Suppliers (Continued) Phone FAX JMK325BJ226MM Model 1210 Size Taiyo-Yuden Vendor 847-925-0888 847-925-0899 ECJ4YB0J226M 1210 Panasonic 714-373-7366 714-373-7323 GRM42-2X5R226K6.3 1210 muRata 404-436-1300 404-436-3030 10µF, 6.3V, X7R or X5R Ceramic Capacitor for C1 (Input Filter Capacitor) C2012X5R0J106M 0805 TDK 847-803-6100 847-803-6296 JMK212BJ106MG 0805 Taiyo Yuden 847-925-0888 847-925-0899 ECJ3YB0J106K 1206 Panasonic 714-373-7366 714-373-7323 GRM40X5R106K6.3 0805 muRata 404-436-1400 404-436-3030 Capacitor Selection Use a 10µF, 6.3V, X7R or X5R ceramic input filter capacitor and a 22uF, X7R or X5R ceramic output filter capacitor. These provide an optimal balance between small size, cost, reliability and performance. Do not use Y5V ceramic capacitors. Table 3 lists suggested capacitors and suppliers. A 10µF ceramic capacitor can be used for the output filter capacitor for smaller size in applications where the worst-case transient load step is less than 200mA. Use of a 10µF output capacitor trades off smaller size for an increase in output voltage ripple, and undershoot during line and load transient response. The input filter capacitor supplies current to the PFET switch of the LM2612 in the first part of each cycle and reduces voltage ripple imposed on the input power source. The output filter capacitor smoothes out current flow from the inductor to the load, helps maintain a steady output voltage during transient load changes and reduces output voltage ripple. These capacitors must be selected with sufficient capacitance and sufficiently low ESR to perform these functions. The ESR, or equivalent series resistance, of the filter capacitors is a major factor in voltage ripple. The contribution from ESR to voltage ripple is around 75-95% for most electrolytic capacitors and considerably less for ceramic capacitors. The remainder of the ripple is from charge storage due to capacitance. poor practice. Sufficient thermal design should be done to keep the device below the specified 125˚C maximum operating junction temperature. Micro SMD Package Assembly and Use Use of the micro SMD package requires specialized board layout, precision mounting and careful reflow techniques, as detailed in National Semiconductor Application Note AN-1112. Refer to the section Surface Mount Technology (SMT) Assembly Considerations. For best results in assembly, alignment ordinals on the PC board should be used to facilitate placement of the device. Since micro SMD packaging is a new technology, all layouts and assembly means must be thoroughly tested prior to production. In particular, proper placement, solder reflow and resistance to thermal cycling must be verified. The 10-Bump package used for the LM2612 has 170micron solder balls and requires 6.7mil (6.7/1000 in.) pads for mounting on the circuit board. The trace to each pad should enter the pad with a 90˚ entry angle to prevent debris from being caught in deep corners. Initially, the trace to each pad should be 6 mil wide, for a section 6 mil long or longer, as a thermal relief. Then each trace should neck up to its optimal width over a span of 11 mils or more, so that the taper extends beyond the edge of the package. The important criterion is symmetry. This ensures the solder bumps on the LM2612 re-flow evenly and that the device solders level to the board. In particular, special attention must be paid to the pads for bumps 6-9. Because PVIN and PGND are typically connected to large copper planes, inadequate thermal reliefs can result in late or inadequate reflow of these bumps. The pad style used with micro SMD package must be the NSMD (non-solder mask defined) type. This means that the solder-mask opening is larger than the pad size or 9.7mils for the LM2612. This prevents a lip that otherwise forms if the solder-mask and pad overlap. This lip can hold the device off the surface of the board and interfere with mounting. See Applications Note AN-1112 for specific instructions. The micro SMD package is optimized for the smallest possible size in applications with red or infra-red opaque cases. Because the micro SMD package lacks the plastic encapsulation characteristic of larger devices, it is vulnerable to light. Back-side metalization and/or epoxy coating, along with front-side shading by the printed circuit board, reduce this sensitivity. However, the package has exposed die edges. In particular, micro SMD devices are sensitive to light in the red and Infrared range shining on the package’s exposed die edges. Diode Selection An optional Schottky diode (D1 in Figure 1) can be added to increase efficiency in PFM mode and light-load PWM mode. This may be desired in applications where increased efficiency for improving operational battery life takes precedence over increased system size associated with the Schottky diode. Typically, use of an external schottky diode increases PFM mode efficiency from 72.7% to 85.0% (20 mA load, VOUT = 1.8V, VIN = 3.6V). See the efficiency curves in the Typical Operating Characteristics. Use a Schottky diode with a current rating higher than 850mA, such as an MBRM140T3. Use of a device rated for 30V or more reduces diode reverse leakage in high temperature applications. Thermal Design The LM2612 has a thermal overload protection feature which activates when the junction temperature exceeds around 155˚C, until the device cools to 130˚C. However, running the device this hot continually may damage it and is 17 www.national.com LM2612 Application Information loop. In the second part of each cycle, current is pulled up from ground, through the LM2612 by the inductor, to the output filter capacitor and then back through ground, forming a second current loop. Routing these loops so the current curls in the same direction prevents magnetic field reversal between the two part-cycles and reduces radiated noise. 4. Connect the ground pins of the LM2612 and filter capacitors together using generous component-side copper fill as a pseudo-ground plane. Then, connect this to the ground-plane (if one is used) with several vias. This reduces ground-plane noise by preventing the switching currents from circulating through the ground plane. It also reduces ground bounce at the LM2612 by giving it a low-impedance ground connection. 5. Use wide traces between the power components and for power connections to the DC-DC converter circuit. This reduces voltage errors caused by resistive losses across the traces. 6. Route noise sensitive traces, such as the voltage feedback path, away from noisy traces between the power components. The voltage feedback trace must remain close to the LM2612 circuit and should be direct but should be routed away from to noisy components. This reduces EMI radiated onto the DC-DC converter’s own voltage feedback trace. 7. Place noise sensitive circuitry, such as radio IF blocks, away from the DC-DC converter, CMOS digital blocks and other noisy circuitry. Interference with noise-sensitive circuitry in the system can be reduced through distance. In mobile phones, for example, a common practice is to place the DC-DC converter on one corner of the board, arrange the CMOS digital circuitry around it (since this also generates noise), and then place sensitive preamplifiers and IF stages on the diagonally opposing corner. Often, the sensitive circuitry is shielded with a metal pan and power to it is post-regulated to reduce conducted noise, using low-dropout linear regulators, such as the LP2966. (Continued) Do not use or power-up the LM2612 while subjecting it to high intensity red or infrared light, otherwise degraded, unpredictable or erratic operation may result. Examples of light sources with high red or infrared content include the sun and halogen lamps. Package the circuit in a case opaque to red or infrared light. Board Layout Considerations PC board layout is an important part of DC-DC converter design. Poor board layout can disrupt the performance of a DC-DC converter and surrounding circuitry by contributing to EMI, ground bounce, and resistive voltage loss in the traces. These can send erroneous signals to the DC-DC converter IC, resulting in poor regulation or instability. Poor layout can also result in reflow problems leading to poor solder joints between the micro SMD package and board pads. Poor solder joints can result in erratic or degraded performance. Good layout for the LM2612 can be implemented by following a few simple design rules: 1. Place the LM2612 on 6.7mil pads for micro SMD package. As a thermal relief, connect to each pad with a 6mil wide trace (micro SMD), 6mils long or longer, then incrementally increase each trace to its optimal width over a span so that the taper extends beyond the edge of the package. The important criterion is symmetry to ensure re-flow occurs evenly (see Micro SMD Package Assembly and Use). 2. Place the LM2612, inductor and filter capacitors close together and make the traces short. The traces between these components carry relatively high switching currents and act as antennas. Following this rule reduces radiated noise. Place the capacitors and inductor within 0.2in (5mm) of the LM2612. 3. Arrange the components so that the switching current loops curl in the same direction. During the first part of each cycle, current flows from the input filter capacitor, through the LM2612 and inductor to the output filter capacitor and back through ground, forming a current www.national.com 18 inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted 10-Bump micro SMD Package NS Package Number BPA10 The dimensions for X1, X2 and X3 are as given: X1 = 1.996 +/− 0.030mm X2 = 2.504 +/− 0.030mm X3 = 0.850 +/− 0.1mm NOTES: UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED 1. EPOXY COATING 2. 63Sn/37Pb EUTECTIC BUMP 3. RECOMMEND NON-SOLDER MASK DEFINED LANDING PAD. 4. PIN 1 IS ESTABLISHED BY LOWER LEFT CORNER WITH RESPECT TO TEXT ORIENTATION. REMAINING PINS ARE NUMBERED COUNTER CLOCKWISE. 5. XXX IN DRAWING NUMBER REPRESENTS PACKAGE SIZE VARIATION WHERE X1 IS PACKAGE WIDTH, X2 IS PACKAGE LENGTH AND X3 IS PACKAGE HEIGHT. 6.NO JEDEC REGISTRATION AS OF SEPT. 2000. LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. National Semiconductor Corporation Americas Email: [email protected] www.national.com National Semiconductor Europe Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Email: [email protected] Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 69 9508 6208 English Tel: +44 (0) 870 24 0 2171 Français Tel: +33 (0) 1 41 91 8790 2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness. National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Response Group Tel: 65-2544466 Fax: 65-2504466 Email: [email protected] National Semiconductor Japan Ltd. Tel: 81-3-5639-7560 Fax: 81-3-5639-7507 National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications. LM2612 400mA Sub-miniature, Programmable, Step-Down DC-DC Converter for Ultra Low-Voltage Circuits Physical Dimensions