LM1086 1.5A Low Dropout Positive Regulators General Description Features The LM1086 is a series of low dropout positive voltage regulators with a maximum dropout of 1.5V at 1.5A of load current. It has the same pin-out as National Semiconductor’s industry standard LM317. The LM1086 is available in an adjustable version, which can set the output voltage with only two external resistors. It is also available in six fixed voltages: 1.8V, 2.5V, 2.85V, 3.3V, 3.45V and 5.0V. The fixed versions integrate the adjust resistors. n Available in 1.8V, 2.5V, 2.85V, 3.3V, 3.45V, 5V and Adjustable Versions n Current Limiting and Thermal Protection n Output Current 1.5A n Line Regulation 0.015% (typical) n Load Regulation 0.1% (typical) The LM1086 circuit includes a zener trimmed bandgap reference, current limiting and thermal shutdown. The LM1086 series is available in TO-220, TO-263, and LLP packages. Refer to the LM1084 for the 5A version, and the LM1085 for the 3A version. Applications n n n n n n SCSI-2 Active Terminator High Efficiency Linear Regulators Battery Charger Post Regulation for Switching Supplies Constant Current Regulator Microprocessor Supply Connection Diagrams TO-220 TO-263 LLP 10094802 Top View 10094804 Top View 10094866 Pins 6, 7, and 8 must be tied together. Top View Basic Functional Diagram, Adjustable Version Application Circuit 10094865 10094852 1.2V to 15V Adjustable Regulator © 2005 National Semiconductor Corporation DS100948 www.national.com LM1086 1.5A Low Dropout Positive Regulators June 2005 LM1086 Ordering Information Package 3-lead TO-263 Temperature Range −40˚C to +125˚C 0˚C to +125˚C 3-lead TO-220 −40˚C to +125˚C 0˚C to +125˚C 8-Lead LLP www.national.com −40˚C to +125˚C Part Number Transport Media LM1086IS-ADJ Rails LM1086ISX-ADJ Tape and Reel LM1086IS-1.8 Rails LM1086ISX-1.8 Tape and Reel LM1086IS-2.85 Rails LM1086ISX-2.85 Tape and Reel LM1086IS-3.3 Rails LM1086ISX-3.3 Tape and Reel LM1086IS-3.45 Rails LM1086ISX-3.45 Tape and Reel LM1086IS-5.0 Rails LM1086ISX-5.0 Tape and Reel LM1086CS-ADJ Rails LM1086CSX-ADJ Tape and Reel LM1086CS-2.5 Rails LM1086CSX-2.5 Tape and Reel LM1086CS-2.85 Rails LM1086CSX-2.85 Tape and Reel LM1086CS-3.3 Rails LM1086CSX-3.3 Tape and Reel LM1086CS-5.0 Rails LM1086CSX-5.0 Tape and Reel LM1086IT-ADJ Rails LM1086IT-1.8 Rails LM1086IT-2.85 Rails LM1086IT-3.3 Rails LM1086IT-5.0 Rails LM1086CT-ADJ Rails LM1086CT-2.85 Rails LM1086CT-3.3 Rails LM1086CT-5.0 Rails LM1086ILD-ADJ Rails LM1086ILDX-ADJ Tape and Reel LM1086ILD-1.8 Rails LM1086ILDX-1.8 Tape and Reel LM1086ILD-2.5 Rails LM1086ILDX-2.5 Tape and Reel LM1086ILD-2.85 Rails LM1086ILDX-2.85 Tape and Reel LM1086ILD-3.3 Rails LM1086ILDX-3.3 Tape and Reel LM1086ILD-5.0 Rails LM1086ILDX-5.0 Tape and Reel 2 NSC Drawing TS3B T03B LDC008AA LM1086 Simplified Schematic 10094834 3 www.national.com LM1086 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) Storage Temperature Range If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Lead Temperature -65˚C to 150˚C 260˚C, to 10 sec ESD Tolerance (Note 4) Maximum Input-to-Output Voltage Differential 2000V Operating Ratings (Note 1) LM1086-ADJ 29V LM1086-1.8 27V LM1086-2.5 27V LM1086-2.85 27V Control Section 0˚C to 125˚C LM1086-3.3 27V Output Section 0˚C to 150˚C LM1086-3.45 27V LM1086-5.0 25V Control Section −40˚C to 125˚C Internally Limited Output Section −40˚C to 150˚C Power Dissipation (Note 2) Junction Temperature (TJ)(Note 3) Junction Temperature Range (TJ) (Note 3) "C" Grade "I" Grade 150˚C Electrical Characteristics Typicals and limits appearing in normal type apply for TJ = 25˚C. Limits appearing in Boldface type apply over the entire junction temperature range for operation. Symbol VREF VOUT ∆VOUT Parameter Reference Voltage Output Voltage (Note 7) Line Regulation (Note 8) www.national.com Min (Note 6) Typ (Note 5) Max (Note 6) Units LM1086-ADJ IOUT = 10mA, VIN−VOUT = 3V 10mA ≤IOUT ≤ IFULL LOAD, 1.5V ≤ VIN−VOUT ≤ 15V (Note 7) 1.238 1.225 1.250 1.250 1.262 1.270 V V LM1086-1.8 IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 5V 0 ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LOAD, 3.3V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 1.782 1.764 1.8 1.8 1.818 1.836 V LM1086-2.5 IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 5V 0 ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LOAD, 4.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 2.475 2.450 2.50 2.50 2.525 2.55 V LM1086-2.85 IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 5V 0 ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LOAD, 4.35V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 2.82 2.79 2.85 2.85 2.88 2.91 V V LM1086-3.3 IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 5V 0 ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LOAD, 4.75V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 3.267 3.235 3.300 3.300 3.333 3.365 V V LM1086-3.45 IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 5V 0 ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LOAD, 4.95V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 3.415 3.381 3.45 3.45 3.484 3.519 V V LM1086-5.0 IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 8V 0 ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LOAD, 6.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V 4.950 4.900 5.000 5.000 5.050 5.100 V V 0.015 0.035 0.2 0.2 % % LM1086-1.8 IOUT = 0mA, 3.3V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 0.3 0.6 6 6 mV LM1086-2.5 IOUT = 0mA, 4.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 0.3 0.6 6 6 mV Conditions LM1086-ADJ IOUT =10mA, 1.5V≤ (VIN-VOUT) ≤ 15V 4 (Continued) Typicals and limits appearing in normal type apply for TJ = 25˚C. Limits appearing in Boldface type apply over the entire junction temperature range for operation. Symbol ∆VOUT Typ (Note 5) Max (Note 6) Units LM1086-2.85 IOUT = 0mA, 4.35V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 0.3 0.6 6 6 mV mV LM1086-3.3 IOUT = 0mA, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 0.5 1.0 10 10 mV mV LM1086-3.45 IOUT = 0mA, 4.95V ≤ VIN ≤ 18V 0.5 1.0 10 10 mV mV LM1086-5.0 IOUT = 0mA, 6.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V 0.5 1.0 10 10 mV mV 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 % % LOAD 3 6 12 20 mV mV LOAD 3 7 15 25 mV mV LOAD 5 10 20 35 mV mV 1.3 1.5 V Parameter Load Regulation (Note 8) LM1086-ADJ (VIN-V OUT ) = 3V, 10mA ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LM1086-1.8 ,2.5, 2.85 VIN = 5V, 0 ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LM1086-3.3, 3.45 VIN = 5V, 0 ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LM1086-5.0 VIN = 8V, 0 ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL ILIMIT LOAD Dropout Voltage (Note 9) LM1086-ADJ, 1.8, 2.5,2.85, 3.3, 3.45, 5 ∆VREF, ∆VOUT = 1%, IOUT = 1.5A Current Limit LM1086-ADJ VIN−VOUT = 5V VIN−VOUT = 25V 1.50 0.05 2.7 0.15 A A LM1086-1.8,2.5, 2.85, 3.3, 3.45, VIN = 8V 1.5 2.7 A LM1086-5.0, VIN = 10V 1.5 2.7 A Minimum Load Current (Note 10) LM1086-ADJ VIN −VOUT = 25V 5.0 10.0 Quiescent Current LM1086-1.8, 2.5, 2.85, VIN ≤ 18V 5.0 10.0 mA LM1086-3.3, VIN ≤ 18V 5.0 10.0 mA mA LM1086-3.45, VIN ≤ 18V 5.0 10.0 mA LM1086-5.0, VIN ≤ 20V 5.0 10.0 mA Thermal Regulation TA = 25˚C, 30ms Pulse 0.008 0.04 %/W Ripple Rejection fRIPPLE = 120Hz, COUT = 25µF Tantalum, IOUT = 1.5A LM1086-ADJ, CADJ = 25µF, (VIN−VO) = 3V 60 75 dB LM1086-1.8, 2.5, 2.85, VIN = 6V 60 72 dB LM1086-3.3, VIN= 6.3V 60 72 dB LM1086-3.45, VIN= 6.3V 60 72 dB LM1086-5.0 VIN = 8V 60 68 dB Adjust Pin Current LM1086 55 120 µA Adjust Pin Current Change 10mA ≤ IOUT ≤ IFULL LOAD, 1.5V ≤ (VIN−VOUT) ≤ 15V 0.2 5 µA 1.0 % Temperature Stability θJC Min (Note 6) Conditions 0.5 Long Term Stability TA = 125˚C, 1000Hrs RMS Noise (% of VOUT) 10Hz ≤ f≤ 10kHz Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Case 3-Lead TO-263: Control Section/Output Section 3-Lead TO-220: Control Section/Output Section 0.3 % 0.003 5 % 1.5/4.0 1.5/4.0 ˚C/W ˚C/W www.national.com LM1086 Electrical Characteristics LM1086 Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is intended to be functional, but specific performance is not guaranteed. For guaranteed specifications and the test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics. Note 2: Power dissipation is kept in a safe range by current limiting circuitry. Refer to Overload Recovery in Application Notes. The value θJA for the LLP package is specifically dependent on PCB trace area, trace material, and the number of thermal vias. For improved thermal resistance and power dissipation for the LLP package, refer to Application Note AN-1187. Note 3: The maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(MAX) , θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(MAX)–T A)/θJA. All numbers apply for packages soldered directly into a PC board. Refer to Thermal Considerations in the Application Notes. Note 4: For testing purposes, ESD was applied using human body model, 1.5kΩ in series with 100pF. Note 5: Typical Values represent the most likely parametric norm. Note 6: All limits are guaranteed by testing or statistical analysis. Note 7: IFULL LOAD is defined in the current limit curves. The IFULL LOAD Curve defines current limit as a function of input-to-output voltage. Note that 15W power dissipation for the LM1086 is only achievable over a limited range of input-to-output voltage. Note 8: Load and line regulation are measured at constant junction temperature, and are guaranteed up to the maximum power dissipation of 15W. Power dissipation is determined by the input/output differential and the output current. Guaranteed maximum power dissipation will not be available over the full input/output range. Note 9: Dropout voltage is specified over the full output current range of the device. Note 10: The minimum output current required to maintain regulation. Typical Performance Characteristics Dropout Voltage vs. Output Current Short-Circuit Current vs. Input/Output Difference 10094837 10094863 Load Regulation vs. Temperature Percent Change in Output Voltage vs. Temperature 10094838 www.national.com 10094899 6 (Continued) Adjust Pin Current vs. Temperature Maximum Power Dissipation vs. Temperature 10094842 10094898 Ripple Rejection vs. Frequency (LM1086-Adj.) Ripple Rejection vs. Output Current (LM1086-Adj.) 10094844 10094843 Ripple Rejection vs. Frequency (LM1086-5) Ripple Rejection vs. Output Current (LM1086-5) 10094846 10094845 7 www.national.com LM1086 Typical Performance Characteristics LM1086 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) Line Transient Response Load Transient Response 10094847 10094848 For fixed voltage devices, R1 and R2 are integrated inside the devices. Application Note GENERAL Figure 1 shows a basic functional diagram for the LM1086Adj (excluding protection circuitry) . The topology is basically that of the LM317 except for the pass transistor. Instead of a Darlingtion NPN with its two diode voltage drop, the LM1086 uses a single NPN. This results in a lower dropout voltage. The structure of the pass transistor is also known as a quasi LDO. The advantage a quasi LDO over a PNP LDO is its inherently lower quiescent current. The LM1086 is guaranteed to provide a minimum dropout voltage 1.5V over temperature, at full load. 10094817 FIGURE 2. Basic Adjustable Regulator STABILITY CONSIDERATION Stability consideration primarily concern the phase response of the feedback loop. In order for stable operation, the loop must maintain negative feedback. The LM1086 requires a certain amount series resistance with capacitive loads. This series resistance introduces a zero within the loop to increase phase margin and thus increase stability. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) of solid tantalum or aluminum electrolytic capacitors is used to provide the appropriate zero (approximately 500 kHz). The Aluminum electrolytic are less expensive than tantalums, but their ESR varies exponentially at cold temperatures; therefore requiring close examination when choosing the desired transient response over temperature. Tantalums are a convenient choice because their ESR varies less than 2:1 over temperature. The recommended load/decoupling capacitance is a 10uF tantalum or a 50uF aluminum. These values will assure stability for the majority of applications. The adjustable versions allows an additional capacitor to be used at the ADJ pin to increase ripple rejection. If this is done the output capacitor should be increased to 22uF for tantalums or to 150uF for aluminum. 10094865 FIGURE 1. Basic Functional Diagram for the LM1086, excluding Protection circuitry OUTPUT VOLTAGE The LM1086 adjustable version develops at 1.25V reference voltage, (VREF), between the output and the adjust terminal. As shown in figure 2, this voltage is applied across resistor R1 to generate a constant current I1. This constant current then flows through R2. The resulting voltage drop across R2 adds to the reference voltage to sets the desired output voltage. The current IADJ from the adjustment terminal introduces an output error . But since it is small (120uA max), it becomes negligible when R1 is in the 100Ω range. www.national.com 8 When the adjustable regulator is used (Figure 4), the best performance is obtained with the positive side of the resistor R1 tied directly to the output terminal of the regulator rather than near the load. This eliminates line drops from appearing effectively in series with the reference and degrading regulation. For example, a 5V regulator with 0.05Ω resistance between the regulator and load will have a load regulation due to line resistance of 0.05Ω x IL. If R1 (=125Ω) is connected near the load the effective line resistance will be 0.05Ω (1 + R2/R1) or in this case, it is 4 times worse. In addition, the ground side of the resistor R2 can be returned near the ground of the load to provide remote ground sensing and improve load regulation. (Continued) Capacitors other than tantalum or aluminum can be used at the adjust pin and the input pin. A 10uF capacitor is a reasonable value at the input. See Ripple Rejection section regarding the value for the adjust pin capacitor. It is desirable to have large output capacitance for applications that entail large changes in load current (microprocessors for example). The higher the capacitance, the larger the available charge per demand. It is also desirable to provide low ESR to reduce the change in output voltage: ∆V = ∆I x ESR It is common practice to use several tantalum and ceramic capacitors in parallel to reduce this change in the output voltage by reducing the overall ESR. Output capacitance can be increased indefinitely to improve transient response and stability. RIPPLE REJECTION Ripple rejection is a function of the open loop gain within the feed-back loop (refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2). The LM1086 exhibits 75dB of ripple rejection (typ.). When adjusted for voltages higher than VREF, the ripple rejection decreases as function of adjustment gain: (1+R1/R2) or VO/VREF. Therefore a 5V adjustment decreases ripple rejection by a factor of four (−12dB); Output ripple increases as adjustment voltage increases. However, the adjustable version allows this degradation of ripple rejection to be compensated. The adjust terminal can be bypassed to ground with a capacitor (CADJ). The impedance of the CADJ should be equal to or less than R1 at the desired ripple frequency. This bypass capacitor prevents ripple from being amplified as the output voltage is increased. 1/(2π*fRIPPLE*CADJ) ≤ R1 10094819 FIGURE 4. Best Load Regulation using Adjustable Output Regulator PROTECTION DIODES Under normal operation, the LM1086 regulator does not need any protection diode. With the adjustable device, the internal resistance between the adjustment and output terminals limits the current. No diode is needed to divert the current around the regulator even with a capacitor on the adjustment terminal. The adjust pin can take a transient signal of ± 25V with respect to the output voltage without damaging the device. When an output capacitor is connected to a regulator and the input is shorted, the output capacitor will discharge into the output of the regulator. The discharge current depends on the value of the capacitor, the output voltage of the regulator, and rate of decrease of VIN. In the LM1086 regulator, the internal diode between the output and input pins can withstand microsecond surge currents of 10A to 20A. With an extremely large output capacitor (≥1000 µf), and with input instantaneously shorted to ground, the regulator could be damaged. In this case, an external diode is recommended between the output and input pins to protect the regulator, shown in Figure 5. LOAD REGULATION The LM1086 regulates the voltage that appears between its output and ground pins, or between its output and adjust pins. In some cases, line resistances can introduce errors to the voltage across the load. To obtain the best load regulation, a few precautions are needed. Figure 3 shows a typical application using a fixed output regulator. Rt1 and Rt2 are the line resistances. VLOAD is less than the VOUT by the sum of the voltage drops along the line resistances. In this case, the load regulation seen at the RLOAD would be degraded from the data sheet specification. To improve this, the load should be tied directly to the output terminal on the positive side and directly tied to the ground terminal on the negative side. 10094818 FIGURE 3. Typical Application using Fixed Output Regulator 9 www.national.com LM1086 Application Note LM1086 Application Note (Continued) 10094816 FIGURE 6. Power Dissipation Diagram Once the device power is determined, the maximum allowable (θJA(max)) is calculated as: θJA (max) = TR(max)/PD = TJ(max) − TA(max))/PD The LM1086 has different temperature specifications for two different sections of the IC: the control section and the output section. The Electrical Characteristics table shows the junction to case thermal resistances for each of these sections, while the maximum junction temperatures (TJ(max)) for each section is listed in the Absolute Maximum section of the datasheet. TJ(max) is 125˚C for the control section, while TJ(max) is 150˚C for the output section. θJA (max) should be calculated separately for each section as follows: θJA (max, CONTROL SECTION) = (125˚C for TA(max))/PD θJA (max, OUTPUT SECTION) = (150˚C for TA(max))/PD The required heat sink is determined by calculating its required thermal resistance (θHA(max)). θHA(max) = θJA(max) − (θJC + θCH) θHA (max) should be calculated twice as follows: θHA (max) = θJA(max, CONTROL SECTION) - (θJC (CONTROL SECTION) + θCH) θHA (max)= θJA(max, OUTPUT SECTION) - (θJC(OUTPUT SECTION) + θCH) If thermal compound is used, θCH can be estimated at 0.2 C/W. If the case is soldered to the heat sink, then a θCH can be estimated as 0 C/W. After, θHA (max) is calculated for each section, choose the lower of the two θHA (max) values to determine the appropriate heat sink. If PC board copper is going to be used as a heat sink, then Figure 7 can be used to determine the appropriate area (size) of copper foil required. 10094815 FIGURE 5. Regulator with Protection Diode OVERLOAD RECOVERY Overload recovery refers to regulator’s ability to recover from a short circuited output. A key factor in the recovery process is the current limiting used to protect the output from drawing too much power. The current limiting circuit reduces the output current as the input to output differential increases. Refer to short circuit curve in the curve section. During normal start-up, the input to output differential is small since the output follows the input. But, if the output is shorted, then the recovery involves a large input to output differential. Sometimes during this condition the current limiting circuit is slow in recovering. If the limited current is too low to develop a voltage at the output, the voltage will stabilize at a lower level. Under these conditions it may be necessary to recycle the power of the regulator in order to get the smaller differential voltage and thus adequate start up conditions. Refer to curve section for the short circuit current vs. input differential voltage. THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS ICs heats up when in operation, and power consumption is one factor in how hot it gets. The other factor is how well the heat is dissipated. Heat dissipation is predictable by knowing the thermal resistance between the IC and ambient (θJA). Thermal resistance has units of temperature per power (C/ W). The higher the thermal resistance, the hotter the IC. The LM1086 specifies the thermal resistance for each package as junction to case (θJC). In order to get the total resistance to ambient (θJA), two other thermal resistance must be added, one for case to heat-sink (θCH) and one for heatsink to ambient (θHA). The junction temperature can be predicted as follows: TJ = TA + PD (θJC + θCH + θHA) = TA + PD θJA TJ is junction temperature, TA is ambient temperature, and PD is the power consumption of the device. Device power consumption is calculated as follows: IIN = IL + IG PD = (VIN−VOUT) IL + VINIG Figure 6 shows the voltages and currents which are present in the circuit. 10094864 FIGURE 7. Heat sink thermal Resistance vs. Area www.national.com 10 LM1086 Typical Applications 10094854 10094849 Battery Charger 5V to 3.3V, 1.5A Regulator 10094855 10094850 Adjustable @ 5V Adjustable Fixed Regulator 10094856 Regulator with Reference 10094852 1.2V to 15V Adjustable Regulator 10094857 High Current Lamp Driver Protection 10094853 5V Regulator with Shutdown 11 www.national.com LM1086 Typical Applications (Continued) 10094860 Ripple Rejection Enhancement 10094859 Battery Backup Regulated Supply 10094861 Automatic Light control 10094858 Remote Sensing www.national.com 12 LM1086 Typical Applications (Continued) 10094851 SCSI-2 Active termination 13 www.national.com LM1086 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted 3-Lead TO-263 NS Package Number TS3B 3-Lead TO-220 NS Package Number T03B www.national.com 14 LM1086 1.5A Low Dropout Positive Regulators Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued) 8-Lead LLP NS Package Number LDC008AA National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications. 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