LM2791 Current Regulated Switched Capacitor LED Driver with Analog Brightness Control General Description Features The LM2791 is a CMOS charge-pump voltage doubler and regulator that provides two regulated current sources. The LM2791 is designed to drive two white (or blue) LEDs with matched currents (within ± 0.3%) to produce balanced light sources for display backlights. They accept an input voltage range from 3V to 5.8V and maintain a constant current determined by an external set resistor. The LM2791 delivers up to 36mA of load current to accommodate two high forward voltage (typically white) LEDs. The switching frequency is 450kHz (min.) to keep the conducted noise spectrum away from sensitive frequencies within portable RF devices. In the LM2791, brightness is controlled by applying a voltage between GND and 3.0V to the BRGT pin. The LM2791 is available in active high or low shutdown versions. The shutdown pin reduces the operating current to 1µA (max.). n n n n n n n n n n n n n The LM2791 is available in a 10 pin leadless leadframe (LLP) CSP package. n White LED Display Backlights n White LED Keypad Backlights n 1-Cell Li-Ion battery-operated equipment including PDAs, hand-held PCs, cellular phones n Flat Panel Dispalys Output matching of ± 0.3% Drives up to two LED’s 3V to 5.8V Input Voltage Up to 36mA output current Soft start limits inrush current Analog brightness control Separate shutdown input Very small solution size - no inductor 0.7mA typical operating current 1µA (max.) shutdown current 450kHz switching frequency (min.) Linear regulation generates predictable noise spectrum LLP-10 package: 3mm X 3mm X 0.8mm Applications Basic Application Circuit 20018301 © 2002 National Semiconductor Corporation DS200183 www.national.com LM2791 Current Regulated Switched Capacitor LED Driver with Analog Brightness Control July 2002 LM2791 Connection Diagram 20018303 Top View 10-Lead LLP Ordering Information Order Number Shutdown Polarity NSC Package Drawing Package Marking Supplied As LM2791LD-L Active Low LLP-10 SNB 1000 Units, Tape and Reel LM2791LDX-L Active Low LLP-10 SNB 4500 Units, Tape and Reel LM2791LD-H Active High LLP-10 SLB 1000 Units, Tape and Reel LM2791LDX-H Active High LLP-10 SLB 4500 Units, Tape and Reel www.national.com 2 LM2791 Pin Description Pin Name Function 1 BRGT Variable voltage input controls output current. 2 POUT Charge pump output. 3 C1− Connect this pin to the negative terminal of C1. 4 C1+ Connect this pin to the positive terminal of C1. 5 D2 Current source outputs. Connect directly to LED. 6 D1 Current source outputs. Connect directly to LED. 7 GND Power supply ground input. 8 VIN Power supply voltage input. 9 SD/SD 10 ISET Shutdown input. Device operation is inhibited when pin is asserted. Current Sense Input. Connect resistor to ground to set constant current through LED. Block Diagram 20018302 3 www.national.com LM2791 Absolute Maximum Ratings ESD Rating (Note 1) Human Body Model If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. −0.3 to 6V VIN BRGT, SD Input Voltage (VIN) 400 mW TJMAX (Note 2) 3.0V to 5.8V BRGT 150˚C 0 to 3.0V 55˚C/W Ambient Temperature (TA) −30˚C to +85˚C −65˚C to +100˚C Junction Temperature (TJ) −30˚C to +100˚C θJA (Note 7) Storge Temperature 200V Operating Conditions -0.3 to (VIN +0.2V) Power Dissipation(Note 2) 2KV Machine Model Lead Temp. (Soldering, 5 sec.) 260˚C Electrical Characteristics Limits in standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C and limits in boldface type apply over the full Operating Temperature Range. Unless otherwise specified, C1 = CIN = CHOLD = 1 µF, VIN = 3.6V, VDIODE = 3.6V, RSET = 332Ω, BRGT pin = 0V. Symbol IDX IDx Parameter Conditions Min Diode Current at ID1,2 VIN= 3V, RSET = 270Ω 16.5 Available Current at Output Dx VIN= 3V Load Regulation at Output Dx Typ Max Units mA 18 14.5 VIN= 3.3V 12.8 15.1 17.7 VIN= 3.6V 13.3 15.7 18.4 VIN = 4.4V 16.8 VIN =3.6V VDX=3.0V VDX=4.0V 16 15.4 mA IDX Line Regulation of Dx Output Current 3.3V ≤ VIN ≤ 4.4V VDX = 3.6V 15.7 mA ID-MATCH Current Matching Between Any Two Outputs 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 4.4V VD1, VD2 = 3.6V 0.3 % IQ Quiescent Supply Current 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 4.4V, Active, No Load Current 0.7 2 mA ISD Shutdown Supply Current 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V, Shutdown at 85˚C 0.1 0.3 1 µA VIH SD Input Logic High 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V, (Note 5) VIL SD Input Logic Low 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V, (Note 5) ILEAK-SD SD Input Leakage Current 0V ≤ VSD ≤ VIN RBRGT BRGT Input Resistance ISET ISET Pin Output Current fSW Switching Frequency (Note 4) 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 4.4V tSTART Startup Time(Note 6) IDx = 90% steady state 0.8VIN V 0.2VIN µA 250 kΩ IDx/25 450 V 0.1 650 10 mA 850 kHz µs Note 1: Absolute maximum ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Electrical specifications do not apply when operating the device beyond its rated operating conditions. Note 2: D1 and D2 may be shorted to GND without damage. POUT may be shorted to GND for 1sec without damage. Note 3: In the test circuit, all capacitors are 1.0µF, 0.3Ω maximum ESR capacitors. Capacitors with higher ESR will increase output resistance, reduce output voltage and efficiency. Note 4: The output switches operate at one half of the oscillator frequency, fOSC = 2fSW. Note 5: The interanl thresholds of the shutdown bar are set at about 40% of VIN. Note 6: This electrical specification is guaranteed by design. Note 7: For more inforamtion regarding the LLP package, please refer to National Semiconductor Application note AN1187 www.national.com 4 Unless otherwise specified, C1 = CIN, CHOLD= 1uF, VIN= 3.6V, Supply Current at No Load Supply Current vs Supply Voltage 20018312 20018305 SD-Threshold IDIODE vs VDIODE 20018308 20018310 Diode Current vs. Temperature IDIODE vs RSet 20018320 20018311 5 www.national.com LM2791 Typical Performance Characteristics VDIODE = 3.6V, BRGT pin =0V, RSET = 330Ω LM2791 Typical Performance Characteristics Unless otherwise specified, C1 = CIN, CHOLD= 1uF, VIN= 3.6V, VDIODE = 3.6V, BRGT pin =0V, RSET = 330Ω (Continued) IDIODE vs BRGT VSET vs BRGT 20018313 20018309 Switching Frequency vs Supply Voltage Switching Frequency vs. Temperature 20018306 20018321 Start Up Time @ 3.0VIN Start Up Time @ 3.6VIN 20018314 www.national.com 20018315 6 Start Up Time @ 4.2 VIN 20018316 7 www.national.com LM2791 Typical Performance Characteristics Unless otherwise specified, C1 = CIN, CHOLD= 1uF, VIN= 3.6V, VDIODE = 3.6V, BRGT pin =0V, RSET = 330Ω (Continued) LM2791 Circuit Description The LM2791 provides two matched current sources for driving high forward voltage drop LEDs from Li-Ion battery sources. The device has on-chip current regulators which are composed of current mirrors with a 25 to 1 ratio. The mirrors control the LED current without using current limiting resistors in the LED current path. The device can drive up to a total of 36mA through the LEDs. The LED brightness can be controlled by both analog and or digital methods. The digital technique uses a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal applied to the shutdown input. The analog technique applies an analog voltage to the brightness (BRGT) pin (see Application Information sections). For lowest cost, the LM2791 can be used for constant brightness by grounding BRGT and enabling the shutdown pin. 20018304 FIGURE 1. Application Information CAPACITOR SELECTION SOFT START LM2791 includes a soft start function to reduce the inrush currents and high peak current during power up of the device. Soft start is implemented internally by ramping the bandgap more slowly than the applied voltage. This is done by holding the bandgap in shutdown for a short time. During soft start, the switch resistances limit the inrush current used to charge the flying and hold capacitors. Low equivalent series resistance (ESR) capacitors such as X5R or X7R are recommended to be used for CIN, C1, C2, and CHOLD for best performance. Ceramic capacitors with less than or equal to 0.3 ohms ESR value are recommended for this application. Table 1 below lists suggested capacitor suppliers for the typical application circuit. TABLE 1. Low ESR Capacitor Manufactures SHUTDOWN MODE A shutdown pin (SD or /SD) is available to disable the LM2791 and reduce the quiescent current to 1µA maximum. The LM2791 is available with both senses of shutdown polarity. During normal operation mode of the ’-L’ options, an active high logic signal to the SD pin or tying the SD pin to VIN, will enable the device. Pulling SD low or connectingSD to ground will disable the device. During normal operation mode of the ’-H’ options, an active low logic signal to the SD pin or tying the SD pin to GND, will enable the device. Pulling SD high or connecting SD to VIN will disable the device. www.national.com Manufacturer Contact website TDK (847) 803 6100 www.component.tdk.com MuRata (800) 831 9172 www.murata.com Taiyo Yuden (800) 348 2496 www.t-yuden.com SCHOTTKY DIODE SELECTION A schottky diode (D1) must be used between VIN and POUT for proper operation. During start-up, the low voltage drop across this diode is used to charge COUT and start the oscillator. It is necessary to protect the device from 8 current mirror circuitry with a ratio of 25:1 The currents through each LED are matched within 0.3%. RSET should be chosen not to exceed the maximum current delivery capability of the device. Table 4 shows a list of RSET values when maximun BRGT = 0V is applied. For other BRGT voltages, RSET can be calculated using this formula: RSET = (((BRGT * 0.42) + VOFFSET))/(ILED)* 25 (Continued) turning-on its own parasitic diode and potentially latching-up. As a result, it is important to select a schottky diode that will carry at least 200mA or higher current to charge the output capacitor during start-up. A schottky diode like 1N5817 can be used for most applications or a surface mount diode such as BAT54-series and MA2J704 used to reduce the circuit size. Table 2 below lists suggested schottky diode manufactures. TABLE 4. RSETSelections ( when BRGT pin = 0V) ILED per LED *RSET 15mA 330Ω Schottky Diodes 10mA 500Ω 5mA 1K TABLE 2. Diode Manufactures Manufacturer Contact ON Semiconductor (800) 344 3860 www.onsemi.con Phillips Semiconductors (800) 234 7381 www.philipssemiconduc tor.com Panasonic Semiconductor (408) 945 5622 www.panasonic.com * Use 1% resitor for Rset Calculation of LED Current When Grounding BRGT: VIN = 3.6V VOFFSET = 200mV(Reference Voltage) RSET = 330Ω ILED = ( VOFFSET/RSET) *25 ILED = (200mV/330) *25 = 15mA LED SELECTION The LM2791 is designed to drive LEDs with a forward voltage of about 3.0V to 4.0V or higher. The typical and maximum VF depends highly on the manufacturer and their technology. Table 3 lists two suggested manufactures and example part numbers. Each supplier makes many LEDs that work well with the LM2791. The LEDs suggested below are in a surface mount package and TOPLED or SIDEVIEW configuration with a maximum forward current of 20mA. These diodes also come in SIDELED or SIDEVIEW configuration and various chromaticity groups. For applications that demand color and brigthness matching, care must be taken to select LEDs from the same chromaticity group. Forward current matching is assured over the LED process variations due to the constant current output of the LM2791. For best fit selection for an application, consult the manufacturer for detailed information. BRGT PIN The BRGT pin can be used to smoothly vary the brightness of the White LEDs. In the LM2791, current on BRGT is connected to an internal resistor divider which gives a factor 0.42 and summed with an offset voltage from the internal bandgap (200mV). This voltage is fed to the operational amplifier that controls the current through the mirror resistor RSET. The nominal range on BRGT is 0V to 3V. Care must be taken to prevent voltages on BRGT that cause LED current to exceed 36mA. Although this will not cause damage to the IC, it will not meet the guaranteed specifications listed in the Electrical Characteristics. Table 5 shows the current through each LED for the LM2791 with various BRGT and RSET values. Calculation of LED Current When BRGT Pin > 0: RSET = 2000Ω BRGT = 2.5V VOFFSET = 200mV(Reference Voltage) ILED = (((BRGT * 0.42) + VOFFSET)/ RSET )* 25 ILED = (((2.5*0.42) + 0.20)/2000 )*25 =15.6mA TABLE 3. White LED Selection: Component Manufacture Contact LWT673/LWT67C Osram NSCW100/ NSCW215 Nichia www.osram-os.com www.nichia.com ISET PIN An external resistor, RSET, sets the mirror current that is required to provide a constant current through the LEDs. The current through RSET and the LED is set by the internal TABLE 5. LED Current When Using BRGT Input (Values Highlighted in Boldface exceeded maximum current range of the device if both LEDs are in use) RSET (Ω) 1000Ω 1500Ω 2000Ω 2500Ω BRGT (V) ILED (mA) ILED (mA) ILED (mA) ILED (mA) 0.5 10.25 6.84 5.10 4.1 1.0 15.5 10.3 7.75 6.2 1.5 20.75 13.8 10.37 8.3 2.0 26 17.3 13.00 10.4 2.5 31.25 20.80 15.6 12.5 3.0 36.5 24.3 18.3 14.6 9 www.national.com LM2791 Application Information LM2791 Application Information Efficiency = (VDIODE* IDIODE) / ( VIN * IDIODE* Gain) = VDIODE / 2VIN In the case of the LM2791, a more accurate efficiency calculation can be applied as the given formula below. Efficiency = ((VD1* ID1) + (VD2* ID2)) / (ISUPPLY* VIN) (Continued) BRIGHTNESS CONTROL USING PWM Brigthness control can be implemented by pulsing a signal at the SD pin. The recommended signal should be between 100Hz to 1kHz. If the operating PWM frequency is much less than 100Hz, flicker may be seen in the LEDs. Likewise, if frequency is much higher, brightness in the LEDs will not be linear. When a PWM signal is used to drive the SD pin of the LM2791, connect BRGT pin to a maximun of GND. RSET value is selected using the above I SET equation as if BRGT pin is used. The brigthness is controlled by increasing and decreasing the duty cycle of the PWM. Zero duty cycle will turn off the brigthness and a 50% duty cycle waveform produces an average current of 7.5mA if RSET is set to produce a maximum LED current of 15mA. So the LED current varies linearly with the duty cycle. It is clear that the efficiency will depend on the supply voltage in the above equation. As such, the lower the supply voltage, the higher the efficiency. POWER DISSIPATION The maximum allowable power dissipation that this package is capable of handling can be determined as follows: PDMax = (TJMax - TA) / θJA where TJMax is the maximum junction temperature, TA is the ambient temperature, and θJA is the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance of the specified package. The actual power dissipation of the device can be calculated using this equation: PDissipation = (2VIN -VDIODE)*ILOAD As an example, if VIN in the target application is 4.2V, VDIODE = 3.0V and worse case current consumption is 32mA (16mA for each diode). PDissipation = ((2*4.2) -3.0)*0.032 = 173mW Power dissipation must be less than that allowed by the package. Please refer to the Absolute Maximum Rating of the LM2791. PARALLEL Dx OUTPUTS FOR INCREASED CURRENT DRIVE Outputs D1 and D2 may be connected together to drive a single LED. In such a configuration, two parallel current sources of equal value drive the single LED. RSET and VBRGT should be chosen so that the current through each of the outputs is programmed to 50% of the total desired LED current. For example, if 30mA is the desired drive current for the single LED, RSET and VBRGT should be selected so that the current through each of the outputs is 15mA. Connecting the outputs in parallel does not affect internal operation of the LM2791and has no impact on the Electrical Characteristics and limits previously presented. The available Dx output current, maximum Dx voltage, and all other specifications provided in the Electrical Characteristics table apply to this parallel output configuration, just as they do to the standard 2-LED application circuit. PCB LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS The LLP is a leadframe based Chip Scale Package (CSP) with very good thermal properties. This package has an exposed DAP (die attach pad) at the center of the package measuring 2.0mm x 1.2mm. The main advantage of this exposed DAP is to offer lower thermal resistance when it is soldered to the thermal land on the PCB. For PCB layout, National highly recommends a 1:1 ratio between the package and the PCB thermal land. To further enhance thermal conductivity, the PCB thermal land may include vias to a ground plane. For more detailed instructions on mounting LLP packages, please refer to National Semiconductor Application Note AN-1187. THERMAL PROTECTION The LM2791 has internal thermal protection circuitry to disable the charge pump if the junction temperature exceeds 150˚C. This feature will protect the device from damage due to excessive power dissipation. The device will recover and operate normally when the junction temperature falls below the maximum operating junction temperature of 100˚C. It is important to have good thermal conduction with a proper layout to reduce thermal resistance. POWER EFFICIENCY An ideal power efficiency for a voltage doubler switched capacitor converter is given as the output voltage of the doubler over twice the input voltage as follows: www.national.com 10 inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted LLP-10 Pin Package (LDA) For Ordering, Refer to Ordering Information Table NS Package Number LDA10A LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. National Semiconductor Corporation Americas Email: [email protected] www.national.com National Semiconductor Europe Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Email: [email protected] Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 69 9508 6208 English Tel: +44 (0) 870 24 0 2171 Français Tel: +33 (0) 1 41 91 8790 2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness. National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Response Group Tel: 65-2544466 Fax: 65-2504466 Email: [email protected] National Semiconductor Japan Ltd. Tel: 81-3-5639-7560 Fax: 81-3-5639-7507 National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications. LM2791 Current Regulated Switched Capacitor LED Driver with Analog Brightness Control Physical Dimensions