LT8619/LT8619-5 60V, 1.2A Synchronous Monolithic Buck Regulator with 6µA Quiescent Current FEATURES DESCRIPTION Wide Input Voltage Range: 3V to 60V nn Fast Minimum Switch-On Time: 30ns nn Ultralow Quiescent Current Burst Mode Operation: nn 6μA I Regulating 12V to 3.3V Q IN OUT nn 10mV Output Ripple at No Load P-P nn Synchronizable/Programmable Fixed Frequency Forced Continuous Mode Operation: 300kHz to 2.2MHz nn High Efficiency Synchronous Operation: nn 92% Efficiency at 0.5A, 5V OUT from 12VIN nn 90% Efficiency at 0.5A, 3.3V OUT from 12VIN nn Low Dropout: 360mV at 0.5A nn Low EMI nn Accurate 1V Enable Pin Threshold nn Internal Soft-Start and Compensation nn Power Good Flag nn Small Thermally Enhanced 16-Lead MSOP Package and 10-Lead (3mm × 3mm) DFN Packages The LT®8619 is a compact, high efficiency, high speed synchronous monolithic step-down switching regulator that consumes only 6μA of quiescent current. The LT8619 can deliver 1.2A of continuous current. Top and bottom power switches are included with all necessary circuitry to minimize the need for external components. Low ripple Burst Mode® operation enables high efficiency down to very low output currents while keeping the output ripple to 10mVP-P. A SYNC pin allows forced continuous mode operation synchronized to an external clock. Internal compensation with peak current mode topology allows the use of small inductors and results in fast transient response and good loop stability. The EN/UV pin has an accurate 1V threshold and can be used to program VIN undervoltage lockout or to shut down the LT8619, reducing the input supply current to below 0.6μA. The PG flag signals when VOUT is within ±7.5% of the programmed output voltage. The LT8619 is available in a small 16-lead MSOP and 10-lead 3mm × 3mm DFN packages with exposed pad for low thermal resistance. nn APPLICATIONS 12V Automotive Systems nn 12V and 24V Commercial Vehicles nn 48V Electric and Hybrid Vehicles nn Industrial Supplies All registered trademarks and trademarks are the property of their respective owners. nn TYPICAL APPLICATION 5V, 1.2A Step-Down Converter 2.2µF VIN BST LT8619-5 0.1µF 10µH SW EN/UV 1µF 66.5k 100k INTVCC PG PG BIAS RT SYNC fOSC = 700kHz L = VISHAY IHLP-2020BZ-01 COUT = TDK C3225X7R1C226K250 OUT GND 8619 TA01a 22µF 10 70 1 EFFICIENCY 0.1 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.001 0.01 POWER LOSS 0.01 POWER LOSS (W) OFF ON VOUT 5V 1.2A Efficiency at =VOUT Efficiency at V OUT 5V = 5V fOSC = 700kHz 90 Burst Mode OPERATION 80 EFFICIENCY (%) VIN 6V TO 60V 100 VIN = 48V VIN = 24V 0.001 VIN = 12V L = 10µH, IHLP-2020BZ-01 0.0001 0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k LOAD CURRENT (mA) 8619 TA01b 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 1 LT8619/LT8619-5 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Notes 1, 2) VIN, EN/UV.................................................................60V BIAS...........................................................................30V BST Pin Above SW Pin................................................4V PG, SYNC, OUT............................................................6V FB ................................................................................2V Operating Junction Temperature (Note 3) LT8619E, LT8619E-5........................... –40°C to 125°C LT8619I, LT8619I-5............................. –40°C to 125°C Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 150°C PIN CONFIGURATION TOP VIEW VIN 1 EN/UV 2 RT 3 PG 4 SYNC 5 TOP VIEW NC VIN NC EN/UV RT PG SYNC GND 10 SW 11 GND 9 BST 8 INTVCC 7 BIAS 6 FB* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 17 GND 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 SW SW BST NC INTVCC BIAS FB/OUT* FB/OUT* MSE PACKAGE 16-LEAD PLASTIC MSOP DD PACKAGE 10-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN θJA = 43°C/W, θJC = 10°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 11) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB θJA = 40°C/W, θJC = 10°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB *FB FOR LT8619, OUT FOR LT8619-5 ORDER INFORMATION http://www.linear.com/product/LT8619#orderinfo LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LT8619EDD#PBF LT8619EDD#TRPBF LGNP 10-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN –40°C to 125°C LT8619IDD#PBF LT8619IDD#TRPBF LGNP 10-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN –40°C to 125°C LT8619EMSE#PBF LT8619EMSE#TRPBF 8619 16-Lead Plastic MSOP –40°C to 125°C LT8619IMSE#PBF LT8619IMSE#TRPBF 8619 16-Lead Plastic MSOP –40°C to 125°C LT8619EMSE-5#PBF LT8619EMSE-5#TRPBF 86195 16-Lead Plastic MSOP –40°C to 125°C LT8619IMSE-5#PBF LT8619IMSE-5#TRPBF 86195 16-Lead Plastic MSOP –40°C to 125°C Consult ADI Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/. Some packages are available in 500 unit reels through designated sales channels with #TRMPBF suffix. 2 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VEN/UV = 2V unless otherwise noted (Notes 2, 3) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Switching Loop VIN Minimum Input Voltage VIN Quiescent Current at No Load VIN = 12V, VEN/UV = 0V 0.6 0.6 1.0 3.0 µA µA l 6 6 10 18 µA µA VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, RT = 66.5k, VEN/UV = 2V, Floats SYNC 10 µA VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, RT = 66.5k, VEN/UV = 2V, VSYNC = INTVCC 3 mA VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, RT = 66.5k, VEN/UV = 2V, VSYNC = 0V ILOAD = 100µA ILOAD = 1mA BIAS Pin Current Consumption VIN = 12V, VBIAS = 3.3V, ILOAD = 0.5A, fOSC = 700kHz Regulated Output Voltage LT8619-5, VIN = 12V, VSYNC = INTVCC, No Load Feedback Voltage V l VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, RT = 66.5k, VEN/UV = 2V, VSYNC = 0V VIN Current in Regulation 3.0 Feedback Voltage Line Regulation VIN = 4V to 50V, VSYNC = INTVCC LT8619, VFB = 0.8V Minimum On-Time LT8619, ILOAD = 0.5A, VSYNC = INTVCC µA µA mA 4.975 4.925 5.0 5.0 5.025 5.075 V l l 0.796 0.788 0.8 0.8 0.804 0.812 V V ±0.004 ±0.03 %/V ±20 nA 30 60 ns 100 150 180 ns 1.5 1.75 2.0 A l l Minimum Off-Time Top Switch Peak Current Limit 65 400 2.2 LT8619, VIN = 12V, VSYNC = INTVCC, No Load Feedback Pin Input Current 38 320 l l l Bottom Switch Current Limit 1.8 A Bottom Switch Reverse Current Limit VSYNC = INTVCC 0.55 A Soft-Start Duration VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, No Load, COUT = 22µF 0.2 ms EN/UV to PG High Delay CINTVCC = 1µF, VOUT = 3.3V, No Load, COUT = 22µF 0.66 ms 10 µs EN/UV to PG Low Delay Oscillator and SYNC Operating Frequency RT = 162k l 260 300 340 kHz RT = 66.5k l 630 700 770 kHz 2.0 2.1 MHz 2.2 MHz RT = 20k l 1.9 Synchronization Frequency fSYNC ≥ fOSC l 0.3 SYNC Threshold Frequency Synchronization Burst Mode Operation Floats SYNC Pin, Pulse-Skipping Mode Forced Continuous Mode SYNC Pin Current Built-In Sourcing Current, VSYNC = 0V Built-In Sinking Current, VSYNC = 3.3V 0.35 1.6 1 0.6 1.2 2.0 –0.2 3.0 0.95 2.4 V V V B µA µA 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 3 LT8619/LT8619-5 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VEN/UV = 2V unless otherwise noted (Notes 2, 3) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Switch, Logic and Power Good Top Switch On-Resistance ILOAD = 0.1A Bottom Switch On-Resistance ILOAD = 0.1A EN/UV Power-On Threshold EN/UV Rising l 0.94 EN/UV Power-On Hysteresis 0.45 Ω 0.22 Ω 1.0 1.1 40 0.34 0.56 V mV 0.92 V 100 nA EN/UV Shutdown Threshold EN/UV Falling EN/UV Pin Current VEN/UV = 2V Overvoltage Threshold VFB Rising Wrt. Regulated VFB Positive Power Good Threshold VFB Rising Wrt. Regulated VFB l 5 7.5 10 % Negative Power Good Threshold VFB Falling Wrt. Regulated VFB l –5 –7.5 –10 % Positive Power Good Delay VFB = 0.8V ↑ 0.9V to PG Low VFB = 0.9V ↓ 0.8V to PG High 60 35 µs µs Negative Power Good Delay VFB = 0.8V ↓ 0.7V to PG Low VFB = 0.7V ↑ 0.8V to PG High 60 35 µs µs PG Leakage VPG = 3.3V, Power Good PG VOL IPG = 100µA l –100 l Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: All currents into device pins are positive; all currents out of device pins are negative. All Voltages are referenced to ground unless otherwise specified. Note 3: The LT8619 is tested under pulse load conditions such that TJ ≈ TA. The LT8619E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 125°C junction temperature. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, 4 3.75 0.01 % ±100 nA 0.3 V characterization, and correlation with statistical process controls. The LT8619I is guaranteed over the full –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range. High junction temperatures degrade operating lifetimes. Operating lifetime is derated at junction temperatures greater than 125°C. Note 4: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during overload conditions. Junction temperature will exceed 150°C when overtemperature protection is active. Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating junction temperature will reduce lifetime. 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Burst Mode OPERATION 90 80 80 70 70 PULSESKIPPING MODE 60 50 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 40 30 VIN = 12V fOSC = 700kHz L = 10µH IHLP-2020BZ-01 20 10 0 0.001 0.01 700kHz Efficiency at V OUT = 3.3V 0.1 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1k 90 60 50 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 40 30 VIN = 12V fOSC = 700kHz L = 10µH IHLP-2020BZ-01 10 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1k 2MHz Efficiency Efficiency at at VVOUT = 3.3V 100 40 30 VIN = 12V fOSC = 2MHz L = 3.3µH IHLP-2020AB-01 20 10 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1k 90 10k 80 10k 0.2 90 1.2A LOAD 70 60 50 40 0.4 0.6 0.8 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.0 0 0.001 0.01 1.2 70 20 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE VOUT: 10 PULSESKIPPING MODE 3.3V 5V 3.3V 3.3V 10 20 30 VIN (V) 40 50 60 8619 G07 0.1 1 10 VIN (V) 10k No Load IVIN VINvs Temperature fOSC = 700kHz Burst Mode OPERATION 60V 60V SHUTDOWN Burst Mode OPERATION SHUTDOWN 1k 12V 10 1 0 0.1 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 8619 G06 80 75 fOSC = 700kHz Burst Mode OPERATION VIN = 48V VIN = 24V VIN = 12V L = 10µH, IHLP-2020BZ-01 30 10 No Load IVIN at 700kHz 100 10k Efficiency at VOUT OUT = 3.3V 20 fOSC = 700kHz L = 10µH, IHLP-2020BZ-01 0 1k 80 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 1k 0.5A LOAD 0.1 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 8619 G05 VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 700kHz FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE L = 10µH IHLP-2020BZ-01 85 VIN = 12V fOSC = 2MHz L = 4.7µH IHLP-2020AB-01 90 85 70 IVIN (µA) EFFICIENCY (%) 100 12V 75 Efficiency vs VIN 95 30 8619 G03 48V 24V 8619 G04 100 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 40 IVIN (µA) 50 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 50 0 0.001 0.01 10k Burst Mode OPERATION 60 60 10 95 PULSESKIPPING MODE PULSESKIPPING MODE 70 20 Efficiency at VOUT = 5V 90 80 Burst Mode OPERATION 70 Burst Mode OPERATION 8619 G02 8619 G01 100 2MHz Efficiency at VOUT = 5V 80 PULSESKIPPING MODE 20 10k 100 Burst Mode OPERATION 90 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 100 EFFICIENCY (%) 700kHz Efficiency Efficiency at at VVOUT = 5V EFFICIENCY (%) 100 fOSC = 700kHz NO LOAD 100 8619 G08 12V 1 0.5 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 8619 G09 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 5 LT8619/LT8619-5 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS VOUT = 3.3V VIN = 12V fOSC = 700kHz NO LOAD FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 0.75 0.50 0.25 0 –0.25 –0.50 Line Regulation 0.10 VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 700kHz FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 0.1 ∆VOUT (%) ∆VOUT (%) Load Regulation 0.2 VOUT = 2.4V, NO LOAD fSW = 400kHz FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 0.05 ∆VOUT (%) 1.00 0 0 –0.05 –0.1 –0.75 –0.2 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LOAD CURRENT (A) 8619 G10 1.9 CURRENT LIMIT (A) VEN/UV (V) 1000 900 POWER–ON THRESHOLD EN/UV FALLING 0.6 SHUTDOWN THRESHOLD 0 1.7 1.5 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 700kHz L = 10µH IHLP-2020BZ-01 0 20 40 60 DUTY CYCLE (%) 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.0 1.2 8619 G16 6 400 300 200 BOTTOM SWITCH 100 80 0 –50 –25 100 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 8619 G15 5 L = 10µH, IHLP-2020BZ-01 1.75 VOUT = 3.3V, ∆VOUT = –1% fOSC = 700kHz 1.50 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE (CONTINUOUS OPERATION ABOVE MAX JUNCTION 1.25 TEMPERATURE MAY PERMANENTLY 1.00 DAMAGE THE DEVICE) 0.75 0.50 4 0 –50 –25 3 1.2A LOAD 1.0A LOAD 0.5A LOAD fSW VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V, NO LOAD FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 2 1 fSW = 700kHz 0 fSW = 2MHz –1 –2 –3 0.25 0 500 Dropout vs Temperature 0.6 TOP SWITCH 600 2.00 DROPOUT VOLTAGE (V) DROPOUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.8 LOAD CURRENT = 100mA 8619 G14 Dropout VOUT = 3.3V ∆VOUT = –1% fSW = 2MHz L = 3.3µH, IHLP-2020AB-01 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 100 8619 G12 700 1.8 8619 G13 1.0 10 VIN (V) 800 1.6 0.2 0 –50 –25 1 Switch Resistance 2.0 1.0 0.4 –0.10 Top FET Current Limit vs Duty Cycle EN/UV RISING 0.8 1.2 8619 G11 EN/UV Threshold 1.2 1.0 RDS(ON) (mΩ) 0 ∆fSW (%) –1.00 –50 –25 NO LOAD 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 8619 G17 –4 –5 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 8619 G18 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 60 0.2A LOAD 40 0.5A LOAD 20 0 –50 –25 0 160 0.5A LOAD NO LOAD 150 140 –50 –25 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 8619 G19 Power Good Delay 25 10 20 40 60 VFB – VPGTH (mV) 80 IBIAS vs fSW 10 IBIAS (mA) IBIAS (mA) NO LOAD 4 2 0.6 1.0 1.4 fSW (MHz) 1.8 2.2 8619 G25 NPG VFB RISING –7.5 NPG VFB FALLING –10.0 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 8619 G21 12 IBIAS vs Load VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 10 6 fSW = 2MHz 4 VIN FALLING 0 2 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) fSW = 700kHz 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.0 VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V BIAS = VOUT 8 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE (CONTINUOUS OPERATION ABOVE MAX JUNCTION 6 TEMPERATURE MAY PERMANENTLY DAMAGE THE DEVICE) 4 0 –50 –25 24 1.2A LOAD 1A LOAD 0.5A LOAD IIBIAS at 2MHz 2MHz vs vs Temperature Temperature BIAS at VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V 20 BIAS = VOUT FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE (CONTINUOUS OPERATION 16 ABOVE MAX JUNCTION TEMPERATURE MAY PERMANENTLY 12 DAMAGE THE DEVICE) 8 NO LOAD 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 8619 G26 0 –50 –25 1.2A LOAD 1A LOAD 0.5A LOAD NO LOAD 4 0 1.2 8619 G24 IBIAS at 700kHz vs Temperature 2 0.2 –5.0 8619 G23 VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V L = 10µH 8 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 0 2.7 8619 G22 1A LOAD –2.5 8 VIN RISING 2.8 2.5 –50 –25 100 6 0 VOUT = 1.6V, NO LOAD fSW = 700kHz FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 2.6 0 OV 2.5 VIN UVLO 2.9 VIN UVLO (V) POWER GOOD DELAY (µs) 3.0 75 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) PPG VFB FALLING 5.0 8619 G20 100 50 POWER GOOD, OVERVOLTAGE THRESHOLD (%) 80 170 PPG VFB RISING 7.5 IBIAS (mA) NO LOAD 10.0 IBIAS (mA) MINIMUM ON-TIME (ns) 180 VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 2MHz FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 100 Power Good, Overvoltage Power Good, Overvoltage Threshold Threshold Minimum Off-Time MINIMUM OFF TIME (ns) 120 Minimum On-Time On Time Minimum 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 8619 G27 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 7 LT8619/LT8619-5 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Forced Continuous Mode No Load Switching Waveform Forced Continuous Mode Switching Waveform at Minimum On-time IL 200mA/DIV VOUT (AC) 2mV/DIV SW 20V/DIV IL 200mA/DIV SW (ZOOM IN) 10V/DIV SW 10V/DIV 200ns/DIV TOP = 200ns/DIV, BOT = 5ns/DIV, PERSISTENCE MODE 8619 G28 VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 2MHz, L = 3.3μH, COUT = 22μF VIN = 53.7V, VOUT = 3.3V, 0.5A LOAD fSW = 2MHz, L = 3.3μH, COUT = 22μF Forced Continuous Mode Transient Load Step from 10mA to 1A Pulse-Skipping Mode Transient Load Step from 10mA to 1A VOUT 200mV/DIV VOUT 200mV/DIV ILOAD 1A/DIV ILOAD 1A/DIV SW 10V/DIV SW 10V/DIV 20μs/DIV 20μs/DIV 8619 G30 VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V fOSC = 2MHz, L = 3.3μH, COUT = 22μF VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V fOSC = 2MHz, L = 3.3μH, COUT = 22μF Bust Mode Transient Load Step from 10mA to 1A Forced Continuous Mode Frequency Synchronization 8619 G31 VOUT (AC) 20mV/DIV SYNC 2V/DIV SW 10V/DIV VOUT 200mV/DIV ILOAD 1A/DIV SW 10V/DIV 20μs/DIV 8619 G32 VOUT (AC, ZOOM IN) 20mV/DIV SYNC (ZOOM IN) 2V/DIV SW (ZOOM IN) 10V/DIV TOP = 10μs/DIV, BOT = 200ns/DIV 8619 G33 VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, NO LOAD fOSC = 700kHz, L = 10μH, COUT = 22μF fSW (FREE RUNNING) = 700kHZ, fSYNC = 1.2MHz VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V fOSC = 2MHz, L = 3.3μH, COUT = 22μF 8 8619 G29 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS VOUT = 2.4V Start-Up Dropout Performance VIN 1V/DIV VOUT 1V/DIV PG 2V/DIV SW 5V/DIV VOUT = 5V Start-Up Dropout Performance VIN 1V/DIV VIN VOUT 1V/DIV VOUT VOUT 1s/DIV VIN 8619 G34 PG 2V/DIV SW 5V/DIV VOUT = 2.4V, 10Ω LOAD fSW = 400kHz, L = 15μH, COUT = 47μF PG 100k PULL-UP BY INTVCC FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 1s/DIV 8619 G35 VOUT = 5V, 10Ω LOAD fSW = 700kHz, L = 10μH, COUT = 22μF PG 100k PULL-UP BY INTVCC FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE EN/UV Shut Down EN/UV Start-Up EN/UV 2V/DIV EN/UV 2V/DIV VOUT 1V/DIV VOUT 1V/DIV PG 2V/DIV PG 2V/DIV SW 10V/DIV SW 10V/DIV 100μs/DIV 8619 G36 VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, NO LOAD fOSC = 2MHz, L = 3.3μH, COUT = 22μF FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 2μs/DIV 8619 G37 VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, NO LOAD fOSC = 2MHz, L = 3.3μH, COUT = 22μF FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 9 LT8619/LT8619-5 PIN FUNCTIONS (DFN/MSOP) NC (Pin 1, 3, 13, MSOP Only): No Connect. These pins are not connected to the internal circuitry. VIN (Pin 1/Pin 2): The VIN pin supplies current to the LT8619 internal circuitry and to the internal topside power switch. Be sure to place the positive terminal of the input bypass capacitor as close as possible to the VIN pin, and the negative capacitor terminal as close as possible to the GND pin. EN/UV (Pin 2/Pin 4): The LT8619 is shut down when this pin is low and active when this pin is high. The EN/UV pin power-on threshold is 1V. When forced below 0.56V, the IC is put into a low current shutdown mode. Tie to VIN if shutdown feature is not used. An external resistor divider from VIN can be used to program the VIN UVLO. RT (Pin 3/Pin 5): A resistor is tied between RT and ground to set the switching frequency. When synchronizing, the RT resistor should be chosen to set the LT8619 switching frequency equal to or below the synchronization frequency. Do not apply external voltage to this pin. PG (Pin 4/Pin 6): Open-Drain Power Good Output. PG remains low until the FB pin is within ±7.5% of the final regulation voltage. The PG pull-up resistor can be connected to the INTVCC, VOUT or an external supply voltage that is lower than 6V. SYNC (Pin 5/Pin 7): External Clock Synchronization Input. Tie to a clock source for synchronization to an external frequency. During clock synchronization, the controller enters forced continuous mode. Ground the SYNC pin for Burst Mode operation. Connect to INTVCC to enable forced continuous mode operation. Floating this pin will enable pulse-skipping mode operation. During start-up, the controller is forced to run in pulse-skipping mode. When in pulse-skipping or forced continuous mode operation, the IQ will be much higher compared to Burst Mode operation. 10 FB (Pin 6/Pin 9, 10, LT8619 Only): The LT8619 regulates the FB pin to 0.8V. Connect the feedback resistor divider tap to this pin. Also, connect a phase lead capacitor between FB and VOUT. Typically, this capacitor is between 4.7pF to 10pF. Do not apply an external voltage to this pin. OUT (Pin 9, 10, LT8619-5 MSOP Only): Connect to the regulator output VOUT. The LT8619-5 regulates the OUT pin to 5V. This pin connects to the internal 10MΩ feedback divider that programs the fixed output voltage. BIAS (Pin 7/Pin 11): The internal regulator will draw current from BIAS instead of VIN when the BIAS pin is tied to a voltage higher than 3.1V. For switching regulator output voltages of 3.3V and above, this pin should be tied to VOUT. If this pin is tied to a supply other than VOUT, use a 1μF local bypass capacitor on this pin. INTVCC (Pin 8/Pin 12): Internal 3.3V Regulator Output. The internal power drivers and control circuits are powered from this voltage. INTVCC maximum output current is 20mA. INTVCC current will be supplied from BIAS if VBIAS > 3.1V, otherwise current will be drawn from VIN. Voltage on INTVCC will vary between 2.8V and 3.3V when VBIAS is between 3.0V and 3.5V. Decouple this pin to GND with at least a 1μF low ESR ceramic capacitor. Do not load the INTVCC pin with external circuitry. BST (Pin 9/Pin 14): This pin is used to provide a drive voltage, higher than the input voltage, to the topside power switch. Place a 0.1μF boost capacitor as close as possible to the IC. SW (Pin 10/Pin 15, 16): The SW pin is the output of the internal power switches. Connect this pin to the inductor and boost capacitor. This node should be kept small on the PCB for good performance. GND (Exposed Pad Pin 11/Pin 8, Exposed Pad Pin 17): Ground. The exposed pad must be connected to the negative terminal of the input capacitor and soldered to the PCB in order to lower the thermal resistance. 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 BLOCK DIAGRAM VIN CIN R3 OPT VIN EN/UV + 1V – R4 OPT + ENABLE – ICMP SYNC UVLO CLK OSC 0.3MHz–2.2MHz SLOPE COMP RT RT S BURST DETECT RC VIN BIAS 3.3V LDO INTVCC R CINTVCC Q BST CB VC CC INTVCC SW OV L VOUT LOGIC COUT R1 C1 EA + – + ISS GND 0.8V VREF FB/OUT CSS R2 – NPG + 0.74V VOUT = 5V GLITCH FILTER + PPG – OV 0.83V – 0.86V OV + PG PG 8619 BD 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 11 LT8619/LT8619-5 OPERATION The LT8619 is a monolithic, constant frequency current mode step-down DC/DC converter. An oscillator, with frequency set using a resistor on the RT pin, turns on the internal top power switch at the beginning of each clock cycle. Current in the inductor then increases until the current comparator trips and turns off the top power switch. The peak inductor current at which the top switch turns off is controlled by the voltage on the internal VC node. The error amplifier servos the VC node by comparing the voltage on the FB pin with an internal 0.8V reference. When the load current increases, it causes a reduction in the feedback voltage relative to the reference leading the error amplifier to raise the VC voltage until the average inductor current matches the new load current. When the top power switch turns off, the bottom power switch turns on until the next clock cycle begins or inductor current falls to zero (Burst Mode operation or pulse-skipping mode). If overload conditions result in more than 1.8A flowing through the bottom switch, the next clock cycle will be delayed until the switch current returns to a safe level. If the EN/UV pin is low, the LT8619 is shut down and draws less than 0.6µA from the input. When the EN/UV pin is above 1V, the switching regulator starts operation. First, the internal LDO powers up, followed by the switching regulator 200μs soft-start ramp. During the soft-start phase, the switcher operates in pulse-skipping mode and gradually switches to forced continuous mode when VOUT approaches the set point (if SYNC pin is forced high or connected to an external clock). Typically, upon EN/UV rising edge, it takes about 660μs for the switcher output voltage to reach regulation and PG to be asserted. To optimize efficiency at light loads, configure the LT8619 to operate in Burst Mode by grounding the SYNC pin. At light load, in between bursts, all circuitry associated with controlling the output switch is shut down, reducing 12 the input supply current. In a typical application, 6μA will be consumed from the supply when regulating with no load. Float the SYNC pin to enable pulse-skipping mode operation. While in pulse-skipping mode, the oscillator operates continuously and the bottom power switch turns off when the inductor current falls to zero. During light loads, switch pulses are skipped to regulate the output and the quiescent current will be higher than Burst Mode operation. Connecting the SYNC pin to INTVCC enables forced continuous mode operation. In forced continuous mode, the inductor current is allowed to reverse and the switcher operates at a fixed frequency. If a clock is applied to the SYNC pin, the part operates in forced continuous mode and synchronizes to the external clock frequency; with the rising SW signal synchronized to the external clock positive edge. To improve efficiency across all loads, supply current to internal circuitry can be sourced from the BIAS pin when biased above 3.1V. Else, the internal circuitry will draw current from VIN. The BIAS pin should be connected to VOUT if the LT8619 output is programmed to 3.3V or above. An overvoltage comparator, OV, guards against transient overshoots. If VFB is higher than 0.83V, the OV comparator trips, disables the top MOSFET and turns on the bottom power switch until the next clock cycle begins or the inductor reverse current reaches 0.55A. With high reverse current, both top and bottom MOSFETs shut off till the next cycle. Positive and negative power good comparators pull the PG pin low if the FB voltage varies more than ±7.5% (typical) from the set point. The oscillator reduces the LT8619’s operating frequency when the voltage at the FB pin is low. This frequency foldback helps to control the inductor current when the output voltage is lower than the programmed value which occurs during overcurrent conditions. 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Achieving Ultralow Quiescent Current 1k As the output load decreases, the frequency of single current pulses decreases (see Figure 1) and the percentage of time the LT8619 is in sleep mode increases, resulting in much higher light load efficiency than for typical converters. For a typical application, when the output is not loaded, by maximizing the time between pulses, the regulator quiescent approaches 6µA. Therefore, to optimize the quiescent current performance at light loads, the current in the feedback resistor divider must be minimized as it appears to the output as load current (See FB Resistor Network section). While in Burst Mode operation, the current limit of the top switch is approximately 380mA resulting in output voltage ripple shown in Figure 2. Increasing the output capacitance will decrease the output ripple proportionally. As load ramps upward from zero, the switching frequency will increase but only up to the switching frequency programmed by the resistor at the RT pin as shown in Figure 1. The output load at which the LT8619 reaches the programmed frequency varies based on input voltage, output voltage, and inductor choice. For some applications it is desirable for the LT8619 to operate in pulse-skipping mode, offering two major differences from Burst Mode operation. First, the minimum inductor current clamp present in Burst Mode operation is removed, providing a smaller packet of charge to the output capacitor and reduce the output ripple voltage. For a given load, the chip awake more often, resulting in higher supply current compared to Burst Mode operation. Second is that full switching frequency is reached at lower output load than in Burst Mode operation (see Figure 3). To enable pulse-skipping mode, leave the SYNC pin floating. Tying the SYNC pin to INTVCC node enables the programmed switching frequency at no load. 100 fSW (kHz) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 100 1k 8619 F01 Figure 1. Burst Frequency vs Load Current VOUT (AC) 10mV/DIV IL 200mA/DIV SW 10V/DIV VOUT (AC, ZOOM IN) 10mV/DIV IL (ZOOM IN) 200mA/DIV SW (ZOOM IN) 10V/DIV TOP = 20ms/DIV, BOT = 1μs/DIV 8619 F02 Figure 2. Burst Mode Operation Waveform with VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V at No Load, RT = 66.5k, L = 10μH, COUT = 22μF 400 VOUT = 3.3V fOSC = 700kHz L = 10µH 350 LOAD CURRENT (mA) To enhance efficiency at light loads, the LT8619 enters into Burst Mode operation, which keeps the output capacitor charged to the desired output voltage while minimizing the input quiescent current and output ripple voltage. In Burst Mode operation the LT8619 delivers single small pulses of current to the output capacitor followed by sleep periods where the output power is supplied by the output capacitor. While in sleep mode the LT8619 consumes less than 6μA. VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V fOSC = 700kHz L = 10µH Burst Mode OPERATION 300 Burst Mode OPERATION 250 200 150 100 PULSE-SKIPPING MODE 50 0 0 10 20 30 VIN (V) 40 50 60 8619 F03 Figure 3. Minimum Load for Full Frequency Operation vs VIN in Burst Mode Operation and Pulse-Skipping Mode Setting 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 13 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION FB Resistor Network The output voltage is programmed with a resistor divider between VOUT and the FB pin. Choose the resistor values according to: ⎛V ⎞ R1= R2 ⎜ OUT – 1⎟ ⎝ 0.8V ⎠ Reference designators refer to the Block Diagram. 1% resistors are recommended to maintain output voltage accuracy. If low input quiescent current and good light-load efficiency are desired, use a large resistor value for the FB resistor divider. The current flowing in the divider acts as a load current, and will increase the no-load input current to the converter, which is approximately: ⎞ ⎛ V ⎜ OUT ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ VIN ⎠ When using large FB resistors, a 4.7pF to 10pF phase lead capacitor, C1, should be connected from VOUT to FB. Setting the Switching Frequency The LT8619 uses a constant frequency PWM architecture that can be programmed to switch from 300kHz to 2.2MHz by using a resistor tied from the RT pin to ground. The RT resistor required for a desired oscillator frequency can be roughly obtain using: RT = fOSC –5 where RT is in kΩ and fOSC is the desired switching frequency in MHz. 14 fOSC (MHz) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 RT (kΩ) 162 121 95.3 78.7 66.5 57.6 51.1 45.3 36.5 fOSC (MHz) 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 RT (kΩ) 30.9 26.1 22.6 20.0 17.8 2.2 1.8 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ η⎟ ⎝ ⎠ where 5.2μA is the quiescent current of the LT8619 and the second term is the current in the feedback divider reflected to the input of the buck operating at its light load efficiency, η. For a 3.3V application with R1 = 1M and R2 = 316k, the feedback divider draws 2.5μA from VOUT. With VIN = 12V and η = 85%, this adds 0.8μA to the 5.2μA quiescent current resulting in 6μA quiescent current from the 12V supply. Note that this equation implies that the no-load current is a function of VIN; this is plotted in the Typical Performance Characteristics section. 50.07 Table 1. Oscillator Frequency vs RT Value (1% Standard Value) fOSC (MHz) ⎞ ⎛ V IQ = 5.2µA + ⎜⎜ OUT ⎟⎟ ⎝ R1+ R2 ⎠ Table 1 and Figure 4 show the typical RT value for a desired oscillator frequency. 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 RT (kΩ) 8619 F04 Figure 4. Oscillator Frequency vs RT Value Operating Frequency Selection and Trade-Offs Selection of the operating frequency is a trade-off between efficiency, component size, and input voltage range. The advantage of high frequency operation is that smaller inductor and capacitor values may be used. The disadvantages are lower efficiency and a smaller input voltage range. For force continuous mode operation, the highest oscillator frequency (fOSC(MAX)) for a given application can be approximately given by the 1st order equation: fOSC(MAX) = ILOADR SW(BOT) + VOUT ( t ON(MIN) VIN – ILOADR SW(TOP) +ILOADR SW(BOT) ) Where VIN is the input voltage, VOUT is the output voltage, RSW(TOP) and RSW(BOT) are the internal switch on resistance (~0.45Ω, ~0.22Ω, respectively) and tON(MIN) 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION is the minimum top switch on-time at the loading condition as shown in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the relationship between the maximum input voltage vs the switching frequency. If a smaller RT is selected, to ensure that the regulator is switching at the higher frequency as illustrated in Figure 4, the maximum input supply voltage has to be lowered; and it needs to be further reduced if the load is decreased or removed. 80 VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 2MHz L = 3.3µH FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE MINIMUM ON-TIME (ns) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.0 1.2 8619 F05 Figure 5. Minimum On-Time vs Load Current 60 0.5A LOAD MAXIMUM VIN (V) 50 40 0.2A LOAD 30 NO LOAD 20 10 0 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE VOUT = 3.3V L = 10µH 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.4 fSW (MHz) 1.8 2.2 8619 F06 Figure 6. Forced Continuous Mode Maximum Input Voltage vs Switching Frequency High Supply Operation For Burst Mode operation or pulse-skipping mode, VIN voltage may go as high as the absolute maximum rating of 60V regardless of the frequency setting; however, the LT8619 will reduce the switching frequency as necessary to regulate the output voltage. For forced continuous mode, if there is a momentarily VIN voltage surge higher than the voltage shown in Figure 6, resulting in minimum on-time operation, an overvoltage comparator guards against transient overshoots as well as other more serious conditions that may overvoltage the output. When the VFB voltage rises by more than 3.75% above its nominal value, the top MOSFET is turned off and the bottom MOSFET is turned on. At this moment, the output voltage continues to increase until the inductor current reverses. The actual peak output voltage will be higher than 3.75%, depending on external components value, loading condition and output voltage setting. The bottom MOSFET remains on continuously until the inductor current exceeds the bottom MOSFET reverse current or overvoltage condition is cleared. With high reverse current, both top and bottom MOSFETs shut off till the next clock cycle. Low Supply Operation The LT8619 is designed to remain operational during short line transients when the input voltage may briefly dip below 3.0V. Below this voltage, the INTVCC voltage might drop to a point that is not able to provide adequate gate drive voltage to turn on the MOSFET. The LT8619 has two circuits to detect this undervoltage condition. A UVLO comparator monitors the INTVCC voltage to ensure that it is above 2.8V during startup; once in regulation, the chip continues to operate as long as INTVCC stays above 2.65V. If this UVLO comparator trips, the chip is shut down until INTVCC recovers. Another comparator monitors the VIN supply voltage, add a resistor divider from VIN to EN/UV to turn off the regulator if VIN dips below the undesirable voltage. The LT8619 is capable of a maximum duty cycle of greater than 99%, and the VIN-to-VOUT dropout is limited by the RDS(ON) of the top switch. In deep dropout, the loop attempt to turn on the top switch continuously. However, the top switch gate drive is biased from the floating bootstrap capacitor CB, which normally recharges during each off cycle; in dropout, this capacitor loses its refresh cycle and charge depleted. A comparator detects the drop in boot-strap capacitor voltage, forces the top switch off and recharges the capacitor. 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 15 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION For low VIN applications that cannot allow deviation from the programmed oscillator frequency, use the following formula to set the switching frequency: VIN(MIN) = VSW(BOT) + VOUT 1– t OFF(MIN) • fOSC + VSW(TOP) – VSW(BOT) where VIN(MIN) is the minimum input voltage without skipped cycles, VOUT is the output voltage, VSW(TOP) and VSW(BOT) are the internal switch drops (~0.54V, ~0.264V, respectively at maximum load), fOSC is the oscillating frequency (set by RT), and tOFF(MIN) is the minimum switching off-time. Note that higher switching frequency will increase the minimum input voltage below which cycles will be dropped to achieve higher duty cycle. Inductor Selection and Maximum Output Current The LT8619 is designed to minimize solution size by allowing the inductor to be chosen based on the output load requirements of the application. During overload or short-circuit conditions the LT8619 safely tolerates operation with a saturated inductor through the use of a high speed peak-current mode architecture. A good first choice for the inductor value is: L=2 VOUT + VSW(BOT) fOSC where fOSC is the switching frequency in MHz, VOUT is the output voltage, VSW(BOT) is the bottom switch drop (~0.264V) and L is the inductor value in μH. To avoid overheating and poor efficiency, an inductor must be chosen with an RMS current rating that is greater than the maximum expected output load of the application. In addition, the saturation current (typically labeled ISAT) rating of the inductor must be higher than the load current plus one-half of inductor ripple current: ISAT > ILOAD(MAX) + 16 ΔIL(MAX) 2 where ILOAD(MAX) is the maximum output load for a given application and ∆IL(MAX) is the inductor ripple current as calculated in the following equation: ΔIL(MAX) = ⎡ VOUT ⎤ VOUT ⎢ 1– ⎥ fOSC • L ⎢⎣ VIN(MAX) ⎥⎦ 1 As a quick example, an application requiring 1A output current should use an inductor with an RMS rating of greater than 1A and an ISAT of greater than 1.5A. During long duration overload or short-circuit conditions, the inductor RMS rating requirement is greater to avoid overheating of the inductor. To push for high efficiency, select an inductor with low series resistance (DCR), preferably below 0.04Ω, and the core material should be intended for high frequency application. However, achieving this requires a large size inductor. An inductor with DCR around 0.1Ω is generally a good compromise for both efficiency and board area, at the expense of trimming 1% to 2% from the efficiency number. The LT8619 limits the peak switch current in order to protect the switches and the system from overload faults. The top switch current limit (ILIM) is at least 1.5A. The inductor value must then be sufficient to supply the desired maximum output current (ILOAD(MAX)), which is a function of the switch current limit (ILIM) and the ripple current: ILOAD(MAX) = ILIM – ΔIL 2 Therefore, the maximum output current that the LT8619 will deliver depends on the switch current limit, the inductor value, and the input and output voltages. The inductor value may have to be increased if the inductor ripple current does not allow sufficient maximum output current (ILOAD(MAX)) given the switching frequency, and maximum input voltage used in the desired application. In order to achieve higher light load efficiency, more energy must be delivered to the output during single small pulses in Burst Mode operation such that the LT8619 can 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION stay in sleep mode longer between each pulse. This can be achieved by using a larger value inductor, and should be considered independent of switching frequency when choosing an inductor. For example, while a lower inductor value would typically be used for a high switching frequency application, if high light load efficiency is desired, a higher inductor value should be chosen. The optimum inductor for a given application may differ from the one indicated by this design guide. A larger value inductor provides a higher maximum load current and reduces the output voltage ripple. For applications requiring smaller load currents, the value of the inductor may be lower and the LT8619 may operate with higher ripple current. This allows you to use a physically smaller inductor, or one with a lower DCR resulting in higher efficiency. Be aware that low inductance may result in discontinuous mode operation, which further reduces maximum load current. For details of maximum output current and discontinuous operation, see Analog Devices’s Application Note 44. Input Capacitor Step-down regulators draw current from the input supply in pulses with very fast rise and fall times. The input capacitor is required to reduce the resulting voltage ripple at the LT8619 and to force this very high frequency switching current into a tight local loop, minimizing EMI. In continuous mode, the input capacitor RMS current is given by: IRMS(MAX) ≈ ILOAD(MAX) VOUT ( VIN – VOUT ) VIN This equation has a maximum RMS current at VIN = 2VOUT, where IRMS(MAX) = ILOAD(MAX)/2. Bypass the input of the LT8619 circuit with a 2.2μF to 10μF ceramic capacitor of X7R or X5R type placed as close as possible to the VIN and GND pin. Y5V types have poor performance over temperature and applied voltage, and should not be used. Note that larger input capacitance is required when a lower switching frequency is used. If the input power source has high impedance, or there is significant inductance due to long wires or cables, a ceramic input capacitor combined with the trace or cable inductance forms a high quality (underdamped) tank circuit. If the LT8619 circuit is plugged into a live supply, the input voltage can ring to twice its nominal value, possibly exceeding the LT8619’s voltage rating. This situation is easily avoided (see Analog Devices Application Note 88), by adding a lossy electrolytic capacitor in parallel with the ceramic capacitor. Output Capacitor and Output Ripple The output capacitor has two essential functions. Along with the inductor, it filters the square wave generated by the LT8619 to produce the DC output. In this role it determines the output ripple, thus low impedance at the switching frequency is important. The second function is to store energy in order to satisfy transient loads and stabilize the LT8619’s control loop. The current slew rate of a regulator is limited by the inductor and feedback loop. When the amount of current required by the load changes, the initial current deficit must be supplied by the output capacitor until the feedback loop reacts and compensates for the load changes. Ceramic capacitors have very low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and provide the best ripple performance. For good starting values, see the Typical Applications section. Transient performance can be improved with a higher value capacitor and the addition of a feedforward capacitor placed between VOUT and FB. Increasing the output capacitance will also decrease the output voltage ripple. A lower value of output capacitor can be used to save space and cost but transient performance will suffer and may cause loop instability. See the Typical Applications in this data sheet for suggested capacitor values. Ceramic Capacitors When choosing a capacitor, special attention should be given to the manufacturer’s data sheet in order to accurately calculate the effective capacitance under the relevant bias voltage and operating temperature conditions. Ceramic dielectrics can offer near ideal performance as 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 17 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION an output capacitor, i.e. high volumetric efficiency with extremely low equivalent resistance. There is a downside however; the high K dielectric material exhibits a substantial temperature and voltage coefficient, meaning that its capacitance varies depending on the operating temperature and applied voltage. X7R capacitors provide a range intermediate capacitance values which varies only ±15% over the temperature range of –55°C to 125°C. The Y5V capacitance can vary from 22% to –82% over the –30°C to 85°C temperature range and should not be used for the LT8619 application. Ceramic capacitors can also cause problems due to their piezoelectric nature. During Burst Mode operation, the switching frequency depends on the load current, and at very light loads the LT8619 can excite the ceramic capacitor at frequencies that may generate audible noise. Since the LT8619 operates at a lower inductor current during Burst Mode operation, the noise is typically very quiet to a casual ear. If this is unacceptable, consider using a high performance tantalum or electrolytic capacitor at the output instead. Low noise ceramic capacitors are also available. Figure 7 shows the voltage coefficient of four different ceramic 22μF capacitors, all of which are rated for 16V operation. Note that with the exception of the X7R in the 1210 and 1812 package, the capacitors lose more than 30% of their capacitance when biased at more than half of the rated voltage. Typically, as the package size increases, the bias voltage coefficient decreases. If the voltage coefficient of a big ceramic capacitor in a particular package size is not acceptable; multiple smaller capacitors with less voltage coefficient can be placed in parallel as an effective means of meeting the capacitance requirement. Not All Capacitors are Interchangeable. A wrong capacitor selection can degrade the circuit performance considerably. Ceramic capacitors are also susceptible to mechanical stress which can result in significant loss of capacitance. The most common sources of mechanical stress includes bending or flexure of the PCB, contact pressure during in circuit parameter testing, and direct contact by a soldering iron tip. Consult the manufacturer’s application notes for additional information regarding ceramic capacitor handling. 20 CAPACITANCE CHANGE (%) 0 –20 X7R, 1210 X5R, 1206 –40 X7R, 1812 –60 –80 –100 X5R, 0805 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 DC BIAS VOLTAGE (V) C3225X7R1C226K250 C4532X7R1C226M200 C3216X5R1C226M160 C2012X5R1C226K125 14 16 8619 F09 Figure 7. Ceramic Capacitor Voltage Coefficient 18 Enable Pin The LT8619 is in shutdown when the EN/UV pin is low and active when the pin is high. The power-on threshold of the EN comparator is 1.0V, with 40mV of hysteresis, once EN/UV drops below this power-on threshold, the MOSFETs are disabled, but the internal biasing circuit stays alive. When forced below 0.56V, all the internal blocks are disabled and the IC is put into a low current shutdown mode. The EN/UV pin can be tied to VIN if the shutdown feature is not used. Adding a resistor divider from VIN to EN/UV programs the LT8619 to regulate the output only when VIN is above a desired voltage (see the Block Diagram). Typically, this threshold, VIN(EN/UV), is used in situations where the input supply is current limited, or has a relatively high source resistance. A switching regulator draws constant power from the source, so source current increases as source voltage drops. This looks like a negative resistance load to the source and can cause the source to current limit or latch low under low source voltage conditions. The VIN(EN/UV) threshold prevents the regulator from operating at source voltages where the problems might occur. This 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION threshold can be adjusted by setting the values R3 and R4 such that they satisfy the following equation: ⎛ R3 ⎞ VIN(EN/UV) = ⎜ 1+ • 1V ⎝ R4 ⎟⎠ where the LT8619 will remain off until VIN is above VIN(EN/UV). Due to the comparator’s hysteresis, switching will not stop until the input falls slightly below VIN(EN/UV). When in Burst Mode operation for light load currents, the current through the VIN(EN/UV) resistor network can easily be greater than the supply current consumed by the LT8619. Therefore, the VIN(EN/UV) resistors should be large enough to minimize their impact on efficiency at low loads. INTVCC Regulator An internal low dropout (LDO) regulator produces the 3.3V supply from VIN that powers the drivers and the internal bias circuitry. The INTVCC can supply enough current for the LT8619’s circuitry and must be bypassed to ground with at least a 1μF ceramic capacitor. Good bypassing is necessary to supply the high transient currents required by the power MOSFET gate drivers. To improve efficiency the internal LDO can draw current from the BIAS pin when the BIAS pin is at 3.1V or higher. Typically the BIAS pin can be tied to the output of the switching regulator, or can be tied to an external supply which must also be at 3.3V or above. If BIAS is connected to a supply other than VOUT, be sure to bypass with a local ceramic capacitor. If the BIAS pin is below 3.0V, the internal LDO will consume current from VIN. Applications with high input voltage and high switching frequency where the internal LDO pulls current from VIN will increase die temperature because of the higher power dissipation across the LDO. Do not connect an external load to the INTVCC pin. Output Power Good When the LT8619’s output voltage is within the ±7.5% window of the regulation point, the open-drain PG pin goes high impedance and is typically pulled high with an external resistor. Otherwise, the internal open-drain transistor will pull the PG pin low. The PG pin is also actively pulled low during several fault conditions: EN/UV pin is below 1V, INTVCC drops below its UVLO threshold, VIN is too low, or thermal shutdown. Synchronization Synchronizing the LT8619 oscillator to an external frequency can be done by connecting a square wave (with 20% to 80% duty cycle) to the SYNC pin. The square wave amplitude should have valleys that are below 0.4V and peaks above 2V (up to 6V). During frequency synchronization, the part operates in forced continuous mode with the SW rising edge synchronized to the SYNC positive edge. The LT8619 may be synchronized over a 300kHz to 2.2MHz range. The RT resistor must be chosen to set the LT8619 switching frequency equal or below the lowest synchronization input. For example, if the synchronization signal will be 500kHz and higher, the RT should be selected for 500kHz. Start-Up Inrush Current, Short-Circuit Protection Upon start-up, the internal soft-start action regulates the VOUT slew rate; the LT8619 provides the maximum rated output current to charge up the output capacitor as quickly as possible. During start-up, if the output is overloaded, the regulator continues to provide the maximum sourcing current to overcome the output load, but at the same time, the bottom switch current is monitored such that if the inductor current is beyond the safe levels, switching of the top switch will be delay until such time as the inductor current falls to safe levels. Once the soft-start period has expired and the FB voltage is higher than 0.74V, the LT8619 switching frequency will be folded back if the external load pulls down the output. At the same time, the bottom switch current will continue to be monitored to limit the short-circuit current. Figure 8 shows the frequency foldback transfer curve and Figure 9 shows the short circuit waveform. During this overcurrent condition, if the SYNC pin is connected to a clock source, the LT8619 will get out from the synchronization mode. 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 19 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 2.5 RT = 20kΩ VIN VIN LT8619 2.0 EN/UV fSW (MHz) GND 1.5 8619 F10 1.0 Figure 10. Reverse VIN Protection 0.5 0 PCB Layout 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 VFB (V) 0.6 0.7 0.8 8619 F08 Figure 8. Frequency Foldback Transfer Function VOUT 1V/DIV ISHORT 10A/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV SW 10V/DIV 5μs/DIV 8619 F09 Figure 9. Short-Circuit Waveform with VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, fOSC = 2MHz, L = 4.7μH, COUT = 22μF Reversed Input Protection Load protection may be necessary in systems where the output will be held high when the input to the LT8619 is absent. This may occur in battery charging applications or in battery backup systems where a battery or some other supply is diode ORed with the LT8619’s output. If the VIN pin is allowed to float and the EN/UV pin is held high (either by a logic signal or because it is tied to VIN), then the LT8619’s internal circuitry will pull its quiescent current through its SW pin. This is acceptable if the system can tolerate several μA in this state. If the EN/UV pin is grounded the SW pin current will drop to near 1µA. However, if the VIN pin is grounded while the output is held high, regardless of EN/UV, parasitic body diodes inside the LT8619 can pull current from the output through the SW pin and the VIN pin. Figure 10 shows a connection of the VIN and EN/UV pins that will allow the LT8619 to run only when the input voltage is present and that protects against a shorted or reversed input. 20 For proper operation and minimum EMI, care must be taken during printed circuit board (PCB) layout. Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the recommended component placement with trace, ground plane and via locations. Note that large, switched currents flow in the LT8619’s VIN, SW, GND pins, and the input capacitor. The loop formed by these components should be as small as possible by placing the capacitor adjacent to the VIN and GND pins. When using a physically large input capacitor, the resulting loop may become too large in which case using a small case/ value capacitor placed close to the VIN and GND pins plus a larger capacitor further away is preferred. These components, along with the inductor and output capacitor, should be placed on the same side of the circuit board, and their connections should be made on that layer. Place a local, unbroken ground plane under the application circuit on the layer closest to the surface layer. The SW and BST nodes should be as small as possible. Finally, keep the FB and RT nodes small so that the ground traces will shield them from the SW and BST nodes. The exposed pad on the bottom of the package must be soldered to ground so that the pad is connected to ground electrically and also acts as a heat sink thermally. To keep thermal resistance low, extend the ground plane as much as possible, and add thermal vias under and near the LT8619 to additional ground planes within the circuit board and on the bottom side. High Temperature Output Current Considerations The maximum practical continuous load that the LT8619 can drive, while rated at 1.2A, actually depends upon both the internal current limit (refer to the Typical Performance Characteristics section) and the internal temperature which depends on operating conditions, PCB layout and airflow. 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION VOUT SW + GND EN/UV RT PG VIN SYNC BST INTVCC BIAS FB/OUT RT VOUT 8619 F11 Figure 11. Recommended PCB Layout for LT8619 10-Pin DFN VOUT SW + GND EN/UV VIN PG SYNC BST INTVCC BIAS FB/OUT VOUT RT 8619 F12 Figure 12. Recommended PCB Layout for LT8619 16-Pin MSOP 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 21 LT8619/LT8619-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION For higher ambient temperatures, care should be taken in the layout of the PCB to ensure good heat sinking of the LT8619. The exposed pad on the bottom of the package must be soldered to a ground plane. This ground should be tied to large copper layers below with thermal vias; these layers will spread heat dissipated by the LT8619. Placing additional vias can reduce thermal resistance further. Figure 13 shows the rise in case temperature vs load current. Note that a higher ambient temperature will result in bigger case temperature rise as shown in Figure 14. Power dissipation within the LT8619 can be estimated by calculating the total power loss from an efficiency measurement and subtracting the inductor loss. The die temperature is calculated by multiplying the LT8619 power dissipation by the thermal resistance from junction to ambient. Figure 15 shows the typical derating maximum output current curve. As with any monolithic switching regulator, the PCB layout, thermal resistance, air flow, other heat sources in the vicinity affect how efficiently heat can be removed from the die and radically change the die junction temperature. The actual LT8619 switcher output voltage and current sourcing capability might deviate from the performance curve stated in this data sheet. When pushing the LT8619 to its limit, verify its operation in the actual environment. AT HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE, CONTINUOUS OPERATION ABOVE THE MAXIMUM OPERATION JUNCTION TEMPERATURE MAY IMPAIR DEVICE RELIABILITY OR PERMANENTLY DAMAGE THE DEVICE. 35 VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V fSW = 700kHz 15 TA = 25°C FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 10 5 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.0 VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V, 1.2A LOAD fSW = 700kHz 30 CASE TEMPERATURE RISE (°C) CASE TEMPERATURE RISE (°C) 20 25 20 15 10 CONTINUOUS OPERATION ABOVE MAXIMUM JUNCTION TEMPERATURE MAY PERMANENTLY DAMAGE THE DEVICE 5 0 1.2 25 50 75 100 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 8619 F13 125 8619 F14 Figure 13. Case Temperature Rise vs Load Current Figure 14. Case Temperature Rise vs Ambient Temperature MAXIMUM OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1.4 1.2 fSW = 700kHz 1.0 fSW = 2MHz 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V TJ(MAX) ≤ 125°C FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 125 8619 F15 Figure 15. LT8619 Derating Maximum Output Current with Junction Temperature Less Than 125°C 22 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS 3.3V 400kHz Step-Down Converter VIN 4V TO 60V 2.2µF OFF ON BST VIN 1.8V 2MHz Step-Down Converter 0.1µF 15µH SW LT8619 PG INTVCC INTVCC LT8619 6.8pF FB GND 8619 TA02 EN/UV OFF ON 1M SYNC VIN PG BIAS RT 121k 1µF 2.2µF 100k EN/UV 1µF VIN 3.3V TO 12V VOUT 3.3V 1.2A 316k 0.1µF 2.2µH 1.87M FB SYNC 20k SW PG BIAS RT 22µF PG BST 100k 5.6pF VOUT 1.8V 1.2A 22µF GND 1.5M 8619 TA03 fOSC = 2MHz fOSC = 400kHz L = VISHAY IHLP-2020AB-01 COUT = TDK C3225X7R1C226K250 L = VISHAY IHLP-3232CZ-11 COUT = TDK C3225X7R1C226K250 5V 2MHz Step-Down Converter VIN 6V TO 36V (60V TRANSIENT) 2.2µF OFF ON VIN BST LT8619-5 0.1µF 4.7µH SW 100k EN/UV 1µF 20k INTVCC VOUT 5V 1.2A PG PG BIAS RT SYNC OUT GND 22µF 8619 TA04 fOSC = 2MHz L = VISHAY IHLP-2020BZ-01 COUT = TDK C3225X7R1C226K250 12V 700kHz Step-Down Converter VIN 13V TO 60V 1µF 2.2µF VIN INTVCC PG BST LT8619 OFF ON EN/UV RT 66.5k SYNC 100k PG 0.1µF SW BIAS 22µH 0.931M 22pF FB GND 8619 TA05 401k VOUT 12V 1.2A 66.5k 10µF ×2 fOSC = 700kHz L = VISHAY IHLP-2020CZ-11 COUT = MURATA GRM32ER7YA106K 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 23 LT8619/LT8619-5 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION Please refer to http://www.linear.com/product/LT8619#packaging for the most recent package drawings. DD Package DD Package 10-Lead10-Lead Plastic DFN (3mm Plastic DFN× 3mm) (3mm × 3mm) (Reference LTC DWGLTC # 05-08-1699 Rev C) Rev C) (Reference DWG # 05-08-1699 0.70 ±0.05 3.55 ±0.05 1.65 ±0.05 2.15 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC 2.38 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS 3.00 ±0.10 (4 SIDES) R = 0.125 TYP 6 0.40 ±0.10 10 1.65 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) PIN 1 NOTCH R = 0.20 OR 0.35 × 45° CHAMFER PIN 1 TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6) 0.200 REF 5 0.75 ±0.05 0.00 – 0.05 1 (DD) DFN REV C 0310 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC 2.38 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD NOTE: 1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-2). CHECK THE LTC WEBSITE DATA SHEET FOR CURRENT STATUS OF VARIATION ASSIGNMENT 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 24 8619f For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 LT8619/LT8619-5 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION Please refer to http://www.linear.com/product/LT8619#packaging for the most recent package drawings. MSE Package 16-Lead Plastic , Exposed Die Pad MSEMSOP Package (Reference LTCMSOP, DWG # 05-08-1667 RevPad F) 16-Lead Plastic Exposed Die (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1667 Rev F) BOTTOM VIEW OF EXPOSED PAD OPTION 2.845 ±0.102 (.112 ±.004) 5.10 (.201) MIN 2.845 ±0.102 (.112 ±.004) 0.889 ±0.127 (.035 ±.005) 8 1 1.651 ±0.102 (.065 ±.004) 1.651 ±0.102 3.20 – 3.45 (.065 ±.004) (.126 – .136) 0.305 ±0.038 (.0120 ±.0015) TYP 16 0.50 (.0197) BSC 4.039 ±0.102 (.159 ±.004) (NOTE 3) RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 0.254 (.010) 0.35 REF 0.12 REF DETAIL “B” CORNER TAIL IS PART OF DETAIL “B” THE LEADFRAME FEATURE. FOR REFERENCE ONLY 9 NO MEASUREMENT PURPOSE 0.280 ±0.076 (.011 ±.003) REF 16151413121110 9 DETAIL “A” 0° – 6° TYP 3.00 ±0.102 (.118 ±.004) (NOTE 4) 4.90 ±0.152 (.193 ±.006) GAUGE PLANE 0.53 ±0.152 (.021 ±.006) DETAIL “A” 1.10 (.043) MAX 0.18 (.007) SEATING PLANE 0.17 – 0.27 (.007 – .011) TYP 1234567 8 0.50 NOTE: (.0197) 1. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETER/(INCH) BSC 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS. MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE 4. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE 5. LEAD COPLANARITY (BOTTOM OF LEADS AFTER FORMING) SHALL BE 0.102mm (.004") MAX 6. EXPOSED PAD DIMENSION DOES INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH ON E-PAD SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.254mm (.010") PER SIDE. 0.86 (.034) REF 0.1016 ±0.0508 (.004 ±.002) MSOP (MSE16) 0213 REV F 8619f Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications For ismore information www.linear.com/LT8619 subject to change without notice. No license granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. 25 LT8619/LT8619-5 TYPICAL APPLICATION Ultralow EMI 5V 2MHz Step-Down Converter VIN 6V TO 36V (60V TRANSIENT) FB1 BEAD LIN 4.7µH 4.7µF 4.7µF 4.7µF BST VIN 0.1µF 4.7µH LT8619-5 VOUT 5V 1.2A SW OFF ON 1µF PG INTVCC PG BIAS RT SYNC 20k FB1 = TDK MPZ2012S221A LIN = XFL4020 L = VISHAY IHLP-2020BZ-01 COUT = TDK C3225X7R1C226K250 100k EN/UV OUT GND 22µF 8619 TA06 fOSC = 2MHz RELATED PARTS PART DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT8602 42V, Quad Output (2.5A + 1.5A + 1.5A + 1.5A) 95% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 25μA VIN(MIN) = 3V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.8V, IQ = 2.5μA, ISD < 1μA, 6mm × 6mm QFN-40 LT8609/LT8609A 42V, 2A, 94% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5μA VIN(MIN) = 3V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.8V, IQ = 2.5μA, ISD < 1μA, MSOP-10E LT8610 42V, 2.5A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step- Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5μA VIN(MIN) = 3.4V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.97V, IQ = 2.5μA, ISD < 1μA, MSOP-16E LT8610A/LT8610AB 42V, 3.5A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step- Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5μA VIN(MIN) = 3.4V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.97V, IQ = 2.5μA, ISD < 1μA, MSOP-16E LT8610AC 42V, 3.5A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step- Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5μA VIN(MIN) = 3V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.8V, IQ = 2.5μA, ISD < 1μA, MSOP-16E LT8611 VIN(MIN) = 3.4V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.97V, IQ = 2.5μA, 42V, 2.5A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step- Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5μA and Input/Output ISD < 1μA, 3mm × 5mm QFN-24 Current Limit/Monitor LT8612 42V, 6A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5μA VIN(MIN) = 3.4V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.97V, IQ = 3.0μA, ISD < 1μA, 3mm × 6mm QFN-28 LT8613 42V, 6A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step- Down DC/DC Converter with Current Limiting VIN(MIN) = 3.4V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.97V, IQ = 3.0μA, ISD < 1μA, 3mm × 6mm QFN-28 LT8614 42V, 4A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Silent Switcher Step- Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5μA VIN(MIN) = 3.4V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.97V, IQ = 2.5μA, ISD < 1μA, 3mm × 4mm QFN-18 LT8616 42V, Dual 2.5A + 1.5A, 95% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 5μA VIN(MIN) = 3.4V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.8V, IQ = 5μA, ISD < 1μA, TSSOP-28E, 3mm × 6mm QFN-28 LT8620 65V, 2.5A, 94% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step- Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5μA VIN(MIN) = 3.4V, VIN(MAX) = 65V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.97V, IQ = 2.5μA, ISD < 1μA, MSOP-16E, 3mm × 5mm QFN-24 LT8640/LT8640-1 42V, 5A, 96% Efficiency, 3MHz Synchronous Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5μA VIN(MIN) = 3.4V, VIN(MAX) = 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.97V, IQ = 2.5μA, ISD < 1μA, 3mm × 4mm QFN-18 26 8619f LT 0118 • PRINTED IN USA www.linear.com/LT8619 For more information www.linear.com/LT8619 ANALOG DEVICES, INC. 2018