LINER LTC2974 Low vin, 10a step-down î¼module regulator Datasheet

LTM4648
Low VIN, 10A Step-Down
µModule Regulator
Features
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Description
10A DC Output Current
Input Voltage Range: 2.375V to 5.5V
Output Voltage Range: 0.6V to 5V
No Heat Sink or Current Derating Up to 85°C
Ambient Temperature
±1.5% Maximum Total DC Output Error
Multiphase Operation with Current Sharing
Remote Sense Amplifier
Built-In Temperature Monitor
Selectable Pulse-Skipping Mode/Burst Mode®
Operation for High Efficiency at Light Load
Soft-Start/Voltage Tracking
Protection: Output Overvoltage and Overcurrent
Foldback
See LTM4649 for Up to 16VIN Operation
9mm × 15mm × 4.92mm BGA Package
The LTM ® 4648 is a 10A low V IN step-down
DC/DC µModule® (micromodule) regulator. Included in
the package are the switching controller, power FETs,
inductor and all support components. Operating over
an input voltage range of 2.375V to 5.5V, the LTM4648
supports an output voltage range of 0.6V to 5V, set by a
single external resistor. This high efficiency design delivers
up to 10A continuous current. Only bulk input and output
capacitors are needed.
High switching frequency and a current mode architecture
enable a very fast transient response to line and load
changes without sacrificing stability. The device supports
frequency synchronization, programmable multiphase
operation and output voltage tracking for supply rail
sequencing.
Fault protection features include overvoltage protection, overcurrent protection and thermal shutdown. The
LTM4648 is offered in a small 9mm × 15mm × 4.92mm
BGA package. The LTM4648 is RoHS compliant. For up
to 16VIN operation, see the LTM4649.
Applications
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Telecom, Networking and Industrial Equipment
Point of Load Regulation
L, LT, LTC, LTM, Burst Mode, µModule, PolyPhase, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are
registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property
of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents, including 5481178, 5705919, 5929620,
6100678, 6144194, 6177787, 6304066 and 6580258. Other patents pending.
Typical Application
Efficiency and Power Loss
at 5V and 3.3V Input
2.375V to 5.5V Input, 1.5V Output DC/DC
µModule Regulator
DIFFP
DIFFN
LTM4648
MODE
VOUT_LCL
DIFFOUT
TRACK/SS
0.1µF
GND
VFB
6.65k
4648 TA01a
100
2.8
12
95
2.4
10
90
2.0
85
1.6
80
1.2
75
0.8
70
VIN = 3.3V 0.4
VIN = 5V
0
10
8
65
0
2
4
6
LOAD CURRENT (A)
4648 TA01b
LOAD CURRENT (A)
VOUT
1.5V
100µF
10A
6.3V
×2
VOUT
POWER LOSS (W)
PINS NOT USED
IN THIS CIRCUIT:
INTVCC
SW
RUN
PHMODE
TEMP
COMP
PGOOD
CLKIN
CLKOUT
22µF
10V
×2
VIN
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN
2.375V TO 5.5V
Current Derating, 5V to 1.5VOUT
with No Heat Sink
8
6
4
400LFM
200LFM
0LFM
2
0
0
40
60
80
100
20
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
120
4648 TA01c
4648f
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1
LTM4648
Absolute Maximum Ratings
(Note 1)
VIN................................................................ –0.3V to 6V
VOUT, INTVCC, PGOOD, RUN (Note 5)........... –0.3V to 6V
MODE, CLKIN, TRACK/SS, DIFFP, DIFFN,
DIFFOUT, PHASMD................................ –0.3V to INTVCC
VFB............................................................. –0.3V to 2.7V
COMP (Note 6)........................................... –0.3V to 2.7V
INTVCC Peak Output Current (Note 6)...................100mA
Internal Operating Temperature Range
(Note 2)................................................... –55°C to 125°C
Storage Temperature Range................... –55°C to 125°C
Peak Solder Reflow Body Temperature.................. 245°C
Pin Configuration
A
B
GND
1
VIN
F
G
GND
CLKOUT
2
CLKIN
TOP VIEW
C D
E
NC
FREQ
3
PHMODE
4
MODE
TRACK/SS
5
TEMP 6
NC
7
PGOOD
SW
COMP
FB
DIFFN
8
DIFFP
DIFFOUT
9
VOUT_LCL
10
11
GND
VOUT
BGA PACKAGE
68-LEAD (9mm × 15mm × 4.92mm)
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 14°C/W, θJCbottom = 5°C/W, θJCtop = 20°C/W
WEIGHT = 1.0g
Order Information
LEAD FREE FINISH
TRAY
PART MARKING*
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
LTM4648EY#PBF
LTM4648EY#TRPBF
LTM4648Y
68-Lead (9mm × 15mm × 4.92mm) BGA –40°C to 125°C
TEMPERATURE RANGE
LTM4648IY#PBF
LTM4648IY#TRPBF
LTM4648Y
68-Lead (9mm × 15mm × 4.92mm) BGA –40°C to 125°C
Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping
container.
For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/
This product is only offered in trays. For more information go to: http://www.linear.com/packaging/
2
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LTM4648
Electrical Characteristics
The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full internal
operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 2). VIN = 5V per typical application.
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
VIN
Input DC Voltage
CONDITIONS
l
2.375
5.5
V
VOUT(RANGE)
Output Voltage Range
l
0.6
5
V
VOUT(DC)
Output Voltage, Total Variation with
Line and Load
l
1.477
1.50
1.523
V
1.1
1.25
1.4
V
CIN = 10µF × 1,COUT = 100µF Ceramic,
100µF POSCAP, RFB = 6.65k, MODE = GND,
VIN = 2.375V to 5.5V, IOUT = 0A to 10A
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
Input Specifications
VRUN
RUN Pin On Threshold
VRUN Rising
VRUN(HYS)
RUN Pin On Hysteresis
150
mV
IQ(VIN)
Input Supply Bias Current
VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V, Burst Mode Operation
VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V, Pulse-Skipping Mode
VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V, Switching Continuous
Shutdown, RUN = 0, VIN = 5V
5.5
25
100
2.5
mA
mA
mA
mA
IS(VIN)
Input Supply Current
VIN = 5.5V, VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 10A
3.3
A
Output Specifications
IOUT(DC)
Output Continuous Current Range
VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V (Note 4)
ΔVOUT(LINE)
VOUT
Line Regulation Accuracy
VOUT = 1.5V, VIN from 2.375V to 5.5V IOUT = 0A
l
0
0.010
0.04
10
%/V
ΔVOUT(LOAD)
VOUT
Load Regulation Accuracy
VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 0A to 10A, VIN = 5V (Note 4)
l
0.15
0.5
%
VOUT(AC)
Output Ripple Voltage
IOUT = 0A, COUT = 100µF Ceramic, 100µF POSCAP,
VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V
15
mV
ΔVOUT(START)
Turn-On Overshoot
COUT = 100µF Ceramic, 100µF POSCAP,
VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 0A, VIN = 5V
20
mV
tSTART
Turn-On Time
COUT = 100µF Ceramic, 100µF POSCAP,
No Load, TRACK/SS = 0.01µF, VIN = 5V
5
ms
ΔVOUTLS
Peak Deviation for Dynamic Load
Load: 0% to 50% to 0% of Full Load,
COUT = 100µF Ceramic, 100µF POSCAP,
VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V
60
mV
tSETTLE
Settling Time for Dynamic Load Step
Load: 0% to 50% to 0% of Full Load,
COUT = 100µF Ceramic, 100µF POSCAP,
VIN = 5V, VOUT=1.5V
20
µs
IOUTPK
Output Current Limit
VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V (Note 4)
11
A
A
Control Specifications
VFB
Voltage at VFB Pin
IFB
Current at VFB Pin
IOUT = 0A, VOUT = 1.5V
VOVL
Feedback Overvoltage Lockout
ITRACK/SS
Track Pin Soft-Start Pull-Up Current
TRACK/SS = 0V
tON(MIN)
Minimum On-Time
(Note 3)
RFBHI
Resistor Between VOUT_LCL and VFB
Pins
DIFFP, DIFFN CM
RANGE
Common Mode Input Range
VIN = 5V, Run > 1.4V
VDIFFOUT(MAX)
Maximum DIFFOUT Voltage
IDIFFOUT = 300µA
VOSNS+ = VDIFFOUT = 1.5V, IDIFFOUT = 100µA
l
l
0.593
0.60
0.607
V
–12
–25
nA
0.64
0.66
0.68
V
1.0
1.2
1.4
µA
90
9.90
10
0
ns
10.10
3.6
INTVCC – 1.4
kΩ
V
V
VOS
Input Offset Voltage
AV
Differential Gain
1
4
V/V
mV
SR
Slew Rate
2
V/µs
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3
LTM4648
Electrical Characteristics
The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full internal
operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 2). VIN = 5V per typical application.
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
GBP
Gain Bandwidth Product
CMRR
Common Mode Rejection
(Note 6)
3
MHz
60
dB
IDIFFOUT
DIFFOUT Current
Sourcing
RIN
Input Resistance
VOSNS+ to GND
80
kΩ
VPGOOD
PGOOD Trip Level
VFB With Respect to Set Output
VFB Ramping Negative
VFB Ramping Positive
–10
10
%
%
VPGL
PGOOD Voltage Low
IPGOOD = 2mA
0.1
0.3
V
5
5.25
5.2
5.35
V
V
2
mA
INTVCC Linear Regulator
VINTVCC
Internal VCC Voltage
VINTVCC Load Reg INTVCC Load Regulation
2.375V ≤ VIN ≤ 5V
VIN = 5.5V
4.8
5.15
ICC = 0mA to 50mA
0.5
%
Oscillator and Phase-Locked Loop
fSYNC
SYNC Capture Range
250
400
fS
Nominal Switching Frequency
RMODE
Mode Input Resistance
VIH_CLKIN
Clock Input Level High
VIL_CLKIN
Clock Input Level Low
kHz
500
kHz
250
kΩ
2.0
V
0.8
Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute
Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device
reliability and lifetime. Notes are automatically numbered when you apply
the note style.
Note 2: The LTM4648 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that TJ ≈
TA. The LTM4648E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications over
the 0°C to 125°C internal operating temperature range. Specifications over
the –40°C to 125°C internal operating temperature range are assured by
design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls.
The LTM4648I is guaranteed to meet specifications over the –40°C to
125°C internal operating temperature range. Note that the maximum
ambient temperature consistent with these specifications is determined by
specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated
package thermal resistance and other environmental factors.
4
450
650
V
Note 3: The minimum on-time condition is tested at wafer sort.
Note 4: See output current derating curves for different VIN, VOUT and TA.
Note 5: Guaranteed by design.
Note 6: 100% tested at wafer level.
4648f
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LTM4648
Typical Performance Characteristics
3.3VIN Efficiency
5VIN Efficiency
100
95
95
95
90
90
90
85
80
75
65
0
2
4
6
80
VOUT = 1V
VOUT = 1.2V
VOUT = 1.5V
VOUT = 1.8V
VOUT = 2.5V
70
65
10
8
85
75
VOUT = 1V
VOUT = 1.2V
VOUT = 1.5V
VOUT = 1.8V
70
0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
2
4
6
90
80
70
70
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
100
90
60
50
40
30
0
0.01
70
65
0
10
4648 G03
4648 G06
20µs/DIV
3.3VIN, 1VOUT, 5A TO 10A LOAD STEP, 5A/µs
COUT = 1 • 22µF, 6.3V, 1210 + 2 • 100µF 1210
CERAMIC CAPACITORS
NO CFF CAPACITOR
30
CCM
Burst Mode OPERATION
PULSE SKIPPING
0.1
1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
10
4648 G05
5VIN, 1VOUT Load Transient
3.3VIN, 1.5VOUT Load Transient
5VIN, 1.5VOUT Load Transient
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC-COUPLED
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC-COUPLED
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC-COUPLED
IOUT
5A/DIV
AC-COUPLED
IOUT
5A/DIV
AC-COUPLED
IOUT
5A/DIV
AC-COUPLED
4648 G07
20µs/DIV
5VIN, 1VOUT, 5A TO 10A LOAD STEP, 5A/µs
COUT = 1 • 22µF, 6.3V, 1210 + 2 • 100µF 6.3V
1210 CERAMIC CAPACITORS
NO CFF CAPACITOR
10
8
IOUT
5A/DIV
AC-COUPLED
40
4648 G04
6
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC-COUPLED
50
0
0.01
4
3.3VIN, 1VOUT Load Transient
60
10
2
LOAD CURRENT (A)
CCM, Burst Mode and PulseSkipping Mode Efficiency
(VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V)
20
CCM
Burst Mode OPERATION
PULSE SKIPPING
0.1
1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
VOUT = 1V
VOUT = 1.2V
VOUT = 1.5V
VOUT = 1.8V
VOUT = 2.5V
VOUT = 3.3V
4648 G02
80
10
80
LOAD CURRENT (A)
CCM, Burst Mode and PulseSkipping Mode Efficiency
(VIN = 3.3V, VOUT = 1.5V)
20
85
75
10
8
4648 G01
100
EFFICIENCY (%)
100
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
2.5VIN Efficiency
100
4648 G08
20µs/DIV
3.3VIN, 1.5VOUT, 5A TO 10A LOAD STEP, 5A/µs
COUT = 1 • 22µF, 6.3V, 1210 + 2 • 100µF 6.3V
1210 CERAMIC CAPACITORS
NO CFF CAPACITOR
4648 G09
20µs/DIV
5VIN, 1.5VOUT, 5A TO 10A LOAD STEP, 5A/µs
COUT = 1 • 22µF, 6.3V, 1210 + 2 • 100µF 6.3V
1210 CERAMIC CAPACITORS
NO CFF CAPACITOR
4648f
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5
LTM4648
Typical Performance Characteristics
3.3VIN, 2.5VOUT Load Transient
5VIN, 2.5VOUT Load Transient
5VIN, 3.3VOUT Load Transient
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC-COUPLED
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC-COUPLED
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC-COUPLED
IOUT
5A/DIV
AC-COUPLED
IOUT
5A/DIV
AC-COUPLED
IOUT
5A/DIV
AC-COUPLED
4648 G10
20µs/DIV
3.3VIN, 2.5VOUT, 5A TO 10A LOAD STEP, 5A/µs
COUT = 1 • 22µF, 6.3V, 1210 + 2 • 100µF 6.3V
1210 CERAMIC CAPACITORS
NO CFF CAPACITOR
4648 G11
20µs/DIV
5VIN, 2.5VOUT, 5A TO 10A LOAD STEP, 5A/µs
COUT = 1 • 22µF, 6.3V, 1210 + 2 • 100µF 6.3V
1210 CERAMIC CAPACITORS
NO CFF CAPACITOR
Output Start-Up
Output Start-Up
RUN
2V/DIV
RUN
2V/DIV
PGOOD
2V/DIV
PGOOD
2V/DIV
VOUT
0.5V/DIV
IIN
0.5A/DIV
VOUT
0.5V/DIV
IIN
0.5A/DIV
10ms/DIV
5VIN
1.5VOUT
IO = 0A START-UP
CSS = 0.1µF
4648 G12
20µs/DIV
5VIN, 3.3VOUT, 5A TO 10A LOAD STEP, 5A/µs
COUT = 1 • 22µF, 6.3V, 1210 + 2 • 100µF 6.3V
1210 CERAMIC CAPACITORS
NO CFF CAPACITOR
4648 G13
Output Short Circuit
10ms/DIV
5VIN
1.5VOUT
IO = 10A START-UP
CSS = 0.1µF
4648 G14
Output Short Circuit
VOUT
0.5V/DIV
IIN
0.5V/DIV
VOUT
0.5V/DIV
IIN
0.5A/DIV
5VIN
1.5VOUT
IOUT = 0A
6
50µs/DIV
4648 G15
5VIN
1.5VOUT
IOUT = 10A
50µs/DIV
4648 G16
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LTM4648
Pin Functions
PACKAGE ROW AND COLUMN LABELING MAY VARY
AMONG µModule PRODUCTS. REVIEW EACH PACKAGE
LAYOUT CAREFULLY.
GND (A1-A5, A7-A11, B1, B9-B11, E1, F3, F5, G1-G7):
Ground Pins for Both Input and Output Returns. All ground
pins need to connect with large copper areas underneath
the unit.
TEMP (A6): Onboard Temperature Diode for Monitoring
the VBE Junction Voltage Change with Temperature. See
the Applications Information section.
CLKIN (B3): External Synchronization Input to Phase Detector Pin. A clock on this pin will enable synchronization
with forced continuous operation. See the Applications
Information section.
PHMODE (B4): This pin can be tied to GND, tied to INTVCC
or left floating. This pin determines the relative phases
between the internal controllers and the phasing of the
CLKOUT signal. See Table 2 in the Operation section.
MODE (B5): Mode Select Input. Connect this pin to INTVCC
to enable Burst Mode operation. Connect to ground to
enable forced continuous mode of operation. Floating this
pin will enable pulse-skipping mode of operation.
NC (B7-B8, C3-C4): No Connection Pins. Either float these
pins or connect them to GND for thermal purpose.
VIN (C1, C8, C9, D1, D3-D5, D7-D9 and E8): Power Input
Pins. Apply input voltage between these pins and GND
pins. Recommend placing input decoupling capacitance
directly between VIN pins and GND pins.
VOUT (C10-C11, D10-D11, E9-E11, F9-F11, G10-G11):
Power Output Pins. Apply output load between these pins
and GND pins. Recommend placing output decoupling
capacitance directly between these pins and GND pins.
See Table 1.
SW (C5): Switching Node of the Circuit. This pin is used
to check the switching frequency. Leave pin floating. A
resistor-capacitor snubber can be placed from SW to
PGND to eliminate high frequency switch node ringing.
See the Applications Information section.
PGOOD (C7): Output Voltage Power Good Indicator.
Open-drain logic output that is pulled to ground when the
output voltage is not within ±10% of the regulation point.
VOUT_LCL (G9): This pin is connected to the top of the
internal top feedback resistor for the output. When the
remote sense amplifier is used in the LTM4648, connect
the remote sense amplifier output DIFFOUT to VOUT_LCL
to drive the 10k top feedback resistor. When the remote
sense amplifier is not used in the LTM4648, connect
VOUT_LCL to VOUT directly.
FREQ (E3): Frequency Set Pin. A 10µA current is sourced
from this pin. A resistor from this pin to ground sets a
voltage, that in turn, programs the operating frequency.
Alternatively, this pin can be driven with a DC voltage that
can set the operating frequency. See the Applications Information section. The LTM4648 has an internal resistor
to program frequency to 450kHz.
TRACK/SS (E5): Output Voltage Tracking Pin and SoftStart Inputs. The pin has a 1.2µA pull-up current source.
A capacitor from this pin to ground will set a soft-start
ramp rate. In tracking, the regulator output can be tracked
to a different voltage. The different voltage is applied to
a voltage divider then the slave output’s track pin. This
voltage divider is equal to the slave output’s feedback
divider for coincidental tracking. See the Applications
Information section.
FB (E7): The Negative Input of the Error Amplifier. Internally,
this pin is connected to VOUT_LCL with a 10k precision
resistor. Different output voltages can be programmed
with an additional resistor between VFB and ground pins.
In PolyPhase operation, tying the VFB pins together allows
for parallel operation. See the Applications Information
section for details.
RUN (F1): Run Control Pin. A voltage above 1.4V will turn
on the module. The RUN pin has a 1µA pull-up current,
once the RUN pin reaches 1.2V an additional 4.5µA pull-up
current is added to this pin.
CLKOUT (F2): Output Clock Signal for PolyPhase Operation. The phase of CLKOUT is determined by the state of
the PHMODE pin.
INTVCC (F4): Internal 5V LDO for Driving the Control Circuitry and the Power MOSFET Drivers. The 5V LDO has
a 100mA current limit.
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7
LTM4648
Pin Functions
COMP (F6): Current Control Threshold and Error Amplifier
Compensation Point. The current comparator threshold
increases with this control voltage. Tie all COMP pins
together in parallel operation.
DIFFN (F7): Input to the Remote Sense Amplifier. This
pin connects to the ground remote sense point. Connect
to GND when not used.
DIFFP (F8): Input to the Remote Sense Amplifier. This
pin connects to the output remote sense point. Connect
to GND when not used.
DIFFOUT (G8): Output of the Remote Sense Amplifier.
This pin connects to the VOUT_LCL pin for remote sense
applications. Otherwise float when not used.
Block Diagram
INTVCC
VOUT_LCL
1M
VIN
R1
> 1.4V = ON
< 1.1V = OFF
MAX = 5V
VOUT
10k
PGOOD
RUN
VIN
BOOST
CONVERTER
1µF
R2
VIN
2.375V TO 5.5V
+
CIN
COMP
10k
0.5%
5V
M1
INTERNAL
COMP
0.35µH
GND
POWER
CONTROL
VFB
fSET
+
VOUT
1.5V
10A
GND
INTERNAL
LOOP
FILTER
INTVCC
+
CLKIN
MODE
DIFF
AMP
–
250k
+
RfSET
115k
TRACK/SS
CSS
COUT
M2
–
6.65k
1%
VOUT
DIFFN
DIFFP
DIFF_OUT
INTVCC
TEMP
1µF
4648 F01
Figure 1. Simplified LTM4648 Block Diagram
8
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LTM4648
Operation
Power Module Description
The LTM4648 is a high performance single output standalone nonisolated switching mode DC/DC power supply.
It can provide up to 10A output current with few external input and output capacitors. This module provides
precisely regulated output voltage programmable via an
external resistor from 0.6VDC to 5VDC over a 2.375V to
5.5V input range. The typical application schematic is
shown in Figure 18.
The LTM4648 has an integrated constant-frequency current mode regulator, power MOSFETs, inductor, and other
supporting discrete components. The typical switching
frequency is 450kHz. For switching noise-sensitive applications, it can be externally synchronized from 350kHz
to 650kHz. See the Applications Information section.
With current mode control and internal feedback loop
compensation, the LTM4648 module has sufficient stability margins and good transient performance with a wide
range of output capacitors, especially with all ceramic
output capacitors.
Current mode control provides cycle-by-cycle fast current
limit in an overcurrent condition. An internal overvoltage
monitor protects the output voltage in the event of an
overvoltage >10%. The top MOSFET is turned off and the
bottom MOSFET is turned on until the output is cleared.
Pulling the RUN pin below 1.1V forces the regulator into a
shutdown state. The TRACK/SS pin is used for programming the output voltage ramp and voltage tracking during
start-up. See the Application Information section.
The LTM4648 is internally compensated to be stable over
all operating conditions. Table 3 provides a guideline for
input and output capacitances for several operating conditions. The Linear Technology µModule Power Design
Tool will be provided for transient and stability analysis.
The VFB pin is used to program the output voltage with a
single external resistor to ground.
A remote sense amplifier is provided in the LTM4648 for
accurately sensing output voltages ≤3.3V at the load point.
Multiphase operation can be easily employed with the
synchronization inputs using an external clock source.
See application examples.
High efficiency at light loads can be accomplished with
selectable Burst Mode operation using the MODE pin. These
light load features will accommodate battery operation.
Efficiency graphs are provided for light load operation in
the Typical Performance Characteristics section.
A diode connected PNP transistor with base and collector
grounded is included in the module as a general purpose
single-ended temperature monitor. The temperature
monitor is intended to be used as a general temperature
monitor, see Applications Information section
The switching node pins are available for functional operation monitoring and a resistor-capacitor snubber circuit
can be careful placed on the switching node pin to ground
to dampen any high frequency ringing on the transition
edges. See the Applications Information section for details.
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LTM4648
Applications Information
The typical LTM4648 application circuit is shown in
Figure 18. External component selection is primarily
determined by the maximum load current and output
voltage. Refer to Table 3 for specific external capacitor
requirements for particular applications.
VIN to VOUT Step-Down Ratios
There are restrictions in the VIN to VOUT step-down ratio
that can be achieved for a given input voltage. The VIN to
VOUT minimum dropout is a function of load current and
at very low input voltage and high duty cycle applications
output power may be limited as the internal top power
MOSFET is not rated for 10A operation at higher ambient
temperatures. At very low duty cycles the minimum 90ns
on-time must be maintained. See the Frequency Adjustment section and temperature derating curves.
Output Voltage Programming
The PWM controller has an internal 0.6V ±1% reference
voltage. As shown in the Block Diagram, a 10k 0.5%
internal feedback resistor connects the VOUT_LCL and
VFB pins together. When the remote sense amplifier is
used, then DIFFOUT is connected to the VOUT_LCL pin.
If the remote sense amplifier is not used, then VOUT_LCL
connects to VOUT. The output voltage will default to 0.6V
with no feedback resistor. Adding a resistor RFB from VFB
to ground programs the output voltage:
VOUT
10k + RFB
= 0.6V •
RFB
RFB(k)
0.6
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.5
3.3
5.0
OPEN
15
10
6.65
4.99
3.09
2.21
1.37
For parallel operation of N LTM4648, the following equation can be used to solve for RFB:
RFB =
10k
N
VOUT
–1
0.6
In parallel operation the VFB pins have an IFB current of
20nA maximum each channel. To reduce output voltage
10
Input Capacitors
The LTM4648 module should be connected to a low AC
impedance DC source. Additional input capacitors are
needed for the RMS input ripple current rating. The ICIN(RMS)
equation which follows can be used to calculate the input
capacitor requirement. Typically 22µF X7R ceramics are a
good choice with RMS ripple current ratings of ~2A each.
A 47µF to 100µF surface mount aluminum electrolytic bulk
capacitor can be used for more input bulk capacitance.
This bulk input capacitor is only needed if the input source
impedance is compromised by long inductive leads, traces
or not enough source capacitance. If low impedance power
planes are used, then this bulk capacitor is not needed.
For a buck converter, the switching duty cycle can be
estimated as:
D=
VOUT
VIN
Without considering the inductor ripple current, for each
output, the RMS current of the input capacitor can be
estimated as:
ICIN(RMS) =
Table 1. VFB Resistor Table vs Various Output Voltages
VOUT(V)
error due to this current, an additional VOUT_LCL pin can
be tied to VOUT, and an additional RFB resistor can be used
to lower the total Thevenin equivalent resistance seen by
this current.
IOUT(MAX)
η%
• D • (1− D)
In the previous equation, η% is the estimated efficiency of
the power module. The bulk capacitor can be a switcherrated electrolytic aluminum capacitor or a Polymer
capacitor.
Output Capacitors
The LTM4648 is designed for low output voltage ripple
noise. The bulk output capacitors defined as COUT are
chosen with low enough effective series resistance (ESR)
to meet the output voltage ripple and transient requirements. COUT can be a low ESR tantalum capacitor, low
ESR Polymer capacitor or ceramic capacitors. The typical
output capacitance range is from 200µF to 470µF. Additional
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output filtering may be required by the system designer
if further reduction of output ripple or dynamic transient
spikes is required. Table 3 shows a matrix of different
output voltages and output capacitors to minimize the
voltage droop and overshoot during a 5A/µs transient.
The table optimizes total equivalent ESR and total bulk
capacitance to optimize the transient performance. Stability criteria are considered in the Table 3 matrix, and the
Linear Technology µModule Power Design Tool will be
provided for stability analysis. Multiphase operation will
reduce effective output ripple as a function of the number of phases. Application Note 77 discusses this noise
reduction versus output ripple current cancellation, but
the output capacitance should be considered carefully as
a function of stability and transient response. The Linear
Technology µModule Power Design Tool can calculate the
output ripple reduction as the number of implemented
phase’s increases by N times.
Burst Mode Operation
The LTM4648 is capable of Burst Mode operation in which
the power MOSFETs operate intermittently based on load
demand, thus saving quiescent current. For applications
where maximizing the efficiency at very light loads is a
high priority, Burst Mode operation should be applied. To
enable Burst Mode operation, simply tie the MODE pin to
INTVCC. During Burst Mode operation, the peak current
of the inductor is set to approximately 30% of the maximum peak current value in normal operation even though
the voltage at the COMP pin indicates a lower value. The
voltage at the COMP pin drops when the inductor’s average current is greater than the load requirement. As the
COMP voltage drops below 0.5V, the burst comparator
trips, causing the internal sleep line to go high and turn
off both power MOSFETs.
In sleep mode, the internal circuitry is partially turned
off, reducing the quiescent current. The load current is
now being supplied from the output capacitors. When the
output voltage drops, causing COMP to rise, the internal
sleep line goes low, and the LTM4648 resumes normal
operation. The next oscillator cycle will turn on the top
power MOSFET and the switching cycle repeats.
Pulse-Skipping Mode Operation
In applications where low output ripple and high efficiency
at intermediate currents are desired, pulse-skipping mode
should be used. Pulse-skipping operation allows the
LTM4648 to skip cycles at low output loads, thus increasing
efficiency by reducing switching loss. Floating the MODE
pin enables pulse-skipping operation. With pulse-skipping
mode at light load, the internal current comparator may
remain tripped for several cycles, thus skipping operation cycles. This mode has lower ripple than Burst Mode
operation and maintains a higher frequency operation than
Burst Mode operation.
Forced Continuous Operation
In applications where fixed frequency operation is more
critical than low current efficiency, and where the lowest
output ripple is desired, forced continuous operation
should be used. Forced continuous operation can be
enabled by tying the MODE pin to ground. In this mode,
inductor current is allowed to reverse during low output
loads, the COMP voltage is in control of the current
comparator threshold throughout, and the top MOSFET
always turns on with each oscillator pulse. During start-up,
forced continuous mode is disabled and inductor current
is prevented from reversing until the LTM4648’s output
voltage is in regulation.
Frequency Selection
The LTM4648 device is internally programmed to 450kHz
switching frequency to improve power conversion efficiency. It is recommended for all of the application.
If desired, a resistor can be connected from the FREQ pin
to INTVCC to adjust the FREQ pin DC voltage to increase
the switching frequency between default 450kHz and
maximum 650kHz. Figure 2 shows a graph of frequency
setting verses FREQ pin DC voltage. Figure 18 shows an
example of frequency programmed to 650kHz. Please be
aware FREQ pin has an accurate 10µA current sourced
from this pin when calculate the resistor value.
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LTM4648
Applications Information
Multiphase Operation
900
800
For outputs that demand more than 10A of load current,
multiple LTM4648 devices can be paralleled to provide
more output current and reduced input and output voltage ripple.
FREQUENCY (kHz)
700
600
500
400
The CLKOUT signal together with CLKIN pin can be used
to cascade additional power stages to achieve the multiphase power supply solution. Tying the PHMODE pin to
INTVCC, GND, or (floating) generates a phase difference
(between MODE/PLLIN and CLKOUT) of 180°, 120°, or
90° respectively as shown in Table 2. A total of 4 phases
can be cascaded to run simultaneously with respect to
each other by programming the PHMODE pin of each
LTM4648 channel to different levels. Figure 3 shows a
3-phase design and 4-phase design example for clock
phasing with the PHASMD table.
300
200
100
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
FREQ PIN VOLTAGE (V)
2.5
4648 F02
Figure 2. Operating Frequency vs FREQ Pin Voltage
PLL and Frequency Synchronization
The LTM4648 device operates over a range of frequencies to improve power conversion efficiency. The nominal
switching frequency is 450kHz. It can also be synchronized
from 350kHz to 650kHz with an input clock that has a high
level above 2V and a low level below 0.8V at the CLKIN pin.
Once the LTM4648 is synchronizing to an external clock
frequency, it will always running in Forced Continuous
Operation. The 350kHz low end operation frequency limit
is put in place to limit inductor ripple current.
Table 2. PHASEMD and CLKOUT Signal Relationship
PHASEMD
GND
FLOAT
INTVCC
CLKOUT
120°
90°
180°
The LTM4648 device is an inherently current mode controlled device, so parallel modules will have good current
sharing. This will balance the thermals in the design. Tie
the COMP, VFB, TRACK/SS and RUN pins of each LTM4648
together to share the current evenly. Figures 20 and 21
show a schematic of the parallel design.
3-PHASE DESIGN
120 DEGREE
120 DEGREE
CLKOUT
0 PHASE
GND
CLKOUT
CLKIN
120 PHASE
VOUT
GND
PHASMD
CLKOUT
CLKIN
240 PHASE
VOUT
GND
PHASMD
CLKIN
VOUT
PHASMD
4-PHASE DESIGN
CLKOUT
0 PHASE
FLOAT
CLKIN
VOUT
PHASMD
90 DEGREE
90 PHASE
FLOAT
CLKOUT
CLKIN
VOUT
PHASMD
90 DEGREE
180 PHASE
FLOAT
CLKOUT
90 DEGREE
CLKIN
VOUT
PHASMD
270 PHASE
FLOAT
CLKOUT
CLKIN
VOUT
PHASMD
4648 F03
Figure 3. Examples of 3-Phase, 4-Phase Operation with PHASMD Table
12
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A multiphase power supply could significantly reduce
the amount of ripple current in both the input and output
capacitors. The RMS input ripple current is reduced by,
and the effective ripple frequency is multiplied by, the
number of phases used (assuming that the input voltage
is greater than the number of phases used times the output
voltage). The output ripple amplitude is also reduced by
the number of phases used.
Input RMS Ripple Current Cancellation
Application Note 77 provides a detailed explanation of
multiphase operation. The input RMS ripple current cancellation mathematical derivations are presented, and a
graph is displayed representing the RMS ripple current
reduction as a function of the number of interleaved phases
(see Figure 4).
0.60
Minimum On-Time
Minimum on-time tON is the smallest time duration that
the LTM4648 is capable of turning on the top MOSFET.
It is determined by internal timing delays, and the gate
charge required turning on the top MOSFET. Low duty
cycle applications may approach this minimum on-time
limit and care should be taken to ensure that:
VOUT
>t
VIN • FREQ ON(MIN)
If the duty cycle falls below what can be accommodated
by the minimum on-time, the controller will begin to skip
cycles. The output voltage will continue to be regulated, but
the output ripple and current will increase. The minimum
on-time can be increased by lowering the switching frequency. A good rule of thumb is to use an 110ns on-time.
1-PHASE
2-PHASE
3-PHASE
4-PHASE
6-PHASE
0.55
0.50
RMS INPUT RIPPLE CURRENT
DC LOAD CURRENT
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
0.1 0.15
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
DUTY FACTOR (VO/VIN)
4648 F04
Figure 4. Input RMS Current Ratios to DC Load Current as a Function of Duty Cycle
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Soft-Start
The TRACK/SS pin of the master can be controlled by a
capacitor placed on the master regulator TRACK/SS pin
to ground. A 1.2µA current source will charge the TRACK/
SS pin up to the reference voltage and then proceed up
to INTVCC. After the 0.6V ramp, the TRACK/SS pin will no
longer be in control, and the internal voltage reference
will control output regulation from the feedback divider.
Foldback current limit is disabled during this sequence of
turn-on during tracking or soft-starting. The TRACK/SS
pins are pulled low when the RUN pin is below 1.2V. The
total soft-start time can be calculated as:
Ratiometric tracking can be achieved by a few simple calculations and the slew rate value applied to the master’s
TRACK/SS pin. As mentioned above, the TRACK/SS pin
has a control range from 0V to 0.6V. The master’s TRACK/
SS pin slew rate is directly equal to the master’s output
slew rate in Volts/Time. The equation:
MR
• 10k = RTB
SR
⎛ C ⎞
tSS = ⎜ SS ⎟ • 0.6
⎝ 1.2µA ⎠
Regardless of the mode selected by the MODE pin, the
regulator channels will always start in pulse-skipping
mode up to TRACK/SS = 0.5V. Between TRACK/SS = 0.5V
and 0.54V, it will operate in forced continuous mode and
revert to the selected mode once TRACK/SS > 0.54V. In
order to track with another channel once in steady state
operation, the LTM4648 is forced into continuous mode
operation as soon as VFB is below 0.54V regardless of the
setting on the MODE pin.
Output Voltage Tracking
Output voltage tracking can be programmed externally
using the TRACK/SS pins. The output can be tracked up
and down with another regulator. The master regulator’s
output is divided down with an external resistor divider
that is the same as the slave regulator’s feedback divider
to implement coincident tracking. The LTM4648 uses an
accurate 60.4k resistor internally for the top feedback
resistor for each channel. Figure 6 shows an example of
coincident tracking. Equations:
⎛ 10k ⎞
• VTRACK
VSLAVE = ⎜ 1+
⎝ RTA ⎟⎠
VTRACK is the track ramp applied to the slave’s track pin.
VTRACK has a control range of 0V to 0.6V, or the internal
reference voltage. When the master’s output is divided
down with the same resistor values used to set the slave’s
14
output, then the slave will coincident track with the master
until it reaches its final value. The master will continue to
its final value from the slave’s regulation point. Voltage
tracking is disabled when VTRACK is more than 0.6V. RTA
in Figure 5 will be equal to the RFB for coincident tracking.
Figure 6 shows the coincident tracking waveforms.
where MR is the master’s output slew rate and SR is the
slave’s output slew rate in Volts/Time. When coincident
tracking is desired, then MR and SR are equal, thus RTB
is equal the 10k. RTA is derived from equation:
RTA =
0.6V
VFB VFB VTRACK
+
−
10k RFB
RTB
where VFB is the feedback voltage reference of the regulator, and VTRACK is 0.6V. Since RTB is equal to the 10k top
feedback resistor of the slave regulator in equal slew rate
or coincident tracking, then RTA is equal to RFB with VFB
= VTRACK. Therefore RTB = 10k, and RTA = 10k in Figure 4.
In ratiometric tracking, a different slew rate maybe desired
for the slave regulator. RTB can be solved for when SR
is slower than MR. Make sure that the slave supply slew
rate is chosen to be fast enough so that the slave output
voltage will reach it final value before the master output.
Each of the TRACK/SS pins will have the 1.2µA current
source on when a resistive divider is used to implement
tracking on that specific channel. This will impose an offset
on the TRACK/SS pin input. Smaller values resistors with
the same ratios as the resistor values calculated from the
above equation can be used. For example, where the 10k
is used then a 1.0k can be used to reduce the TRACK/SS
pin offset to a negligible value.
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VIN
C7
22µF
16V
C10
22µF
16V
R2
10k
SOFT-START
CAPACITOR
CSS
VIN
INTVCC
C3
22µF
16V
C2
22µF
16V
R1
10k
C11
100µF
6.3V
×2
VOUT_LCL
TRACK/SS
LTM4648
DIFFOUT
RUN
FREQ
DIFFP
MODE
DIFFN
VFB
GND
VIN
PGOOD
VOUT
COMP
MASTER RAMP
OR OUTPUT
RTA
10k
RTB
10k
VIN
INTVCC
TRACK/SS
RUN
RFB1
6.65k
PGOOD
VOUT
COMP
LTM4648
DIFFOUT
DIFFP
MODE
DIFFN
GND
C6
100µF
6.3V
×2
VOUT_LCL
FREQ
VFB
VOUT2
1.5V
10A
VOUT1
1.2V
10A
4628 F05
RFB
10k
Figure 5. Dual Outputs (1.5V and 1.2V) with Tracking
Power Good
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
MASTER OUTPUT
SLAVE OUTPUT
The PGOOD pins are open-drain pins that can be used to
monitor valid output voltage regulation. This pin monitors
a ±7.5% window around the regulation point. A resistor
can be pulled up to a particular supply voltage no greater
than 6V maximum for monitoring.
Stability Compensation
TIME
4648 F06
Figure 6. Output Coincident Tracking Waveform
The module has already been internally compensated
for all output voltages. Table 3 is provided for most application requirements. The Linear Technology µModule
Power Design Tool will be provided for other control loop
optimization.
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LTM4648
Applications Information
Run Enable
The RUN pin has an enable threshold of 1.40V maximum,
typically 1.25V with 150mV of hysteresis. It controls the
turn-on of the µModule. The RUN pin can be pulled up to
VIN for 5V operation, or a 5V Zener diode can be placed
on the pin and a 10k to 100k resistor can be placed up to
higher than 5V input for enabling the µModule. The RUN
pin can also be used for output voltage sequencing.
In parallel operation the RUN pins can be tied together and
controlled from a single control. See the Typical Application circuits in Figures 20 and 21. The RUN pin can also
be left floating. The RUN pin has a 1µA pull-up current
source that increases to 4.5µA during ramp-up.
Differential Remote Sense Amplifier
An accurate differential remote sense amplifier is provided
in the LTM4648 to sense low output voltages accurately
at the remote load points. This is especially true for high
current loads. It is very important that the DIFFP and
DIFFN are connected properly at the output, and DIFFOUT
is connected to VOUT_LCL. Review the parallel schematics
in Figures 20 and 21.
SW Pins
The SW pin is generally for testing purposes by monitoring the pin. The SW pin can also be used to dampen out
switch node ringing caused by LC parasitic in the switched
current path. Usually a series R-C combination is used
called a snubber circuit. The resistor will dampen the
resonance and the capacitor is chosen to only affect the
high frequency ringing across the resistor.
If the stray inductance or capacitance can be measured or
approximated then a somewhat analytical technique can
be used to select the snubber values. The inductance is
usually easier to predict. It combines the power path board
inductance in combination with the MOSFET interconnect
bond wire inductance.
First the SW pin can be monitored with a wide bandwidth
scope with a high frequency scope probe. The ring frequency can be measured for its value. The impedance Z
can be calculated:
ZL = 2π • f • L
16
where f is the resonant frequency of the ring, and L is the
total parasitic inductance in the switch path. If a resistor
is selected that is equal to Z, then the ringing should be
dampened. The snubber capacitor value is chosen so that
its impedance is equal to the resistor at the ring frequency.
Calculated by:
1
2π • f •C
These values are a good place to start with. Modification
to these components should be made to attenuate the
ringing with the least amount the power loss.
ZC =
Temperature Monitoring
Measuring the absolute temperature of a diode is possible due to the relationship between current, voltage
and temperature described by the classic diode equation:
⎛ V ⎞
ID = IS • e ⎜ D ⎟
⎝ η • VT ⎠
or
I
VD = η • VT • ln D
IS
where ID is the diode current, VD is the diode voltage, η is
the ideality factor (typically close to 1.0) and IS (saturation current) is a process dependent parameter. VT can
be broken out to:
VT =
k•T
q
where T is the diode junction temperature in Kelvin, q is
the electron charge and k is Boltzmann’s constant. VT is
approximately 26mV at room temperature (298K) and
scales linearly with Kelvin temperature. It is this linear
temperature relationship that makes diodes suitable
temperature sensors. The IS term in the equation above
is the extrapolated current through a diode junction when
the diode has zero volts across the terminals. The IS term
varies from process to process, varies with temperature,
and by definition must always be less than ID. Combining
all of the constants into one term:
KD =
η•k
q
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where KD = 8.62−5, and knowing ln(ID/IS) is always positive because ID is always greater than IS, leaves us with
the equation that:
I
VD = T(KELVIN) • KD • ln D
IS
where VD appears to increase with temperature. It is common knowledge that a silicon diode biased with a current
source has an approximately –2mV/°C temperature relationship (Figure 7), which is at odds with the equation. In
fact, the IS term increases with temperature, reducing the
ln(ID/IS) absolute value yielding an approximately –2mV/°C
composite diode voltage slope.
DIODE VOLTAGE (V)
1.0
ID = 100µA
0.8
∆VD
0.6
0.4
–173
–73
27
TEMPERATURE (°C)
127
4648 F07
Figure 7. Diode Voltage, VD, vs Temperature T (°C)
for Different Bias Currents
An external diode connected PNP transistor can be pulled
up to VIN with a resistor to set the current to 100µA for
using this diode connected transistor as a general temperature monitor by monitoring the diode voltage drop
with temperature, or a specific temperature monitor can
be used that injects two currents that are at a 10:1 ratio
for very accurate temperature monitoring. See Figure 22
for an example.
Thermal Considerations and Output Current Derating
The thermal resistances reported in the Pin Configuration
section of the data sheet are consistent with those parameters defined by JESD51-9 and are intended for use with
finite element analysis (FEA) software modeling tools that
leverage the outcome of thermal modeling, simulation, and
correlation to hardware evaluation performed on a µModule
package mounted to a hardware test board—also defined
by JESD51-9 (“Test Boards for Area Array Surface Mount
Package Thermal Measurements”). The motivation for
providing these thermal coefficients in found in JESD51-12
(“Guidelines for Reporting and Using Electronic Package
Thermal Information”).
Many designers may opt to use laboratory equipment
and a test vehicle such as the demo board to anticipate
the µModule regulator’s thermal performance in their application at various electrical and environmental operating
conditions to compliment any FEA activities. Without FEA
software, the thermal resistances reported in the Pin Configuration section are in-and-of themselves not relevant to
providing guidance of thermal performance; instead, the
derating curves provided in the data sheet can be used in
a manner that yields insight and guidance pertaining to
one’s application usage, and can be adapted to correlate
thermal performance to one’s own application.
The Pin Configuration section typically gives four thermal
coefficients explicitly defined in JESD51-12; these coefficients are quoted or paraphrased below:
1. θJA: the thermal resistance from junction to ambient, is
the natural convection junction-to-ambient air thermal
resistance measured in a one cubic foot sealed enclosure. This environment is sometimes referred to as
“still air” although natural convection causes the air to
move. This value is determined with the part mounted
to a JESD51-9 defined test board, which does not reflect
an actual application or viable operating condition.
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2. θJCbottom: the thermal resistance from junction to ambient, is the natural convection junction-to-ambient air
thermal resistance measured in a one cubic foot sealed
enclosure. This environment is sometimes referred to as
“still air” although natural convection causes the air to
move. This value is determined with the part mounted
to a JESD51-9 defined test board, which does not reflect
an actual application or viable operating condition.
3. θJCtop: the thermal resistance from junction to top of
the product case, is determined with nearly all of the
component power dissipation flowing through the top
of the package. As the electrical connections of the
typical µModule are on the bottom of the package, it
is rare for an application to operate such that most of
the heat flows from the junction to the top of the part.
As in the case of θJCbottom, this value may be useful
for comparing packages but the test conditions don’t
generally match the user’s application.
4. θJB: the thermal resistance from junction to the printed
circuit board, is the junction-to-board thermal resistance
where almost all of the heat flows through the bottom of
the µModule and into the board, and is really the sum of
the θJCbottom and the thermal resistance of the bottom
of the part through the solder joints and through a portion of the board. The board temperature is measured a
specified distance from the package, using a two sided,
two layer board. This board is described in JESD51-9.
A graphical representation of the aforementioned thermal resistances is given in Figure 8; blue resistances are
contained within the μModule regulator, whereas green
resistances are external to the µModule.
As a practical matter, it should be clear to the reader that
no individual or sub-group of the four thermal resistance
parameters defined by JESD51-12 or provided in the Pin
Configuration section replicates or conveys normal operating conditions of a μModule. For example, in normal
board-mounted applications, never does 100% of the
device’s total power loss (heat) thermally conduct exclusively through the top or exclusively through bottom of the
µModule—as the standard defines for θJCtop and θJCbottom,
respectively. In practice, power loss is thermally dissipated
in both directions away from the package—granted, in the
absence of a heat sink and airflow, a majority of the heat
flow is into the board.
Within a SIP (system-in-package) module, be aware there
are multiple power devices and components dissipating
power, with a consequence that the thermal resistances
relative to different junctions of components or die are not
exactly linear with respect to total package power loss. To
reconcile this complication without sacrificing modeling
simplicity—but also, not ignoring practical realities—an
approach has been taken using FEA software modeling
along with laboratory testing in a controlled-environment
chamber to reasonably define and correlate the thermal
JUNCTION-TO-AMBIENT RESISTANCE (JESD 51-9 DEFINED BOARD)
JUNCTION-TO-CASE (TOP)
RESISTANCE
JUNCTION
CASE (TOP)-TO-AMBIENT
RESISTANCE
JUNCTION-TO-BOARD RESISTANCE
JUNCTION-TO-CASE
CASE (BOTTOM)-TO-BOARD
(BOTTOM) RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE
AMBIENT
BOARD-TO-AMBIENT
RESISTANCE
4648 F08
µMODULE DEVICE
Figure 8. Graphical Representation of JESD51-12 Thermal Coefficients
18
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LTM4648
Applications Information
resistance values supplied in this data sheet: (1) Initially,
FEA software is used to accurately build the mechanical
geometry of the µModule and the specified PCB with all
of the correct material coefficients along with accurate
power loss source definitions; (2) this model simulates
a software-defined JEDEC environment consistent with
JESD51-9 to predict power loss heat flow and temperature
readings at different interfaces that enable the calculation of
the JEDEC-defined thermal resistance values; (3) the model
and FEA software is used to evaluate the µModule with
heat sink and airflow; (4) having solved for and analyzed
these thermal resistance values and simulated various
operating conditions in the software model, a thorough
laboratory evaluation replicates the simulated conditions
with thermocouples within a controlled-environment
chamber while operating the device at the same power
loss as that which was simulated. An outcome of this
process and due-diligence yields a set of derating curves
provided in other sections of this data sheet. After these
laboratory test have been performed and correlated to the
µModule model, then the θJB and θBA are summed together
to correlate quite well with the µModule model with no
airflow or heat sinking in a properly define chamber. This
θJB + θBA value is shown in the Pin Configuration section
and should accurately equal the θJA value because approximately 100% of power loss flows from the junction
through the board into ambient with no airflow or top
mounted heat sink.
The 1.5V, 2.5V and 3.3V power loss curves in Figures 9
and 10 can be used in coordination with the load current
derating curves in Figures 11 to 15 for calculating an
approximate θJA thermal resistance for the LTM4648 with
various heat sinking and airflow conditions. The power loss
curves are taken at room temperature, and are increased
with a multiplicative factor according to the ambient
temperature. This approximate factor is: 1.4 for 120°C.
The derating curves are plotted with the output current
starting at 10A and the ambient temperature at 40°C. The
output voltages are 1.5V, 2.5V and 3.3V. These are chosen
to include the lower and higher output voltage ranges for
correlating the thermal resistance. Thermal models are
derived from several temperature measurements in a
controlled temperature chamber along with thermal modeling analysis. The junction temperatures are monitored
while ambient temperature is increased with and without
airflow. The power loss increase with ambient temperature
change is factored into the derating curves. The junctions
1.6
2.0
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.0
POWER LOSS (W)
POWER LOSS (W)
1.2
1.5VOUT
0.8
2.5VOUT
0.6
0.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1.4
1.5VOUT
2.5VOUT
3.3VOUT
0.2
0
2
4
6
LOAD CURRENT (A)
8
10
0
0
4648 F09
Figure 9. 3.3VIN to 2.5VOUT and 1.5VOUT Power Loss
2
6
4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
8
10
4648 F10
Figure 10. 5VIN to 3.3VOUT, 2.5VOUT and 1.5VOUT Power Loss
4648f
For more information www.linear.com/LTM4648
19
LTM4648
12
12
10
10
10
8
6
4
400LFM
200LFM
0LFM
2
0
0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
12
LOAD CURRENT (A)
LOAD CURRENT (A)
Applications Information
8
6
4
400LFM
200LFM
0LFM
2
40
60
80
100
20
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
0
120
0
40
60
80
100
20
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
12
10
10
8
6
4
400LFM
200LFM
0LFM
40
60
80
100
20
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
0
400LFM
200LFM
0LFM
0
40
60
80
100
20
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 13. No Heat Sink with
3.3VIN to 2.5VOUT
8
6
4
400LFM
200LFM
0LFM
2
120
120
4648 F13
Figure 12. No Heat Sink with
5VIN to 1.5VOUT
LOAD CURRENT (A)
LOAD CURRENT (A)
120
12
0
4
4648 F12
Figure 11. No Heat Sink with
3.3VIN to 1.5VOUT
0
6
2
4648 F11
2
8
0
0
4648 F14
40
60
80
100
20
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
120
4648 F15
Figure 14. No Heat Sink with 5VIN to 2.5VOUT
Figure 15. No Heat Sink with 5VIN to 3.3VOUT
are maintained at 120°C maximum while lowering output
current or power with increasing ambient temperature. The
decreased output current will decrease the internal module
loss as ambient temperature is increased. The monitored
junction temperature of 120°C minus the ambient operating temperature specifies how much module temperature
rise can be allowed. As an example in Figure 12 the load
current is derated to ~8A at ~95°C with no air or heat sink
and the power loss for the 5V to 1.5V at 8A output is about
1.68W. The 1.68W loss is calculated with the ~1.2W room
temperature loss from the 5V to 1.5V power loss curve at
8A, and the 1.4 multiplying factor at 120°C junction. If the
95°C ambient temperature is subtracted from the 120°C
junction temperature, then the difference of 25°C divided
by 1.68W equals a 15°C/W θJA thermal resistance. Table
4 specifies a 14°C/W value which is very close. Table 4,
Table 5 and Table 6 provide equivalent thermal resistances
for 1.5V, 2.5V and 3.3V outputs with and without airflow.
The derived thermal resistances in Tables 4, 5 and 6 for
the various conditions can be multiplied by the calculated
power loss as a function of ambient temperature to derive
temperature rise above ambient, thus maximum junction
temperature. Room temperature power loss can be derived
from the efficiency curves in the Typical Performance
20
4648f
For more information www.linear.com/LTM4648
LTM4648
Applications Information
• Place high frequency ceramic input and output capacitors next to the VIN, GND and VOUT pins to minimize
high frequency noise.
• Place a dedicated power ground layer underneath the
unit.
• To minimize the via conduction loss and reduce module
thermal stress, use multiple vias for interconnection
between top layer and other power layers.
• Do not put vias directly on the pads, unless they are
capped.
Figure 16. Thermal Image 5VIN to 1.5VOUT at 10A
(No Heat Sink, No Air Flow and Room Temperature)
Characteristics section and adjusted with the above ambient
temperature multiplicative factors. The printed circuit board
is a 1.6mm thick four layer board with two ounce copper
for the two outer layers and one ounce copper for the two
inner layers. The PCB dimensions are 95mm × 76mm.
• Use a separated SGND ground copper area for components connected to signal pins. Connect the SGND
to GND underneath the unit.
Figure 17 gives a good example of the recommended layout.
VOUT
GND
COUT
Safety Considerations
The LTM4648 module does not provide isolation from VIN
to VOUT. There is no internal fuse. If required, a slow blow
fuse with a rating twice the maximum input current needs
to be provided to protect each unit from catastrophic failure.
Layout Checklist/Example
The high integration of LTM4648 makes the PCB board
layout very simple and easy. However, to optimize its
electrical and thermal performance, some layout considerations are still necessary.
• Use large PCB copper areas for high current path,
including VIN, GND and VOUT. It helps to minimize the
PCB conduction loss and thermal stress.
CIN
GND
VIN
4648 F17
Figure 17. Recommended PCB Layout
4648f
For more information www.linear.com/LTM4648
21
LTM4648
Applications Information
Table 3. Output Voltage Response vs Component Matrix (Refer to Figure 18) 0A to 5A Load Step Typical Measured Values
CIN
(BULK)*
VENDORS
CIN
PART NUMBER (CERAMIC)
150µF, 16V SANYO OSCON 25HVH150MT
22µF, 16V
VENDORS
MURATA
COUT
(CERAMIC) VENDORS
PART NUMBER
GRM32ER71C226KE18L 100µF, 6.3V MURATA
PART NUMBER
GRM32ER60J107ME20L
AVX
VOUT
VIN
CIN
(BULK)*
CIN
COUT
(CERAMIC) (CERAMIC)
1V
2.375V, 3.3, 5V
120µF*
22µF × 3
1.2V
2.375V, 3.3V,
5V
120µF*
RECOVERY LOAD STEP
TIME
SPEED
12106D107MAT
CFF (pF)
VDROOP
VP-P
100µF × 3
None
65mV
130mV
25µs
22µF × 3
100µF × 3
None
70mV
140mv
25µs
22µF × 3
100µF × 3
None
80mV
160mV
30µs
5A/µs
6.65kΩ
450kHz
110mV
230mV
40µs
5A/µs
3.09kΩ
450kHz
140mV
290mV
40µs
5A/µs
2.21kΩ
450kHz
1.5V
3.3V, 5V
120µF*
2.5V
3.3V, 5V
120µF*
22µF × 3
100µF × 3
None
3.3V
5V
120µF*
22µF × 3
100µF × 3
None
RFB
FREQ
5A/µs
15kΩ
450kHz
5A/µs
10kΩ
450kHz
*Bulk capacitor is optional if VIN has very low input impedance.
Table 4. 1.5V Output
DERATING CURVE
VIN (V)
POWER LOSS CURVE
AIR FLOW (LFM)
HEAT SINK
qJA (°C/W)
Figures 11, 12
3.3, 5
Figures 11, 12
3.3, 5
Figures 9, 10
0
None
14
Figures 9, 10
200
None
12
Figures 11, 12
3.3, 5
Figures 9, 10
400
None
10
VIN (V)
POWER LOSS CURVE
AIR FLOW (LFM)
HEAT SINK
qJA (°C/W)
Table 5. 2.5V Output
DERATING CURVE
Figure 13, 14
3.3, 5
Figures 9, 10
0
None
14
Figure 13, 14
3.3, 5
Figures 9, 10
200
None
12
Figure 13, 14
3.3, 5
Figures 9, 10
400
None
10
DERATING CURVE
VIN (V)
POWER LOSS CURVE
AIR FLOW (LFM)
HEAT SINK
qJA (°C/W)
Figure 15
5
Figure 10
0
None
14
Figure 15
5
Figure 10
200
None
12
Figure 15
5
Figure 10
400
None
10
Table 6. 3.3V Output
22
4648f
For more information www.linear.com/LTM4648
LTM4648
Typical Applications
FREQ
VIN
2.375V TO 5.5V
CIN
22µF
10V
VIN
CLKIN
VOUT
INTVCC
VOUT_LCL
SW
DIFFOUT
RUN
MODE
LTM4648
DIFFP
COUT2
100µF
6.3V
DIFFN
PHMODE
VFB
TRACK/SS
C1
0.1µF
COUT1
100µF
6.3V
VOUT
1.2V
10A
COMP
TEMP
GND
PGOOD
CLKOUT
RFB
10k
4648 F18
Figure 18. 2.375V to 5.5VIN, 1.2V at 10A Design
1M
VIN
3.3V TO 5.5V
FREQ
CIN
22µF
10V
CIN
22µF
10V
VIN
CLKIN
VOUT
INTVCC
VOUT_LCL
SW
RUN
MODE
LTM4648
PHMODE
TRACK/SS
C1
0.1µF
TEMP
GND
100µF
6.3V
VOUT
2.5V
100µF 8A
6.3V
DIFFP
DIFFN
VFB
COMP
PGOOD
CLKOUT
RFB
3.09k
4648 F19
Figure 19. 3.3V to 5V VIN, 2.5VOUT at 8A Design with Increased 650kHz Frequency
4648f
For more information www.linear.com/LTM4648
23
LTM4648
Typical Applications
VIN
2.375V TO 5.5V
CIN1
22µF
10V
RUN
FREQ
VIN
CLKIN
VOUT
INTVCC
VOUT_LCL
SW
DIFFOUT
RUN
MODE
LTM4648
PHMODE
C1
0.1µF
CIN2
22µF
10V
PGOOD
CLKOUT
FREQ
VIN
CLKIN
VOUT
INTVCC
VOUT_LCL
SW
DIFFOUT
LTM4648
PGOOD
CLKOUT
CLKIN
VOUT
SW
DIFFOUT
LTM4648
TRACK/SS
TEMP
GND
COUT6
100µF
6.3V
COMP
VOUT_LCL
PHMODE
COUT5
100µF
6.3V
DIFFP
INTVCC
MODE
COUT4
100µF
6.3V
DIFFN
FREQ
VIN
RUN
COUT3
100µF
6.3V
VFB
TRACK/SS
TEMP
GND
RFB
6.65k
COMP
PHMODE
CIN3
22µF
10V
DIFFN
TEMP
GND
MODE
COUT2
100µF
6.3V
DIFFP
VOUT
1.5V
30A
VFB
TRACK/SS
RUN
COUT1
100µF
6.3V
DIFFP
DIFFN
4648 F20
VFB
COMP
PGOOD
CLKOUT
PGOOD
Figure 20. Three LTM4648 in Parallel, 1.5V at 30A Design
24
4648f
For more information www.linear.com/LTM4648
LTM4648
Typical Applications
VIN
5V
CIN1
22µF
10V
FREQ
VIN
CLKIN
VOUT
INTVCC
VOUT_LCL
SW
DIFFOUT
RUN
MODE
LTM4648
PHMODE
CIN2
22µF
10V
R3
10k
FREQ
VIN
CLKIN
VOUT
INTVCC
VOUT_LCL
SW
DIFFOUT
LTM4648
COUT3
100µF
6.3V
VOUT2
2.5V
10A
COUT4
100µF
6.3V
DIFFP
PGOOD
CLKOUT
DIFFOUT
LTM4648
FREQ
VIN
CLKIN
VOUT
INTVCC
VOUT_LCL
SW
DIFFOUT
LTM4648
R5
4.99k
COUT7
100µF
6.3V
DIFFP
COUT8
100µF
6.3V
VOUT4
1.5V
10A
DIFFN
VFB
TRACK/SS
TEMP
GND
COUT6
100µF
6.3V
VOUT3
1.8V
10A
VFB
COMP
PHMODE
R10
6.65k
DIFFP
PGOOD
CLKOUT
MODE
COUT5
100µF
6.3V
DIFFN
TEMP
GND
RUN
VOUT1
R2
3.09k
VOUT_LCL
SW
TRACK/SS
R9
10k
COMP
INTVCC
PHMODE
CIN4
22µF
10V
DIFFN
CLKIN
VOUT
MODE
R7
4.99k
VFB
TRACK/SS
TEMP
GND
R1
2.21k
FREQ
VIN
RUN
VOUT1
R6
10k
COMP
PHMODE
R4
3.09k
DIFFP
PGOOD
CLKOUT
MODE
COUT2
100µF
6.3V
DIFFN
TEMP
GND
RUN
VOUT1
CIN3
22µF
10V
VFB
TRACK/SS
C1
0.1µF
VOUT1
3.3V
8A
COUT1
100µF
6.3V
COMP
R2
6.65k
PGOOD
CLKOUT
4648 F21
Figure 21. Quad Outputs 4-Phase LTM4648 Regulator with Tracking Function
FREQ
VIN
2.375V TO 5.5V
CIN
22µF
10V
0.1µF
VIN
CLKIN
VOUT
INTVCC
VOUT_LCL
SW
DIFFOUT
RUN
MODE
LTM4648
C1
0.1µF
TEMP
GND
COUT2
100µF
6.3V
DIFFP
VOUT
1.5V
10A
DIFFN
PHMODE
TRACK/SS
COUT1
100µF
6.3V
VFB
COMP
PGOOD
CLKOUT
RT =
RFB
6.65k
VIN
100µA
VIN
4648 F22
MC
RT
A/D
Figure 22. Single LTM4648 10A Design with Temperature Monitoring
VIN
5V
CIN1
22µF
10V
VOUT_LCL
SW
DIFFOUT
MODE
INTVCC
VOUT
INTVCC
RUN
MASTER SLOPE
CLKIN
VIN
LTM4648
PHMODE
TRACK/SS
TEMP
GND
CLOCK
VOUT
1.2V
10A
COUT1
100µF
6.3V
DIFFP
CLKIN
CIN2
22µF
10V
COUT2
100µF
6.3V
PGOOD
CLKOUT
VOUT_LCL
SW
DIFFOUT
MODE
R2
10k INTVCC
VFB
COMP
INTVCC
RUN
DIFFN
R1
10k
R3
4.99k
VOUT
VIN
LTM4648
PHMODE
TRACK/SS
TEMP
GND
COUT3
100µF
6.3V
DIFFP
VOUT
1.8V
COUT4 10A
100µF
6.3V
DIFFN
VFB
COMP
PGOOD
CLKOUT
R4
4.99k
4648 F23
CLOCK
Figure 23. Dual Outputs 2-Phase LTM4648 Regulator with Tracking Function
4648f
For more information www.linear.com/LTM4648
25
0.630 ±0.025 Ø 68x
SUGGESTED PCB LAYOUT
TOP VIEW
2.540
PACKAGE TOP VIEW
1.270
4
0.3175
0.000
0.3175
PIN “A1”
CORNER
E
1.270
aaa Z
2.540
Y
For more information www.linear.com/LTM4648
6.350
5.080
3.810
2.540
1.270
0.000
3.810
5.080
6.350
D
X
aaa Z
NOM
4.92
0.60
4.32
0.75
0.63
15.00
9.00
1.27
12.70
7.62
0.32
4.00
DIMENSIONS
b1
A2
MAX
5.12
0.70
4.42
0.90
0.66
NOTES
DETAIL B
PACKAGE SIDE VIEW
0.37
4.05
0.15
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.15
TOTAL NUMBER OF BALLS: 68
0.27
3.95
MIN
4.72
0.50
4.22
0.60
0.60
DETAIL A
SYMBOL
A
A1
A2
b
b1
D
E
e
F
G
H1
H2
aaa
bbb
ccc
ddd
eee
H1
SUBSTRATE
ddd M Z X Y
eee M Z
DETAIL B
H2
MOLD
CAP
ccc Z
A1
A
Z
(Reference LTC DWG# 05-08-1892 Rev A)
Øb (68 PLACES)
// bbb Z
26
Z
BGA Package
68-Lead (15.00mm × 9.00mm × 4.92mm)
F
e
G
E
D
C
B
A
DETAIL A
PACKAGE BOTTOM VIEW
F
G
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
PIN 1
DETAILS OF PIN #1 IDENTIFIER ARE OPTIONAL,
BUT MUST BE LOCATED WITHIN THE ZONE INDICATED.
THE PIN #1 IDENTIFIER MAY BE EITHER A MOLD OR
MARKED FEATURE
4
TRAY PIN 1
BEVEL
COMPONENT
PIN “A1”
7
!
BGA 68 1212 REV A
PACKAGE IN TRAY LOADING ORIENTATION
LTMXXXXXX
µModule
PACKAGE ROW AND COLUMN LABELING MAY VARY
AMONG µModule PRODUCTS. REVIEW EACH PACKAGE
LAYOUT CAREFULLY
6. SOLDER BALL COMPOSITION CAN BE 96.5% Sn/3.0% Ag/0.5% Cu
OR Sn Pb EUTECTIC
5. PRIMARY DATUM -Z- IS SEATING PLANE
BALL DESIGNATION PER JESD MS-028 AND JEP95
3
2. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
7
SEE NOTES
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ASME Y14.5M-1994
b
3
SEE NOTES
LTM4648
Package Description
Please refer to http://www.linear.com/product/LTM4648#packaging for the most recent package drawings.
4648f
3.810
3.810
LTM4648
Package Description
PACKAGE ROW AND COLUMN LABELING MAY VARY
AMONG µModule PRODUCTS. REVIEW EACH PACKAGE
LAYOUT CAREFULLY.
LTM4648 Component BGA Pinout
PIN ID FUNCTION PIN ID FUNCTION PIN ID FUNCTION PIN ID FUNCTION PIN ID FUNCTION PIN ID FUNCTION PIN ID FUNCTION
D1
VIN
E1
GND
F1
RUN
G1
GND
A1
GND
B1
GND
C1
VIN
A2
GND
B2
–
C2
–
D2
–
E2
–
F2
CLCKOUT
G2
GND
E3
FREQ
F3
GND
G3
GND
A3
GND
B3
CLKIN
C3
NC
D3
VIN
E4
–
F4
INTVCC
G4
GND
A4
GND
B4
PHMODE
C4
NC
D4
VIN
E5 TRACK/SS
F5
GND
G5
GND
A5
GND
B5
MODE
C5
SW
D5
VIN
A6
TEMP
B6
–
C6
–
D6
–
E6
–
F6
COMP
G6
GND
E7
FB
F7
DIFFN
G7
GND
A7
GND
B7
NC
C7
PGOOD
D7
VIN
D8
VIN
E8
VIN
F8
DIFFP
G8
DIFFOUT
A8
GND
B8
NC
C8
VIN
D9
VIN
E9
VOUT
F9
VOUT
G9
VOUT_LCL
A9
GND
B9
GND
C9
VIN
A10
GND
B10
GND
C10
VOUT
D10
VOUT
E10
VOUT
F10
VOUT
G10
VOUT
A11
GND
B11
GND
C11
VOUT
D11
VOUT
E11
VOUT
F11
VOUT
G11
VOUT
4648f
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection
of itsinformation
circuits as described
herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
For more
www.linear.com/LTM4648
27
LTM4648
Typical Application
Design Resources
SUBJECT
DESCRIPTION
µModule Design and Manufacturing Resources
Design:
• Selector Guides
• Demo Boards and Gerber Files
• Free Simulation Tools
µModule Regulator Products Search
1. Sort table of products by parameters and download the result as a spread sheet.
Manufacturing:
• Quick Start Guide
• PCB Design, Assembly and Manufacturing Guidelines
• Package and Board Level Reliability
2. Search using the Quick Power Search parametric table.
TechClip Videos
Quick videos detailing how to bench test electrical and thermal performance of µModule products.
Digital Power System Management
Linear Technology’s family of digital power supply management ICs are highly integrated solutions that
offer essential functions, including power supply monitoring, supervision, margining and sequencing,
and feature EEPROM for storing user configurations and fault logging.
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COMMENTS
4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5V, PLL input, Remote Sense Amplifier,
VOUT Tracking, 15mm × 15mm × 4.3mm LGA and 15mm × 15mm × 4.9mm
BGA
4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 16V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5.3V, PLL Input, Remote Sense Amplifier,
VOUT Tracking, 15mm × 15mm × 4.41mm LGA
5V ≤ VIN ≤ 36V, 3.3V ≤ VOUT ≤ 15V, PLL Input, VOUT Tracking and Margining,
15mm × 15mm × 4.32mm LGA
2.7V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5V, VOUT Tracking, CLKIN
9mm × 15mm × 2.82mm LGA
4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 16V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 3.3V, PLL Input, Remote Sense Amplifier,
VOUT Tracking, 9mm × 15mm × 4.92mm BGA
I2C/PMBus Interface, Configuration EEPROM, Fault Logging, Per Channel
Voltage, Current and Temperature Measurements
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
For more information www.linear.com/LTM4648
(408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507
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www.linear.com/LTM4648
4648f
LT 1115 • PRINTED IN USA
 LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2015