MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
Features and Benefits
Integrated RFID transceiver
Adressing 100kHz to 150kHz frequency range transponder.
Biphase and Manchester ASK.
ON/OFF keying modulation.
Low Power and high performances
Unique Parallel Antenna concept for maximum power efficiency.
Power down mode available.
Baud rate selectable “on-chip” filtering for maximum sensitivity.
No zero modulation problems.
Low cost and compact design
SO8 package and high level of integration for compact reader design.
No external quartz reference required, only 2 resistors plus antenna.
On chip decoding for fast system design and ease of use.
Open drain data and clock outputs for 2-wire serial communication.
Applications Examples
Car Immobilizers
Portable readers
Access control
House held appliances
Ordering Information
Part No.
MLX90109
MLX90109
Temperature Code
C (0°C to 70°C)
E (-40°C to 85°C)
1 Functional diagram
VDD
456
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3901090109
Rev 008
Package Code
DC (SOIC 8)
DC (SOIC 8)
Option code
---
2 Description
The MLX90109 is a single chip RFID transceiver
for the 125kHz frequency range. It has been
conceived for minimum system cost and minimum
power consumption, offering all required flexibility
for a state of the art AM transceiver base station.
An external coil (L), and capacitor (C) are
connected as a parallel resonant circuit, that
determines the carrier frequency and the oscillator
frequency of the reader. This eliminates zero
modulation effects by perfect antenna tuning, and
avoids the need for an external oscillator.
The reader IC can easily be switched to power
down by setting the antenna amplitude to zero.
The MLX90109 can be configured to decode the
transponder signal on-chip. In this case the
decoded signal is available through a 2-wire
interface with clock and data. For minimum
interface wiring, the non-decoded transponder
signal can also be made available on a single wire
interface.
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Data Sheet
Jun/06
MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
Table of Contents
1 Functional diagram .................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Description................................................................................................................................................. 1
3 Maximum ratings........................................................................................................................................ 3
4 Pad definitions and descriptions ................................................................................................................. 3
5 MLX90109 Electrical Specifications............................................................................................................ 4
6 Block Diagram ........................................................................................................................................... 5
7 General Description ................................................................................................................................... 5
7.1 Loop Gain Oscillator ............................................................................................................................ 5
7.2 Peak Detector...................................................................................................................................... 5
7.3 Band-Pass Filter.................................................................................................................................. 5
7.4 Digital demodulator.............................................................................................................................. 6
7.5 Antenna voltage definition.................................................................................................................... 6
7.6 Power Down mode .............................................................................................................................. 6
7.7 Write operation .................................................................................................................................... 6
8 System design parameters......................................................................................................................... 7
8.1 Auto start-up condition......................................................................................................................... 7
8.2 Antenna current ................................................................................................................................... 7
8.3 Antenna Impedance............................................................................................................................. 8
9 Typical configuration: READ ONLY ............................................................................................................ 9
9.1 Application diagram ............................................................................................................................. 9
9.2 Absolute minimum schematic .............................................................................................................. 9
9.3 Power consumption ........................................................................................................................... 10
9.4 Noise cancellation ............................................................................................................................. 10
9.5 Integrated decoding........................................................................................................................... 10
9.6 Close coupling................................................................................................................................... 10
10 Typical configuration: READ/WRITE ON/OFF keying (FDX-B100).......................................................... 11
10.1 Application diagram ......................................................................................................................... 11
11 Standard information regarding manufacturability of Melexis products with different soldering processes 12
12 ESD Precautions.................................................................................................................................... 12
13 FAQ....................................................................................................................................................... 13
13.1 Is it possible to make proportional modulation (depth less than 100%) with the MLX90109?............. 13
13.2 How should I read data information from a transponder up to 15cm? ............................................... 13
13.3 Is it possible to increase the output power of the MLX90109 transceiver?......................................... 13
13.4 Are there any specific coils available for the MLX90109 transceiver? ............................................... 13
13.5 What are the recommended pull-up values on DATA and CLOCK pins? .......................................... 13
14 Package Information .............................................................................................................................. 14
14.1 Plastic SO8...................................................................................................................................... 14
15 Disclaimer.............................................................................................................................................. 15
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
3 Maximum ratings
Supply voltage (VDD with respect to VSS)
Input voltage on any pin (except COIL, DATA and CLOCK)
Input voltage on COIL, DATA and CLOCK
Maximum junction temperature
Table 1: Absolute maximum ratings
Symbol Condition Min
VDD
DC
-0.3
VIN
-0.3
Vclamp
-0.3
TJ
Max
6
VDD+0.3
15
150
Unit
Volts
Volts
Volts
ºC
Exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage. Exposure to absolute-maximumrated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
4 Pad definitions and descriptions
Pad Name
Function
COIL
Oscillator output
VSS
Ground
SPEED
Data rate selection : 2kbaud or 4kbaud
MODU
Input for amplitude setting
MODE
Decoding mode selection : Biphase or Manchester
CLOCK
Clock output of decoder
DATA
Data output of decoder
VDD
Power Supply
Table 2: Pin description MLX90109
Plastic SO8
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
5 MLX90109 Electrical Specifications
o
o
DC Operating Parameters TA = -40 C to 85 C, Fres = 125kHz, VDD = 3.1 to 5.5V
Antenna parameters: Lant = 73.6uH, Qant =17.3Ω, Zant=1kΩ
Parameter.
Symbol
Supply Voltage
V DD
Test Conditions
Min
Typ
3.1
(Depends on the resonance
frequency of the antenna)
Resonance Frequency
Fres
Frequency drift with temperature
∆ Fres (T) Fres = 125 kHz
V sens
(Depends on the application)
-1
V os
0
4.0
2.2
3.2
1.3
0
Sensitivity
(note 1)
Amplitude Offset (note 2)
Power down voltage
(on MODU pin)
Power up voltage
(on MODU pin)
Power down Current
Supply Current (excluding
antenna supply current) (note 3)
Antenna supply current (note 4)
Leakage current on pins COIL,
MODE, SPEED, MODE, DATA
Output voltage DATA and
CLOCK pin
Table 3: Electrical specifications
100
Max
Units
5.5
V
150
kHz
+1
%
10
30
mVpp
0.15
0.35
4.9
3.0
4.3
2.4
1.5
V
125
IDD,pn
V DD=5V
V DD=3.1V
V DD=5V
V DD=3.1V
V MODU = VDD
IDD
V DD=5V, V MODU = 0.8V
1.8
IDD,ant
(Depends on the application)
2.8
Ileak
(Power down)
1.0
A
V ol
Pull-up resistance Rpu > 2kΩ
0.4
V
Vpd
Vpu
3.0
V
V
A
mA
mA
Note 1: The sensitivity is defined as the minimum
amplitude of the 2kHz- modulation, generated by the
transponder, demodulated and decoded by the reader.
This parameter depends on the application:
•
the value of V DD
•
the antenna
•
the code sent to the reader
Note 2: The antenna amplitude voltage is:
Vant = V DD – V MODU + Vos
Note 3: The supply current of the device depends on the
antenna drive current IDD,ant:
Typically: IDD ≈ 1.3 mA + IDD,ant / 6.3
Note 4: The antenna supply current (called IDD,ant) is the
equivalent DC supply current driven by the chip through
the antenna.
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
6 Block Diagram
7 General Description
7.1 Loop Gain Oscillator
The oscillator frequency is locked on the antenna resonance frequency. The clock is derived from the
oscillator. In this way, its characteristics are locked to the transmission frequency. As the antenna is used to
determine the carrier frequency, the antenna is always perfectly tuned to resonance. Consequently the
MLX90109 is not sensitive to zero modulation (the so-called “zero modulation” is the phenomena whereby
the tag does modulate properly, but no amplitude modulation can be observed at the reader coil).
7.2 Peak Detector
The peak detector of the transceiver detects the AM signal generated by the tag. This signal is filtered and
amplified by an on-chip switched capacitor filter before feeding the digital decoder. The same signal is fed
back to close the loop of the antenna voltage.
7.3 Band-Pass Filter
By setting the SPEED pin to VDD or to GND, the filtering characteristics are optimized for either 2 or 4 kbaud.
The MLX90109 makes an internal first-order filtering of the envelope that changes according to the setting of
the SPEED pin, to fit the Biphase and Manchester data spectrum:
2kbaud (speed pin to VDD)
4kbaud (speed pin to VSS)
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:
:
400Hz to 3.6kHz
800Hz to 7.2kHz
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
7.4 Digital demodulator
The MODE pin allows to define whether the MLX90109 will issue directly the filtered data stream on the
DATA pin (MODE floating), or decode it in Manchester (MODE = VSS) or Biphase (MODE = VDD). In these
two decoding modes, the MLX90109 issues the tag data on the DATA pin at the rising edge of the clock,
which is issued on the CLOCK pin. Both CLOCK and DATA are open drain outputs and require external pullup resistors.
VSS
SPEED
4kBaud
MODE
Biphase
(*) Internally strapped to VDD/2
FLOAT (*)
No decoding
VDD
2kBaud
Manchester
7.5 Antenna voltage definition
The MLX90109 is a reader IC working in a frequency range of 100 to 150kHz, and designed for use with a
parallel L-C antenna. This concept requires significantly less current than traditional serial antennas, for
building up the same magnetic field strength.
The voltage on the MODU pin (VMODU) controls the amplitude of the antenna voltage Vant, as follows:
(1)
Vant = VDD − V MODU + VOS
with VOS, the offset relative to the VMODU level.
Note: In order to use the internal driver FET as an ideal current source, the voltage on the coil pin should
remain higher than its saturation voltage (typically 0.5V) for a driver current (Idriver) up to 14mA. As this offset
can be as much as 300mV, VMODU should be higher than 0.8V for a correct operation.
7.6 Power Down mode
By setting VMODU higher than Vpd (preferably to VDD) the MLX90109 goes in power down. The antenna voltage
will fade to 0V. The MLX90109 powers up by pulling VMODU below Vpu.
7.7 Write operation
A sequence of power up / power down periods sets the antenna voltage ON and OFF. This feature allows to
simply make an ON/OFF-keying modulated signal to the transponder.
Typically, VMODU is toggled between VDD and 0.8V. Antenna fade-out is related to the quality factor of the
antenna (Qant) and its start-up takes about 3 carrier periods.
Refer to the section “Typical operating configurations” further in this document for more detailed information
and practical hints.
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
8 System design parameters
The antenna internal driver is switched on as soon as the antenna voltage V(COIL) drops below VDD (see
graphical representation below). The MLX90109 will inject a current Idriver into the antenna to make its
amplitude follow the voltage on the MODU pin.
In order to make the antenna start swinging on the resonance frequency, the chip needs to provide a positive
feedback loop. This loop requires a minimal voltage swing at the COIL pin in order to be operational (typically
100mVpp). Below this value, the MLX90109 may not be able to retrieve its clock.
Graph:
Antenna voltage and Driver current during normal operation. V MODU=0.8V for V DD=5V. The dashed curve shows the
antenna voltage when the reader has been powered down. The internal driver current is a square wave with a 45% duty
cycle.
8.1 Auto start-up condition
Pulling VMODU, at power on, from 5V to less than Vpu will set the internal driver FET on. Provided the voltage
drop on the coil pin is large enough (as explained above), the feedback loop is closed and the oscillation will
increase in amplitude.
To obtain the required positive feedback to start-up the oscillation successfully, the antenna impedance Zant
should be larger than 1kΩ. This is so called “auto start-up condition”.
8.2 Antenna current
The MLX90109 is specified to drive a maximum 14mA antenna drive current (Idriver).
The AC equivalent supply current (IDDant) can be calculated as:
(2)
I DDant =
2
π
⋅ sin(π ⋅ α ) ⋅ I driver = 0.63 ⋅ I driver
with α the duty cycle which is typically 45%.
The current that the MLX90109 can inject at each oscillation onto the total antenna current is therefore limited
to 9mA.
The actual antenna current that generates the magnetic field can be calculated as:
I ant = Qant ⋅ I DDant
(3)
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
A typical coil quality factor (Qant) value is 23, resulting in antenna currents of about 100mA
This current resonance of the parallel antenna allows to build very low power reader base stations, contrary
to serial antenna based versions. Readers using a serial antenna can leverage their voltage resonance to
drive bigger antenna’s for long distance reading up to 1m, whereas the MLX90109 is designed to drive
antennas to obtain a reading distance of 1cm up to 15cm (6”) (depending on efficiency and dimensions).
8.3 Antenna Impedance
The antenna impedance is an important system design parameter for the MLX90109.
(4)
Vant
I DDant
Z ant =
The antenna impedance can also be calculated as:
Z ant = Qant ⋅ ω res ⋅ Lant
with
(5)
res
= 2π*Fres
From (4) and (5):
Vant
I DDant
Qant ⋅ ω res ⋅ Lant =
=>
Qant ⋅ I DDant =
Vant
ω res ⋅ Lant
Finally in comparison with the formula (2):
(6)
I ant =
Vant
ω res ⋅ Lant
From the formula above, it is clear that Qant has no influence on Iant. Increasing Qant is equivalent to reduce
the antenna supply current IDDant, hence it reduces the overall current consumption.
Using the previous formula (6), it is possible to define the proportionality between the total number of ampereturns, generating the magnetic field and the inductance of the antenna (With Nant the number of turns of the
antenna coil) :
Vant
with
ωres ⋅ Lant
1
N ant ⋅ I ant
Lant
N ant ⋅ I ant = N ant ⋅
(7)
Lant
N ant
2
Hence, to generate a strong field, it is better to choose a low antenna inductance. Limitation to this is given by
the minimal antenna impedance (Zant > 1kΩ) and the Q that one can achieve for such an antenna:
(8)
Lmin =
Z min
Qant ⋅ ω res
Remarks:
Note for equation (4): Mind that in reality the strong coupling with the tag may drastically reduce the antenna
impedance.
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
Note for equation (5): Mind that the quality factor of the antenna (Qant) result in the quality factor of the coil
and the quality factor of the capacitance as:
(9)
Qant = Qcoil // Qcapaci tan ce
So, a capacitance with a low quality factor may also reduce the antenna impedance.
9 Typical configuration: READ ONLY
9.1 Application diagram
The MLX90109 is a highly integrated reader IC. In the application schematic below, only two resistors to set
VMODU are required, next to the antenna inductance and tune capacitor. Capacitors C1 and CD can be added
for a better noise cancellation.
(.
! " # # $
&%(')%
* &+
1
*,./(0 -(-
9.2 Absolute minimum schematic
The interface with the microcontroller can be realized with only one connection. In this case, the mode pin is
left floating and the integrated decoding is not used.
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
9.3 Power consumption
If the power consumption is not critical and the reader does not have to be put in power down, the MODU
voltage can be strapped to the required level (between 0.8V and Vpd). However, the power consumption can
be reduced by controlling the voltage on VMODU pin (e.g. with an IO port of a microcontroller).
9.4 Noise cancellation
The read performance of a reader is linked with its robustness versus noise. The IC design has been
optimized to get a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The resonant antenna is a natural band-pass filter, which
becomes more effective as its quality factor Qr increases.
Noise rejection could also be improved by a careful PCB design, and by adding decoupling capacitor(s) on
the supply lines. The most sensitive pins to noise injection are MODU and VDD. Since they directly determine
Vant, the noise could be considered as an amplitude modulation (AM) data from a transponder.
If the noise on both pins were identical, it would cancel out, giving a very noise-insensitive reader. Adding a
capacitor C1 between MODU and VDD, together with R1 and R2 yields a high pass filter with a cut-off
frequency at:
Fcut − off =
1
2 ⋅ π ⋅ ( R1 // R2 ) ⋅ C1
Typically, such a filter should short all noise in the data spectrum, but for many cases, it might be beneficial to
set it to less than the net frequencies (50Hz, 60Hz). For example: R1=100kΩ, R2=19kΩ (to set VMODU), and
C1=220nF gives a cut off frequency of 45Hz.
9.5 Integrated decoding
The MLX90109 provides the option to have a decoded output. This significantly reduces the complexity of the
microcontroller software.
The data is available when the output clock signal is high. The clock signal has a 50% duty cycle when the
data is valid. When the noise level is stronger than the signal level, for instance when no tag is present in the
reader field, the duty cycle will be random. The microcontroller can use this feature to detect the presence of
a tag: in that case, it must allow some asymmetry on the clock. As the sampling error may be 4 s, it should
allow a margin of 8 or 12 s.
Remark that when the MLX90109 picks up a Manchester-encoded signal whereas the MODE pin is strapped
to VSS (= Biphase decoding), the clock will also be asymmetric.
9.6 Close coupling
For very short operating distances, a strong coupling with a tag may drastically reduce the antenna
impedance Zant. If the current (Idriver) driven by the antenna internal driver FET goes higher than 14mA, the
antenna voltage Vant may be reduced and the MLX90109 may be unable to read the transponder.
Coupling effect is application-dependent and must be evaluated case by case.
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
10 Typical configuration: READ/WRITE ON/OFF keying (FDX-B100)
10.1 Application diagram
The basic principle is to switch the voltage on MODU between 0V and VDD. The antenna will reach its
maximum amplitude in less than 3 periods when MODU is stepped down from VDD to VSS. Setting the chip in
power-down (set VMODU up to VDD) will let the antenna fade-out with a time constant, depending on the
antenna’s quality factor Qant. For fast protocols, an additional drain resistor on MODU controlled by the
microcontroller could be used to decrease the fall time (refer to the application note MLX90109 “100%
modulation (ON/OFF Keying)”.
Note : Care should be taken to the capacitor C1 which may reduce the fall time.
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
11 Standard information regarding manufacturability of Melexis
products with different soldering processes
Our products are classified and qualified regarding soldering technology, solderability and moisture sensitivity
level according to following test methods:
Reflow Soldering SMD’s (Surface Mount Devices)
•
•
IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020
Moisture/Reflow Sensitivity Classification for Nonhermetic Solid State Surface Mount Devices
(classification reflow profiles according to table 5-2)
EIA/JEDEC JESD22-A113
Preconditioning of Nonhermetic Surface Mount Devices Prior to Reliability Testing
(reflow profiles according to table 2)
Wave Soldering SMD’s (Surface Mount Devices) and THD’s (Through Hole Devices)
•
•
EN60749-20
Resistance of plastic- encapsulated SMD’s to combined effect of moisture and soldering heat
EIA/JEDEC JESD22-B106 and EN60749-15
Resistance to soldering temperature for through-hole mounted devices
Iron Soldering THD’s (Through Hole Devices)
•
EN60749-15
Resistance to soldering temperature for through-hole mounted devices
Solderability SMD’s (Surface Mount Devices) and THD’s (Through Hole Devices)
•
EIA/JEDEC JESD22-B102 and EN60749-21
Solderability
For all soldering technologies deviating from above mentioned standard conditions (regarding peak
temperature, temperature gradient, temperature profile etc) additional classification and qualification tests
have to be agreed upon with Melexis.
The application of Wave Soldering for SMD’s is allowed only after consulting Melexis regarding assurance of
adhesive strength between device and board.
Melexis is contributing to global environmental conservation by promoting lead free solutions. For more
information on qualifications of RoHS compliant products (RoHS = European directive on the Restriction Of
the use of certain Hazardous Substances) please visit the quality page on our website:
http://www.melexis.com/quality.asp
12 ESD Precautions
Electronic semiconductor products are sensitive to Electro Static Discharge (ESD).
Always observe Electro Static Discharge control procedures whenever handling semiconductor products.
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125kHz RFID Transceiver
13 FAQ
13.1 Is it possible to make proportional modulation (depth less than 100%) with the
MLX90109?
The amplitude of the MLX90109 antenna can be adjusted on the fly by changing the MODU pin level
between VMODU = 0.8V and Vpd. However, the MLX90109 cannot change instantaneously the voltage on its
antenna according to a voltage step on MODU pin, and a transient waveform will appear on the voltage
antenna. This particular waveform may disturb the transponder and in the worst case (modulation depth more
than 20%) the MLX90109 may stop its oscillation.
Using the MLX90109 with proportional modulation (modulation depth less than 100%) is not recommended
and supported by Melexis and must be evaluated case by case.
13.2 How should I read data information from a transponder up to 15cm?
The reading distance depends on the complete system composed by the reader and the transponder. A
reading distance with the MLX90109 transceiver up to 15cm has been demonstrated with a specific reader’s
antenna (diameter = 130mm, Inductance = 44 H, Quality factor Qant = 87.2@125kHz) and a transponder with
a credit card size antenna (80 x 50mm).
13.3 Is it possible to increase the output power of the MLX90109 transceiver?
The current flowing through the antenna (IANT) can be maximized by a careful design, respecting the design
specification of the MLX90109 (Auto start-up impedance, the maximum driver current IDRIVER).
The voltage on the antenna cannot be increased as it is limited by the power supply VDD (Vant
VDDVMODU+Vos). Moreover, as the MLX90109 uses the same connection (COIL ) for the transmission and the
reception, it is not possible to use an external power transistor supplied with a higher voltage than VDD.
13.4 Are there any specific coils available for the MLX90109 transceiver?
Melexis has developed an 18mm coil which is used on the evaluation board EVB90109. Please contact your
sales channel if you wish to purchase production quantities.
13.5 What are the recommended pull-up values on DATA and CLOCK pins?
The DATA and CLOCK are open-drain drivers which require external pull-up resistors. The values are not
critical therefore, to reduce the general power consumption, we recommend to use high ohmic (100k ohm)
pull up resistances.
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MLX90109
125kHz RFID Transceiver
14 Package Information
14.1 Plastic SO8
The device is packaged in a 8 pin lead free SO package (ROHS compliant MSL1/260°C).
E1 E
1 2 3
D
α
A1 A
e
L
b
all Dimension in mm, coplanarity < 0.1mm
D
E1
E
A
A1
e
b
L
a
min
4.80
3.81
5.80
1.32
0.10
1.27
0.36
0.41
0°
max
4.98
3.99
6.20
1.72
0.25
0.46
1.27
8°
all Dimension in inch, copl anarity < 0.004”
3901090109
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min
0.189
0.150 0.2284
0.060
0.0040 0.05
0.014
0.016
0°
max
0.196
0.157 0.2440
0.068
0.0098
0.018
0.050
8°
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125kHz RFID Transceiver
15 Disclaimer
Devices sold by Melexis are covered by the warranty and patent indemnification provisions appearing in its
Term of Sale. Melexis makes no warranty, express, statutory, implied, or by description regarding the
information set forth herein or regarding the freedom of the described devices from patent infringement.
Melexis reserves the right to change specifications and prices at any time and without notice. Therefore, prior
to designing this product into a system, it is necessary to check with Melexis for current information. This
product is intended for use in normal commercial applications. Applications requiring extended temperature
range, unusual environmental requirements, or high reliability applications, such as military, medical lifesupport or life-sustaining equipment are specifically not recommended without additional processing by
Melexis for each application.
The information furnished by Melexis is believed to be correct and accurate. However, Melexis shall not be
liable to recipient or any third party for any damages, including but not limited to personal injury, property
damage, loss of profits, loss of use, interrupt of business or indirect, special incidental or consequential
damages, of any kind, in connection with or arising out of the furnishing, performance or use of the technical
data herein. No obligation or liability to recipient or any third party shall arise or flow out of Melexis’ rendering
of technical or other services.
© 2006 Melexis NV. All rights reserved.
For the latest version of this document, go to our website at
www.melexis.com
Or for additional information contact Melexis Direct:
Europe, Africa, Asia:
Phone: +32 1367 0495
E-mail: [email protected]
America:
Phone: +1 603 223 2362
E-mail: [email protected]
ISO/TS 16949 and ISO14001 Certified
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