MIC2582/MIC2583 Single Channel Hot Swap Controllers General Description Features The MIC2582 and MIC2583 are single channel positive voltage hot swap controllers designed to allow the safe insertion of boards into live system backplanes. The MIC2582 and MIC2583 are available in 8-pin SOIC and 16-pin QSOP packages, respectively. Using a few external components and by controlling the gate drive of an external N-Channel MOSFET device, the MIC2582/83 provide inrush current limiting and output voltage slew rate control in harsh, critical power supply environments. Additionally, a circuit breaker function will latch the output MOSFET off if the current limit threshold is exceeded for a determined period. The MIC2583R option includes an auto-restart function upon detecting an over current condition. Datasheets and support documentation can be found on Micrel’s web site at www.micrel.com. • MIC2582: Pin-for-pin functional equivalent to the LTC1422 • 2.3V to 13.2V supply voltage operation • Surge voltage protection up to 20V • Current regulation limits inrush current regardless of load capacitance • Programmable inrush current limiting • Electronic circuit breaker • Optional dual-level overcurrent threshold detects excessive load faults • Fast response to short circuit conditions (<1µs) • Programmable output under-voltage detection • Under-voltage Lockout (UVLO) protection • Auto-restart function (MIC2583R) • Power-On Reset and Power-Good status outputs (Power-Good for the MIC2583 and MIC2583R only) • /FAULT status output (MIC2583 and MIC2583R) Applications • RAID systems • Base stations • PC board hot swap insertion and removal • +12V backplanes • Network switches ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Typical Applications Figure 1. MIC2583/83R Typical Application Circuit Micrel Inc. • 2180 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel +1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 • http://www.micrel.com April 2009 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Ordering Information Fast Circuit Breaker Threshold Part Number Standard Pb-Free MIC2582-JBM MIC2582-xYM x = J, 100mV Circuit Breaker Package Latched off 8-Pin SOIC Latched off 16-pin QSOP Auto-retry 16-pin QSOP x = J1, Off x = M, Off MIC2583-xBQS MIC2583-xYQS x = J, 100mV x = K*, 150mV x = L*, 200mV x = M*, Off MIC2583R-xBQS MIC2583R-xYQS x = J, 100mV x = K*, 150mV x = L*, 200mV x = M*, Off Note: * Contact factory for availability. Pin Configuration 8-Pin SOIC (M) April 2009 16-Pin QSOP (QS) 2 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Pin Description Pin Number 8-Pin SOIC Pin Number 16-Pin QSOP Pin Name 1 1 /POR Power-On Reset Output: Open drain N-channel device, Active Low. This pin remains asserted during start-up until a time period (tPOR) after the FB pin voltage rises above the power-good threshold (VFB). The timing capacitor CPOR determines tPOR. When the output voltage monitored at the FB pin falls below VFB, /POR is asserted for a minimum of one timing cycle (tPOR). The /POR pin requires a pull-up resistor (10kΩ minimum) to VCC. 2 3 ON ON Input: Active High. The ON pin, an input to a Schmitt-triggered comparator used to enable/disable the controller, is compared to a 1.24V reference with 50mV of hysteresis. When a logic high is applied to the ON pin (VON > 1.24V), a start-up sequence begins when the GATE pin starts ramping up towards its final operating voltage. When the ON pin receives a logic low signal (VON < 1.19V), the GATE pin is grounded and /FAULT remains high if VCC is above the UVLO threshold. ON must be low for 20µs in order to initiate a start-up sequence. Additionally, toggling the ON pin LOW to HIGH resets the circuit breaker. 3 4 CPOR Power-On Reset Timer: A capacitor connected between this pin and ground sets the supply contact start-up delay (tSTART) and the power-on reset interval (tPOR). When VCC rises above the UVLO threshold, the capacitor connected to CPOR begins to charge. When the voltage at CPOR crosses 0.3V, the start-up threshold (VSTART), a start cycle is initiated if ON is asserted while capacitor CPOR is immediately discharged to ground. When the voltage at FB rises above VFB, capacitor CPOR begins to charge again. When the voltage at CPOR rises above the power-on reset delay threshold (VTH), the timer resets by pulling CPOR to ground, and /POR is de-asserted. If CPOR is left open, then tSTART defaults to 20µs. 4 7, 8 GND 5 12 FB Power-Good Threshold Input (Under-voltage Detect): This input is internally compared to a 1.24V reference with 30mV of hysteresis. An external resistive divider may be used to set the voltage at this pin. If this input momentarily goes below 1.24V, then /POR is activated for one timing cycle, tPOR, indicating an output under-voltage condition. The /POR signal de-asserts one timing cycle after the FB pin exceeds the power-good threshold by 30mV. A 5µs filter on this pin prevents glitches from inadvertently activating this signal. 6 14 GATE Gate Drive Output: Connects to the gate of an external N-channel MOSFET. An internal clamp ensures that no more than 9V is applied between the GATE pin and the source of the external MOSFET. The GATE pin is immediately brought low when either the circuit breaker trips or an under-voltage lockout condition occurs. 7 15 SENSE Circuit Breaker Sense Input: A resistor between this pin and VCC sets the current limit threshold. Whenever the voltage across the sense resistor exceeds the slow trip current limit threshold (VTRIPSLOW), the GATE voltage is adjusted to ensure a constant load current. If VTRIPSLOW (50mV) is exceeded for longer than time period tOCSLOW, then the circuit breaker is tripped and the GATE pin is immediately pulled low. If the voltage across the sense resistor exceeds the fast trip circuit breaker threshold, VTRIPFAST, at any point due to fast, high amplitude power supply faults, then the GATE pin is immediately brought low without delay. To disable the circuit breaker, the SENSE and VCC pins can be tied together. The default VTRIPFAST for either device is 100mV. Other fast trip thresholds are available: 150mV, 200mV, or OFF (VTRIPFAST disabled). Please contact factory for availability of other options. 8 16 VCC April 2009 Pin Name Ground Connection: Tie to analog ground. Positive Supply Input: 2.3V to 13.2V. The GATE pin is held low by an internal under-voltage lockout circuit until VCC exceeds a threshold of 2.2V. If VCC exceeds 13.2V, an internal shunt regulator protects the chip from transient voltages up to 20V at the VCC and SENSE pins. 3 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Pin Number 8-Pin SOIC Pin Number 16-Pin QSOP Pin Name n/a 2 PWRGD Power-Good Output: Open drain N-channel device, Active High. When the voltage at the FB pin is lower than 1.24V, PWRGD output is held low. When the voltage at the FB pin exceeds 1.24V, then PWRGD is asserted immediately. The PWRGD pin requires a pull-up resistor (10kΩ minimum) to VCC. n/a 5 CFILTER Current Limit Response Timer: A capacitor connected to this pin defines the period of time (tOCSLOW) in which an over current event must last to signal a fault condition and trip the circuit breaker. If no capacitor is connected, then tOCSLOW defaults to 5µs. n/a 11 /FAULT Circuit Breaker Fault Status Output: Open drain N-channel device, Active Low. The /FAULT pin is asserted when the circuit breaker trips due to an over current condition or when an under-voltage lockout condition exists. The/FAULT pin requires a pull-up resistor (10kΩ minimum) to VCC. n/a 13 DIS Discharge Output: When the MIC2583/83R is turned off, a 500Ω internal resistor at this output allows the discharging of any load capacitance to ground. n/a 6, 9, 10 NC No internal connection. April 2009 Pin Name 4 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Absolute Maximum Ratings(1) Operating Ratings(2) Supply Voltage (VCC)....................................... –0.3V to 20V /POR, /FAULT, PWRGD pins.......................... –0.3V to 15V SENSE pin ............................................ –0.3V to VCC+0.3V ON pin ............................................ –0.3V to VCC+0.3V GATE pin ..................................................... –0.3V to 20V FB Input pins ..................................................... –0.3V to 6V Junction Temperature .............................................. +125°C Lead Temperature Standard Package (-JBM and –xBQS) (IR Reflow, Peak Temperature) ..240°C + 0°C/-5°C Pb-Free Package (-xYM or –xYQS) (IR Reflow, Peak Temperature) ..260°C + 0°C/-5°C EDS Rating Human body model.................................................. 2kV Machine model ......................................................100V Supply Voltage (VCC).................................. +2.3V to +13.2V Ambient Temperature (TA) .......................... –40°C to +85°C Junction Thermal Resistance SOIC (θJA) ........................................................163°C/W QSOP (θJA) ......................................................112°C/W Electrical Characteristics(3) VCC = 5.0V, TA = 25°C unless noted. Bold values indicate –40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C. Symbol Parameter Condition Min VCC Supply Voltage ICC Supply Current VON = 2V VTRIP Circuit Breaker Trip Voltage (Current Limit Threshold) VTRIP = VCC − VSENSE Typ Max Units 13.2 V 1.5 2.5 mA 50 59 2.3 VTRIPSLOW 42 VTRIPFAST (MIC2582-Jxx) VTRIPFAST (MIC2583/83R) X = J X=K X=L mV 100 85 130 175 100 150 200 110 170 225 mV mV mV 7 8 9 V VGS External Gate Drive VGATE − VCC 3.5 4.8 6.5 V IGATE GATE Pin Pull-Up Current Start Cycle, VGATE = 0V, VCC = 13.2V −30 17 −8 µA VCC = 2.3V −26 17 −8 µA VCC > 3V VCC = 2.3V IGATEOFF GATE Pink Sink Current VGATE > 1V /FAULT = 0 (MIC2583/83R only) VCC = 13.2V, Note 4 100 µA VCC = 2.3V, Note 4 50 µA Turn Off 110 µA Current Limit/Overcurrent Timer (CFILTER) Current (MIC2583/83R) VCC − VSENSE > VTRIPSLOW (timer on) −8.5 −6.5 −4.5 µA VCC − VSENSE > VTRIPSLOW (timer off) 4.5 6.5 8.5 µA Power-On-Reset Timer Current Timer on −3.5 2.5 −1.5 µA Timer off 0.5 1.3 POR Delay and Overcurrent Timer (CFILTER) Threshold VCPOR rising VCFILTER rising (MIC2583/83R only) 1.19 1.245 1.30 V VUV Undervoltage Lockout Threshold VCC rising 2.1 2.2 2.3 V VCC falling 1.90 2.05 2.20 VUVHYS Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis VON ON Pin Threshold Voltage VONHYS ON Pin Hysteresis ITIMER ICPOR VTH April 2009 mA 150 2.3V ≤ VCC ≤ 13.2V ON rising 1.19 1.24 1.29 ON falling 1.14 1.19 1.24 50 5 V mV V V mV M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Symbol Parameter Condition ΔVON ON Pin Threshold Line Regulation 2.3V ≤ VCC ≤ 13.2V ION ON Pin Input Current VON = VCC VSTART Start-Up Delay Timer Threshold VCPOR rising VAUTO Auto-Restart Threshold Voltage (MIC2583R only) Typ Max 2 0.26 Units mV 0.31 −0.5 µA 0.36 V Upper threshold 0.19 1.24 1.30 V Lower threshold 0.26 0.31 0.36 V 10 13 16 µA 1.4 2 µA FB rising 1.19 1.24 1.29 V FB falling 1.15 1.20 1.25 V IAUTO Auto-Restart Current (MIC2583R only) Charge current VFB Power-Good Threshold Voltage 2.3V = VCC = 13.2V VFBHYS Min Discharge current FB Hysteresis 40 mV IFBLKG FB Pin Leakage Current 2.3V = VCC = 13.2V, VFB = 1.3V 1.5 µA VOL /POR, /FAULT, PWRGD Output Voltage (/FAULT, PWRGD MIC2583/83R only) IOUT = 1mA 0.4 V RDIS Output Discharge Resistance (MIC2583/83R only) 1000 Ω 500 AC Parameters(4) tOCFAST Fast Overcurrent SENSE to GATE Low Trip Time VCC = 5V, VCC − VSENSE = 100mV CGATE = 10nF, Figure 2 1 µs tOCSLOW Slow Overcurrent SENSE to GATE Low Trip Time VCC = 5V, VCC − VSENSE = 50mV CFILTER = 0, Figure 2 5 µs tONDLY ON Delay Filter 20 µs tFBDLY FB Delay Filter 20 µs Notes: 1. Exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device. 2. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating rating. 3. Specification for packaged product only. 4. Not a tested parameter, guaranteed by design. Timing Diagrams Figure 2. Current-Limit Response Figure 3. Power-On Reset Response Figure 4. Power-On Start-Up Delay Timing April 2009 6 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Test Circuit Figure 5. Applications Test Circuit (not all pins shown for simplicity) April 2009 7 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Typical Characteristics April 2009 8 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. April 2009 MIC2582/MIC2583 9 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Functional Characteristics (See Figure 5, Applications Test Circuit) April 2009 10 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Functional Characteristics (See Figure 5, Applications Test Circuit) April 2009 11 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Functional Diagram April 2009 12 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Functional Description delays using several standard value capacitors. As the GATE voltage continues ramping toward its final value (VCC + VGS) at a defined slew rate (See Load Capacitance/Gate Capacitance Dominated Startup sections), a second CPOR timing cycle begins if: 1)/FAULT is high and 2)CFILTER is low (i.e., not an overvoltage, undervoltage lockout, or overcurrent state). This second timing cycle (tPOR) begins when the voltage at the FB pin exceeds its threshold (VFB). This condition indicates that the output voltage is valid. See Figure 3 in the Timing Diagrams. When the power supply is already present (i.e., not a “hot swapping” condition) and the MIC2582/83 device is enabled by applying a logic high signal at the ON pin, the GATE output begins ramping immediately as the first CPOR timing cycle is bypassed. Active current regulation is employed to limit the inrush current transient response during start-up by regulating the load current at the programmed current limit value (See Current Limiting and Dual-Level Circuit Breaker section). The following equation is used to determine the nominal current limit value: Hot Swap Insertion When circuit boards are inserted into live system backplanes and supply voltages, high inrush currents can result due to the charging of bulk capacitance that resides across the supply pins of the circuit board. This inrush current, although transient in nature, may be high enough to cause permanent damage to on board components or may cause the system’s supply voltages to go out of regulation during the transient period which may result in system failures. The MIC2582 and MIC2583 act as a controller for external N-Channel MOSFET devices in which the gate drive is controlled to provide inrush current limiting and output voltage slew rate control during hot plug insertions. Power Supply VCC is the supply input to the MIC2582/83 controller with a voltage range of 2.3V to 13.2V. The VCC input can withstand transient spikes up to 20V. In order to ensure stability of the supply voltage, a minimum 0.47µF capacitor from VCC to ground is recommended. Alternatively, a low pass filter, shown in the typical application circuit (see Figure 1), can be used to eliminate high frequency oscillations as well as help suppress transient spikes. Also, due to the existence of an undetermined amount of parasitic inductance in the absence of bulk capacitance along the supply path, placing a Zener diode at the VCC of the controller to ground in order to provide external supply transient protection is strongly recommended for relatively high current applications (≥3A). See Figure 1. I LIM = Supply Contact Delay During a hot insert of a PC board into a backplane or when the supply (VCC) is powered up, as the voltage at the ON pin rises above its threshold (1.24V typical), the MIC2582/83 first checks that both supply voltages are above their respective UVLO thresholds. If so, the device is enabled and an internal 2.5µA current source begins charging capacitor CPOR to 0.3V to initiate a startup sequence. Once the start-up delay (tSTART) elapses, the CPOR pin is pulled immediately to ground and a 17µA current source begins charging the GATE output to drive the external MOSFET that switches VIN to VOUT. The programmed contact start-up delay is calculated using the following equation: ⎤ ⎥ ≅ 0.12 x C POR (μF ) ⎦ INRUSH ≅ IGATE x CLOAD C = 17 μA x LOAD CGATE CGATE (3) where IGATE is the GATE pin pull-up current, CLOAD is the load capacitance, and CGATE is the total GATE capacitance (CISS of the external MOSFET and any external capacitor connected from the MIC2582/83 GATE pin to ground). Load Capacitance Dominated Start-Up In this case, the load capacitance (CLOAD) is large enough to cause the inrush current to exceed the programmed current limit but is less than the fast-trip threshold (or the fast-trip threshold is disabled, ‘M’ option). During start-up under this condition, the load current is regulated at the programmed current limit value (ILIM) and held constant until the output voltage rises to its final value. The output slew rate and equivalent GATE voltage slew rate is computed by the (1) Where the start-up delay timer threshold (VSTART) is 0.3V, and the Power-On Reset timer current (ICPOR) is 2.5µA. See Table 2 for some typical supply contact start-up April 2009 (2) where VTRIPSLOW is the current limit slow trip threshold found in the electrical table and RSENSE is the selected value that will set the desired current limit. There are two basic start-up modes for the MIC2582/83: 1) Start-up dominated by load capacitance and 2) start-up dominated by total gate capacitance. The magnitude of the inrush current delivered to the load will determine the dominant mode. If the inrush current is greater than the programmed current limit (ILIM), then load capacitance is dominant. Otherwise, gate capacitance is dominant. The expected inrush current may be calculated using the following equation: Start-Up Cycle ⎡V t START = CPOR ⎢ START ⎣ ICPOR VTRIPSLOW 50mV = RSENSE RSENSE 13 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 following equation: Output Voltage Slew Rate, dVOUT/dt = I LIM C LOAD Current Limiting and Dual-Level Circuit Breaker Many applications will require that the inrush and steady state supply current be limited at a specific value in order to protect critical components within the system. Connecting a sense resistor between the VCC and SENSE pins sets the nominal current limit value of the MIC2582/83 and the current limit is calculated using Equation 2. The MIC2582/83 also features a dual-level circuit breaker triggered via 50mV and 100mV current-limit thresholds sensed across the VCC and SENSE pins. The first level of the circuit breaker functions as follows. For the MIC2583/83R, once the voltage sensed across these two pins exceeds 50mV, the overcurrent timer, its duration set by capacitor CFILTER, starts to ramp the voltage at CFILTER using a 6.5µA constant current source. If the voltage at CFILTER reaches the overcurrent timer threshold (VTH) of 1.24V, then CFILTER immediately returns to ground as the circuit breaker trips and the GATE output is immediately shut down. The default overcurrent time period for the MIC2582/83 is 5µs. For the second level, if the voltage sensed across VCC and SENSE exceeds 100mV at any time, the circuit breaker trips and the GATE shuts down immediately, bypassing the overcurrent time period. The MIC2582-MYM option is equipped with only a single circuit breaker threshold (50mV). To disable current limit and circuit breaker operation, tie the SENSE and VCC pins together and the CFILTER (MIC2583/83R) pin to ground. Output Undervoltage Detection The MIC2582/83 employ output undervoltage detection by monitoring the output voltage through a resistive divider connected at the FB pin. During turn on, while the voltage at the FB pin is below the threshold (VFB), the /POR pin is asserted low. Once the FB pin voltage crosses VFB, a 2.5µA current source charges capacitor CPOR. Once the CPOR pin voltage reaches 1.24V, the time period tPOR elapses as the CPOR pin is pulled to ground and the /POR pin goes HIGH. If the voltage at FB drops below VFB for more than 10µs, the /POR pin resets for at least one timing cycle defined by tPOR (See Applications Information for an example). (4) where ILIM is the programmed current limit value. Consequently, the value of CFILTER must be selected to ensure that the overcurrent response time, tOCSLOW, exceeds the time needed for the output to reach its final value. For example, given a MOSFET with an input capacitance CISS = CGATE = 4700pF, CLOAD is 2200µF, and ILIM is set to 6A with a 12V input, then the load capacitance dominates as determined by the calculated INRUSH > ILIM. Therefore, the output voltage slew rate determined from Equation 4 is: Output Voltage Slew Rate, dVOUT/dt = 6A V = 2.73 2200 μF ms and the resulting tOCSLOW needed to achieve a 12V output is approximately 4.5ms. (See Power-On Reset and Overcurrent Timer Delays section to calculate tOCSLOW). GATE Capacitance Dominated Start-Up In this case, the value of the load capacitance relative to the GATE capacitance is small enough such that the load current during start-up never exceeds the current limit threshold as determined by Equation 3. The minimum value of CGATE that will ensure that the current limit is never exceeded is given by the equation below: CGATE (min) = IGATE × CLOAD I LIM (5) where CGATE is the summation of the MOSFET input capacitance (CISS) and the value of the external capacitor connected to the GATE pin of the MIC2582/83 to ground. Once CGATE is determined, use the following equation to determine the output slew rate for gate capacitance dominated start-up. dVOUT/dt = IGATE CGATE (6) Table 1 depicts the output slew rate for various values of CGATE. IGATE = 17µA CGATE dVOUT/dt 0.001µF 17V/ms 0.01µF 1.7V/ms 0.1µF 0.17V/ms 1µF 0.017V/ms Power-On Reset and Overcurrent Timer Delays The Power-On Reset delay, tPOR, is the time period for the /POR pin to go HIGH once the voltage at the FB pin exceeds the power-good threshold (VFB). A capacitor connected to CPOR sets the interval and is determined by using Equation 1 with VTH substituted for VSTART. The resulting equation becomes: t POR = CPOR × Table 1. Output Slew Rate Selection for GATE Capacitance Dominated Start-Up VTH ≅ 0.5 × CPOR (μF ) ICPOR (7) where the Power-On Reset threshold (VTH) and timer April 2009 14 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 current (ICPOR) are typically 1.24V and 2.5µA, respectively. For the MIC2583/83R, a capacitor connected to CFILTER is used to set the timer which activates the circuit breaker during overcurrent conditions. When the voltage across the sense resistor exceeds the slow trip current limit threshold of 50mV, the overcurrent timer begins to charge for a time period (tOCSLOW), determined by CFILTER. When no capacitor is connected to CFILTER and for the MIC2582, tOCSLOW defaults to 5µs. If tOCSLOW elapses, then the circuit breaker is activated and the GATE output is immediately pulled to ground. For the MIC2583/83R, the following equation is used to determine the overcurrent timer period, tOCSLOW. tOCSLOW = CFILTER × VTH ITIMER CPOR tSTART tPOR 0.01µF 1.2ms 5ms 0.02µF 2.4ms 10ms 0.033µF 4ms 16.5ms 0.05µF 6ms 25ms 0.1µF 12ms 50ms 0.33µF 40ms 165ms 0.47µF 56ms 235ms 1µF 120ms 500ms Table 2. Selected Power-On Reset and Start-Up Delays ≅ 0.19 × CFILTER ( μF ) (8) where VTH, the CFILTER timer threshold, is 1.24V and ITIMER, the overcurrent timer current, is 6.5µA. Tables 2 and 3 provide a quick reference for several timer calculations using select standard value capacitors. CFILTER tOCSLOW 680pF 130µs 2200pF 420µs 4700pF 900µs 8200pF 1.5ms 0.033µF 6ms 0.1µF 19ms 0.22µF 42ms 0.47µF 90ms Table 3. Selected Overcurrent Timer Delays April 2009 15 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 ⎡⎛ VOUT(Good) R 5 = R 6 ⎢⎜ ⎢⎣⎜⎝ VFB(MAX) Application Information Design Consideration for Output Undervoltage Detection For output undervoltage detection, the first consideration is to establish the output voltage level that indicates “power is good.” For this example, the output value for which a 12V supply will signal “good” is 11V. Next, consider the tolerances of the input supply and FB threshold (VFB). For this example, the 12V supply varies ±5%, thus the resulting output voltage may be as low as 11.4V and as high as 12.6V. Additionally, the FB threshold has ±50mV tolerance and may be as low as 1.19V and as high as 1.29V. Thus, to determine the values of the resistive divider network (R5 and R6) at the FB pin, shown in the typical application circuit on page 1, use the following iterative design procedure. VFB(MAX) 100 μA = 1.29V = 12.9kΩ 100 μA PCB Connection Sense There are several configuration options for the MIC2582/83’s ON pin to detect if the PCB has been fully seated in the backplane before initiating a start-up cycle. In the typical applications circuit, the MIC2582/83 is mounted on the PCB with a resistive divider network connected to the ON pin. R2 is connected to a short pin on the PCB edge connector. Until the connectors mate, the ON pin is held low which keeps the GATE output charge pump off. Once the connectors mate, the resistor network is pulled up to the input supply, R6 is chosen as 12.4kΩ ±1%. 2) Next, determine R5 using the output “good” voltage of 11V and the following equation: ⎡ (R5 + R6) ⎤ VOUT(Good) = VFB ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ R6 ⎦ (9.1) where VFB(MAX) = 1.29V, VOUT(Good) = 11V, and R6 is 12.4kΩ. Substituting these values into Equation 9.1 now yields R5 = 93.33kΩ. A standard 93.1kΩ ±% is selected. Now, consider the 11.4V minimum output voltage, the lower tolerance for R6 and higher tolerance for R5, 12.28kΩ and 94.03kΩ, respectively. With only 11.4V available, the voltage sensed at the FB pin exceeds VFB(MAX), thus the /POR and PWRGD (MIC2583/83R) signals will transition from LOW to HIGH, indicating “power is good” given the worse case tolerances of this example. Lastly, in giving consideration to the leakage current associated with the FB input, it is recommended to either: 1) provide ample design margin (20mV to 30mV) to allow for loss in the potential (∆V) at the FB pin, or 2) allow >>100µA to flow in the FB resistor network. 1) Choose R6 to allow 100µA or more in the FB resistive divider branch. R6 = ⎞ ⎤ ⎟ − 1⎥ ⎟ ⎥ ⎠ ⎦ (9) Using some basic algebra and simplifying Equation 9 to isolate R5, yields: Figure 6. PCB Connection Sense with ON/OFF Control April 2009 16 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 12V in this example, and the ON pin voltage exceeds its threshold (VON) of 1.24V and the MIC2582/83 initiates a start-up cycle. In Figure 6, the connection sense consisting of a discrete logic-level MOSFET and a few resistors allows for interrupt control from the processor or other signal controller to shut off the output of the MIC2582/83. R4 pulls the GATE of Q2 to VIN and the ON pin is held low until the connectors are fully mated. Once the connectors fully mate, a logic LOW at the /ON_OFF signal turns Q2 off and allows the ON pin to pull up above its threshold and initiate a start-up cycle. Applying a logic HIGH at the /ON_OFF signal will turn Q2 on and short the ON pin of the MIC2582/83 to ground which turns off the GATE output charge pump. 5V Switch with 3.3V Supply Generation The MIC2582/83 can be configured to switch a primary supply while generating a secondary regulated voltage rail. The circuit in Figure 8 enables the MIC2582 to switch a 5V supply while also providing a 3.3V low dropout regulated supply with only a few added external components. Upon enabling the MIC2582, the GATE output voltage increases and thus the 3.3V supply also begins to ramp. As the 3.3V output supply crosses 3.3V, the FB pin threshold is also exceeded which triggers the power-on reset comparator. The /POR pin goes HIGH, turning on transistor Q3 which lowers the voltage on the gate of MOSFET Q2. The result is a regulated 3.3V supply with the gate feedback loop of Q2 compensated by capacitor C3 and resistors R4 and R5. For MOSFET Q2, special consideration must be given to the power dissipation capability of the selected MOSFET as 1.5V to 2V will drop across the device during normal operation in this application. Therefore, the device is susceptible to overheating dependent upon the current requirements for the regulated output. In this example, the power dissipated by Q2 is approximately = 1W. However, a substantial amount of power will be generated with higher current requirements and/or conditions. As a general guideline, expect the ambient temperature within the power supply box to exceed the maximum operating ambient temperature of the system environment by approximately 20ºC. Given the MOSFET’s Rθ(JA) and the expected power dissipated by the MOSFET, an approximation for the junction temperature at which the device will operate is obtained as follows: Higher UVLO Setting Once a PCB is inserted into a backplane (power supply), the internal UVLO circuit of the MIC2582/83 holds the GATE output charge pump off until VCC exceeds 2.2V. If VCC falls below 2.1V, the UVLO circuit pulls the GATE output to ground and clears the overvoltage and/or current limit faults. A typical 12V application, for example, should implement a higher UVLO than the internal 2.1V threshold of MIC2582 to avoid delivering power to downstream modules/loads while the input is below tolerance. For a higher UVLO threshold, the circuit in Figure 7 can be used to delay the output MOSFET from switching on until the desired input voltage is achieved. The circuit allows the charge pump to remain off R1 ⎞ ⎛ until VIN exceeds ⎜1 + ⎟ × 1.24V . The GATE drive output R2 ⎠ ⎝ (10) TJ = (PD x Rθ(JA)) + TA where TA = TA (MAX OPERATING) + 20ºC. As a precaution, the implementation of additional copper heat sinking is highly recommended for the area under/around the MOSFET. R1 ⎞ ⎛ will be shut down when VIN falls below ⎜1 + ⎟ × 1.19V . In R 2⎠ ⎝ the example circuit (Figure 7), the rising UVLO threshold is set at approximately 9.5V and the falling UVLO threshold is established as 9.1V. The circuit consists of an external resistor divider at the ON pin that keeps the GATE output charge pump off until the voltage at the ON pin exceeds its threshold (VON) and after the start-up timer elapses. Figure 7. Higher UVLO Setting April 2009 17 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 For additional information on MOSFET thermal considerations, please see MOSFET Selection text and subsequent sections. R SENSE ( MAX ) = 42mV 40.8mV = (1.03 ) I LOAD(CONT ) I LOAD(CONT ) ( ) (11) Once the value of RSENSE has been chosen in this manner, it is good practice to check the maximum ILOAD(CONT) which the circuit may let through in the case of tolerance buildup in the opposite direction. Here, the worst-case maximum current is found using a 59mV trip voltage and a sense resistor that is 3% low in value. The resulting equation is: Auto-Restart - MIC2583R The MIC2583R provides an auto-restart function. Upon an overcurrent fault condition such as a short circuit, the MIC2583R initially shuts off the GATE output. The MIC2583R attempts to restart with a 12µA charge current at a preset 10% duty cycle until the fault condition is removed. The interval between auto-retry attempts is set by capacitor CFILTER. I LOAD(CONT ,MAX ) = Sense Resistor Selection The MIC2582 and MIC2583 use a low-value sense resistor to measure the current flowing through the MOSFET switch (and therefore the load). This sense resistor is nominally set at 50mV/ILOAD(CONT). To accommodate worst-case tolerances for both the sense resistor (allow ±3% over time and temperature for a resistor with ±1% initial tolerance) and still supply the maximum required steady-state load current, a slightly more detailed calculation must be used. The current limit threshold voltage (i.e., the “trip point”) for the MIC2582/83 may be as low as 42mV, which would equate to a sense resistor value of 42mV/ILOAD(CONT). Carrying the numbers through for the case where the value of the sense resistor is 3% high yields: 59mV 60.8mV (12) = (0.97) R SENSE ( NOM ) R SENSE ( NOM ) ( ) As an example, if an output must carry a continuous 2A without nuisance trips occurring, Equation 11 40.8mV yields: R SENSE ( MAX ) = = 20.4mΩ. The next 2A lowest standard value is 20mΩ. At the other set of tolerance extremes for the output in question, 60.8mV I LOAD(CONT ,MAX ) = = 3.04 A, approximately 3A. 20.0mΩ Knowing this final data, we can determine the necessary wattage of the sense resistor using P = I2R, where I will be ILOAD(CONT, MAX), and R will be (0.97)(RSENSE(NOM)). These numbers yield the following: PMAX = (3A)2 (19.4mΩ) = 0.175W. In this example, a ¼W sense resistor is sufficient. Figure 8. 5V Switch/3.3V LDO Application April 2009 18 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 MOSFET (again, assuming 12V operation). At the same time, if the output of the external MOSFET (its source) is suddenly subjected to a short, the gatesource voltage will go to (19.5V – 0V) = 19.5V. This means that the external MOSFET must be chosen to have a gate-source breakdown voltage of 20V or more, which is an available standard maximum value. However, if operation is at or above 13V, the 20V gatesource maximum will likely be exceeded. As a result, an external Zener diode clamp should be used to prevent breakdown of the external MOSFET when operating at voltages above 8V. A Zener diode with 10V rating is recommended as shown in Figure 9. At the present time, most power MOSFETs with a 20V gate-source voltage rating have a 30V drain-source breakdown rating or higher. As a general tip, choose surface-mount devices with a drain-source rating of 30V as a starting point. Finally, the external gate drive of the MIC2582/83 requires a low-voltage logic level MOSFET when operating at voltages lower than 3V. There are 2.5V logic level MOSFETs available. Please see Table 4 “MOSFET and Sense Resistor Vendors” for suggested manufacturers. MOSFET Selection Selecting the proper external MOSFET for use with the MIC2582/83 involves three straightforward tasks: • Choice of a MOSFET which meets minimum voltage requirements. • Selection of a device to handle the maximum continuous current (steady-state thermal issues). • Verify the selected part’s ability to withstand any peak currents (transient thermal issues). MOSFET Voltage Requirements The first voltage requirement for the MOSFET is easily stated: the drain-source breakdown voltage of the MOSFET must be greater than VIN(MAX). For instance, a 12V input may reasonably be expected to see highfrequency transients as high as 18V. Therefore, the drain-source breakdown voltage of the MOSFET must be at least 19V. For ample safety margin and standard availability, the closest value will be 20V. The second breakdown voltage criterion that must be met is a bit subtler than simple drain-source breakdown voltage, but is not hard to meet. In MIC2582/83 applications, the gate of the external MOSFET is driven up to approximately 19.5V by the internal output Figure 9. Zener Clamped MOSFET Gate April 2009 19 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 MOSFET Steady-State Thermal Issues The selection of a MOSFET to meet the maximum continuous current is a fairly straightforward exercise. First, arm yourself with the following data: processor’s cooling fan. 3. The best test of a surface-mount MOSFET for an application (assuming the above tips show it to be a likely fit) is an empirical one. Check the MOSFETs temperature in the actual layout of the expected final circuit, at full operating current. The use of a thermocouple on the drain leads, or infrared pyrometer on the package, will then give a reasonable idea of the device’s junction temperature. • The value of ILOAD(CONT, MAX.) for the output in question (see Sense Resistor Selection). • The manufacturer’s data sheet for the candidate MOSFET. • The maximum ambient temperature in which the device will be required to operate. • Any knowledge you can get about the heat sinking available to the device (e.g., can heat be dissipated into the ground plane or power plane, if using a surface-mount part? Is any airflow available?). The data sheet will almost always give a value of on resistance given for the MOSFET at a gate-source voltage of 4.5V, and another value at a gate-source voltage of 10V. As a first approximation, add the two values together and divide by two to get the onresistance of the part with 8V of enhancement. Call this value RON. Since a heavily enhanced MOSFET acts as an ohmic (resistive) device, almost all that’s required to determine steady-state power dissipation is to calculate I2R. The one addendum to this is that MOSFETs have a slight increase in RON with increasing die temperature. A good approximation for this value is 0.5% increase in RON per ºC rise in junction temperature above the point at which RON was initially specified by the manufacturer. For instance, if the selected MOSFET has a calculated RON of 10mΩ at a TJ = 25ºC, and the actual junction temperature ends up at 110ºC, a good first cut at the operating value for RON would be: RON ≅ 10mΩ [1 + (110 − 25 )(0.005 )] ≅ 14.3mΩ MOSFET Transient Thermal Issues Having chosen a MOSFET that will withstand the imposed voltage stresses, and the worse case continuous I2R power dissipation which it will see, it remains only to verify the MOSFETs ability to handle short-term overload power dissipation without overheating. A MOSFET can handle a much higher pulsed power without damage than its continuous dissipation ratings would imply. The reason for this is that, like everything else, thermal devices (silicon die, lead frames, etc.) have thermal inertia. In terms related directly to the specification and use of power MOSFETs, this is known as “transient thermal impedance,” or Zθ(JA). Almost all power MOSFET data sheets give a Transient Thermal Impedance Curve. For example, take the following case: VIN = 12V, tOCSLOW has been set to 100msec, ILOAD(CONT. MAX) is 2.5A, the slowtrip threshold is 50mV nominal, and the fast-trip threshold is 100mV. If the output is accidentally connected to a 3Ω load, the output current from the MOSFET will be regulated to 2.5A for 100ms (tOCSLOW) before the part trips. During that time, the dissipation in the MOSFET is given by: P = E x I; EMOSFET = [12V-(2.5A)(3Ω)] = 4.5V PMOSFET = (4.5V x 2.5A) = 11.25W for 100msec. At first glance, it would appear that a really hefty MOSFET is required to withstand this sort of fault condition. This is where the transient thermal impedance curves become very useful. Figure 10 shows the curve for the Vishay (Siliconix) Si4410DY, a commonly used SOIC-8 power MOSFET. Taking the simplest case first, we’ll assume that once a fault event such as the one in question occurs, it will be a long time– 10 minutes or more– before the fault is isolated and the channel is reset. In such a case, we can approximate this as a “single pulse” event, that is to say, there’s no significant duty cycle. Then, reading up from the X-axis at the point where “Square Wave Pulse Duration” is equal to 0.1sec (=100msec), we see that the Zθ(JA) of this MOSFET to a highly infrequent event of this duration is only 8% of its continuous Rθ(JA). (13) The final step is to make sure that the heat sinking available to the MOSFET is capable of dissipating at least as much power (rated in ºC/W) as that with which the MOSFETs performance was specified by the manufacturer. Here are a few practical tips: 1. The heat from a surface-mount device such as an SOIC-8 MOSFET flows almost entirely out of the drain leads. If the drain leads can be soldered down to one square inch or more, the copper will act as the heat sink for the part. This copper must be on the same layer of the board as the MOSFET drain. 2. Airflow works. Even a few LFM (linear feet per minute) of air will cool a MOSFET down substantially. If you can, position the MOSFET(s) near the inlet of a power supply’s fan, or the outlet of a April 2009 This particular part is specified as having an Rθ(JA) of 50°C/W for intervals of 10 seconds or less. 20 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 x (2.5A)2 x (50ºC/W) Thus: TJ ≅ (55ºC + (0.122W)(50ºC/W) Assume TA = 55°C maximum, 1 square inch of copper at the drain leads, no airflow. Recalling from our previous approximation hint, the part has an RON of (0.0335/2) = 17mΩ at 25°C. Assume it has been carrying just about 2.5A for some time. When performing this calculation, be sure to use the highest anticipated ambient temperature (TA(MAX)) in which the MOSFET will be operating as the starting temperature, and find the operating junction temperature increase (∆TJ) from that point. Then, as shown next, the final junction temperature is found by adding TA(MAX) and ∆TJ. Since this is not a closed-form equation, getting a close approximation may take one or two iterations, and the calculation tends to converge quickly. Then the starting (steady-state) TJ is: ≅ 61.1ºC Iterate the calculation once to see if this value is within a few percent of the expected final value. For this iteration we will start with TJ equal to the already calculated value of 61.1°C: TJ ≅ TA + [17mΩ + (61.1ºC-25ºC)(0.005)(17mΩ)] x (2.5A)2 x (50ºC/W) TJ ≅ (55ºC + (0.125W)(50ºC/W) ≅ 61.27ºC So our original approximation of 61.1ºC was very close to the correct value. We will use TJ = 61ºC. Finally, add the temperature increase due to the maximum power dissipation calculated from a “single event”, (11.25W)(50ºC/W)(0.08) = 45ºC to the steadystate TJ to get TJ(TRANSIENT MAX.) = 106ºC. This is an acceptable maximum junction temperature for this part. TJ ≅ TA(MAX) + ∆TJ ≅ TA(MAX) + [RON + TA(MAX) – TA)(0.005/ºC)(RON)] x I2 x Rθ(JA) TJ ≅ 55ºC + [17mΩ + (55ºC-25ºC)(0.005)(17mΩ)] Figure 10. Transient Thermal Impedance April 2009 21 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 widths (W) need to be wide enough to allow the current to flow while the rise in temperature for a given copper plate (e.g., 1oz. or 2oz.) is kept to a maximum of 10ºC~25ºC. Also, these traces should be as short as possible in order to minimize the IR drops between the input and the load. Finally, the use of plated-through vias will be needed to make circuit connections to power and ground planes when utilizing multi-layer PC boards. MOSFET and Sense Resistor Vendors Device types and manufacturer contact information for power MOSFETs and sense resistors are provided in Table 4. Some of the recommended MOSFETs include a metal heat sink on the bottom side of the package. The recommended trace for the MOSFET Gate of Figure 11 must be redirected when using MOSFETs packaged in this style. Contact the device manufacturer for package information. PCB Layout Considerations Because of the low values of the sense resistors used with the MIC2582/83 controllers, special attention to the layout must be used in order for the device’s circuit breaker function to operate properly. Specifically, the use of a 4-wire Kelvin connection to accurately measure the voltage across RSENSE is highly recommended. Kelvin sensing is simply a means of making sure that any voltage drops in the power traces connecting to the resistors does not get picked up by the traces themselves. Additionally, these Kelvin connections should be isolated from all other signal traces to avoid introducing noise onto these sensitive nodes. Figure 11 illustrates a recommended, single layer layout for the RSENSE, Power MOSFET, timer(s), and feedback network connections. The feedback network resistor values are selected for a 12V application. Many hot swap applications will require load currents of several amperes. Therefore, the power (VCC and Return) trace . Figure 11. Recommended PCB Layout for Sense Resistor, Power MOSFET, and Feedback Network April 2009 22 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 MOSFET Vendor Key MOSFET Type(s) Applications(1) Contact Information Vishay (Siliconix) Si4420DY (SOIC-8) package Si4442DY (SOIC-8) package Si4876DY (SOIC-8) package Si7892DY (PowerPAK™ SOIC-8) IOUT ≤ 10A IOUT = 10-15A, VCC < 3V IOUT ≤ 5A, VCC ≤ 5V IOUT ≤ 15A www.siliconix.com (203) 452-5664 International Rectifier IRF7413 (SOIC-8 package) IRF7457 (SOIC-8 package) IRF7601 (SOIC-8 package) IOUT ≤ 10A IOUT = 10-15A IOUT ≤ 5A, VCC ≤ 3V www.irf.com (310) 322-3331 Fairchild Semiconductor FDS6680A (SOIC-8 package) IOUT ≤ 10A www.fairchildsemi.com (207) 775-8100 Philips PH3230 (SOT669-LFPAK) IOUT ≥ 20A www.philips.com Hitachi HAT2099H (LFPAK) IOUT ≥ 20A www.halsp.hitachi.com (408) 433-1990 Note: 1. These devices are not limited to these conditions in many cases, but these conditions are provided as a helpful reference for customer applications. Resistor Vendors Sense Resistors Contact Information Vishay (Dale) “WSL” Series www.vishay.com/docswsl_30100.pdf (203) 452-5664 IRC “OARS” Series ”LR” Series (second source to “WSL”) www.irctt.com/pdf_files/OARS.pdf www.irctt.com/pdf_files/LRC.pdf (828) 264-8861 Table 4. MOSFET and Sense Resistor Vendors April 2009 23 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 Package Information 8-Pin SOIC (M) April 2009 24 M9999-043009-C Micrel, Inc. MIC2582/MIC2583 16-Pin QSOP (QS) MICREL, INC. 2180 FORTUNE DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 USA TEL +1 (408) 944-0800 FAX +1 (408) 474-1000 WEB http://www.micrel.com The information furnished by Micrel in this data sheet is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Micrel for its use. Micrel reserves the right to change circuitry and specifications at any time without notification to the customer. Micrel Products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A Purchaser’s use or sale of Micrel Products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a Purchaser’s own risk and Purchaser agrees to fully indemnify Micrel for any damages resulting from such use or sale. © 2006 Micrel, Incorporated. April 2009 25 M9999-043009-C