LTC4253/LTC4253A –48V Hot Swap Controllers with Sequencer NOT RECOMMENDED FOR NEW DESIGNS Please See LTC4253B for Drop-In Replacement FEATURES DESCRIPTION n The LTC®4253/LTC4253A negative voltage Hot Swap™ controllers allow a board to be safely inserted and removed from a live backplane. Output current is controlled by three stages of current-limiting: a timed circuit breaker, active current limiting and a fast feedforward path that limits peak current under worst-case catastrophic fault conditions. The LTC4253/LTC4253A latch off after a circuit fault. n n n n n n n n n Allows Safe Board Insertion and Removal from a Live –48V Backplane Floating Topology Permits Very High Voltage Operation Adjustable Analog Current Limit with Breaker Timer Ideal for Two Battery Feeds Fast Response Time Limits Peak Fault Current Adjustable Undervoltage/Overvoltage Protection with ±1% Threshold Accuracy (LTC4253A) Three Sequenced Power Good Outputs Adjustable Soft-Start Current Limit Adjustable Timer with Drain Voltage Accelerated Response Latchoff After Fault Available in a 16-Pin SSOP Package Adjustable undervoltage and overvoltage detectors disconnect the load whenever the input supply exceeds the desired operating range. The LTC4253/LTC4253A’s supply input is shunt-regulated, allowing safe operation with very high supply voltages. A multifunction timer delays initial start-up and controls the circuit breaker’s response time. The circuit breaker’s response time can be accelerated by sensing excessive MOSFET drain voltage, keeping the MOSFET within its safe operating area (SOA). An adjustable soft-start circuit controls MOSFET inrush current at start-up. APPLICATIONS n n n n n –48V Distributed Power Systems Negative Power Supply Control Central Office Switching High Availability Servers Disk Arrays Three power good outputs are sequenced by an adjustable timer and two ENABLE inputs to enable external power modules at start-up or disable them if the circuit breaker trips. The LTC4253A features tight ±1% undervoltage/ overvoltage threshold accuracy. The LTC4253/LTC4253A are available in a 16-pin SSOP. L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks and Hot Swap is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. TYPICAL APPLICATION – 48V/2.5A Hot Swap Controller – 48V RTN 2.5k 15k(1/4W)/6 1μF Start-Up Behavior + VIN 100μF – 48V RTN 402k 1% 5.6k 10nF DIN†† DDZ13B* 5.6k LOAD1 LOAD2 5.6k EN2 EN3 VIN LTC4253 RESET LOAD3 EN EN EN † UV 68nF 0.1μF – 48V A B3100* SS – 48V B 4253 TA01 SS 1V SENSE 50mV PWRGD3 DRAIN SQTIMER TIMER 1M IRF530S SENSE VEE B3100* † PWRGD2 GATE 0.33μF † PWRGD1 OV 32.4k 1% GATE 10V 10Ω 18nF 0.02Ω *DIODES, INC. †MOC207 ††RECOMMENDED FOR HARSH ENVIRONMENTS. VOUT 50V 1ms/DIV 4253 TA01b 425353afe 1 LTC4253/LTC4253A ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS PIN CONFIGURATION (Note 1), All voltages referred to VEE TOP VIEW Current into VIN (100μs Pulse) .............................100mA Current into DRAIN (100μs Pulse) .........................20mA VIN, DRAIN Minimum Voltage ................................–0.3V Input/Output (Except SENSE and DRAIN) Voltage ................................... –0.3V to 16V SENSE Voltage ........................................... –0.6V to 16V Current Out of SENSE (20μs Pulse) .................. –200mA Maximum Junction Temperature .......................... 125°C Operating Temperature Range LTC4253C ................................................ 0°C to 70°C LTC4253I .............................................–40°C to 85°C LTC4253AC (OBSOLETE)......................... 0°C to 70°C LTC4253AI (OBSOLETE)......................–40°C to 85°C Storage Temperature Range .................. –65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)................... 300°C EN2 1 16 PWRGD3 PWRGD2 2 15 EN3 PWRGD1 3 14 SQTIMER VIN 4 13 TIMER RESET 5 12 UV SS 6 11 OV SENSE 7 10 DRAIN VEE 8 9 GATE GN PACKAGE 16-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 130°C/W ORDER INFORMATION LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC4253CGN#PBF LTC4253CGN#TRPBF 4253 16-Lead Plastic SSOP 0°C to 70°C LTC4253IGN#PBF LTC4253IGN#TRPBF 4253I 16-Lead Plastic SSOP –40°C to 85°C LTC4253ACGN#PBF LTC4253ACGN#TRPBF 4253A 16-Lead Plastic SSOP 0°C to 70°C LTC4253AIGN#PBF LTC4253AIGN#TRPBF 4253AI 16-Lead Plastic SSOP –40°C to 85°C OBSOLETE PACKAGE Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. Consult LTC Marketing for information on non-standard lead based finish parts. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ 425353afe 2 LTC4253/LTC4253A ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 2) LTC4253 LTC4253A SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS VZ VIN – VEE Zener Voltage IIN = 2mA RZ VIN – VEE Zener Dynamic Impedance IIN = (2mA to 30mA) IIN VIN Supply Current UV = OV = 4V, VIN = (VZ – 0.3V) ● 0.8 2 1.1 2 mA VLKO VIN Undervoltage Lockout Coming Out of UVLO (Rising VIN) ● 9.2 11.5 9 10 V VLKH VIN Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis ● 0.5 1 1.5 0.5 0.75 V VIH TTL Input High Voltage ● 2 VIL TTL Input Low Voltage ● VHYST TTL Input Buffer Hysteresis IRESET RESET Input Current VEE ≤ VRESET ≤ VIN ● IEN EN2, EN3 Input Current VEN = 4V VEN = 0V ● ● VCB Circuit Breaker Current Limit Voltage VCB = (VSENSE – VEE) VACL Analog Current Limit Voltage VACL VCB ● MIN TYP MAX MIN TYP MAX UNITS 11.5 13 14.5 11.5 13 14.5 5 5 0.25 V 0.8 0.8 600 600 ±10 60 120 ±0.1 180 ±10 ● 40 50 60 VACL = (VSENSE – VEE), SS = Open or 2.2V ● 80 100 120 Analog Current Limit Voltage Circuit Breaker Current Limit Voltage VACL = (VSENSE – VEE), SS = Open or 1.4V ● VFCL Fast Current Limit Voltage VFCL = (VSENSE – VEE) ● 150 200 VSS SS Voltage After End of SS Timing Cycle ● 2 ISS SS Pin Current UV = OV = 4V, VSENSE = VEE, VSS = 0V (Sourcing) ● 12 UV = OV = 0V, VSENSE = VEE, VSS = 1V (Sinking) Ω 2 ±0.1 V V mV ±0.1 ±10 μA 60 120 ±0.1 180 ±10 μA μA 45 50 55 mV mV 1.05 1.20 1.38 V/V 300 150 200 300 mV 2.2 2.4 1.25 1.4 1.55 V 22 32 16 28 40 μA 28 28 mA RSS SS Output Impedance 100 50 kΩ VOS Analog Current Limit Offset Voltage 10 10 mV 0.05 0.05 V/V VACL + VOS Ratio (VACL + VOS) to SS Voltage VSS IGATE GATE Pin Output Current UV = OV = 4V, VSENSE = VEE, VGATE = 0V (Sourcing) ● 30 50 70 30 50 70 μA UV = OV = 4V, VSENSE – VEE = 0.15V, VGATE = 3V (Sinking) 17 17 mA UV = OV = 4V, VSENSE – VEE = 0.3V, VGATE = 1V (Sinking) 190 190 mA ● VGATE External MOSFET Gate Drive VGATE – VEE, IIN = 2mA 10 VGATEL Gate Low Threshold Before Gate Ramp Up 0.5 0.5 V VGATEH Gate High Threshold VGATEH = VIN – VGATE, for PWRGD1, PWRGD2, PWRGD3 Status 2.8 2.8 V VUVHI UV Pin Threshold HIGH UV Low to High ● 3.075 3.225 3.375 VUVLO UV Pin Threshold LOW UV High to Low ● 2.775 2.925 3.075 VUV UV Pin Threshold UV Low to High ● VUVHST UV Pin Hysteresis 230 12 300 VZ 10 12 VZ V V 3.05 3.08 3.11 V 292 324 356 mV mV 350 ● V VOVHI OV Pin Threshold HIGH OV Low to High ● 5.85 6.15 6.45 V VOVLO OV Pin Threshold LOW OV High to Low ● 5.55 5.85 6.15 V 425353afe 3 LTC4253/LTC4253A ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. LTC4253 SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS VOV OV Pin Threshold OV Low to High VOVHST OV Pin Hysteresis MIN TYP LTC4253A MAX ● 230 300 MIN TYP MAX UNITS 5.04 5.09 5.14 V 82 102 122 mV mV 350 ● ISENSE SENSE Pin Input Current UV = 0V = 4V, VSENSE = 50mV (Sourcing) ● 15 30 15 30 μA IINP UV, OV Pin Input Current UV = OV = 4V ● ± 0.1 ±1 ±0.1 ±1 μA VTMRH TIMER Pin Voltage High Threshold 4 4.5 3.5 4 4.5 V VTMRL TIMER Pin Voltage Low Threshold ITMR TIMER Pin Current Timer On (Initial Cycle/Latchoff, Sourcing), VTMR = 2V ● 3.5 ● 0.8 1 1.2 0.8 1 1.2 V ● 3 5 7 3 5 7 μA 28 Timer Off (Initial Cycle, Sinking), VTMR = 2V Timer On (Circuit Breaker, Sourcing, IDRN = 0μA), VTMR = 2V ● 120 Timer On (Circuit Breaker, Sourcing, IDRN = 50μA), VTMR = 2V Timer Off (Circuit Breaker, Sinking), VTMR = 2V 200 28 280 120 600 200 mA 280 600 μA ● 3 5 7 3 5 7 μA μA/μA ΔITMRACC ΔIDRN ITMR at IDRN = 50μA – ITMR at IDRN = 0μA Timer On (Circuit Breaker with 50μA IDRN = 50μA) ● 7 8 9 7 8 9 VSQTMRH SQTIMER Pin Voltage High Threshold ● 3.5 4 4.5 3.5 4 4.5 VSQTMRL SQTIMER Pin Voltage Low Threshold ISQTMR SQTIMER Pin Current 0.33 SQTIMER On (Power Good Sequence, Sourcing), VSQTMR = 2V ● 3 SQTIMER Off (Power Good Sequence, Sinking), VSQTMR = 2V VDRNL DRAIN Pin Voltage Low Threshold For PWRGD1, PWRGD2, PWRGD3 Status IDRNL DRAIN Leakage Current VDRAIN = 5V VDRAIN = 4V μA 5 0.33 7 3 28 ● 2 3 ± 0.1 ±1 DRAIN Pin Clamp Voltage IDRN = 50μA ● VPGL PWRGD1, PWRGD2, PWRGD3 Output Low Voltage IPG = 1.6mA IPG = 5mA ● ● IPGH PWRGD1, PWRGD2, PWRGD3 Output High Current VPG = 0V (Sourcing) ● tSQ SQTIMER Default Ramp Period SQTIMER Pin Floating, VSQTMR Ramps from 0.5V to 3.5V 250 tSS SS Default Ramp Period SS Pin Floating, VSS Ramps from 0.2V to 2V SS Pin Floating, VSS Ramps from 0.2V to 1.25V 250 6 30 V 7 28 2.39 VDRNCL 5 7 8.5 0.25 0.4 1.2 50 70 2 5 30 V μA mA 2.39 3 V ± 0.1 ±1 μA μA 6 7.5 V 0.25 0.4 1.2 V V 50 70 μA 250 μs 140 μs μs tPLLUG UV Low to GATE Low ● 0.4 5 0.4 5 μs tPHLOG OV High to GATE Low ● 0.4 5 0.4 5 μs Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: All currents into device pins are positive; all currents out of device pins are negative. All voltages are referenced to VEE unless otherwise specified. 425353afe 4 LTC4253/LTC4253A TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS VZ vs Temperature 14.5 IIN vs VIN IIN vs Temperature 1000 IIN = 2mA 1000 950 14.0 900 100 13.0 TA = –40°C TA = 85°C TA = 25°C TA = 125°C 10 850 IIN (μA) VZ (V) IIN (mA) 13.5 VIN = VZ – 0.3V 800 750 700 650 1 12.5 600 550 12.0 –55 –35 –15 0.1 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 5 10 VIN (V) 15 500 –55 –35 –15 20 4253 G01 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G02 4253 G03 Circuit Breaker Current Limit Voltage VCB vs Temperature IEN vs VEN IIN = 2mA 160 TA = 25°C 140 VCB (mV) IEN (μA) 120 100 80 60 55 150 54 140 53 130 52 120 51 110 VACL (mV) 180 Analog Current Limit Voltage VACL vs Temperature 50 49 90 48 80 40 47 70 20 46 60 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 VEN (V) 12 14 45 –55 –35 –15 16 4253 G05 Fast Current Limit Voltage VFCL vs Temperature 58 260 56 240 54 220 52 180 140 44 120 42 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G07 25 40 –55 –35 –15 UV/OV = 4V TIMER = 0V VSENSE – VEE = 0.15V VGATE = 3V 20 48 46 100 –55 –35 –15 UV/OV = 4V TIMER = 0V VSENSE = VEE VGATE = 0V 50 160 IGATE (ACL, Sink) vs Temperature 30 IGATE (mA) 280 IGATE (μA) 60 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G06 IGATE (Source) vs Temperature 300 200 50 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G04 VFCL (mV) 100 15 10 5 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G08 0 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G09 425353afe 5 LTC4253/LTC4253A TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS IGATE (FCL, Sink) vs Temperature 400 UV/OV = 4V TIMER = 0V VSENSE – VEE = 0.3V VGATE = 1V 350 300 14.0 13.5 UV/OV = 4V TIMER = 0V VSENSE = VEE IIN = 2mA 0.9 0.8 150 12.5 12.0 11.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 100 11.0 0.2 50 10.5 0.1 10.0 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) IIN = 2mA 3.275 UV THRESHOLD (V) 2.8 2.6 3.175 VUV 3.075 2.975 VUVL 2.875 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 2.775 –55 –35 –15 ISENSE vs (VSENSE – VEE) –5 ISENSE (μA) 10 –0.5 0 0.5 VSENSE – VEE (V) 1 1.5 4253 G16 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) TIMER Threshold vs Temperature UV/OV = 4V TIMER = 0V VSENSE – VEE = 50mV VGATE = HIGH 4.5 IIN = 2mA 4.0 –15 –20 UV/OV = 4V TIMER = 0V GATE = HIGH TA = 25°C VOV 4352 G15 5.0 –10 –1 5.4 ISENSE vs Temperature 0 0.1 1000 –1.5 5.6 4253 G14 0.01 1 VOVL 5.8 5.0 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G13 100 6.0 5.2 TIMER THRESHOLD (V) 2.0 –55 –35 –15 VOVH VUVH 2.4 2.2 IIN = 2mA 6.2 OV THRESHOLD (V) UV/OV = 4V VGATEH = VIN – VGATE IIN = 2mA OV Threshold vs Temperature 6.4 3.2 –ISENSE (mA) 4253 G12 UV Threshold vs Temperature 3.375 3.0 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G11 VGATEH vs Temperature 3.4 0 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G10 3.6 UV/OV = 4V TIMER = 0V GATE THRESHOLD BEFORE RAMP UP 0.7 VGATEL (V) 200 0 –55 –35 –15 VGATEH (V) VGATEL vs Temperature 1.0 13.0 250 VGATE (V) IGATE (mA) VGATE vs Temperature 14.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 –25 VTMRH VTMRL 0.5 –30 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G17 0 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G18 425353afe 6 LTC4253/LTC4253A TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ITMR (Initial Cycle, Sourcing) vs Temperature 10 9 ITMR (Circuit Breaker, Sourcing) vs Temperature 240 IIN = 2mA VTMR = 2V IIN = 2mA IDRN = 0μA 230 8 ITMR vs IDRN 10 IIN = 2mA TA = 25°C 220 5 4 210 ITMR (mA) 6 ITMR (μA) ITMR (μA) 7 200 190 3 1 180 2 170 1 0 –55 –35 –15 160 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) IIN = 2mA 8.6 4.0 8.4 3.5 7.8 2.5 2.0 1.5 7.4 1.0 7.2 0.5 7.0 –55 –35 –15 2.45 2.40 2.35 2.30 VSQTMRL 0 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 2.25 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 2.20 –55 –35 –15 VDRNCL vs Temperature 4253 G24 IDRN vs VDRAIN 8.0 100 IIN = 2mA 7.8 IDRN = 50μA VPGL vs Temperature 3.0 IIN = 2mA 10 IIN = 2mA 2.5 7.6 IPG = 10mA 1 7.4 2.0 7.0 6.8 6.6 0.1 VPGL (V) 7.2 IDRN (mA) VDRNCL (V) 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G23 4253 G22 TA = 85°C 0.01 TA = 125°C 0.0001 6.2 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G25 1.5 1.0 0.001 6.4 6.0 –55 –35 –15 IIN = 2mA 2.50 3.0 7.6 10 2.55 VSQTMRH VDRNL (V) 8.0 1 VDRNL vs Temperature 2.60 IIN = 2mA 4.5 VSQTMR (V) ΔITMRACC /ΔIDRN (μA/μA) 5.0 8.2 0.1 IDRN (mA) 4253 G21 SQTIMER Threshold vs Temperature ΔITMRACC/ΔIDRN vs Temperature 8.8 0.01 4253 G20 4253 G19 9.0 0.1 0.001 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0.5 TA = 25°C IPG = 5mA IPG = 1.6mA TA = –40°C 0.00001 0 2 4 6 8 10 VDRAIN (V) 12 14 16 4253 G26 0 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G27 425353afe 7 LTC4253/LTC4253A TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS IPGH vs Temperature tSS vs Temperature 60 300 290 IIN = 2mA SS PIN FLOATING VSS RAMPS FROM 0.2V TO 2V 450 56 280 54 270 350 52 260 300 50 48 250 250 240 200 46 230 150 44 220 100 42 210 50 40 –55 –35 –15 200 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G28 IIN = 2mA VSQTMR RAMPS FROM 0.5V TO 3.5V 400 tSQ (μs) tSS (μs) VPGH (μA) IIN = 2mA 58 VPWRGD = 0V tSQ vs Temperature 500 4253 G29 0 –55 –35 –15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4253 G30 PIN FUNCTIONS EN2 (Pin 1): Power Good Status Output Two Enable. This is a TTL compatible input that is used to control PWRGD2 and PWRGD3 outputs. When EN2 is driven low, both PWRGD2 and PWRGD3 will go high. When EN2 is driven high, PWRGD2 will go low provided PWRGD1 has been active for more than one power good sequence delay (tSQT) provided by the sequencing timer. EN2 can be used to control the power good sequence. This pin is internally pulled low by a 120μA current source. VIN (Pin 4): Positive Supply Input. Connect this pin to the positive side of the supply through a dropping resistor. A shunt regulator clamps VIN at 13V above VEE. An internal undervoltage lockout (UVLO) circuit holds GATE low until the VIN pin is greater than VLKO, overriding UV and OV. If UV is high, OV is low and VIN comes out of UVLO, TIMER starts an initial timing cycle before initiating GATE ramp up. If VIN drops below approximately 8.2V (8.5V for the LTC4253A), GATE pulls low immediately. PWRGD2 (Pin 2): Power Good Status Output Two. Power good sequence starts with PWRGD1 latching active low. PWRGD2 will latch active low after EN2 goes high and after one power good sequence delay tSQT provided by the sequencing timer from the time PWRGD1 goes low, whichever comes later. PWRGD2 is reset by PWRGD1 going high or EN2 going low. This pin is internally pulled high by a 50μA current source. RESET (Pin 5): Circuit Breaker Reset Pin. This is an asynchronous TTL compatible input. RESET going high will pull GATE, SS, TIMER, SQTIMER low and the PWRGD outputs high. The RESET pulse must be wide enough to discharge any voltage on the TIMER pin below VTMRL. After the reset of a latched fault, the chip waits for the interlock conditions before recovering as described in Interlock Conditions in the Operation section. PWRGD1 (Pin 3): Power Good Status Output One. At startup, PWRGD1 latches active low and starts the power good sequence when the DRAIN pin is below 2.39V and GATE is within 2.8V of VIN. PWRGD1 status is reset by UV, VIN (UVLO), RESET going high or circuit breaker fault time-out. This pin is internally pulled high by a 50μA current source. SS (Pin 6): Soft-Start Pin. This pin is used to ramp inrush current during start up, thereby effecting control over di/dt. A 20X attenuated version of the SS pin voltage is presented to the current limit amplifier. This attenuated voltage limits the MOSFET’s drain current through the sense resistor during the soft-start current limiting. At the beginning of 425353afe 8 LTC4253/LTC4253A PIN FUNCTIONS the start-up cycle, the SS capacitor (CSS) is ramped by a 22μA (28μA for the LTC4253A) current source. The GATE pin is held low until SS exceeds 20 • VOS = 0.2V. SS is internally shunted by a 100k RSS which limits the SS pin voltage to 2.2V (50k resistor and 1.4V for the LTC4253A). This corresponds to an analog current limit SENSE voltage of 100mV (60mV for the LTC4253A). If the SS capacitor is omitted, the SS pin ramps up in about 250μs (140μs for the LTC4253A). The SS pin is pulled low under any of the following conditions: UVLO at VIN, UV, OV, during the initial timing cycle, a circuit breaker fault time-out or the RESET pin going high. SENSE (Pin 7): Circuit Breaker/Current Limit Sense Pin. Load current is monitored by a sense resistor RS connected between SENSE and VEE, and controlled in three steps. If SENSE exceeds VCB (50mV), the circuit breaker comparator activates a (200μA + 8 • IDRN) TIMER pull-up current. If SENSE exceeds VACL, the analog current-limit amplifier pulls GATE down to regulate the MOSFET current at VACL/ RS. In the event of a catastrophic short-circuit, SENSE may overshoot VACL. If SENSE reaches VFCL (200mV), the fast current-limit comparator pulls GATE low with a strong pull-down. To disable the circuit breaker and current limit functions, connect SENSE to VEE. VEE (Pin 8): Negative Supply Voltage Input. Connect this pin to the negative side of the power supply. GATE (Pin 9): N-channel MOSFET Gate Drive Output. This pin is pulled high by a 50μA current source. GATE is pulled low by invalid conditions at VIN (UVLO), UV, OV, during the initial timing cycle, a circuit breaker fault time-out or the RESET pin going high. GATE is actively servoed to control the fault current as measured at SENSE. Compensation capacitor, CC, at GATE stabilizes this loop. A comparator monitors GATE to ensure that it is low before allowing an initial timing cycle, then the GATE ramps up after an overvoltage event or restart after a current limit fault. During GATE start-up, a second comparator detects GATE within 2.8V of VIN before PWRGD1 can be set and power good sequencing starts. DRAIN (Pin 10): Drain Sense Input. Connecting an external resistor, RD between this pin and the MOSFET’s drain (VOUT) allows voltage sensing below 6.15V (5V for LTC4253A) and current feedback to TIMER. A comparator detects if DRAIN is below 2.39V and together with the GATE high comparator, sets the PWRGD1 flag. If VOUT is above VDRNCL, the DRAIN pin is clamped at approximately VDRNCL. RD current is internally multiplied by 8 and added to TIMER’s 200μA during a circuit breaker fault cycle. This reduces the fault time and MOSFET heating. OV (Pin 11): Overvoltage Input. For the LTC4253, the threshold at the OV pin is set at 6.15V with 0.3V hysteresis. If OV > 6.15V, GATE pulls low. When OV returns below 5.85V, GATE start-up begins without an initial timing cycle. The LTC4253A OV threshold is set at 5.09V with 102mV hysteresis. If OV > 5.09V, GATE pulls low. When OV returns below 4.988V, GATE start-up begins without an initial timing cycle. If OV occurs in the middle of an initial timing cycle, the initial timing cycle is restarted after OV goes away. OV does not reset the latched fault or PWRGD1 flag. The internal UVLO at VIN always overrides OV. A 1nF to 10nF capacitor at OV prevents transients and switching noise from affecting the OV thresholds and prevents glitches at the GATE. UV (Pin 12): Undervoltage Input. For the LTC4253, the threshold at the UV pin is set at 3.225V with 0.3V hysteresis. If UV < 2.925V, PWRGD1 pulls high, both GATE and TIMER pull low. If UV rises above 3.225V, this initiates an initial timing cycle followed by GATE start-up. The LTC4253A UV threshold is set at 3.08V with 324mV hysteresis. If UV < 2.756V, PWRGD1 pulls high, both GATE and TIMER pull low. If UV rises above 3.08V, this initiates an initial timing cycle followed by GATE start-up. The internal UVLO at VIN always overrides UV. A low at UV resets an internal fault latch. A 1nF to 10nF capacitor at UV prevents transients and switching noise from affecting the UV thresholds and prevents glitches at the GATE pin. 425353afe 9 LTC4253/LTC4253A PIN FUNCTIONS TIMER (Pin 13): Timer Input. Timer is used to generate an initial timing delay at start-up, and to delay shutdown in the event of an output overload (circuit breaker fault). Timer starts an initial timing cycle when the following conditions are met: RESET is low, UV is high, OV is low, VIN clears UVLO, TIMER pin is low, GATE pin is lower than VGATEL, SS < 0.2V, and VSENSE – VEE < VCB. A pull-up current of 5μA then charges CT, generating a time delay. If CT charges to VTMRH (4V), the timing cycle terminates. TIMER quickly pulls low and GATE is activated. If SENSE exceeds 50mV while GATE is high, a circuit breaker cycle begins with a 200μA pull-up current charging CT. If DRAIN is approximately 7V (6V for the LTC4253A) during this cycle, the timer pull-up has an additional current of 8 • IDRN. If SENSE drops below 50mV before TIMER reaches 4V, a 5μA pull-down current slowly discharges the CT. In the event that CT eventually integrates up to the VTMRH (4V) threshold, the circuit breaker trips, GATE quickly pulls low and PWRGD1 pulls high. TIMER latches high with a 5μA pull-up source. This latched fault may be cleared by driving RESET high until TIMER is pulled low. Other ways of clearing the fault include pulling the VIN pin momentarily below (VLKO – VLKH), pulling TIMER low with an external device or pulling UV below 2.925V (2.756V for the LTC4253A). SQTIMER (Pin 14): Sequencing Timer Input. The sequencing timer provides a delay tSQT for the power good sequencing. This delay is adjusted by connecting an appropriate capacitor to this pin. If the SQTIMER capacitor is omitted, the SQTIMER pin ramps from 0V to 4V in about 300μs. EN3 (Pin 15): Power Good Status Output Three Enable. This is a TTL compatible input that is used to control the PWRGD3 output. When EN3 is driven low, PWRGD3 will go high. When EN3 is driven high, PWRGD3 will go low provided PWRGD2 has been active for for more than one power good sequence delay (tSQT). EN3 can be used to control the power good sequence. This pin is internally pulled low by a 120μA current source. PWRGD3 (Pin 16): Power Good Status Output Three. Power good sequence starts with PWRGD1 latching active low. PWRGD3 will latch active low after EN3 goes high and after one power good sequence delay tSQT provided by the sequencing timer from the time PWRGD2 goes low, whichever comes later. PWRGD3 is reset by PWRGD1 going high or EN3 going low. This pin is internally pulled high by a 50μA current source. 425353afe 10 LTC4253/LTC4253A BLOCK DIAGRAM VIN 4 VIN VIN – 50μA 4V 5μA VEE PWRGD1 3 + 14 SQTIMER VEE EN2 1 VIN – 120μA 50μA VEE + PWRGD2 2 SQTIMER DELAY 0.33V VEE – 10 DRAIN VEE VIN EN3 15 + VIN 2.39V 8× 120μA 50μA 1× VEE 6.15V (5V) 1× PWRGD3 16 VIN SQTIMER DELAY 1× VEE 50μA 9 GATE VEE VIN 6.15V (5.09V) VEE – OV 11 + + UV 12 – – VIN 2.925V (2.756V) + 5μA 4V – + – – + LOGIC 2.8V 0.5V VIN 200μA + FCL + – + – TIMER 13 VEE – 5μA VEE 1V VIN 200mV + VEE 22μA (28μA) + ACL – SS 6 10mV 95k (47.5k) + RSS 5k (2.5k) VEE + – VEE 7 SENSE CB – + – VEE 50mV VEE FOR COMPONENTS, CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES WITH TWO VALUES, VALUES WITHOUT PARENTHESES REFER TO THE LTC4253, VALUES WITH PARENTHESES REFER TO THE LTC4253A 5 8 RESET VEE 4253 BD 425353afe 11 LTC4253/LTC4253A OPERATION Hot Circuit Insertion or power conversion circuitry with an external MOSFET switch (see Figure 1). Both inrush control and short-circuit protection are provided by the MOSFET. When circuit boards are inserted into a live backplane, the supply bypass capacitors can draw huge transient currents from the power bus as they charge. The flow of current damages the connector pins and glitches the power bus, causing other boards in the system to reset. The LTC4253/LTC4253A are designed to turn on a circuit board supply in a controlled manner, allowing insertion or removal without glitches or connector damage. A detailed schematic is shown in Figure 2. – 48V and –48RTN receive power through the longest connector pins and are the first to connect when the board is inserted. The GATE pin holds the MOSFET off during this time. UV/ OV determines whether or not the MOSFET should be turned on based upon internal high accuracy thresholds and an external divider. UV/OV does double duty by also monitoring whether or not the connector is seated. The top of the divider detects –48RTN by way of a short connector pin that is the last to mate during the insertion sequence. Initial Start-Up The LTC4253/LTC4253A reside on a removable circuit board and control the path between the connector and load PLUG-IN BOARD + –48RTN LTC4253 LTC4253A + ISOLATED DC/DC CONVERTER MODULE + CLOAD – –48V BACKPLANE LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUITRY – 4253 F01 Figure 1. Basic LTC4253/LTC4253A Hot Swap Topology –48RTN (LONG PIN) RIN 2.5k 15k(1/4W)/6 DIN†† DDZ13B* PUSH RESET –48RTN (SHORT PIN) VIN R4 5.6k CIN 1μF R5 5.6k CL 100μF + POWER MODULE 1 R6 5.6k POWER MODULE 2 EN EN POWER MODULE 3 EN † VIN R3 432k 1% UV PWRGD1 OV PWRGD2 RESET PWRGD3 C1 10nF EN2 SS R9 47k TIMER VIN Q1 IRF530S GATE VIN SENSE VEE CT 0.33μF EN2 RD 1M R8 DRAIN SQTIMER CSQ 0.1μF POWER MODULE 2 OUTPUT EN3 EN3 CSS 68nF –48V (LONG PIN) † LTC4253 R2 4.75k 1% R1 38.3k 1% † RC 10Ω CC 18nF RS 0.02Ω R7 POWER MODULE 1 OUTPUT † † 4253 F02 *DIODES, INC. †MOC207 ††RECOMMENDED FOR HARSH ENVIRONMENTS. Figure 2. –48V/2.5A Application with a Wider Operating Range 425353afe 12 LTC4253/LTC4253A OPERATION Interlock Conditions A start-up sequence commences once these “interlock” conditions are met: 1. The input voltage VIN exceeds VLKO (UVLO). 2. The voltage at UV > VUVHI (VUV for the LTC4253A). 3. The voltage at OV < VOVLO (VOV – VOVHST for the LTC4253A). 4. The input voltage at RESET < 0.8V. 5. The (SENSE – VEE) voltage < 50mV (VCB) 6. The voltage at SS is < 0.2V (20 • VOS) 7. The voltage on the TIMER capacitor (CT) is < 1V (VTMRL). 8. The voltage at GATE is < 0.5V (VGATEL) The first four conditions are continuously monitored and the latter four are checked prior to initial timing or GATE ramp-up. Upon exiting an OV condition, the TIMER pin voltage requirement is inhibited. Details are described in the Applications Information, Timing Waveforms section. If RESET < 0.8V occurs after the LTC4253/LTC4253A come out of UVLO (interlock condition 1) and undervoltage (interlock condition 2), GATE and SS are released without an initial TIMER cycle once the other interlock conditions are met (see Figure 13a). If not, TIMER begins the start-up sequence by sourcing 5μA into CT. If VIN, UV or OV falls out of range or RESET asserts, the start-up cycle stops and TIMER discharges CT to less than 1V, then waits until the aforementioned conditions are once again met. If CT successfully charges to 4V, TIMER pulls low and both SS and GATE pins are released. GATE sources 50μA (IGATE), charging the MOSFET gate and associated capacitance. The SS voltage ramp limits VSENSE to control the inrush current. PWRGD1 pulls active low when GATE is within 2.8V of VIN and DRAIN is lower than VDRNL. This sets off the power good sequence in which PWRGD2 and then PWRGD3 is subsequently pulled low after a delay, adjustable through the SQTIMER capacitor CSQ or by external control inputs EN2 and EN3. In this way, external loads or power modules controlled by the three PWRGD signals are turned on in a controlled manner without overloading the power bus. Two modes of operation are possible during the time the MOSFET is first turned on, depending on the values of external components, MOSFET characteristics and nominal design current. One possibility is that the MOSFET will turn on gradually so that the inrush into the load capacitance remains a low value. The output will simply ramp to –48V and the LTC4253/LTC4253A will fully enhance the MOSFET. A second possibility is that the load current exceeds the soft-start current limit threshold of [VSS(t)/ 20 – VOS]/RS. In this case the LTC4253/LTC4253A ramp the output by sourcing soft-start limited current into the load capacitance. If the soft-start voltage is below 1.2V, the circuit breaker TIMER is held low. Above 1.2V, TIMER ramps up. It is important to set the timer delay so that, regardless of which start-up mode is used, the TIMER ramp is less than one circuit breaker delay time. If this condition is not met, the LTC4253/LTC4253A may shut down after one circuit breaker delay time. Board Removal When the board is withdrawn from the card cage, the UV/ OV divider is the first to lose connection. This shuts off the MOSFET and commutates the flow of current in the connector. When the power pins subsequently separate there is no arcing. Current Control Three levels of protection handle short-circuit and overload conditions. Load current is monitored by SENSE and resistor RS. There are three distinct thresholds at SENSE: 50mV for a timed circuit breaker function; 100mV for an analog current limit loop (60mV for the LTC4253A); and 200mV for a fast, feedforward comparator which limits peak current in the event of a catastrophic short-circuit. If, due to an output overload, the voltage drop across RS exceeds 50mV, TIMER sources 200μA into CT. CT eventually charges to a 4V threshold and the LTC4253/LTC4253A shut off. If the overload goes away before CT reaches 4V and SENSE measures less than 50mV, CT slowly discharges (5μA). In this way the LTC4253/LTC4253A’s circuit breaker function responds to low duty cycle overloads, and accounts for the fast heating and slow cooling characteristic of the MOSFET. 425353afe 13 LTC4253/LTC4253A OPERATION Higher overloads are handled by an analog current limit loop. If the drop across RS reaches VACL, the current limiting loop servos the MOSFET gate and maintains a constant output current of VACL/RS. In current limit mode, VOUT (MOSFET drain-source voltage drop) typically rises and this increases MOSFET heating. If VOUT > VDRNCL, connecting an external resistor, RD between VOUT and DRAIN allows the fault timing cycle to be shortened by accelerating the charging of the TIMER capacitor. The TIMER pull-up current is increased by 8 • IDRN. Note that because SENSE > 50mV, TIMER charges CT during this time, and the LTC4253/LTC4253A eventually shut down. Low impedance failures on the load side of the LTC4253/ LTC4253A, coupled with 48V or more driving potential, can produce current slew rates well in excess of 50A/μs. Under these conditions, overshoot is inevitable. A fast SENSE comparator with a threshold of 200mV detects overshoot and pulls GATE low much harder and hence much faster than the weaker current limit loop. The VACL/ RS current limit loop then takes over and servos the current as previously described. As before, TIMER runs and shuts down the LTC4253/LTC4253A when CT reaches 4V. If CT reaches 4V, the LTC4253/LTC4253A latch off with a 5μA pull-up current source. The LTC4253/LTC4253A circuit breaker latch is reset by either pulling the RESET pin active high until TIMER goes low, pulling UV momentarily low, dropping the input voltage VIN below the internal UVLO threshold or pulsing TIMER momentarily low with a switch. Although short-circuits are the most obvious fault type, several operating conditions may invoke overcurrent protection. Noise spikes from the backplane or load, input steps caused by the connection of a second, higher voltage supply, transient currents caused by faults on adjacent circuit boards sharing the same power bus or the insertion of non-hot swappable products could cause higher than anticipated input current and temporary detection of an overcurrent condition. The action of TIMER and CT rejects these events allowing the LTC4253/LTC4253A to “ride out” temporary overloads and disturbances that could trip a simple current comparator and, in some cases, blow a fuse. APPLICATIONS INFORMATION SHUNT REGULATOR A fast responding shunt regulator clamps the VIN pin to 13V (VZ). Power is derived from –48RTN by an external current limiting resistor, RIN. A 1μF decoupling capacitor, CIN filters supply transients and contributes a short delay at start-up. To meet creepage requirements RIN may be split into two or more series connected units. This introduces a wider total spacing than is possible with a single component while at the same time ballasting the potential across the gap under each resistor. The LTC4253 is fundamentally a low voltage device that operates with –48V as its reference ground. To further protect against arc discharge into its pins, the area in and around the LTC4253 and all associated components should be free of any other planes such as chassis ground, return, or secondary-side power and ground planes. VIN may be biased with additional current up to 30mA, to accomodate external loading such as the PWRGD optocouplers shown in Figure 2. As an alternative to running higher current, simply buffer VIN with an emitter follower as shown in Figure 3. A method that cascodes the PWRGD outputs as shown in Figure 17. VIN is rated to handle 30mA within the thermal limits of the package, and is tested to survive a 100μs, 100mA 425353afe 14 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION (Refer to Block Diagram) pulse. To protect VIN against damage from higher amplitude spikes, clamp VIN to VEE with a 13V Zener diode. Star connect VEE and all VEE-referred components to the sense resistor Kelvin terminal as illustrated in Figure 3, keeping trace lengths between VIN, CIN, DIN and VEE as short as possible. An OV hysteretic comparator detects overvoltage conditions at the OV pin, with the following thresholds: OV low-to-high (VOVHI) = 6.150V OV high-to-low (VOVLO) = 5.850V The UV and OV trip point ratio is designed to match the standard telecom operating range of 43V to 82V when connected together as in the Typical Application. A resistive divider is used to scale the supply voltage. Using 402k and 32.4k gives a typical operating range of 43.2V to 82.5V. The undervoltage shutdown and overvoltage recovery thresholds are then 39.2V and 78.4V. 1% divider resistors are recommended to preserve threshold accuracy. INTERNAL UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT (UVLO) A hysteretic comparator, UVLO, monitors VIN for undervoltage. The thresholds are defined by VLKO and its hysteresis VLKH. When VIN rises above VLKO, the chip is enabled; below (VLKO – VLKH), it is disabled and GATE is pulled low. The UVLO function at VIN should not be confused with the UV and OV pins. These are completely separate functions. The resistive divider values shown set a standing current of slightly more than 100μA and define an impedance at UV/OV of 30kΩ. In most applications, 30kΩ impedance coupled with 300mV UV hysteresis make the LTC4253 insensitive to noise. If more noise immunity is desired, add a 1nF to 10nF filter capacitor from UV/OV to VEE. UV/OV COMPARATORS (LTC4253) A UV hysteretic comparator detects undervoltage conditions at the UV pin, with the following thresholds: UV low-to-high (VUVHI) = 3.225V UV high-to-low (VUVLO) = 2.925V – 48V RTN (LONG PIN) R3 22k RIN 10k 20k(1/4W)/2 CIN 1μF PUSH RESET – 48V RTN (SHORT PIN) Q2 FZT857 VIN1 R4 2.2k R5 2.2k CL 100μF R6 2.2k DIN†† + POWER MODULE 1 POWER MODULE 2 EN DDZ13B* EN POWER MODULE 3 EN CSS 33nF PWRGD1 OV PWRGD2 RESET PWRGD3 † EN2 SS R9 47k CSQ 0.1μF EN2 VIN1 RD 1M R8 DRAIN TIMER Q1 IRF530S GATE VIN1 R7 SENSE VEE CT 0.68μF POWER MODULE 2 OUTPUT EN3 EN3 SQTIMER – 48V (LONG PIN) † LTC4253A UV C1 10nF R1 30.1k 1% † VIN R2 392k 1% RC 10Ω CC 10nF RS 0.02Ω POWER MODULE 1 OUTPUT † † 4253 F03 *DIODES, INC. † MOC207 †† RECOMMENDED FOR HARSH ENVIRONMENTS. Figure 3. –48V/2.5A Application for the LTC4253A 425353afe 15 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION The separate UV and OV pins can be used for wider operating range such as 35.6V to 76.3V range as shown in Figure 2. Other combinations are possible with different resistors arrangement. UV/OV COMPARATORS (LTC4253A) A UV hysteretic comparator detects undervoltage conditions at the UV pin, with the following thresholds: UV low-to-high (VUV) = 3.08V UV high-to-low (VUV – VUVHST) = 2.756V An OV hysteretic comparator detects overvoltage conditions at the OV pin, with the following thresholds: OV low-to-high (VOV) = 5.09V OV high-to-low (VOV – VOVHST) = 4.988V UV/OV OPERATION A low input to the UV comparator will reset the chip and pull the GATE and TIMER pins low. A low-to-high UV transition will initiate an initial timing sequence if the other interlock conditions are met. A high-to-low transition in the UV comparator immediately shuts down the LTC4253/ LTC4253A, pulls the MOSFET gate low and resets the three latched PWRGD signals high. An overvoltage condition is detected by the OV comparator and pulls GATE low, thereby shutting down the load, but it will not reset the circuit breaker TIMER and PWRGD flags. Returning from the overvoltage condition will restart the GATE pin if all the interlock conditions except TIMER are met. Only during the initial timing cycle does OV condition have an effect of resetting TIMER. The UV and OV trip point ratio is designed to match the standard telecom operating range of 43V to 71V when connected together as in Figure 3. A divider (R1, R2) is used to scale the supply voltage. Using R1 = 392k and R2 = 30.1k gives a typical operating range of 43.2V to 71.4V. The undervoltage shutdown and overvoltage recovery thresholds are then 38.6V and 69.9V. 1% divider resistors are recommended to preserve threshold accuracy. DRAIN The R1-R2 divider values shown in Figure 3 set a standing current of slightly more than 100μA and define an impedance at UV/OV of 28kΩ. In most applications, 28kΩ impedance coupled with 324mV UV hysteresis makes the LTC4253A insensitive to noise. If more noise immunity is desired, add a 1nF to 10nF filter capacitor from UV/OV to VEE. When VOUT > VDRNCL, the DRAIN pin is clamped at VDRNCL and the current flowing in RD is given by: The UV and OV pins can also be used for a wider operating range by adding a resistor between UV and OV as shown in Figure 2 for the LTC4253. Other combinations are possible with different resistor arrangements. Connecting an external resistor, RD, to this dual function DRAIN pin allows VOUT (MOSFET drain-source voltage drop) sensing without it being damaged by large voltage transients. Below 5V, negligible pin leakage allows a DRAIN low comparator to detect VOUT less than 2.39V (VDRNL). This, together with the GATE low comparator, sets the PWRGD flag. IDRN ≈ VOUT − VDRNCL RD (1) This current is scaled up 8 times during a circuit breaker fault before being added to the nominal 200μA. This accelerates the fault TIMER pull-up when the MOSFET’s drain-source voltage exceeds VDRNCL and effectively shortens the MOSFET heating duration. 425353afe 16 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION The operation of the TIMER pin is somewhat complex as it handles several key functions. A capacitor CT is used at TIMER to provide timing for the LTC4253/LTC4253A. Four different charging and discharging modes are available at TIMER: 1. 5μA slow charge; initial timing delay. 2. (200μA + 8 • IDRN) fast charge; circuit breaker delay. 3. 5μA slow discharge; circuit breaker “cool-off.” 4. Low impedance switch; resets the TIMER capacitor after an initial timing delay, in UVLO, in UV and in OV during initial timing and when RESET is high. For initial timing delay, the 5μA pull-up is used. The low impedance switch is turned off and the 5μA current source is enabled when the interlock conditions are met. CT charges to 4V in a time period given by: 4V • CT t= 5μA (2) When CT reaches VTMRH ( 4V), the low impedance switch turns on and discharges CT. A GATE start-up cycle begins and both SS and GATE outputs are released. CIRCUIT BREAKER TIMER OPERATION If the SENSE pin detects more than 50mV drop across RS, the TIMER pin charges CT with (200μA + 8 • IDRN). If CT charges to 4V, the GATE pin pulls low and the LTC4253/ LTC4253A latch off. The LTC4253/LTC4253A remain latched off until the RESET pin is momentarily pulsed high, the UV pin is momentarily pulsed low, the TIMER pin is momentarily discharged low by an external switch or VIN dips below UVLO and is then restored. The circuit breaker timeout period is given by: t= 4V • CT 200μA + 8 •IDRN If VOUT < 5V, an internal PMOS isolates DRAIN pin leakage current and this makes IDRN = 0 in Equation (3). If VOUT is above VDRNCL during the circuit breaker fault period, the charging of CT is accelerated by 8 • IDRN of Equation (1). Intermittent overloads may exceed the 50mV threshold at SENSE but, if their duration is sufficiently short, TIMER will not reach 4V and the LTC4253/LTC4253A will not shut the external MOSFET off. To handle this situation, the TIMER discharges CT slowly with a 5μA pull-down whenever the SENSE voltage is less than 50mV. Therefore, any intermittent overload with VOUT < 5V and an aggregate duty cycle of more than 2.5% will eventually trip the circuit breaker and shut down the LTC4253/LTC4253A. Figure 4 shows the circuit breaker response time in seconds normalized to 1μF. The asymmetric charging and discharging of CT is a fair gauge of MOSFET heating. The normalized circuit response time is estimated by: 4 t = for D > 2.5% (4) CT (μF) ⎡⎣( 205 + 8 •IDRN ) • D − 5 ⎤⎦ 10 NORMALIZED RESPONSE TIME (s/μF) TIMER IDRN = 0μA 4 t = CT(μF) t*DRN t%o 1 0.1 0.01 0 20 40 60 80 FAULT DUTY CYCLE, D (%) 100 4253 F04 Figure 4. Circuit Breaker Response Time (3) 425353afe 17 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION POWER GOOD SEQUENCING After the initial TIMER cycle, GATE ramps up to turn on the external MOSFET which in turn pulls DRAIN low. When GATE is within 2.8V of VIN and DRAIN is lower than VDRNL, the power good sequence starts with PWRGD1 pulling active low. This starts off a 5μA pull-up on the SQTIMER pin which ramps up until it reaches the 4V threshold then pulls low. When the SQTIMER pin floats, this delay tSQT is about 300μs. Connecting an external capacitor CSQ from SQTIMER to VEE modifies the delay to: t SQT = 4V • CSQ 5μA (5) PWRGD2 asserts when EN2 goes high and PWRGD1 has asserted for more than one tSQT. When PWRGD2 successfully pulls low, SQTIMER ramps up on another delay cycle. PWRGD3 asserts when EN2 and EN3 go high and PWRGD2 has asserted for more than one tSQT. All three PWRGD signals are reset in UVLO, in UV condition, if RESET is high or when CT charges up to 4V. In addition, PWRGD2 is reset by EN2 going low. PWRGD3 is reset by EN2 or EN3 going low. An overvoltage condition has no effect on the PWRGD flags. A 50μA current pulls each PWRGD pin high when reset. As power modules signal common are different from PWRGD, optoisolation is recommended. These three pins can sink an optodiode current. Figure 17 shows an NPN configuration for the PWRGD interface. A limiting base resistor should be used for each NPN and the module enable input should have protection from negative bias current. SOFT-START Soft-start is effective in limiting the inrush current during GATE start-up. Unduly long soft-start intervals can exceed the MOSFET’s SOA duration if powering-up into an active load. When the SS pin floats, an internal current source ramps SS from 0V to 2.2V in about 300μs (0V to 1.4V in about 200μs for the LTC4253A). Connecting an external capacitor, CSS, from SS to ground modifies the ramp to approximate an RC response of: –t ⎞ ⎛ C R VSS (t) ≈ VSS ⎜ 1− e SS SS ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ (6) An internal resistor divider (95k/5k for the LTC4253 and 47.5k/2.5k for the LTC4253A) scales VSS(t) down by 20 times to give the analog current limit threshold: VACL (t) = VSS (t) – VOS 20 (7) This allows the inrush current to be limited to VACL(t)/RS. The offset voltage, VOS (10mV), ensures CSS is sufficiently discharged and the ACL amplifier is in current limit mode before GATE start-up. SS is discharged low during UVLO at VIN , UV, OV, during the initial timing cycle, a latched circuit breaker fault or the RESET pin going high. GATE GATE is pulled low to VEE under any of the following conditions: in UVLO, when RESET pulls high, in an undervoltage condition, in an overvoltage condition, during the initial timing cycle or a latched circuit breaker fault. When GATE turns on, a 50μA current source charges the MOSFET gate and any associated external capacitance. VIN limits the gate drive to no more than 14.5V. Gate-drain capacitance (CGD) feedthrough at the first abrupt application of power can cause a gate-source voltage sufficient to turn on the MOSFET. A unique circuit pulls GATE low with practically no usable voltage at VIN and eliminates current spikes at insertion. A large external gate-source capacitor is thus unnecessary for the purpose of compensating CGD. Instead, a smaller value (≥10nF) capacitor CC is adequate. CC also provides compensation for the analog current limit loop. GATE has two comparators: the GATE low comparator looks for <0.5V threshold prior to initial timing; the GATE high comparator looks for <2.8V relative to VIN and, together with DRAIN low comparator, sets PWRGD1 output during GATE start-up. 425353afe 18 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Sense The SENSE pin is monitored by the circuit breaker (CB) comparator, the analog current limit (ACL) amplifier, and the fast current limit (FCL) comparator. Each of these three measures the potential of SENSE relative to VEE. When SENSE exceeds 50mV, the CB comparator activates the 200μA TIMER pull-up. At 100mV (60mV for the LTC4253A) the ACL amplifier servos the MOSFET current, and at 200mV the FCL comparator abruptly pulls GATE low in an attempt to bring the MOSFET current under control. If any of these conditions persists long enough for TIMER to charge CT to 4V (see Equation 3), the LTC4253/LTC4253A shut down and pull GATE low. If the SENSE pin encounters a voltage greater than VACL, the ACL amplifier will servo GATE downwards in an attempt to control the MOSFET current. Since GATE overdrives the MOSFET in normal operation, the ACL amplifier needs time to discharge GATE to the threshold of the MOSFET. For a mild overload the ACL amplifier can control the MOSFET current, but in the event of a severe overload the current may overshoot. At SENSE = 200mV the FCL comparator takes over, quickly discharging the GATE pin to near VEE potential. FCL then releases, and the ACL amplifier takes over. All the while TIMER is running. The effect of FCL is to add a nonlinear response to the control loop in favor of reducing MOSFET current. Owing to inductive effects in the system, FCL typically overcorrects the current limit loop, and GATE undershoots. A zero in the loop (resistor RC in series with the gate capacitor) helps the ACL amplifier to recover. TIMER commences charging CT (trace 4) while the analog current limit loop maintains the fault current at 100mV/RS, which in this case is 5A (trace 2). Note that the backplane voltage (trace 1) sags under load. Timer pull-up is accelerated by VOUT. When CT reaches 4V, GATE turns off, the PWRGD signals pull high, the load current drops to zero and the backplane rings up to over 100V. The transient associated with the GATE turn-off can be controlled with a snubber to reduce ringing and a transient voltage suppressor (such as Diodes Inc. SMAT70A) to clip off large spikes. The choice of RC for the snubber is usually done experimentally. The value of the snubber capacitor is usually chosen between 10 to 100 times the MOSFET COSS. The value of the snubber resistor is typically between 3Ω to 100Ω. A low impedance short on one card may influence the behavior of others sharing the same backplane. The initial glitch and backplane sag as seen in Figure 5 trace 1, can rob charge from output capacitors on the adjacent card. When the faulty card shuts down, current flows in to refresh the capacitors. If LTC4253/LTC4253A are used by the other cards, they respond by limiting the inrush current to a value of VACL/RS. If CT is sized correctly, the capacitors will recharge long before CT times out. SUPPLY RING OWING TO CURRENT OVERSHOOT –48RTN 0.5ms 50V SENSE 0.5ms 200mV SHORT-CIRCUIT OPERATION Circuit behavior arising from a load side low impedance short is shown in Figure 5. Initially the current overshoots the analog current limit level of VSENSE = 200mV (trace 2) as the GATE pin works to bring VGS under control (trace 3). The overshoot glitches the backplane in the negative direction and when the current is reduced to 100mV/RS, the backplane responds by glitching in the positive direction. SUPPLY RING OWING TO MOSFET TURN-OFF GATE 0.5ms 10V TRACE 1 ONSET OF OUTPUT SHORT-CIRCUIT TRACE 2 FAST CURRENT LIMIT TRACE 3 ANALOG CURRENT LIMIT TIMER 0.5ms 5V CTIMER RAMP LATCH OFF TRACE 4 4253 F05 Figure 5. Output Short-Circuit Behavior of LTC4253 425353afe 19 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION MOSFET SELECTION The external MOSFET switch must have adequate safe operating area (SOA) to handle short-circuit conditions until TIMER times out. These considerations take precedence over DC current ratings. A MOSFET with adequate SOA for a given application can always handle the required current but the opposite may not be true. Consult the manufacturer’s MOSFET data sheet for safe operating area and effective transient thermal impedance curves. MOSFET selection is a 3-step process by assuming the absence of soft-start capacitor. First, RS is calculated and then the time required to charge the load capacitance is determined. This timing, along with the maximum shortcircuit current and maximum input voltage, defines an operating point that is checked against the MOSFET’s SOA curve. To begin a design, first specify the required load current and Ioad capacitance, IL and CL. The circuit breaker current trip point (VCB/RS) should be set to accommodate the maximum load current. Note that maximum input current to a DC/DC converter is expected at VSUPPLY(MIN). RS is given by: VCB(MIN) (8) RS = IL(MAX) where VCB(MIN) = 40mV (45mV for the LTC4253A) represents the guaranteed minimum circuit breaker threshold. During the initial charging process, the LTC4253/LTC4253A may operate the MOSFET in current limit, forcing (VACL) between 80mV to 120mV (VACL is 54mV to 66mV for the LTC4253A) across RS. The minimum inrush current is given by: VACL(MIN) IINRUSH(MIN) = (9) RS Maximum short-circuit current limit is calculated using the maximum VSENSE. This gives ISHORTCIRCUIT(MAX) = VACL(MAX) RS The TIMER capacitor CT must be selected based on the slowest expected charging rate; otherwise TIMER might time out before the load capacitor is fully charged. A value for CT is calculated based on the maximum time it takes the load capacitor to charge. That time is given by: tCL(CHARGE) = C • V CL • VSUPPLY(MAX) = I IINRUSH(MIN) (11) The maximum current flowing in the DRAIN pin is given by: IDRN(MAX) = VSUPPLY(MAX) − VDRNCL RD (12) Approximating a linear charging rate, IDRN drops from IDRN(MAX) to zero, the IDRN component in Equation (3) can be approximated with 0.5 • IDRN(MAX). Rearranging the equation, TIMER capacitor CT is given by: CT = tCL(CHARGE) • (200μA + 4 •IDRN(MAX) ) 4V (13) Returning to Equation (3), the TIMER period is calculated and used in conjunction with VSUPPLY(MAX) and ISHORTCIRCUIT(MAX) to check the SOA curves of a prospective MOSFET. As a numerical design example for the LTC4253, consider a 30W load, which requires 1A input current at 36V. If VSUPPLY(MAX) = 72V and CL = 100μF, RD = 1MΩ, Equation (8) gives RS = 40mΩ; Equation (13) gives CT = 414nF. To account for errors in RS, CT, TIMER current (200μA), TIMER threshold (4V), RD, DRAIN current multiplier and DRAIN voltage clamp (VDRNCL), the calculated value should be multiplied by 1.5, giving the nearest standard value of CT = 680nF. If a short-circuit occurs, a current of up to 120mV/40mΩ = 3A will flow in the MOSFET for 6.3ms as dictated by CT = 680nF in Equation (3). The MOSFET must be selected based on this criterion. The IRF530S can handle 100V and 3A for 10ms and is safe to use in this application. (10) 425353afe 20 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION where VCB(MAX) is 60mV (55mV for the LTC4253A). From the SOA curves of a prospective MOSFET, determine the time allowed, tSOA(MAX). CSS is given by: t SOA(MAX) CSS = for the LTC4253 0.916 • RSS (15) t SOA(MAX) CSS = for the LTC4253A 2.48 • RSS In the above example, 60mV/40mΩ gives 1.5A. tSOA for the IRF530S is 40ms. From Equation (15), CSS = 437nF. Actual board evaluation showed that CSS = 100nF was appropriate. The ratio ( RSS • CSS ) to tCL(CHARGE) is a good gauge as large ratios may result in the time-out period expiring prematurely. This gauge is determined empirically with board level evaluation. SUMMARY OF DESIGN FLOW To summarize the design flow, consider the application shown in Figure 3 for the LTC4253A. It was designed for 80W and CL = 100μF. Calculate maximum load current: 80W/43V = 1.86A; allowing for 83% converter efficiency, IIN(MAX) = 2.2A. Calculate RS: from Equation (8) RS = 20mΩ. Calculate I SHORT-CIRCUIT(MAX) : from Equation (10) ISHORTCIRCUIT(MAX) = 3.3A. Select a MOSFET that can handle 3.3A at 71V: IRF530S. Calculate CT: from Equation (13) CT = 302nF. Select CT = 680nF, which gives the circuit breaker time-out period tMAX = 5.9ms. Consult MOSFET SOA curves: the IRF530S can handle 3.3A at 100V for 8.3ms, so it is safe to use in this application. Calculate CSS: using Equations (14) and (15) select CSS = 33nF. FREQUENCY COMPENSATION The LTC4253 typical frequency compensation network for the analog current limit loop is a series RC (10Ω) and CC connected from GATE to VEE. Figure 6 depicts the relationship between the compensation capacitor CC and the MOSFET’s CISS. The line in Figure 6 is used to select a starting value for CC based upon the MOSFET’s CISS specification. Optimized values for CC are shown for several popular MOSFETs. Differences in the optimized value of CC versus the starting value are small. Nevertheless, compensation values should be verified by board level short-circuit testing. As seen in Figure 5, at the onset of a short-circuit event, the input supply voltage can ring dramatically due to series inductance. If this voltage avalanches the MOSFET, current continues to flow through the MOSFET to the output. The analog current limit loop cannot control this current flow and therefore the loop undershoots. This effect cannot be eliminated by frequency compensation. A Zener diode is required to clamp the input supply voltage and prevent MOSFET avalanche. 60 COMPENSATION CAPACITOR CC (nF) Computing the maximum soft-start capacitor value during soft-start to a load short is complicated by the nonlinear MOSFET’s SOA characteristics and the RSSCSS response. An overconservative but simple approach begins with the maximum circuit breaker current, given by: VCB(MAX) ICB(MAX) = (14) RS NTY100N10 50 40 IRF3710 30 20 IRF540 IRF530 IRF740 10 0 0 2000 6000 4000 MOSFET CISS (pF) 8000 4253 F06 Figure 6. Recommended Compensation Capacitor CC vs MOSFET CISS for the LTC4253 425353afe 21 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION SENSE RESISTOR CONSIDERATIONS For proper circuit breaker operation, Kelvin-sense PCB connections between the sense resistor and the LTC4253/ LTC4253A’s VEE and SENSE pins are strongly recommended. The drawing in Figure 7 illustrates the correct way of making connections between the LTC4253/LTC4253A and the sense resistor. PCB layout should be balanced and symmetrical to minimize wiring errors. In addition, the PCB layout for the sense resistor should include good thermal management techniques for optimal sense resistor power dissipation. CURRENT FLOW FROM LOAD CURRENT FLOW TO –48V BACKPLANE SENSE RESISTOR TRACK WIDTH W: 0.03" PER AMP ON 1 OZ COPPER W 4253 F07 TO SENSE TO VEE Figure 7. Making PCB Connections to the Sense Resistor TIMING WAVEFORMS System Power-Up Figure 8 details the timing waveforms for a typical powerup sequence in the case where a board is already installed in the backplane and system power is applied abruptly. At time point 1, the supply ramps up, together with UV/OV, VOUT and DRAIN. VIN and the PWRGD signals follow at a slower rate as set by the VIN bypass capacitor. At time point 2, VIN exceeds VLKO and the internal logic checks for UV > VUVHI (VUV for the LTC4253A), OV < VOVLO (VOV – VOVHST for the LTC4253A), RESET < 0.8V, GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB, SS < 20 • VOS, and TIMER < VTMRL. When all conditions are met, initial timing starts and the TIMER capacitor is charged by a 5μA current source pull-up. At time point 3, TIMER reaches the VTMRH threshold and the initial timing cycle terminates. The TIMER capacitor is quickly discharged. At time point 4, the VTMRL threshold is reached and the conditions of GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB and SS < 20 • VOS must be satisfied before the GATE start-up cycle begins. SS ramps up as dictated by RSS • CSS (as in Equation 6); GATE is held low by the analog current limit (ACL) amplifier until SS crosses 20 • VOS. Upon releasing GATE, 50μA sources into the external MOSFET gate and compensation network. When the GATE voltage reaches the MOSFET’s threshold, current flows into the load capacitor at time point 5. At time point 6, load current reaches SS control level and the analog current limit loop activates. Between time points 6 and 8, the GATE voltage is servoed, the SENSE voltage is regulated at VACL(t) (Equation 7) and soft-start limits the slew rate of the load current. If the SENSE voltage (VSENSE – VEE) reaches the VCB threshold at time point 7, circuit breaker TIMER activates. The TIMER capacitor, CT, is charged by a (200μA + 8 • IDRN) current pull-up. As the load capacitor nears full charge, load current begins to decline. At time point 8, the load current falls and the SENSE voltage drops below VACL(t). The analog current limit loop shuts off and the GATE pin ramps further. At time point 9, the SENSE voltage drops below VCB, the fault TIMER ends, followed by a 5μA discharge cycle (cool-off). The duration between time points 7 and 9 must be shorter than one circuit breaker delay to avoid fault time-out during GATE ramp-up. When GATE ramps past the VGATEH threshold at time point A, PWRGD1 pulls low. At time point B, GATE reaches its maximum voltage as determined by VIN. At time point A, SQTIMER starts its ramp-up to 4V. Having satisfied the requirement that PWRGD1 is low for more than one tSQT, PWRGD2 pulls low after EN2 pulls high above the VIH threshold at time point C. This sets off the second SQTIMER ramp-up. Having satisfied the requirement that PWRGD2 is low for more than one tSQT, PWRGD3 pulls low after EN3 pulls high at time point D. 425353afe 22 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION VIN CLEARS VLKO, CHECK UV > VUVHI (VUV FOR THE LTC4253A), OV < VOVLO (VOV – VOVHST FOR THE LTC4253A), RESET < 0.8V, GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB 44t7OS AND TIMER < VTMRL TIMER CLEARS VTMRL, CHECK GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB"/%44t7OS 1 2 3 4 56 7 89 A B C D GND – VEE OR (–48RTN) – (–48V) UV/OV VIN VLKO VTMRH " t*DRN 5μA TIMER 5μA VTMRL 50μA GATE SS VIN – VGATEH 50μA VGATEL 5μA t 7ACL + VOS) t 7CB + VOS) t7OS VACL SENSE VCB VOUT VDRNCL DRAIN VDRNL 50μA PWRGD1 PWRGD2 PWRGD3 VSQTMRH 5μA SQTIMER VSQTMRH 5μA VIH EN2 VIH EN3 INITIAL TIMING GATE START-UP 4253 F08 Figure 8. System Power-Up Timing (All Waveforms Are Referenced to VEE) 425353afe 23 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Live Insertion with Short Pin Control of UV/OV connections are firmly established before the LTC4253/ LTC4253A are activated. At time point 1, the power pins make contact and VIN ramps through VLKO. At time point 2, the UV/OV divider makes contact and its voltage exceeds In the example shown in Figure 9, power is delivered through long connector pins whereas the UV/OV divider makes contact through a short pin. This ensures the power UV CLEARS VUVHI (VUV FOR THE LTC4253A), CHECK OV < VOVHI (VOV FOR THE LTC4253A), RESET < 0.8V, GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB 44t7OS AND TIMER < VTMRL TIMER CLEARS VTMRL, CHECK GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB"/%44t7OS 1 2 3 456 7 89 A B C D GND – VEE OR (–48RTN) – (–48V) UV/OV VUVHI VIN VLKO VTMRH " t*DRN 5μA TIMER 5μA VTMRL 50μA GATE SS 50μA VGATEL 5μA VIN – VGATEH t 7ACL + VOS) t 7CB + VOS) t7OS VACL VCB SENSE VOUT VDRNCL DRAIN VDRNL 50μA PWRGD1 PWRGD2 PWRGD3 VSQTMRH 5μA SQTIMER 5μA VSQTMRL VSQTMRH VSQTMRL EN2 EN3 INITIAL TIMING GATE START-UP 4253 F09 Figure 9. Power-Up Timing with a Short Pin (All Waveforms Are Referenced to VEE) 425353afe 24 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION VUVHI (VUV for the LTC4253A). In addition, the internal logic checks for OV < VOVHI (VOV for the LTC4253A), RESET < 0.8V, GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB, SS < 20 • VOS and TIMER < VTMRL. When all conditions are met, initial timing starts and the TIMER capacitor is charged by a 5μA current source pull-up. At time point 3, TIMER reaches the VTMRH threshold and the initial timing cycle terminates. The TIMER capacitor is quickly discharged. At time point 4, the VTMRL threshold is reached and the conditions of GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB and SS < 20 • VOS must be satisfied before the GATE start-up cycle begins. SS ramps up as dictated by RSS • CSS; GATE is held low by the analog current limit amplifier until SS crosses 20 • VOS. Upon releasing GATE, 50μA sources into the external MOSFET gate and compensation network. When the GATE voltage reaches the MOSFET’s threshold, current begins flowing into the load capacitor at time point 5. At time point 6, load current reaches SS control level and the analog current limit loop activates. Between time points 6 and 8, the GATE voltage is servoed and the SENSE voltage is regulated at VACL(t) and soft-start limits the slew rate of the load current. If the SENSE voltage (VSENSE – VEE) reaches the VCB threshold at time point 7, the circuit breaker TIMER activates. The TIMER capacitor, CT is charged by a (200μA + 8 • IDRN) current pull-up. As the load capacitor nears full charge, load current begins to decline. At point 8, the load current falls and the SENSE voltage drops below VACL(t). The analog current limit loop shuts off and the GATE pin ramps further. At time point 9, the SENSE voltage drops below VCB and the fault TIMER ends, followed by a 5μA discharge current source (cool-off). When GATE ramps past VGATEH threshold at time point A, PWRGD1 pulls low, starting off the PWRGD sequence. PWRGD2 pulls low at time point C when EN2 is high and PWRGD1 is low for more than one tSQT. PWRGD3 pulls low at time point D when EN2 and EN3 is high and PWRGD2 is low for more than one tSQT. At time point B, GATE reaches its maximum voltage as determined by VIN. Undervoltage Timing In Figure 10 when the UV pin drops below VUVLO (VUV – VUVHST for the LTC4253A) at time point 1, the LTC4253/ LTC4253A shut down with TIMER, SS and GATE pulled low. If current has been flowing, the SENSE pin voltage decreases to zero as GATE collapses. When UV recovers and clears VUVHI (VUV for the LTC4253A) at time point 2, an initial time cycle begins followed by a start-up cycle. VIN Undervoltage Lockout Timing VIN undervoltage lockout comparator, UVLO has a similar timing behavior as the UV pin timing except it looks at VIN < (VLKO – VLKH) to shut down and VIN > VLKO to start. In an undervoltage lockout condition, both UV and OV comparators are held off. When VIN exits undervoltage lockout, the UV and OV comparators are enabled. Overvoltage Timing During normal operation, if the OV pin exceeds VOVHI (VOV for the LTC4253A) as shown at time point 1 of Figure 11, the TIMER and PWRGD status are unaffected; SS and GATE pull down; load disconnects. At time point 2, OV recovers and drops below the VOVLO (VOV – VOVHST for the LTC4253A) threshold; GATE start-up begins. If the overvoltage glitch is long enough to deplete the load capacitor, time points 4 through 7 may occur. Circuit Breaker Timing In Figure 12a, the TIMER capacitor charges at 200μA if the SENSE pin exceeds VCB but VDRN is less than 5V. If the SENSE pin returns below VCB before TIMER reaches the VTMRH threshold, TIMER is discharged by 5μA. In Figure 12b, when TIMER exceeds VTMRH, GATE pulls down immediately and the chip shuts down. In Figure 12c, multiple momentary faults cause the TIMER capacitor to integrate and reach VTMRH followed by GATE pull down and the chip shuts down. During chip shutdown, the LTC4253/LTC4253A latch TIMER high with a 5μA pull-up current source. 425353afe 25 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION UV DROPS BELOW VUVLO (VUV – VUVHST FOR THE LTC4253A). GATE, SS AND TIMER ARE PULLED DOWN, PWRGD RELEASES UV CLEARS VUVHI (VUV FOR THE LTC4253A), CHECK OV CONDITION, RESET < 0.8V, GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB 44t7OS AND TIMER < VTMRL TIMER CLEARS VTMRL, CHECK GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB"/%44t7OS 1 UV 2 VUVLO 3 4 56 89 A B C VTMRH " t*DRN 5μA VTMRL 5μA 50μA GATE SS D VUVHI 5μA TIMER 7 VIN – VGATEH 50μA VGATEL t 7ACL + VOS) t 7CB + VOS) t7OS VACL SENSE VCB VDRNCL DRAIN VDRNL 50μA PWRGD1 PWRGD2 PWRGD3 VSQTMRH 5μA SQTIMER VSQTMRL 5μA VSQTMRH VSQTMRL EN2 EN3 INITIAL TIMING GATE START-UP 4253 F10 Figure 10. Undervoltage Timing (All Waveforms Are Referenced to VEE) 425353afe 26 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION OV OVERSHOOTS VOVHI (VOV FOR THE LTC4253A). GATE AND SS ARE PULLED DOWN, PWRGD SIGNALS AND TIMER ARE UNAFFECTED OV DROPS BELOW VOVLO (VOV – VOVHST FOR THE LTC4253A), CHECK GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB"/%44t7OS 1 2 34 VOVHI OV 5 67 8 9 VOVLO VTMRH " t*DRN TIMER 5μA 5μA 50μA GATE VGATEL VIN – VGATEH 50μA t 7ACL + VOS) t 7CB + VOS) SS t7OS VACL VCB SENSE GATE START-UP 4253 F11 Figure 11. Overvoltage Timing (All Waveforms Are Referenced to VEE) CB TIMES-OUT 1 2 VTMRH " t*DRN TIMER 5μA 1 VTMRH " t*DRN TIMER CB TIMES-OUT 2 1 2 3 VTMRH " t*DRN TIMER 5μA GATE GATE GATE SS SS SS SENSE VACL VACL VCB VCB SENSE VACL VCB SENSE VOUT VOUT DRAIN DRAIN VOUT DRAIN PWRGD1 PWRGD1 PWRGD1 VDRNCL CB FAULT VDRNCL CB FAULT (12a) Momentary Circuit Breaker Fault 4 (12b) Circuit Breaker Time-Out CB FAULT CB FAULT 4253 F12 (12c) Multiple Circuit Breaker Fault Figure 12. Circuit Breaker Timing Behavior (All Waveforms Are Referenced to VEE) 425353afe 27 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Resetting a Fault Latch A latched circuit breaker fault of the LTC4253/LTC4253A has the benefit of a long cooling time. The latched fault can be reset by pulsing the RESET pin high until the TIMER pin is pulled below VTMRL(1V) as shown in Figure 13b. After the RESET pulse, SS and GATE ramp up without an initial timing cycle provided the interlock conditions are satisfied. Alternative methods of reset include using an external switch to pulse the UV pin below VUVLO (VUV – VUVHST for the LTC4253A) or the VIN pin below (VLKO – VLKH). Pulling the TIMER pin below VTMRL and the SS pin to 0V then simultaneously releasing them also achieves a reset. An initial timing cycle is generated for reset by pulsing the UV pin or VIN pin, while no initial timing cycle is generated for reset by pulsing of the TIMER and SS pins. Using Reset as an ON/OFF Switch The asynchronous RESET pin can be used as an ON/OFF function to cut off supply to the external power modules or loads controlled by the LTC4253/LTC4253A. Pulling RESET high will pull GATE, SS, TIMER and SQTIMER low and the PWRGD signal high. The supply is fully cut off if the RESET pulse is maintained wide enough to fully discharge the GATE and SS pins. As long as RESET is high, GATE, SS, TIMER and SQTIMER are strapped to VEE and the supply is cut off. When RESET is released, if the LTC4253/LTC4253A are in UVLO, UV, OV or VSENSE > VCB, turn-on is delayed until the interlock conditions are met before recovering as described in the Operation, Interlock Conditions section. If not, the GATE pin will ramp up in a soft start cycle without going through an initial cycle as in Figure 13c. Analog Current Limit and Fast Current Limit In Figure 14a, when SENSE exceeds VACL, GATE is regulated by the analog current limit amplifier loop. When SENSE drops below VACL, GATE is allowed to pull up. In Figure 14b, when a severe fault occurs, SENSE exceeds VFCL and GATE immediately pulls down until the analog current amplifier establishes control. If the severe fault causes VOUT to exceed VDRNCL, the DRAIN pin is clamped at VDRNCL. IDRN flows into the DRAIN pin and is multiplied by 8. This extra current is added to the TIMER pull-up current of 200μA. This accelerated TIMER current of (200μA + 8 • IDRN) produces a shorter circuit breaker fault delay. Careful selection of CT, RD and MOSFET helps prevent SOA damage in a low impedance fault condition. Soft-Start If the SS pin is not connected, this pin defaults to a linear voltage ramp, from 0V to 2.2V in about 300μs (0V to 1.4V in about 200μs for the LTC4253A) at GATE start-up, as shown in Figure 15a. If a soft-start capacitor, CSS, is connected to this SS pin, the soft-start response is modified from a linear ramp to an RC response (Equation 6), as shown in Figure 15b. This feature allows load current to slowly ramp-up at GATE start-up. Soft-start is initiated at time point 3 by a TIMER transition from VTMRH to VTMRL (time points 1 and 2), by the OV pin falling below the VOVLO (VOV – VOVHST for the LTC4253A) threshold after an OV condition or by the RESET pin falling < 0.8V after a Reset condition. When the SS pin is below 0.2V, the analog current limit amplifier keeps GATE low. Above 0.2V, GATE is released and 50μA ramps up the compensation network and GATE capacitance at time point 4. Meanwhile, the SS pin voltage continues to ramp up. When GATE reaches the MOSFET’s threshold, the MOSFET begins to conduct. Due to the MOSFET’s high gm, the MOSFET current quickly reaches the soft-start control value of VACL(t) (Equation 7). At time point 6, the GATE voltage is controlled by the current limit amplifier. The soft-start control voltage reaches the circuit breaker voltage, VCB at time point 7 and the circuit breaker TIMER activates. As the load capacitor nears full charge, load current begins to decline below VACL(t). The current limit loop shuts off and GATE releases at time point 8. At time point 9, SENSE voltage falls below VCB and TIMER deactivates. Large values of CSS can cause premature circuit breaker time-out as VACL(t) may marginally exceed the VCB potential during the circuit breaker delay. The load capacitor is unable to achieve full charge in one GATE start-up cycle. A more serious side effect of a large CSS value is that SOA duration may be exceeded during soft-start into a low impedance load. A soft-start voltage below VCB will not activate the circuit breaker TIMER. 425353afe 28 50μA VIL 67 8 9 50μA " t*DRN 5 VIN – VGATEH 5μA 5μA SS GATE TIMER DRAIN RESET VIL (13a) Reset Forcing Start-Up without Initial TIMER Cycle VUVHI RESET PULSE WIDTH MUST FULLY DISCHARGE TIMER VIH VUVHI RESET UV/OV Figure 13. Reset Functions (All Waveforms Are Referenced to VEE) (13b) Reset of the LTC4253/LTC4253A’s Latched Fault RESET UV/OV VIN VLKO 50μA VDRNCL VDRNL VIN VLKO DRAIN SENSE VIN VDRNL VDRNCL VCB VCB SENSE VACL VACL PWRGD1 50μA t7OS PWRGD1 UV/OV 1 VGATEL VTMRL 50μA VIL 50μA 67 8 9 VDRNL VDRNCL VCB VACL VIN – VGATEH 5μA (13c) Reset as an ON/OFF Switch RESET PULSE WIDTH MUST FULLY DISCHARGE GATE AND SS VIH VUVHI VLKO 50μA t7OS 5 " t*DRN 2 34 t 7CB + VOS) VGATEL VTMRL 2 34 t 7ACL + VOS) SS GATE TIMER VTMRH t 7CB + VOS) t7OS 5μA 1 t 7ACL + VOS) VIN – VGATEH 5μA 5μA RESET < VIL, CHECK UVLO, UV, OV CONDITION, VSENSE < VCB t 7CB + VOS) 50μA 50μA " t*DRN 56 7 8 RESET < VIL, CHECK UVLO, UV, OV CONDITION, GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB 44t7OS AND TIMER < VTMRL t 7ACL + VOS) VGATEL VTMRL 4 LATCHED TIMER RESET BY RESET PULLING HIGH PWRGD1 DRAIN SENSE SS GATE TIMER 1 23 RESET < VIL, CHECK UVLO, UV, OV CONDITION, GATE < VGATEL, SENSE < VCB 44t7OS AND TIMER < VTMRL 4253 F13 5μA LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 425353afe 29 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION CB TIMES-OUT 12 34 1 VTMRH " t*DRN TIMER 2 VTMRH " t*DRN TIMER 5μA GATE GATE SS VACL SENSE VFCL SENSE VCB VACL VCB VOUT VOUT VDRNCL DRAIN DRAIN PWRGD1 PWRGD1 4253 F14 (14a) Analog Current Limit Fault (14b) Fast Current Limit Fault Figure 14. Current Limit Behavior (All Waveforms Are Referenced to VEE) END OF INITIAL TIMING CYCLE 12 3 4 5 6 7 7a END OF INITIAL TIMING CYCLE 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 VTMRH 5μA " t*DRN TIMER 7 8 9 VTMRL 50μA GATE 50μA VIN – VGATEH GATE VIN – VGATEH VGS(th) 50μA t 7ACL + VOS) SS 11 5μA " t*DRN TIMER VTMRL VGS(th) 10 VTMRH 50μA t 7ACL + VOS) SS t 7CB + VOS) t7OS t 7CB + VOS) t7OS VACL SENSE VCB VACL SENSE VCB VDRNCL DRAIN VDRNL VDRNCL DRAIN VDRNL 50μA PWRGD1 50μA PWRGD1 4253 F15 (15a) Without External CSS (15b) With External CSS Figure 15. Soft-Start Timing (All Waveforms Are Referenced to VEE) 425353afe 30 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Power Limit Circuit Breaker Figure 16 shows the LTC4253A in a power limit circuit breaking application. The SENSE pin is modulated by board voltage VSUPPLY. The D1 Zener voltage, VZ, is set to be the same as the lowest operating voltage, VSUPPLY(MIN) = 43V. If the goal is to have the high supply operating voltage, VSUPPLY(MAX) = 71V give the same power as available at VSUPPLY(MIN), then resistors R3 and R4 are selected by: VCB R4 = R3 VSUPPLY(MAX) (16) RIN 2.5k 15k(1/4W)/6 – 48V RTN (LONG PIN) VIN CIN 1μF DIN†† DDZ13B* SUPPLY(MIN) + VSUPPLY(MAX) 2 (17) •POWER AT VSUPPLY(MIN) = 1.064 • POWER AT VSUPPLY(MIN) when VSUPPLY = 0.5 • (VSUPPLY(MIN) + VSUPPLY(MAX)) = 57V R3 31.6k C2 100μF R5 5.6k ) 4 • VSUPPLY(MIN) • VSUPPLY(MAX) R6 5.6k + C3 0.1μF R7 5.6k POWER MODULE 1 POWER MODULE 2 D1 BZV85C43 EN POWER MODULE 3 EN VIN R2 392k 1% † † † LTC4253A RESET (LONG PIN) OV PWRGD1 UV PWRGD2 RESET PWRGD3 C1 10nF CSS 33nF EN2 SS CSQ 0.1μF EN2 VIN RD 1M R9 DRAIN TIMER GATE Q1 IRF530S VIN RS 0.02Ω † R8 SENSE VEE CT 0.68μF POWER MODULE 2 OUTPUT EN3 EN3 SQTIMER – 48V (LONG PIN) (V POWER(MAX) = EN – 48V RTN (SHORT PIN) R1 30.1k 1% If R4 is 22Ω, then R3 is 31.6k. The peak circuit breaker power limit is: R4 22 RC 10Ω POWER MODULE 1 OUTPUT † 4253 F16 CC 10nF *DIODES, INC. Figure 16. Power Limit Circuit Breaker Application †MOC207 †† RECOMMENDED FOR HARSH ENVIRONMENTS. 425353afe 31 LTC4253/LTC4253A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION The peak power at the fault current limit occurs at the supply overvoltage threshold. The fault current limited power is: POWER(FAULT) = ( VSUPPLY ) • ⎡ V RS ⎢ ⎣ ACL − (VSUPPLY − VZ ) • R4 ⎤ R3 ⎥⎦ (18) Circuit Breaker with Foldback Current Limit Figure 17 shows the LTC4253A in a foldback current limit application. When VOUT is shorted to the –48V RTN supply, current flows through resistors R3 and R4. This results in a voltage drop across R4 and a corresponding reduction in voltage drop across the sense resistor, RS, as the ACL amplifier servos the sense voltage between the SENSE and VEE pins to about 60mV. The short-circuit current through RS reduces as the VOUT voltage increases during an output short-circuit condition. Without foldback current limiting resistor R4, the current is limited to 3A during analog current limit. With R4, the short-circuit current is limited to 0.5A when VOUT is shorted to 71V. PACKAGE DESCRIPTION Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. GN Package 16-Lead Plastic SSOP (Narrow .150 Inch) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1641) .189 – .196* (4.801 – 4.978) .045 ±.005 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 .254 MIN .009 (0.229) REF .150 – .165 .229 – .244 (5.817 – 6.198) .0165 ±.0015 .150 – .157** (3.810 – 3.988) .0250 BSC RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 1 .015 ±.004 w 45s (0.38 ±0.10) .007 – .0098 (0.178 – 0.249) .0532 – .0688 (1.35 – 1.75) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .004 – .0098 (0.102 – 0.249) 0° – 8° TYP .016 – .050 (0.406 – 1.270) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCHES INCHES 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (MILLIMETERS) .008 – .012 (0.203 – 0.305) TYP .0250 (0.635) BSC GN16 (SSOP) 0204 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE *DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006" (0.152mm) PER SIDE **DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010" (0.254mm) PER SIDE 425353afe 32 LTC4253/LTC4253A REVISION HISTORY REV DATE DESCRIPTION D 2/11 Obsoleted LTC4253A (Revision history begins at Rev D) PAGE NUMBER Revised Application drawings E 3/12 2 12, 14, 15, 21, 25 to 32, 34 Replaced Shunt Regulator section 14 Not recommended for new designs 1 425353afe Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 33 LTC4253/LTC4253A TYPICAL APPLICATION + RIN 10k 20k(1/4W)/2 – 48V RTN (LONG PIN) VIN CIN 1μF – 48V RTN (SHORT PIN) R6 100k R7 100k C3 0.1μF POWER MODULE 1 EN VIN EN2 EN3 R2 392k 1% RESET (LONG PIN) OV PWRGD1 UV PWRGD2 RESET PWRGD3 C1 10nF DIN†† DDZ13B* LTC4253A CSQ 0.1μF † RD 3.3M 4253 F17 VOUT TIMER Q1 IRF530S GATE SENSE VEE CT 1μF – 48V (LONG PIN) EN † R3 38.3k SQTIMER POWER MODULE 3 † SS R8 47k POWER MODULE 2 EN DRAIN CSS 33nF R1 30.1k 1% R5 100k C2 100μF R4 22Ω RC 10Ω CC 10nF RS 0.02Ω *DIODES, INC. †FMMT493 ††RECOMMENDED FOR HARSH ENVIRONMENTS. Figure 17. –48V/2.5A Application with Foldback Current Limiting and Transistor Enabled Sequencing without Feedback RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT1640AH/LT1640AL Negative High Voltage Hot Swap Controllers in SO-8 Negative High Voltage Supplies from –10V to –80V LT1641-1/LT1641-2 Positive High Voltage Hot Swap Controllers in SO-8 Supplies from 9V to 80V, Autoretry/Latched Off LTC1642A Fault Protected Hot Swap Controller 3V to 16.5V, Overvoltage Protection up to 33V LT4250 –48V Hot Swap Controller Active Current Limiting, Supplies from –20V to –80V LTC4251/LTC4251-1/ LTC4251-2 –48V Hot Swap Controllers in SOT-23 Fast Active Current Limiting, Supplies from –15V LTC4252-1/LTC4252-2 LTC4252A-1/LTC4252A-2 –48V Hot Swap Controllers in MS8/MS10 Fast Active Current Limiting, Supplies from –15V, Drain Accelerated Response, 1% Accurate UV/OV Thresholds 425353afe 34 Linear Technology Corporation LT 0312 REV E • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2002