MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. MIC4423/4424/4425 Dual 3A-Peak Low-Side MOSFET Driver Bipolar/CMOS/DMOS Process General Description Features The MIC4423/4424/4425 family are highly reliable BiCMOS/ DMOS buffer/driver/MOSFET drivers. They are higher output current versions of the MIC4426/4427/4428, which are improved versions of the MIC426/427/428. All three families are pin-compatible. The MIC4423/4424/4425 drivers are capable of giving reliable service in more demanding electrical environments than their predecessors. They will not latch under any conditions within their power and voltage ratings. They can survive up to 5V of noise spiking, of either polarity, on the ground pin. They can accept, without either damage or logic upset, up to half an amp of reverse current (either polarity) forced back into their outputs. • • • • • • • • • • • • The MIC4423/4424/4425 series drivers are easier to use, more flexible in operation, and more forgiving than other CMOS or bipolar drivers currently available. Their BiCMOS/DMOS construction dissipates minimum power and provides rail-torail voltage swings. • • • • Reliable, low-power bipolar/CMOS/DMOS construction Latch-up protected to >500mA reverse current Logic input withstands swing to –5V High 3A-peak output current Wide 4.5V to 18V operating range Drives 1800pF capacitance in 25ns Short <40ns typical delay time Delay times consistent with in supply voltage change Matched rise and fall times TTL logic input independent of supply voltage Low equivalent 6pF input capacitance Low supply current 3.5mA with logic-1 input 350µA with logic-0 input Low 3.5Ω typical output impedance Output voltage swings within 25mV of ground or VS. ‘426/7/8-, ‘1426/7/8-, ‘4426/7/8-compatible pinout Inverting, noninverting, and differential configurations Primarily intended for driving power MOSFETs, the MIC4423/4424/4425 drivers are suitable for driving other loads (capacitive, resistive, or inductive) which require low-impedance, high peak currents, and fast switching times. Heavily loaded clock lines, coaxial cables, or piezoelectric transducers are some examples. The only known limitation on loading is that total power dissipated in the driver must be kept within the maximum power dissipation limits of the package. Note: See MIC4123/4124/4125 for high power and narrow pulse applications. Functional Diagram VS 0.1mA 0.6mA Integrated Component Count: 4 Resistors 4 Capacitors 52 Transistors IN V E R T I N G OUTA INA 2kΩ NONINVERTING 0.1mA 0.6mA IN V E R T I N G OUTB INB 2kΩ NONINVERTING GND Ground Unused Inputs Micrel, Inc. • 2180 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel + 1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 • http://www.micrel.com July 2005 1 MIC4423/4424/4425 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. Ordering Information Part Number Temperatre Range Package Configuration Standard Pb-Free MIC4423CWM MIC4423ZWM 0°C to +70°C 16-pin Wide SOIC Dual Inverting MIC4423BWM MIC4423YWM –40°C to +85°C 16-pin Wide SOIC Dual Inverting MIC4423BM MIC4423YM –40°C to +85°C 8-pin SOIC Dual Inverting MIC4423CN MIC4423ZN 0°C to +70°C 8-pin Plastic DIP Dual Inverting MIC4423BN MIC4423YN –40°C to +85°C 8-pin Plastic DIP Dual Inverting MIC4424CWM MIC4424ZWM 0°C to +70°C 16-pin Wide SOIC Dual Non-Inverting MIC4424BWM MIC4424YWM –40°C to +85°C 16-pin Wide SOIC Dual Non-Inverting MIC4424BM MIC4424YM –40°C to +85°C 8-pin SOIC Dual Non-Inverting MIC4424CN MIC4424ZN 0°C to +70°C 8-pin Plastic DIP Dual Non-Inverting MIC4424BN MIC4424YN –40°C to +85°C 8-pin Plastic DIP Dual Non-Inverting MIC4425CWM MIC4425ZWM 0°C to +70°C 16-pin Wide SOIC Inverting + Non-Inverting MIC4425BWM MIC4425YWM –40°C to +85°C 16-pin Wide SOIC Inverting + Non-Inverting MIC4425BM MIC4425YM –40°C to +85°C 8-pin SOIC Inverting + Non-Inverting MIC4425CN Contact Factory 0°C to +70°C 8-pin Plastic DIP Inverting + Non-Inverting MIC4425BN MIC4425YN –40°C to +85°C 8-pin Plastic DIP Inverting + Non-Inverting Pin Configuration Driver Configuration MIC4423xN/M NC 1 MIC4423xWM 8 NC INA 2 7 OUTA GND 3 6 VS INB 4 5 OUTB INA 2 WM Package Note: Duplicate GND, VS, OUTA, INB 4 and OUTB pins must be externally connected together. 8-pin DIP (N) 8-pin SOIC (M) A 7 OUTA INA 2 A B 5 OUTB INB 7 B MIC4424xN/M NC 1 16 N C INA 2 15 OUTA NC 3 14 OUTA GND 4 13 V S GND 5 12 V S NC 6 11 O U T B INB 7 10 O U T B A 7 OUTA INA 2 A INB 4 B 5 OUTB INB 7 B 10 OUTB 11 OUTB 14 OUTA 15 OUTA 10 OUTB 11 OUTB MIC4423xWM INA 2 A 7 OUTA INA 2 A INB 4 B 5 OUTB INB 7 B 9 NC NC 8 15 OUTA MIC4423xWM INA 2 MIC4425xN/M 14 OUTA 16-pin Wide SOIC (WM) 14 OUTA 15 OUTA 10 OUTB 11 OUTB Pin Description Pin Number DIP, SOIC Pin Number Wide SOIC Pin Name Pin Function 2/4 2/7 INA/B Control Input 3 4, 5 GND Ground: Duplicate pins must be externally connected together. 6 12, 13 VS 7/5 14, 15 / 10, 11 OUTA/B 1, 8 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 16 NC MIC4423/4424/4425 Supply Input: Duplicate pins must be externally connected together. Output: Duplicate pins must be externally connected together. not connected 2 July 2005 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) Operating Ratings (Note 2) Supply Voltage ........................................................... +22V Input Voltage .................................. VS + 0.3V to GND – 5V Junction Temperature ................................................150°C Storage Temperature Range ......................–65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (10 sec.) ......................................300°C ESD Susceptability, Note 3 ..................................... 1000V Supply Voltage (VS) ......................................+4.5V to +18V Temperature Range C Version ....................................................0°C to +70°C B Version ................................................–40°C to +85°C Package Thermal Resistance DIP θJA ............................................................. 130°C/W DIP θJC ............................................................... 42°C/W Wide-SOIC θJA ................................................. 120°C/W Wide-SOIC θJC ................................................... 75°C/W SOIC θJA ........................................................... 120°C/W SOIC θJC ............................................................ 75°C/W MIC4423/4424/4425 Electrical Characteristics (Note 5) 4.5V ≤ VS ≤ 18V; TA = 25°C, bold values indicate –40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C; unless noted. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Input VIH Logic 1 Input Voltage VIL Logic 0 Input Voltage IIN Input Current 2.4 0V ≤ VIN ≤ VS V –1 –10 0.8 V 1 10 µA µA Output VOH High Output Voltage VOL Low Output Voltage RO Output Resistance HI State Output Resistance LO State IPK Peak Output Current I Latch-Up Protection Withstand Reverse Current VS–0.025 V 0.025 V IOUT = 10mA, VS = 18V 2.8 5 Ω VIN = 0.8V, IOUT = 10mA, VS = 18V 3.7 8 Ω IOUT = 10mA, VS = 18V 3.5 5 Ω VIN = 2.4V, IOUT = 10mA, VS = 18V 4.3 8 Ω 3 A >500 mA Switching Time (Note 4) tR Rise Time test Figure 1, CL = 1800pF 23 28 35 60 ns ns tF Fall Time test Figure 1, CL = 1800pF 25 32 35 60 ns ns tD1 Delay Tlme test Ffigure 1, CL = 1800pF 33 32 75 100 ns ns tD2 Delay Time test Figure 1, CL = 1800pF 38 38 75 100 ns ns tPW Pulse Width test Figure 1 IS Power Supply Current VIN = 3.0V (both inputs) 1.5 2 2.5 3.5 mA mA IS Power Supply Current VIN = 0.0V (both inputs) 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 mA mA 400 ns Power Supply Note 1. Note 2. Note 3. Note 4. Note 5. Exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating rating. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precautions recommended. ESD tested to human body model, 1.5k in series with 100pF. Switching times guaranteed by design. Specification for packaged product only. July 2005 3 MIC4423/4424/4425 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. Test Circuit VS = 18V VS = 18V 0.1µF A INA MIC4423 B INB INPUT 5V 90% 0.1µF OUTA 1800pF INA OUTB 1800pF INB tD1 tP W tF tD2 INPUT tR 4.7µF OUTA 1800pF OUTB 1800pF B 5V 90% 2.5V tP W ≥ 0.5µs 10% 0V VS 90% tD1 tP W tR tD2 tF O U TPU T O U TPU T 10% 0V 10% 0V Figure 1b. Noninverting Driver Switching Time Figure 1a. Inverting Driver Switching Time MIC4423/4424/4425 A MIC4424 2.5V tP W ≥ 0.5µs 10% 0V VS 90% 4.7µF 4 July 2005 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. Typical Characteristic Curves 100 3300pF 60 80 1800pF 2200pF 40 20 10 12 14 VSUPPLY (V) 1000 CLOAD (pF) 500kHz 20kHz 100kHz Supply Current vs. Frequency 10000 ISUPPLY (mA) 100 VSUPPLY = 12V 90 80 10000pF 70 60 50 1000pF 40 100pF 3300pF 30 20 10 0 10 100 1000 FREQUENCY (kHz) July 2005 Rise and Fall Time vs. Temperature VS = 18V CLOAD = 1800pF T R 1000 CLOAD (pF) 10000 Propagation Delay vs. Input Amplitude 50 VS = 18V CLOAD = 1800pF 40 TF TD2 30 TD1 20 10 Supply Current vs. Frequency VSUPPLY = 18V 1000 CLOAD (pF) 0 100 18 0 -75 -30 15 60 105 150 JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (˚C) 10000 Supply Current vs. Capacitive Load 40 30 20 10 0 100 16 10 18V 50 10 12 14 VSUPPLY (V) 100 VSUPPLY = 18V 90 80 10000pF 70 60 50 1000pF 3300pF 40 100pF 30 20 10 0 10 100 1000 FREQUENCY (kHz) ISUPPLY (mA) 90 80 70 60 8 20 40 0 100 6 TIME (ns) 30 12V 20 4 40 5V 60 100 0 18 Supply Current vs. Capacitive Load 100 V = 5V 90 SUPPLY 80 70 60 2MHz 50 40 30 100kHz 500kHz 20 10 0 100 1000 10000 CLOAD (pF) ISUPPLY (mA) TFALL (ns) 80 ISUPPLY (mA) 16 T (ns) 8 Fall Time vs. Capacitive Load 100 18V 470pF 5 0 100 ISUPPLY (mA) 6 12V 40 90 80 70 60 0 2 4 6 8 INPUT (V) 10 12 Supply Current vs. Capacitive Load VSUPPLY = 12V 2MHz 500kHz 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 20kHz 100kHz 1000 CLOAD (pF) 10000 Supply Current vs. Frequency 100 VSUPPLY = 5V 90 80 70 60 ISUPPLY (mA) 4 5V 60 20 470pF 0 1000pF 2200pF 40 20 80 1800pF 3300pF 60 1000pF Rise Time vs. Capacitive Load 100 4700pF TFALL (ns) TRISE (ns) 100 4700pF 80 Fall Time vs. Supply Voltage TRISE (ns) Rise Time vs. Supply Voltage 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 10000pF 4700pF 2200pF 1000pF 100pF 100 FREQUENCY (kHz) 1000 MIC4423/4424/4425 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. 60 60 CLOAD = 2200 pF 50 30 TD1 20 Quiescent Sypply Current vs. Voltage TJ = 25˚C BOTH INPUTS = 1 1 BOTH INPUTS = 0 0.1 10 4 6 8 10 12 14 VSUPPLY (V) 16 0 -55 18 Quiescent Current vs. Temperature 6 VS = 10V 1.0 INPUTS = 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 INPUTS = 0 0.2 0 -55 -25 5 35 65 95 TEMPERATURE (˚C) MIC4423/4424/4425 125 -25 5 35 65 95 TEMPERATURE (˚C) 125 0.01 Output Resistance (Output High) vs. Supply Voltage 5 4 4 125˚C 25˚C 2 1 0 6 8 10 12 14 VSUPPLY (V) 16 18 6 5 3 4 Output Resistance (Output Low) vs. Supply Voltage RDS(ON) (Ω) IQUIESCENT (mA) 1.2 TD1 20 10 1.4 TD2 T (ns) TD2 RDS(ON) (Ω) T (ns) 40 30 10 CLOAD = 2200 pF 50 40 0 Delay Time vs. Temperature IQUIESCENT (mA) Delay Time vs. Supply Voltage 125˚C 25˚C 3 2 1 4 6 8 10 12 14 VSUPPLY (V) 6 16 18 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 VSUPPLY (V) 16 18 July 2005 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. Application Information requires attention to the ground path. Two things other than the driver affect the rate at which it is possible to turn a load off: The adequacy of the grounding available for the driver, and the inductance of the leads from the driver to the load. The latter will be discussed in a separate section. Although the MIC4423/24/25 drivers have been specifically constructed to operate reliably under any practical circumstances, there are nonetheless details of usage which will provide better operation of the device. Best practice for a ground path is obviously a well laid out ground plane. However, this is not always practical, and a poorly-laid out ground plane can be worse than none. Attention to the paths taken by return currents even in a ground plane is essential. In general, the leads from the driver to its load, the driver to the power supply, and the driver to whatever is driving it should all be as low in resistance and inductance as possible. Of the three paths, the ground lead from the driver to the logic driving it is most sensitive to resistance or inductance, and ground current from the load are what is most likely to cause disruption. Thus, these ground paths should be arranged so that they never share a land, or do so for as short a distance as is practical. Supply Bypassing Charging and discharging large capacitive loads quickly requires large currents. For example, charging 2000pF from 0 to 15 volts in 20ns requires a constant current of 1.5A. In practice, the charging current is not constant, and will usually peak at around 3A. In order to charge the capacitor, the driver must be capable of drawing this much current, this quickly, from the system power supply. In turn, this means that as far as the driver is concerned, the system power supply, as seen by the driver, must have a VERY low impedance. As a practical matter, this means that the power supply bus must be capacitively bypassed at the driver with at least 100X the load capacitance in order to achieve optimum driving speed. It also implies that the bypassing capacitor must have very low internal inductance and resistance at all frequencies of interest. Generally, this means using two capacitors, one a high-performance low ESR film, the other a low internal resistance ceramic, as together the valleys in their two impedance curves allow adequate performance over a broad enough band to get the job done. PLEASE NOTE that many film capacitors can be sufficiently inductive as to be useless for this service. Likewise, many multilayer ceramic capacitors have unacceptably high internal resistance. Use capacitors intended for high pulse current service (in-house we use WIMA™ film capacitors and AVX Ramguard™ ceramics; several other manufacturers of equivalent devices also exist). The high pulse current demands of capacitive drivers also mean that the bypass capacitors must be mounted very close to the driver in order to prevent the effects of lead inductance or PCB land inductance from nullifying what you are trying to accomplish. For optimum results the sum of the lengths of the leads and the lands from the capacitor body to the driver body should total 2.5cm or less. To illustrate what can happen, consider the following: The inductance of a 2cm long land, 1.59mm (0.062") wide on a PCB with no ground plane is approximately 45nH. Assuming a dl/dt of 0.3A/ns (which will allow a current of 3A to flow after 10ns, and is thus slightly slow for our purposes) a voltage of 13.5 Volts will develop along this land in response to our postulated ∆Ι. For a 1cm land, (approximately 15nH) 4.5 Volts is developed. Either way, anyone using TTL-level input signals to the driver will find that the response of their driver has been seriously degraded by a common ground path for input to and output from the driver of the given dimensions. Note that this is before accounting for any resistive drops in the circuit. The resistive drop in a 1.59mm (0.062") land of 2oz. Copper carrying 3A will be about 4mV/cm (10mV/in) at DC, and the resistance will increase with frequency as skin effect comes into play. The problem is most obvious in inverting drivers where the input and output currents are in phase so that any attempt to raise the driver’s input voltage (in order to turn the driver’s load off) is countered by the voltage developed on the common ground path as the driver attempts to do what it was supposed to. It takes very little common ground path, under these circumstances, to alter circuit operation drastically. Bypass capacitance, and its close mounting to the driver serves two purposes. Not only does it allow optimum performance from the driver, it minimizes the amount of lead length radiating at high frequency during switching, (due to the large Δ I) thus minimizing the amount of EMI later available for system disruption and subsequent cleanup. It should also be noted that the actual frequency of the EMI produced by a driver is not the clock frequency at which it is driven, but is related to the highest rate of change of current produced during switching, a frequency generally one or two orders of magnitude higher, and thus more difficult to filter if you let it permeate your system. Good bypassing practice is essential to proper operation of high speed driver ICs. Output Lead Inductance The same descriptions just given for PCB land inductance apply equally well for the output leads from a driver to its load, except that commonly the load is located much further away from the driver than the driver’s ground bus. Generally, the best way to treat the output lead inductance problem, when distances greater than 4cm (2") are involved, requires treating the output leads as a transmission line. Unfortunately, as both the output impedance of the driver and the input impedance of the MOSFET gate are at least an order of magnitude lower than the impedance of common coax, using coax is seldom a cost-effective solution. A twisted pair works about as well, is generally lower in cost, and allows use of a wider variety of connectors. The second wire of the twisted pair should carry common from as close as possible to the Grounding Both proper bypassing and proper grounding are necessary for optimum driver operation. Bypassing capacitance only allows a driver to turn the load ON. Eventually (except in rare circumstances) it is also necessary to turn the load OFF. This July 2005 7 MIC4423/4424/4425 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. ible with TTL signals, or with CMOS powered from any supply voltage between 3V and 15V. ground pin of the driver directly to the ground terminal of the load. Do not use a twisted pair where the second wire in the pair is the output of the other driver, as this will not provide a complete current path for either driver. Likewise, do not use a twisted triad with two outputs and a common return unless both of the loads to be driver are mounted extremely close to each other, and you can guarantee that they will never be switching at the same time. The MIC4423/24/25 drivers can also be driven directly by the SG1524/25/26/27, TL494/95, TL594/95, NE5560/61/62/68, TSC170, MIC38C42, and similar switch mode power supply ICs. By relocating the main switch drive function into the driver rather than using the somewhat limited drive capabilities of a PWM IC. The PWM IC runs cooler, which generally improves its performance and longevity, and the main switches switch faster, which reduces switching losses and increase system efficiency. For output leads on a printed circuit, the general rule is to make them as short and as wide as possible. The lands should also be treated as transmission lines: i.e. minimize sharp bends, or narrowings in the land, as these will cause ringing. For a rough estimate, on a 1.59mm (0.062") thick G-10 PCB a pair of opposing lands each 2.36mm (0.093") wide translates to a characteristic impedance of about 50Ω. Half that width suffices on a 0.787mm (0.031") thick board. For accurate impedance matching with a MIC4423/24/25 driver, on a 1.59mm (0.062") board a land width of 42.75mm (1.683") would be required, due to the low impedance of the driver and (usually) its load. This is obviously impractical under most circumstances. Generally the tradeoff point between lands and wires comes when lands narrower than 3.18mm (0.125") would be required on a 1.59mm (0.062") board. The input protection circuitry of the MIC4423/24/25, in addition to providing 2kV or more of ESD protection, also works to prevent latchup or logic upset due to ringing or voltage spiking on the logic input terminal. In most CMOS devices when the logic input rises above the power supply terminal, or descends below the ground terminal, the device can be destroyed or rendered inoperable until the power supply is cycled OFF and ON. The MIC4423/24/25 drivers have been designed to prevent this. Input voltages excursions as great as 5V below ground will not alter the operation of the device. Input excursions above the power supply voltage will result in the excess voltage being conducted to the power supply terminal of the IC. Because the excess voltage is simply conducted to the power terminal, if the input to the driver is left in a high state when the power supply to the driver is turned off, currents as high as 30mA can be conducted through the driver from the input terminal to its power supply terminal. This may overload the output of whatever is driving the driver, and may cause other devices that share the driver’s power supply, as well as the driver, to operate when they are assumed to be off, but it will not harm the driver itself. Excessive input voltage will also slow the driver down, and result in much longer internal propagation delays within the drivers. TD2, for example, may increase to several hundred nanoseconds. In general, while the driver will accept this sort of misuse without damage, proper termination of the line feeding the driver so that line spiking and ringing are minimized, will always result in faster and more reliable operation of the device, leave less EMI to be filtered elsewhere, be less stressful to other components in the circuit, and leave less chance of unintended modes of operation. To obtain minimum delay between the driver and the load, it is considered best to locate the driver as close as possible to the load (using adequate bypassing). Using matching transformers at both ends of a piece of coax, or several matched lengths of coax between the driver and the load, works in theory, but is not optimum. Driving at Controlled Rates Occasionally there are situations where a controlled rise or fall time (which may be considerably longer than the normal rise or fall time of the driver’s output) is desired for a load. In such cases it is still prudent to employ best possible practice in terms of bypassing, grounding and PCB layout, and then reduce the switching speed of the load (NOT the driver) by adding a noninductive series resistor of appropriate value between the output of the driver and the load. For situations where only rise or only fall should be slowed, the resistor can be paralleled with a fast diode so that switching in the other direction remains fast. Due to the Schmitt-trigger action of the driver’s input it is not possible to slow the rate of rise (or fall) of the driver’s input signal to achieve slowing of the output. Power Dissipation CMOS circuits usually permit the user to ignore power dissipation. Logic families such as 4000 series and 74Cxxx have outputs which can only source or sink a few milliamps of current, and even shorting the output of the device to ground or VCC may not damage the device. CMOS drivers, on the other hand, are intended to source or sink several Amps of current. This is necessary in order to drive large capacitive loads at frequencies into the megahertz range. Package power dissipation of driver ICs can easily be exceeded when driving large loads at high frequencies. Care must therefore be paid to device dissipation when operating in this domain. Input Stage The input stage of the MIC4423/24/25 consists of a singleMOSFET class A stage with an input capacitance of ≤38pF. This capacitance represents the maximum load from the driver that will be seen by its controlling logic. The drain load on the input MOSFET is a –2mA current source. Thus, the quiescent current drawn by the driver varies, depending on the logic state of the input. Following the input stage is a buffer stage which provides ~400mV of hysteresis for the input, to prevent oscillations when slowly-changing input signals are used or when noise is present on the input. Input voltage switching threshold is approximately 1.5V which makes the driver directly compatMIC4423/4424/4425 The Supply Current vs Frequency and Supply Current vs Load characteristic curves furnished with this data sheet aid in estimating power dissipation in the driver. Operating 8 July 2005 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. However, in this instance the RO required may be either the on resistance of the driver when its output is in the high state, or its on resistance when the driver is in the low state, depending on how the inductor is connected, and this is still only half the story. For the part of the cycle when the inductor is forcing current through the driver, dissipation is best described as frequency, power supply voltage, and load all affect power dissipation. Given the power dissipation in the device, and the thermal resistance of the package, junction operating temperature for any ambient is easy to calculate. For example, the thermal resistance of the 8-pin plastic DIP package, from the datasheet, is 150°C/W. In a 25°C ambient, then, using a maximum junction temperature of 150°C, this package will dissipate 960mW. PL2 = I VD (1 – D) where VD is the forward drop of the clamp diode in the driver (generally around 0.7V). The two parts of the load dissipation must be summed in to produce PL Accurate power dissipation numbers can be obtained by summing the three sources of power dissipation in the device: PL = PL1 + PL2 • Load power dissipation (PL) • Quiescent power dissipation (PQ) • Transition power dissipation (PT) Quiescent Power Dissipation Quiescent power dissipation (PQ, as described in the input section) depends on whether the input is high or low. A low input will result in a maximum current drain (per driver) of ≤0.2mA; a logic high will result in a current drain of ≤2.0mA. Quiescent power can therefore be found from: Calculation of load power dissipation differs depending on whether the load is capacitive, resistive or inductive. Resistive Load Power Dissipation Dissipation caused by a resistive load can be calculated as: PQ = VS [D IH + (1 – D) IL] PL = I2 RO D where: where: IH = IL = D= VS = I = the current drawn by the load RO = the output resistance of the driver when the output is high, at the power supply voltage used (See characteristic curves) D = fraction of time the load is conducting (duty cycle) quiescent current with input high quiescent current with input low fraction of time input is high (duty cycle) power supply voltage Transition Power Dissipation Transition power is dissipated in the driver each time its output changes state, because during the transition, for a very brief interval, both the N- and P-channel MOSFETs in the output totem-pole are ON simultaneously, and a current is conducted through them from VS to ground. The transition power dissipation is approximately: Capacitive Load Power Dissipation Dissipation caused by a capacitive load is simply the energy placed in, or removed from, the load capacitance by the driver. The energy stored in a capacitor is described by the equation: PT = f VS (A•s) E = 1/2 C V2 where (A•s) is a time-current factor derived from Figure 2. As this energy is lost in the driver each time the load is charged or discharged, for power dissipation calculations the 1/2 is removed. This equation also shows that it is good practice not to place more voltage in the capacitor than is necessary, as dissipation increases as the square of the voltage applied to the capacitor. For a driver with a capacitive load: Total power (PD) then, as previously described is just PD = PL + PQ +PT Examples show the relative magnitude for each term. EXAMPLE 1: A MIC4423 operating on a 12V supply driving two capacitive loads of 3000pF each, operating at 250kHz, with a duty cycle of 50%, in a maximum ambient of 60°C. PL = f C (VS)2 where: First calculate load power loss: f = Operating Frequency C = Load Capacitance VS = Driver Supply Voltage PL = f x C x (VS)2 PL = 250,000 x (3 x 10–9 + 3 x 10–9) x 122 = 0.2160W Inductive Load Power Dissipation For inductive loads the situation is more complicated. For the part of the cycle in which the driver is actively forcing current into the inductor, the situation is the same as it is in the resistive case: Then transition power loss: PT = f x VS x (A•s) = 250,000 • 12 • 2.2 x 10–9 = 6.6mW PL1 = I2 RO D July 2005 9 MIC4423/4424/4425 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. Then quiescent power loss: then: PQ = VS x [D x IH + (1 – D) x IL] = 12 x [(0.5 x 0.0035) + (0.5 x 0.0003)] = 0.0228W PD = 0.174 + 0.025 + 0.0150 = 0.213W In a ceramic package with an θJA of 100°C/W, this amount of power results in a junction temperature given the maximum 40°C ambient of: Total power dissipation, then, is: PD = 0.2160 + 0.0066 + 0.0228 = 0.2454W (0.213 x 100) + 40 = 61.4°C The actual junction temperature will be lower than calculated both because duty cycle is less than 100% and because the graph lists RDS(on) at a TJ of 125°C and the RDS(on) at 61°C TJ will be somewhat lower. Assuming an SOIC package, with an θJA of 120°C/W, this will result in the junction running at: 0.2454 x 120 = 29.4°C above ambient, which, given a maximum ambient temperature of 60°C, will result in a maximum junction temperature of 89.4°C. Definitions CL = Load Capacitance in Farads. D = Duty Cycle expressed as the fraction of time the input to the driver is high. EXAMPLE 2: A MIC4424 operating on a 15V input, with one driver driving a 50Ω resistive load at 1MHz, with a duty cycle of 67%, and the other driver quiescent, in a maximum ambient temperature of 40°C: f = Operating Frequency of the driver in Hertz IH = Power supply current drawn by a driver when both inputs are high and neither output is loaded. PL = I2 x RO x D First, IO must be determined. IL = Power supply current drawn by a driver when both inputs are low and neither output is loaded. IO = VS / (RO + RLOAD) ID = Output current from a driver in Amps. Given RO from the characteristic curves then, PD = Total power dissipated in a driver in Watts. IO = 15 / (3.3 + 50) IO = 0.281A PL = Power dissipated in the driver due to the driver’s load in Watts. PQ = Power dissipated in a quiescent driver in Watts. PL = (0.281)2 x 3.3 x 0.67 = 0.174W PT = F x VS x (A•s)/2 PT = Power dissipated in a driver when the output changes states (“shoot-through current”) in Watts. NOTE: The “shoot-through” current from a dual transition (once up, once down) for both drivers is stated in the graph on the following page in amperenanoseconds. This figure must be multiplied by the number of repetitions per second (frequency to find Watts). and: (because only one side is operating) = (1,000,000 x 15 x 3.3 x 10–9) / 2 = 0.025 W and: RO= Output resistance of a driver in Ohms. PQ = 15 x [(0.67 x 0.00125) + (0.33 x 0.000125) + (1 x 0.000125)] VS = Power supply voltage to the IC in Volts. (this assumes that the unused side of the driver has its input grounded, which is more efficient) = 0.015W MIC4423/4424/4425 10 July 2005 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. Crossover Energy Loss A•s (Ampere-seconds) 10-8 10-9 10-10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 VIN NOTE: THE VALUES ON THIS GRAPH REPRESENT THE LOSS SEEN BY BOTH DRIVERS IN A PACKAGE DURING ONE COMPLETE CYCLE. FOR A SINGLE DRIVER DIVIDE THE STATED VALUES BY 2. FOR A SINGLE TRANSITION OF A SINGLE DRIVER, DIVIDE THE STATED VALUE BY 4. Figure 2. MAXIMUM PACKAGE POWER DISSIPATION (mW) 1250 1000 SOIC 750 PDIP 500 250 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) July 2005 11 MIC4423/4424/4425 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. Package Information PIN 1 DIMENSIONS: INCH (MM) 0.380 (9.65) 0.370 (9.40) 0.255 (6.48) 0.245 (6.22) 0.135 (3.43) 0.125 (3.18) 0.300 (7.62) 0.013 (0.330) 0.010 (0.254) 0.018 (0.57) 0.100 (2.54) 0.130 (3.30) 0.0375 (0.952) 0.380 (9.65) 0.320 (8.13) 8-Pin Plastic DIP (N) 8-Pin SOIC (M) MIC4423/4424/4425 12 July 2005 MIC4423/4424/4425 Micrel, Inc. PIN 1 DIMENSIONS: INCHES (MM) 0.301 (7.645) 0.297 (7.544) 0.027 (0.686) 0.031 (0.787) 0.297 (7.544) 0.293 (7.442) 0.103 (2.616) 0.050 (1.270) 0.016 (0.046) 0.099 (2.515) TYP TYP 0.094 (2.388) 0.090 (2.286) 0.409 (10.389) 0.405 (10.287) 7 TYP 0.015 R (0.381) 0.015 (0.381) SEATING MIN PLANE 0.330 (8.382) 0.326 (8.280) 0.032 (0.813) TYP 0.408 (10.363) 0.404 (10.262) 0.022 (0.559) 0.018 (0.457) 5 TYP 10 TYP 16-Pin Wide SOIC (WM) MICREL INC. TEL 2180 FORTUNE DRIVE + 1 (408) 944-0800 FAX SAN JOSE, CA 95131 + 1 (408) 474-1000 WEB USA http://www.micrel.com This information furnished by Micrel in this data sheet is believed to be accurate and reliable. However no responsibility is assumed by Micrel for its use. Micrel reserves the right to change circuitry and specifications at any time without notification to the customer. Micrel Products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A Purchaser’s use or sale of Micrel Products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a Purchaser’s own risk and Purchaser agrees to fully indemnify Micrel for any damages resulting from such use or sale. © 1999 Micrel, Inc. July 2005 13 MIC4423/4424/4425