EUA6021A 2.5-W Stereo Audio Power Amplifier with Advanced DC Volume Control DESCRIPTOIN FEATURES The EUA6021A is a stereo audio power amplifier that drives 2.5 W/channel of continuous RMS power into a 4-Ω load. Advanced dc volume control minimizes external components and allows BTL (speaker) volume control and SE (headphone) volume control. The 20-pin DIP package allows for the use of a heatsink which provides higher output power. To ensure a smooth transition between active and shutdown modes, a fade mode ramps the volume up and down. z z z 2.5 W into 4-Ω Speakers With External Heatsink DC Volume Control with 2-dB Step from -40dB to 20dB -Fade Mode - -85-dB Mute Mode Differential Inputs z 1μA Shutdown Current (Typical) z z Headphone Mode RoHS Compliant and 100% Lead (Pb)-Free APPLICATIONS z DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 1 LCD Monitors EUA6021A Block Diagram DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 2 EUA6021A Typical Application Circuit Figure 1. Application circuit using single-ended inputs and input MUX Figure 2. Application circuit using differential inputs DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 3 EUA6021A Pin Configurations Package Pin Configurations(Top View) DIP-20 Pin Description PIN BYPASS PIN 16 I/O I FADE 15 I AGND LINLIN+ LOUTLOUT+ NC PGND PVDD RINRIN+ ROUTROUT+ 17 7 8 10 12 13 1,11 3,9 5 4 2 20 I I O O I I O O SE/BTL 19 I SHUTDOWN 14 I Places the amplifier in shutdown mode if a TTL logic low is placed on this terminal VDD VOLUME 6 18 I Supply voltage terminal Terminal for dc volume control. DC voltage range is 0 to VDD. DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 DESCRIPTION Tap to voltage divider for internal midsupply bias generator used for analog reference Places the amplifier in fade mode if a logic low is placed on this terminal; normal operation if a logic high is placed on this terminal. Analog power supply ground Left channel negative input for fully differential input. Left channel positive input for fully differential input. Left channel negative audio output. Left channel positive audio output. No connection Power ground Supply voltage terminal for power stage Right channel negative input for fully differential input. Right channel positive input for fully differential input. Right channel negative audio output Right channel positive audio output Output control. When this terminal is high, SE outputs are selected. When this terminal is low, BTL outputs are selected. 4 EUA6021A Ordering Information Order Number Package Type Marking Operating Temperature range EUA6021AIIT1 DIP-20 xxxxx A6021AA -40 °C to 85°C EUA6021A □ □ □ □ Lead Free Code 1: Lead Free 0: Lead Packing T: Tube Operating temperature range I: Industry Standard Package Type I: DIP DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 5 EUA6021A Absolute Maximum Ratings Supply voltage, VDD------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6V Input voltage, VI------------------------------------------------------------------------------ –0.3 V to VDD +0.3 V Continuous total power dissipation --------------------------------------------------------------- internally limited Operating free-air temperature range, TA--------------------------------------------------------- –40°C to 85° C Operating junction temperature range, TJ ------------------------------------------------------ - –40°C to 150°C Storage temperature range, Tstg------------------------------------------------------------------ -- –65°C to 150°C Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds----------------------------------------- 260°C Thermal Resistance θJA (DIP) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87.9°C/W Recommended Operating Conditions Min Max Unit 4 5.5 V Supply voltage, VDD High-level input voltage, VIH Low-level input voltage, VIL SE/BTL , FADE VDD × 0.8 SHUTDOWN 2 V SE/BTL , FADE VDD × 0.6 SHUTDOWN 0.8 Operating free-air temperature, TA -40 V 85 °C Electrical Characteristics at Specified Free-air Temperature, VDD = PVDD=5.5V, TA = 25°C Symbol Parameter VOO Output offset voltage (measured differentially) PSRR Power supply rejection ratio IIH High-level input current ( SE/ BTL , SHUTDOWN , FADE ,VOLUME,) IIL Low-level input current IDD Supply current, no load IDD Supply current, max power into a 3-Ω load IDD(SD) Supply current, shutdown mode DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 Conditions EUA6021A Min. Typ. Max. Unit VDD= 5.5V,Gain=0 dB, SE/BTL =0V 30 mV VDD= 5.5V,Gain=20 dB, SE/BTL =0V 50 mV VDD= PVDD= 4 V to 5.5 V -42 -70 dB VDD= PVDD=5.5V, VI = VDD =PVDD 1 µA VDD= PVDD=5.5V, VI = 0V 1 µA VDD= PVDD=5.5V, , SE/BTL =0V, SHUTDOWN =2V VDD= PVDD=5.5V, , SE/BTL =5.5V SHUTDOWN =2V VDD= PVDD=5.5V, , SE/BTL =0V, SHUTDOWN =2V,RL=3Ω, Po=2 W, stereo SHUTDOWN =0V 6 6 7.5 9 mA 3 5 6 1.5 1 ARMS 20 µA EUA6021A Operating Characteristics, VDD =PVDD= 5V, TA = 25°C, RL = 4Ω, Gain =6 dB Symbol Parameter PO Output power THD+N Total harmonic distortion plus noise VOH VOL V(Bypass) BOM EUA6021A Min. Typ. THD=1%, f=1kHz 1.85 THD=10%, f=1kHz,VDD=5V 2.5 PO=1W, RL=8Ω,f=1 kHz <0.4% RL =8Ω,Measured between output and VDD RL =8Ω,Measured between output Low-level output voltage and GND Measured at pin 17,No load, Bypass voltage (Nominally VDD/2) VDD=5.5V Maximum output power THD=5% bandwidth High-level output voltage Supply ripple rejection ratio Noise output voltage ZI Conditions f =1kHz,Gain=0 dB C(BYP)=0.47µF f=20 Hz to 20 kHz, Gain=0 dB, C(BYP)=0.47µF, Input impedance (see Figure 25) VOLUME=5 V DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 7 2.65 2.75 Max. Unit W 700 mV 400 mV 2.85 V ＞20 kHz BTL mode -63 dB SE mode -57 dB BTL mode 36 µVRMS 14 kΩ EUA6021A Typical Operating Characteristics DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 8 EUA6021A Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 Figure 14 9 EUA6021A DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 10 EUA6021A Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 11 EUA6021A Application Information Table 1 . SE/ BTL , and Shutdown Function VOLUME Operation The VOLUME pin controls the BTL volume when driving speakers, and the SE volume when driving headphones. This pin is controlled with a dc voltage, which should not exceed VDD. The output volume increases in discrete steps as the dc voltage increases and decreases in discrete steps as the dc voltage decreases. There are a total of 32 discrete gain steps of the amplifier and range from -85 dB to 20 dB for BTL operation and -85 dB to 14 dB for SE operation. A pictorial representation of the typical volume control can be found in Figure 26. Inputs SE/ BTL SHUTDOWN X Low Low High High High Low High High High X= Do not care INPUT OUTPUT X Line Line HP HP Mute BTL SE BTL SE FADE Operation For design flexibility, a fade mode is provided to slowly ramp up the amplifier gain when coming out of shutdown mode and conversely ramp the gain down when going into shutdown. This mode provides a smooth transition between the active and shutdown states and virtually eliminates any pops or clicks on the outputs. When the FADE input is a logic low, the device is placed into fade-on mode. A logic high on this pin places the amplifier in the fade-off mode. The voltage trip levels for a logic low (VIL) or logic high (VIH) can be found in the recommended operating conditions table. When a logic low is applied to the FADE pin and a logic low is then applied on the SHUTDOWN pin, the channel gain steps down from gain step to gain step at a rate of two clock cycles per step. With a nominal internal clock frequency of 58HZ,this equates to 34 ms (1/24 Hz) per step. The gain steps down until the lowest gain step is reached .The time it takes to reach this step depends on the gain setting prior to placing the device in shutdown. For example, if the amplifier is in the highest gain mode of 20dB, the time it takes to ramp down the channel gain is 1.05 seconds. This number is calculated by taking the number of steps to reach the lowest gain from the highest gain, or 31 steps , and multiplying by the time per step, or 34 ms. After the channel gain is stepped down to the lowest gain, the amplifier begins discharging the bypass capacitor from the nominal voltage of VDD/2 to ground. This time is dependent on the value of the bypass capacitor. For a 0.47-µF capacitor that is used in the application diagram in Figure 1, the time is approximately 500ms. This time scales linearly with the value of bypass capacitor. For example, if a 1-µF capacitor is used for bypass, the time period to discharge the capacitor to ground is twice that of the 0.47-µF capacitor, or 1 second. Figure 26. Typical DC Volume Control Operation Shutdown Modes The EUA6021A employs a shutdown mode of operation designed to reduce supply current, IDD, to the absolute minimum level during periods of nonuse for battery-power conservation. The SHUTDOWN input terminal should be held high during normal operation when the amplifier is in use. Pulling SHUTDOWN low causes the outputs to mute and the amplifier to enter a low-current state, IDD=20µA. SHUTDOWN should never be left unconnected because amplifier operation would be unpredictable. DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 Amplifier State 12 EUA6021A When a logic high is placed on the SHUTDOWN pin and the FADE pin is still held low, the device begins the start-up process, the bypass capacitor will begin charging. Once the bypass voltage reaches the final value of VDD/2 ,the gain increases in2-dB steps from the lowest gain level to the gain level set by the dc voltage applied to the VOLUME pins. In the fade-off mode, the output of the amplifier immediately drops to VDD/2 and the bypass capacitor begins a smooth discharge to ground When shutdown is released, the bypass capacitor charges up to VDD/2 and the channel gain returns immediately to the value on the VOLUME terminal. The power-up sequence is different from the shutdown sequence and the voltage on the FADE pin does not change the power-up sequence. Upon a power-up condition, the EUA6021A begins in the lowest gain setting and steps up 2 dB every 2 clock cycles until the final value is reached as determined by the dc voltage applied to the VOLUME pins. In a typical computer sound channel operating at 5V, bridging raises the power into an 8-Ω speaker from a singled-ended (SE, ground reference) limit of 250 mW to 1W. In sound power that is a 6-dB improvement, which is loudness that can be heard . In addition to increased power there are frequency response concerns. Consider the single-supply SE configuration shown in Figure 28. A coupling capacitor is required to block the dc offset voltage from reaching the load. These capacitors can be quite large (approximately 33µF to 1000µF) so they tend to be expensive, heavy, occupy valuable PCB area, and have the additional drawback of limiting low-frequency performance of the system. This frequency limiting effect is due to the high pass filter network created with the speaker impedance and the coupling capacitance and is calculated with equation 2. Bridged-Tied Load Versus Single-Ended Mode Figure 27 show a Class-AB audio power amplifier (APA) in a BTL configuration. The EUA6021A BTL amplifier consists of two Class-AB amplifiers driving both ends of the load. There are several potential benefits to this differential drive configuration, but initially consider power to the load. The differential drive to the speaker means that as one side is slewing up, the other side is slewing down, and vice versa. This in effect doubles the voltage swing on the load as compared to a ground referenced load. Plugging 2×VO(PP) into the power equation, where voltage is squared, yields 4× the output power from the same supply rail and load impedance(see equation 1) For example, a 68µF capacitor with an 8-Ω speaker would attenuate low frequencies below 293 Hz. The BTL configuration cancels the dc offsets, which eliminates the need for the blocking capacitors. Low-frequency performance is then limited only by the input network and speaker response. Cost and PCB space are also minimized by eliminating the bulky coupling capacitor. V(rms) = VO(PP) Power 2 2 = V(rms) fC = 2 π R LCC ----------------------------------(2) 2 ------(1) RL Figure 28. Single-Ended configuration and Frequency Response Increasing power to the load does carry a penalty of increased internal power dissipation. The increased dissipation is understandable considering that the BTL configuration produces 4 × the output power of the SE configuration. Internal dissipation versus output power is discussed further in the crest factor and thermal considerations section. Single-Ended Operation In SE mode the load is driven from the primary amplifier output for each channel. The amplifier switches single-ended operation when the SE/BTL terminal is held high. This puts the negative outputs in a high-impedance state, and reduces the amplifier’s gain to 1V/V. Figure 27.Bridge-Tied Load configuration DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 1 13 EUA6021A SE/BTL Operation The ability of the EUA6021A to easily switch between BTL and SE modes is one of its most important cost saving features. This feature eliminates the requirement for an additional headphone amplifier in applications where internal stereo speakers are driven in BTL mode but external headphone or speakers must be accommodated. Internal to the EUA6021A , two separate amplifiers drive OUT+ and OUT- .The SE/BTL input control the operation of the follower amplifier that drives LOUT- and ROUT-.When SE/BTL is held low, the amplifier is on and the EUA6021A is in the BTL mode. When SE/BTL is held high, the OUT- amplifiers are in a high output impedance state, which configures the EUA6021A as an SE driver from LOUT+ and ROUT+. IDD is reduced by approximately one-half in SE mode. Control of the SE/BTL input can be from a logic-level CMOS source or, more typically, from a resistor divider network as shown in Figure 29. Input Resistance Each gain setting is achieved by varying the input resistance of the amplifier, which can range from its smallest value to over 6 times that value. As a results, if a single capacitor is used in the input high-pass filter, the –3 dB or cut-off frequency will also change by over 6 times. Figure 30. Input Resistor The-3dB frequency can be calculated using equation 3: 1 ---------------------- (3) f-3dB = 2 π C (R || R i ) If the filter must be more accurate, the value of the capacitor should be increased while the value of the resistor to ground should be decreased. In addition, the order of the filter could be increased. Input Capacitor, Ci In the typical application an input capacitor, Ci, is required to allow the amplifier to bias the input signal to the proper dc level for optimum operation. In this case, Ci and the input impedance of the amplifier, Zi, from a high-pass filter with the corner frequency determined in equation 4. Figure 29. Resistor divider Network circuit 2 Using a readily available 1/8-in. (3.5mm) stereo headphone jack, the control switch is closed when no plug is inserted. When closed the 100-kΩ /1-kΩ divider pulls the SE/BTL input low. When a plug is inserted, the 1-kΩ resistor is disconnected and the SE/BTL input is pulled high. When the input goes high, the OUT- amplifier is shut down causing the speaker to mute(virtually open-circuits the speaker).The OUT+ amplifier then drives through the output capacitor (CO) into the headphone jack. fc(highpass)= 1 -----------------(4) 2 π Zi Ci The value of Ci is important to consider as it directly affects the bass (low frequency) performance of the circuit. Consider the example where Zi is 70kΩ and the specification calls for a flat bass response down to 40Hz. Ci = 1 ----------------------------- (5) 2 π Z fC i DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 14 EUA6021A In this example, Ci is 56nF so one would likely choose a value in the range of 56nF to 1µF. A further consideration for this capacitor is the leakage path from the input source through the input network (Ci) and the feedback network to the load. This leakage current creates a dc offset voltage at the input to the amplifier that reduces useful headroom, especially in high gain applications. For this reason, a low- leakage tantalum or ceramic capacitor is the best choice. When polarized capacitors are used, the positive side of the capacitor should face the amplifier input in most applications as the dc level there is held at VDD/2, which is likely higher than the source dc level. Note that it is important to confirm the capacitor polarity in the application. Output Coupling Capacitor, (CC) For general signal-supply SE configuration, the output coupling capacitor (CC) is required to block the dc bias at the output of the amplifier thus preventing dc currents in the load. As with the input coupling capacitor, the output coupling capacitor and impedance of the load form a high-pass filter governed by equation 6. 1 ------------------------ (6) fc(high)= 2π R C L C Decoupling Capacitor, (CS) The EUA6021A is a high-performance CMOS audio amplifier that requires adequate power supply decoupling to ensure the output total harmonic distortion (THD) is as low as possible. Power supply decoupling also prevents oscillations for long lead lengths between the amplifier and the speaker. The optimum decoupling is achieved by using two capacitors of different types that target different types of noise on the power supply leads. For higher frequency transients, spikes, or digital hash on the line, a good low equivalent-series-resistance (ESR) ceramic capacitor, typically 0.1µF placed as close as possible to the device VDD lead, works best. For filtering lower-frequency noise signals, a larger aluminum electrolytic capacitor of 10µF or greater placed near the audio power amplifier is recommended. The main disadvantage, from a performance standpoint, is the load impedances are typically small, which drives the low-frequency corner higher, degrading the bass response. Large values of CC are required to pass low frequencies into the load. Consider the example where a CC of 330µF is chosen and loads vary from 3Ω, 4Ω, 8Ω, 32Ω, 10kΩ, to 47kΩ. Table 2 summarizes the frequency response characteristics of each configuration. Bypass Capacitor, (CB) The bypass capacitor, CB, is the most critical capacitor and serves several important functions. During start-up or recovery from shutdown mode, CB determines the rate at which the amplifier starts up. The second function is to reduce noise produced by the power supply caused by coupling into the output drive signal. This noise is from the midrail generation circuit internal to the amplifier, which appears as degraded PSRR and THD+N. Bypass capacitor, CB, values of 0.47µF to 1µF ceramic or tantalum low-ESR capacitors are recommended for the best THD and noise performance. DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 15 Table 2. Common Load Impedances vs Low Frequency Output characteristics in SE Mode CC Lowest RL Frequency 3Ω 330µF 161Hz 4Ω 330µF 120Hz 8Ω 330µF 60Hz 32Ω 330µF 15Hz 10000Ω 330µF 0.05Hz 47000Ω 330µF 0.01Hz As Table 2 indicates, most of the bass response is attenuated into a 4-Ω load and 8-Ω load is adequate, headphone response is good, and drive into line level inputs (a home stereo for example) is exceptional. Using Low- ESR Capacitors Low- ESR capacitors are recommended throughout this applications section. A real (as opposed to ideal) capacitor can be modeled simply as a resistor in series with an ideal capacitor. The voltage drop across this resistor minimizes the beneficial effects of the capacitor in the circuit. The lower the equivalent value of this resistance the more the real capacitor behaves like an ideal capacitor. EUA6021A Package Information DIP-20 SYMBOLS A A1 b b1 D E E1 e1 L eB DS6021A Ver 1.2 Jun. 2007 MILLIMETERS MIN MAX 5.33 0.38 0.36 0.56 1.40 1.65 26.16 7.62 6.35 2.54 2.92 3.81 8.51 9.53 16 INCHES MIN 0.015 0.014 0.055 MAX 0.210 0.022 0.065 1.030 0.300 0.250 0.100 0.115 0.335 0.150 0.375