Intersil ISL8118IRZ 3.3v to 20v, single-phase pwm controller with integrated 2a/4a mosfet driver Datasheet

ISL8118
®
Data Sheet
April 7, 2009
FN6325.1
3.3V to 20V, Single-Phase PWM Controller
with Integrated 2A/4A MOSFET Drivers
Features
The ISL8118 is a single-phase PWM controller featuring an
input voltage range of +3.3V to +20V and integrated MOSFET
drivers. Utilizing voltage-mode operation with input voltage
feed-forward compensation, the ISL8118 maintains a constant
loop gain, providing optimal transient response for applications
with a wide input operating voltage range.
• High-Speed 2A/4A MOSFET Gate Drivers that Operate
from 2.9V to 5.6V
The output voltage can be precisely regulated down to 0.591V
with a system tolerance of ±1.0% over the induct rail
temperature range and line and load variations. A external
reference input is provided to bypass the internal reference for
voltage tracking or DDR memory applications. The compact
28 Ld 5x5 QFN package, integrated linear regulator as well as
the external linear regulator drive option, integrated differential
remote sense amplifier and integrated voltage margining with
adjustable upper and lower settings decrease external
component count and reduce board space requirements.
• Internal Linear Regulator
Programmable soft-start with pre-biased load capability,
adjustable operating frequency from 250kHz to 2MHz,
sourcing and sinking overcurrent protection, overvoltage and
undervoltage protection, and power-good indication with
programmable delay combine to make the ISL8118 a superior
choice for many power supply systems.
Pinout
• Wide Input Voltage Range: +3.3V to +20V
• 0.591V Internal Reference
• External Reference Input
• Input Voltage Feed-forward Compensation
• External Linear Regulator Drive Available
• High System Accuracy:
- ±0.68% Over the Range of 0°C to +70°C
- ±1.00% Over the Range of -40°C to +85°C
• Programmable Operating Frequency from 250kHz to 2MHz
• Programmable Soft-Start with Pre-biased Load Capability
• Integrated Unity-Gain Differential Remote Sense Amplifier
• Enable Input with Voltage Monitoring Capability
• Integrated Voltage Margining with Independent Upper and
Lower Settings
• Overvoltage and Undervoltage Protection
• Low-Side and High-Side MOSFET Current Sensing
• Overcurrent Protection for Sourcing and Sinking Currents
• Power-Good Indicator with Programmable Delay
• Compact 28 Ld 5x5 QFN Package
ISL8118
(28 LD 5x5 QFN)
TOP VIEW
VDIFF
GND
FB
COMP
FSET
BSOC
TSOC
• Pb-Free (RoHS Compliant)
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
Applications
• Telecom and Datacom Servers
• Point of Load Modules
VSENSP
1
21
BOOT
• Routers and Switchers
VSENSN
2
20
TGATE
• High Current Distributed Power Supplies
REFOUT
3
19
LX
Ordering Information
18
PGND
17
BGATE
16
PVCC
GND
REFIN
4
SS
5
OFSP
6
15
7
1
14
VIN
13
VFF
12
EN
11
PGOOD
10
PGDLY
9
MARGIN
8
VCC
OFSN
BOTTOM
SIDE PAD
EXDRV
PART
NUMBER
(Note)
PARTMARKI
TEMP.
NG
RANGE (°C)
PACKAGE
(Pb-Free)
PKG.
DWG. #
ISL8118CRZ* ISL8118CRZ
0 to +70
28 Ld 5x5 QFN L28.5x5
ISL8118IRZ* ISL8118IRZ
-40 to +85
28 Ld 5x5 QFN L28.5x5
*Add “-T” suffix for tape and reel. Please refer to TB347 for details on
reel specifications.
NOTE: These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ
special Pb-free material sets, molding compounds/die attach
materials, and 100% matte tin plate plus anneal (e3 termination finish,
which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free
soldering operations). Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at
Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free
requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2006, 2009. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
Block Diagram
VCC
EN
EXDRV
VIN
POWER-ON
REFERENCE
VREF = 0.591V
REFIN
RESET (POR)
INTERNAL SERIES
LINEAR
EXTERNAL SERIES
LINEAR DRIVER
TSOC
REFOUT
2
100μA
MARGIN
OFSP
OFSN
BOOT
SOFT-START
AND
FAULT LOGIC
VOLTAGE
MARGINING
SOURCE OCP
TGATE
OTA
FB
EA
GATE
CONTROL
LOGIC
LX
COMP
PVCC
VCC
OV/UV
COMP
800mV
OSCILLATOR
BGATE
SOURCE
OCP
PGND
PGOOD
COMP
VSENSP
G = -1
VSENSN
GND
GND
G=1
UNITY GAIN
DIFF AMP
100μA
SINKING OCP
VDIFF
PGDLY PGOOD
BSOC
VFF
FSET
ISL8118
PWM
COMP
SS
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Typical Application I (Internal Linear Regulator with Remote Sense)
+3.3V to +20V
LIN
RCC
DBOOT
CHFIN
CF2
CF1
RBOOT
VCC
VIN
CBIN
PVCC
INTERNAL 5.6V BIAS
LINEAR REGULATOR
VFF
BOOT
RTSOC
TSOC
CF3
CBOOT
CTSOC
TGATE
Q1
LOUT
VOUT
EN
VCC
LX
REFIN
CPGDLY
RFSET
CHFOUT
REFOUT
BGATE
PGOOD
PGND
BSOC
PGDLY
Q2
RBSOC
ISL8118
10Ω
CBSOC
FSET
10Ω
COMP
C2
C1
MARGIN
C3
ZFB
R3
R2
R1
FB
ROFSP
ZIN
VDIFF
OFSP
RMARG
ROFSN
CBOUT
RFB
VSENSP
OFSN
VSENSE+
CSEN
ROS
SS
VSENSN
EXDRV
CSS
3
GND
VSENSE-
GND
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Typical Application II (External Linear Regulator without Remote Sense)
+3.3V to +20V
LIN
DBOOT
CHFIN
CF2
CLC RLC
RDRV
RCC
CF1
VCC
CBIN
RBOOT
PVCC
BOOT
EXDRV
RTSOC
TSOC
VIN
CBOOT
CF3
CTSOC
VFF
TGATE
Q1
LOUT
REFOUT
VCC
VOUT
LX
REFIN
EN
PGOOD
CPGDLY
RFSET
PGDLY
CHFOUT
Q2
BGATE
PGND
RBSOC
BSOC
ISL8118
FSET
COMP
CBSOC
ZFB
C2
C3
C1
MARGIN
ROFSP
R3
R2
ZIN
R1
FB
OFSP
ROS
VDIFF
RMARG
ROFSN
CBOUT
VCC
OFSN
VSENSP
Rvdiff1
SS
VSENSN
GND
CSS
4
GND
RvdiffOS
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Typical Application III (Dual Data Rate I or II)
VDDQ
1.8V or 2.5V
LIN
DBOOT
5V
CHFIN
RCC
CBIN
CF2
CF1
VIN
REN1
REN2
VCC
PVCC
VFF
BOOT
EN
TSOC
RTSOC
CBOOT
CF4
CTSOC
VTT
TGATE
Q1
LOUT
1.25V (DDR I)
0.9V (DDR II)
1K
LX
REFIN
15nF
1K
CHFOUT
REFOUT
BGATE
PGOOD
PGND
DIMM
CPGDLY
RFSET
PGDLY
Q2
RBSOC
BSOC
ISL8118
FSET
COMP
CBSOC
ZFB
C2
C3
C1
MARGIN
ROFSP
R3
R2
R1
FB
OFSP
CBOUT
ZIN
VDIFF
RMARG
ROFSN
RFB
VSENSP
OFSN
VSENSN
CSEN
SS
EXDRV
CSS
5
GND
GND
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
Input Voltage, VIN, VFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +22.0V
Signal Bias Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +6.0V
Driver Bias Voltage, PVCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +6.0V
Boot Voltage, VBOOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +36V
LX Voltage, VLX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VBOOT - 6V to VBOOT + 0.3V
Boot to LX Voltage, VBOOT - VLX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6V
Other Input or Output Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to VCC +0.3V
ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 2
Thermal Resistance (Notes 1, 2)
θJA (°C/W)
θJC (°C/W)
QFN Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5
Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +150°C
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C
Pb-Free Reflow Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .see link below
http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp
Recommended Operating Conditions
Input Voltage, VIN, VFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3V to 20V ±10%
Signal Bias Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9V to 5.6V
Driver Bias Voltage, PVCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9V to 5.6V
Boot to LX Voltage (Overcharged), VBOOT - VLX . . . . . . . . . . . .<6V
Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +85°C
Junction Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +125°C
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and
result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTES:
1. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features.
2. θJC, "case temperature" location is at the center of the package underside exposed pad. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are
100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization and are
not production tested.
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
INPUT SUPPLY CURRENTS
Nominal VIN Supply Current
IVIN
VIN = VCC = PVCC = 5V, Fs = 600kHz,
TGATE and BGATE Open
-
0.5
1
mA
Nominal VCC Supply Current
IVCC
VIN = VCC = PVCC = 5V, Fs = 600kHz,
TGATE and BGATE Open
-
8
13
mA
Nominal PVCC Supply Current
IPVCC
VIN = VCC = PVCC = 5V; Fs = 600kHz,
TGATE and BGATE Open
-
3
4
mA
Shutdown VIN Supply Current
IVIN_S
EN = 0V, VCC = PVCC = VIN = 5V
-
0.5
1
mA
Shutdown VCC Supply Current
IPVCC_S
EN = 0V, VCC = PVCC = VIN = 5V
-
1
2
mA
IVCC_S
EN = 0V, VCC = PVCC = VIN = 5V
-
3
4
mA
Shutdown PVCC Supply Current
ENABLE
Input Reference Voltage
VEN_REF
0.485
0.500
0.515
V
Hysteresis Source Current
IEN_HYS
7.5
10
11.5
µA
VEN
-
VCC+0.3
-
V
Maximum Input Voltage
OSCILLATOR
Nominal Maximum Frequency
OSCFMAX
(Note 3)
-
2000
-
kHz
Nominal Minimum Frequency
OSCFMIN
(Note 3)
-
250
-
kHz
-17
-
+17
%
-
0.16*VFF
-
VP-P
Total Variation
ΔOSC
Ramp Amplitude
ΔVOSC
Ramp Bottom
FSET = 250kHz to 2MHz, VFF = 3.3V to 20V
VOSC_MIN
Minimum Usable VFF Voltage
VFF
VCC = 5V
-
1.0
-
V
-
3.3
-
V
POWER-ON RESET
Rising VCC Threshold
PORVCC_R
2.79
-
2.89
V
Falling VCC Threshold
PORVCC_F
2.59
-
2.69
V
6
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are
100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization and are
not production tested. (Continued)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
VCC Hysteresis
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
PORVCC_H
187
215
250
mV
Rising PVCC Threshold
PORPVCC_R
2.79
-
2.91
V
Falling PVCC Threshold
PORPVCC_F
2.59
-
2.70
V
PVCC Hysteresis
PORPVCC_H
193
215
250
mV
PORVFF_R
1.48
-
1.54
V
Falling VFF Threshold
PORVFF_F
1.35
-
1.41
V
VFF Hysteresis
PORVFF_H
127
137
146
mV
Rising VFF Threshold
REFERENCE
Reference Voltage
System Accuracy
VREF_COM
TA = 0°C to +70°C
0.587
0.591
0.595
V
VREF_IND
TA = -40°C to +85°C
0.585
0.591
0.597
V
VSYS_COM
TA = 0°C to +70°C
-0.68
-
0.68
%
VSYS_IND
TA = -40°C to +85°C
-1.0
-
1.0
%
0.068
-
VCC-1.8V
V
-1.8
0
2.2
mV
-
19
-
mA
REFERENCE TRACKING
Input Voltage Range
VREFIN
External Reference Offset
VREFIN_OS
Maximum Drive Current
VCC = 5V
REFIN = 0.6V
IREFOUT
CL = 1µF, VCC = 5V, REFOUT = 1.25V
VREFOUT
CL = 1µF
0.01
-
VCC-1.8V
V
Maximum Output Voltage Offset
VREFOUT_OS
CL = 1µF REFOUT = 1.25V
-6
-
11
mV
Minimum Load Capacitance
CREFOUT_MIN
REFOUT = 1.25V
-
1.0
-
µF
VCC-0.6
-
VCC-0.58
V
Output Voltage Range
Input Disable Voltage
VREFIN_DIS
VCC = 5V
ERROR AMPLIFIER
RL = 10k, CL = 100p, at COMP Pin
-
88
-
dB
UGBW
RL = 10k, CL = 100p, at COMP Pin
-
15
-
MHz
SR
RL = 10k, CL = 100p, at COMP Pin
-
6
-
V/µs
UG
Standard Instrumentation Amplifier
-
0
-
dB
-
20
-
MHz
DC Gain
Unity Gain-Bandwidth
Slew Rate
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
DC Gain
Unity Gain Bandwidth
UGBW
Slew Rate
SR
COMP = 10pF
-
10
-
V/µs
-1.9
0
1.9
mV
-
6
Input Common Mode Range Max
-
VCC-1.8
-
V
Input Common Mode Range Min
-
-0.2
-
V
-
VCC
-
V
Offset
Negative Input Source Current
IVSENSN
VSENSN Disable Voltage
VVSEN_DIS
µA
OPERATIONAL TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER (OTA)
DC Gain
CSS = 0.1µF, at SS Pin
-
88
-
dB
Drive Capability
CSS = 0.1µF, at SS Pin
30
37
44
µA
PWM
Maximum Duty Cycle
DMAX
Leading and Trailing-edge Modulation
-
100
-
%
Minimum Duty Cycle
DMIN
Leading and Trailing-edge Modulation
-
0
-
%
RTGATE
500mA Source Current, PVCC = 5.0V
-
1.0
-
Ω
GATE DRIVERS
TGATE Source Resistance
7
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are
100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization and are
not production tested. (Continued)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
TGATE Source Saturation Current
ITGATE
VTGATE-LX = 2.5V, PVCC = 5.0V
-
2.0
-
A
TGATE Sink Resistance
RTGATE
500mA Sink Current, PVCC = 5.0V
-
1.0
-
Ω
TGATE Sink Saturation Current
ITGATE
VTGATE-LX = 2.5V, PVCC = 5.0V
-
2.0
-
A
Bgate Source Resistance
RBGATE
500mA Source Current, PVCC = 5.0V
-
1.0
-
Ω
Bgate Source Saturation Current
IBGATE
VBGATE = 2.5V, PVCC = 5.0V
-
2.0
-
A
Bgate Sink Resistance
RBGATE
500mA Sink Current, PVCC = 5.0V
-
0.4
-
Ω
Bgate Sink Saturation Current
IBGATE
VBGATE = 2.5V, PVCC = 5.0V
-
4.0
-
A
-
200
-
mA
-
2
3.9
Ω
5.3
5.5
5.71
V
VIN = 0V to VIN step, PVCC < 2.0V at VIN
application; VIN > 6.5V
-
1
-
V/µs
VIN = 2.0V to VIN step, 2.0V < PVCC at VIN
application; VIN > 6.5V
-
0.05
-
V/µs
LIN_DRV = VIN = 20V
1.30
4.17
5.30
mA
LIN_DRV = VIN = 3.3V
1.67
3.88
4.67
mA
BSOC = 0V to VCC - 1.0V, TA = 0°C to +70°C
86
100
107
µA
BSOC = 0V to VCC - 1.0V, TA = -40°C to +85°C
84
100
109
µA
-
±2
-
mV
91
100
106
µA
TSOC = 0.8V to 22V TA = -40°C to +85°C
89
100
107
µA
TSOC = 0.3V to 0.8V
84
-
107
µA
-
±2
-
mV
INTERNAL LINEAR REGULATOR
Maximum Current
IVIN
Saturated Equivalent Impedance
RLIN
VIN = 3.3V
Linear Regulator Voltage
PVCC
VIN = 20V, Load = 0 to 100mA
Maximum VIN DV/DT
VINDV/DT_Max
EXTERNAL LINEAR REGULATOR
Maximum Sinking Drive Current
LIN_DRV
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (OCP)
Bottom Side OCP (BSOC)
Current Source
IBSOC
BSOC Maximum Offset Error
IBSOC_OFSET
Top Side OCP (TSOC) Current
Source
ITSOC
ITSOC_LOW
TSOC Maximum Offset Error
ITSOC_OFSET
Vcc = 2.9V and 5.6V tSAMPLE < 10µs
TSOC = 0.8V to 22V TA = 0°C to +70°C
VCC = 2.9V and 5.5V tSAMPLE < 10µs
POWER GOOD MONITOR
Undervoltage Rising Trip Point
VUVR
-7%
-9%
-11%
VSS
Undervoltage Falling Trip Point
VUVF
-13%
-15%
-17%
VSS
Overvoltage Rising Trip Point
VOVR
13%
15%
17%
VSS
Overvoltage Falling Trip Point
VOVF
7%
9%
11%
VSS
-
7.1
-
ms
PGOOD Delay
tPGDLY
CPGDLY = 0.1µF
PGOOD Delay Source Current
IPGDLY
17
21
24
µA
PGOOD Delay Threshold Voltage
VPGDLY
1.45
1.49
1.52
V
PGOOD Low Output Voltage
IPG_LOW
IPGOOD = 5mA
-
-
0.150
V
Maximum Sinking Current
IPG_MAX
VPGOOD = 0.8V
23
-
-
mA
Maximum Open Drain Voltage
VPG_MAX
VCC = 3.3V
-
6
-
V
MARGINING CONTROL
Minimum Margining Voltage of
Internal Reference
VMARG
RMARG = 10kΩ, ROFSN = 6.01kΩ,
MAR_CRTL = 0V
-187
-197
-209
mV
Maximum Margining Voltage of
Internal Reference
VMARG
RMARG = 10kΩ, ROFSP = 6.01kΩ,
MAR_CRTL = VCC
185
197
208
mV
8
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are
100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization and are
not production tested. (Continued)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
NMARG = (VOFSN-VOFSP)/VMARG
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
Margining Transfer Ratio
NMARG
4.84
5
5.22
SDR
Positive Margining Threshold
MARGIN
1.51
1.8
2.02
V
Negative Margining Threshold
MARGIN
0.75
0.9
1.05
V
Tri-state Input Level
MARGIN
1.21
1.325
1.40
V
Disable Mode
NOTE:
3. Limits should be considered typical and are not production tested.
Functional Pin Descriptions
VSENSP (Pin 1)
This pin provides differential remote sense for the ISL8118. It
is the positive input of a standard instrumentation amplifier
topology with unity gain, and should connect to the positive
rail of the load/processor. The voltage at this pin should be
set equal to the internal system reference voltage (0.591V
typical).
VSENSN (Pin 2)
This pin provides differential remote sense for the regulator.
It is the negative input of the instrumentation amplifier, and
should connect to the negative rail of the load/processor.
Typically 6µA is sourced from this pin. The output of the
remote sense buffer is disabled (High Impedance) by pulling
VSENSN to VCC.
REFOUT (Pin 3)
This pin connects to the unmargined system reference
through an internal buffer. It has a 19mA drive capability with
an output common mode range of GND to VCC. The
REFOUT buffer requires at least 1µF of capacitive loading to
be stable. This pin should not be left floating.
REFIN (Pin 4)
reference is developed at the OFSP pin across resistor
ROFSP. The voltage on OFSP is driven from OFSN through
RMARG. The resulting voltage differential between OFSP and
OFSN is divided by 5 and imposed on the system reference.
The maximum designed offset of 1V between OFSP and
OFSN pins translates to a 200mV offset.
OFSN (Pin 7)
This pin sets the negative margining offset voltage. Resistors
should be connected to GND (ROFSN) and OFSP (RMARG)
from this pin. With MARGIN logic low, the internal 0.591V
reference is developed at the OFSN pin across resistor
ROFSN. The voltage on OFSN is driven from OFSP through
RMARG. The resulting voltage differential between OFSP and
OFSN is divided by 5 and imposed on the system reference.
The maximum designed offset of -1V between OFSP and
OFSN pins translates to a -200mV offset of the system
reference.
VCC (Pin 8, Analog Circuit Bias)
This pin provides power for the ISL8118 analog circuitry. The
pin should be connected to a 2.9V to 5.6V bias through an
RC filter from PVCC to prevent noise injection into the
analog circuitry. This pin can be powered off the internal or
external linear regulator options.
When the external reference pin (REFIN) is NOT within
~800mV of VCC, the REFIN pin is used as the system
reference instead of the internal 0.591V reference. The
recommended REFIN input voltage range is ~60mV to
VCC - 1.8V.
MARGIN (Pin 9)
SS (Pin 5)
Provides the ability to delay the output of the PGOOD
assertion by connecting a capacitor from this pin to GND. A
0.1µF capacitor produces approximately a 5ms delay.
This pin provides soft-start functionality for the ISL8118. A
capacitor connected to ground along with the internal 38µA
Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA), sets the softstart interval of the converter. This pin is directly connected to
the non-inverting input of the Error Amplifier. To prevent noise
injection into the error amplifier, the SS capacitor should be
located within 150 mils of the SS and GND pins.
OFSP (Pin 6)
This pin sets the positive margining offset voltage. Resistors
should be connected to GND (ROFSP) and OFSN (RMARG)
from this pin. With MARGIN logic low, the internal 0.591V
9
The MARGIN pin controls margining function, a logic high
enables positive margining, a logic low sets negative
margining, a high impedance disables margining.
PGDLY (Pin 10)
PGOOD (Pin 11)
Provides an open drain Power Good signal when the output
is within 9% of nominal output regulation point with 6%
hysteresis (15%/9%), and after soft-start is complete.
PGOOD monitors the VDIFF pin.
EN (Pin 12)
This pin is compared with an internal 0.50V reference and
enables the soft-start cycle. This pin also can be used for
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
voltage monitoring. A 10µA current source to GND is active
while the part is disabled, and is inactive when the part is
enabled. This provides functionality for programmable
hysteresis when the EN pin is used for voltage monitoring.
TGATE (Pin 20)
This pin provides the drive for the top side MOSFET and
should be connected to its gate.
BOOT (Pin 21)
VFF (Pin 13)
The voltage at this pin is used for input voltage feed forward
compensation and sets the internal oscillator ramp peak to
peak amplitude at 0.16*VFF. An external RC filter may be
required at this pin in noisy input environments. The
minimum recommended VFF voltage is 2.97V.
VIN (Pin 14, Internal Linear Regulator Input)
This pin should be tied directly to the input rail when using
the internal or external linear regulator options. It provides
power to the External/Internal Linear drive circuitry. When
used with an external 3.3V to 5V supply, this pin should be
tied directly to PVCC.
EXDRV (Pin 15, External Linear Regulator Drive)
This pin allows the use of an external pass element to power
the IC for input voltages above 5.0V. It should be connected to
GND when using an external 5V supply or the internal linear
regulator. When using the external linear regulator option, this
pin should be connected to the gate of a PMOS pass element,
a pull-up resistor must be connected between the PMOS
device’s gate and source for proper operation.
PVCC (Pin 16, Driver Bias Voltage)
This pin is the output of the internal series linear regulator. It
also provides the bias for both bottom side and top side
MOSFET drivers. The maximum voltage differential between
PVCC and PGND is 6V. Its recommended operational
voltage range is 2.9V to 5.6V. At minimum, a 10µF capacitor
is required for decoupling PVCC to PGND. For proper
operation the PVCC capacitor must be within 150 mils of the
PVCC and the PGND pins and must be connected to these
pins with dedicated traces.
This pin provides the bootstrap bias for the top side driver.
The absolute maximum voltage differential between BOOT
and LX is 6.0V (including the voltage added due to the
overcharging of the bootstrap capacitor); its operational
voltage range is 2.5V to 5.6V with respect to LX. It is
recommended that a 2.2Ω resistor be placed in series with
the bootstrap diode to prevent over charging of the BOOT
capacitor during normal operation.
TSOC (Pin 22)
The top side sourcing current limit is set by connecting this
pin with a resistor and capacitor to the drain of the top side
MOSEFT. A 100µA current source develops a voltage
across the resistor which is then compared with the voltage
developed across the top side MOSFET. An initial ~120ns
blanking period is used to eliminate sampling error due to
the switching noise before the current is measured.
BSOC (Pin 23)
The bottom side source and sinking current limit is set by
placing a resistor (RBSOC) and capacitor between this pin
and PGND. A 100µA current source develops a voltage
across RBSOC which is then compared with the voltage
developed across the bottom side MOSFET when on. The
sinking current limit is set at 1x of the nominal sourcing limit
in ISL8118. An initial ~120ns blanking period is used to
eliminate the sampling error due to switching noise before
the current is measured.
FSET (Pin 24)
This pin provides oscillator switching frequency adjustment
by placing a resistor (RFSET) from this pin to GND.
COMP (Pin 25)
BGATE (Pin 17)
This pin provides the drive for the bottom side MOSFET and
should be connected to its gate.
PGND (Pin 18, Power Ground)
This pin connects to the bottom side MOSFET's source and
provides the ground return path for the lower MOSFET driver
and internal power circuitries. In addition, PGND is the return
path for the bottom side MOSFET’s rDS(ON) current sensing
circuit.
LX (Pin 19)
This pin connects to the source of the top side MOSFET and
the drain of the bottom side MOSFET. This pin represents
the return path for the top side gate driver. During normal
switching, this pin is used for top side and bottom side
current sensing.
This pin is the error amplifier output. It should be connected
to the FB pin through the desired compensation network.
FB (Pin 26)
This pin is the inverting input of the error amplifier and has a
maximum usable voltage of VCC-1.8V. When using the
internal differential remote sense functionality, this pin
should be connected to VDIFF by a standard feedback
network. In the event the remote sense buffer is disabled,
the VDIFF pin should be connected to VOUT by a resistor
divider along with FB’s compensation network.
GND (Pin 27, Analog Ground)
Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured
with respect to this pin. This pin should not be left floating.
VDIFF (Pin 28)
This pin is the output of the differential remote sense
instrumentation amplifier. It is connected internally to the
10
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
OV/UV/PGOOD comparators. The VDIFF pin should be
connected to the FB pin by a standard feedback network. In
the event that the remote sense buffer is disabled, the VDIFF
pin should be connected to VOUT by a resistor divider along
with FB’s compensation network. An RC filter should be used
if VDIFF is to be connected directly to FB instead of to VOUT
through a separate resistor divider network.
GND (Bottom Side Pad, Analog Ground)
Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured
with respect to this pin. This pin should not be left floating.
Functional Description
RUP
VREF
Sys_Enable
RDOWN
IEN_HYS = 10µA
V EN_HYS
R UP = -------------------------I EN_HYS
R UP • V
EN_REF
R DOWN = --------------------------------------------------------V EN_FTH – V EN_REF
V EN_FTH = V EN_RTH – V EN_HYS
Initialization
The ISL8118 automatically initializes upon receipt of power
without requiring any special sequencing of the input
supplies. The Power-On Reset (POR) function continually
monitors the input supply voltages (PVCC,VFF, VCC) and
the voltage at the EN pin. Assuming the EN pin is pulled to
above ~0.50V, the POR function initiates soft-start operation
after all input supplies exceed their POR thresholds.
HIGH = ABOVE POR; LOW = BELOW POR
VCC POR
VFF POR
VIN
AND
PVCC POR
EN POR
SOFT-START
FIGURE 1. SOFT-START INITIALIZATION LOGIC
With all input supplies above their POR thresholds, driving
the EN pin above 0.50V initiates a soft-start cycle. In addition
to normal TTL logic, the enable pin can be used as a voltage
monitor with programmable hysteresis through the use of the
internal 10mA sink current and an external resistor divider.
This feature is especially designed for applications that have
input rails greater than a 3.3V and require specific input rail
POR and Hysteresis levels for better undervoltage
protection. Consider for a 12V application choosing
RUP = 100kΩ and RDOWN = 5.76kΩ there by setting the
rising threshold (VEN_RTH) to 10V and the falling threshold
(VEN_FTH) to 9V, for 1V of hysteresis (VEN_HYS). Care
should be taken to prevent the voltage at the EN pin from
exceeding VCC when using the programmable UVLO
functionality.
11
FIGURE 2. ENABLE POR CIRCUIT
Soft-start
The POR function activates the internal 38µA OTA which
begins charging the external capacitor (CSS) on the SS pin to a
target voltage of VCC. The ISL8118’s soft-start logic continues
to charge the SS pin until the voltage on COMP exceeds the
bottom of the oscillator ramp, at which point, the driver outputs
are enabled, with the bottom side MOSFET first being held low
for 200ns to provide for charging of the bootstrap capacitor.
Once the driver outputs are enabled, the OTA’s target voltage is
then changed to the margined (if margining is being used)
reference voltage (VREF_MARG), and the SS pin is ramped up
or down accordingly. This method reduces start-up surge
currents due to a pre-charged output by inhibiting regulator
switching until the control loop enters its linear region. By
ramping the positive input of the error amplifier to VCC and
then to VREF_MARG, it is even possible to mitigate surge
currents from outputs that are pre-charged above the set output
voltage. As the SS pin connects directly to the non-inverting
input of the Error Amplifier, noise on this pin should be kept to a
minimum through careful routing and part placement. To
prevent noise injection into the error amplifier, the SS capacitor
should be located within 150 mils of the SS and GND pins.
Soft-start is declared done when the drivers have been enabled
and the SS pin is within ±3mV of VREF_MARG.
Power Good
The power good comparator references the voltage on the
soft-start pin to prevent accidental tripping during margining.
The trip points are shown on Figure 3. Additionally, power
good will not be asserted until after the completion of the
soft-start cycle. A 0.1µF capacitor at the PGDLY pin will add
an additional ~7.1ms delay to the assertion of power good.
PGDLY does not delay the deassertion of power good.
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
parallel with RBSOC to prevent on chip parasitics from
impacting the accuracy of the OCP measurement.
VDIFF
+15%
+9%
VREF_MARG
-9%
-15%
I OC_SOURCE • r
DS ( ON )Botside
R BSOC = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------100μA
Detailed Bottom Side OCP Equations
ΔI
⎛I
+ -----⎞ • r
⎝ OC_SOURCE 2 ⎠ DS ( ON )B
R BSOC = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I BSOC • N B
GOOD
GOOD
UV
Simple Bottom Side OCP Equation
OV
UV
FIGURE 3. UNDERVOLTAGE-OVERVOLTAGE WINDOW
1.5V
T PGDLY = C PGDLY ⋅ --------------30μA
Undervoltage and Overvoltage Protection
The Undervoltage (UV) and Overvoltage (OV) protection
circuitry compares the voltage on the VDIFF pin with the
reference that tracks with the margining circuitry to prevent
accidental tripping. UV and OV functionality is not enabled
until the end of soft-start.
An OV event is detected asynchronously and causes the top
side MOSFET to turn off, the bottom side MOSFET to turn
on (effectively a 0% duty cycle), and PGOOD to pull low. The
regulator stays in this state and overrides sourcing and
sinking OCP protections until the OV event is cleared.
A UV event is detected asynchronously and results in the
PGOOD pulling low.
Overcurrent Protection
The ISL8118 monitors both the top side MOSFET and bottom
side MOSFET for overcurrent events. Dual sensing allows the
ISL8118 to detect overcurrent faults at the very low and very
high duty cycles that can result from the ISL8118’s wide input
range. The OCP function is enabled with the drivers at start-up
and detects the peak current during each sensing period. A
resistor and a capacitor between the BSOC pin and GND set
the bottom side source and sinking current limits. A 100µA
current source develops a voltage across the resistor which is
then compared with the voltage developed across the bottom
side MOSFET at conduction mode. The measurement
comparator uses offset correcting circuitry to provide precise
current measurements with roughly ±2mV of offset error. An
~120ns blanking period, implemented on the upper and lower
MOSFET current sensing circuitries, is used to reduce the
current sampling error due to the leading-edge switching noise.
An additional 120ns low pass filter is used to further reduce
measurement error due to noise. In sourcing current
applications, the BSOC voltage is inverted and compared with
the voltage across the MOSFET while on. When this voltage
exceeds the BSOC set voltage, a sourcing OCP fault is
triggered. A 1000pF or greater filter capacitor should be used in
12
V IN - V OUT V OUT
ΔI = -------------------------------- • ---------------FS L
V IN
I BSOC • N B • R BSOC ΔI
I OC_SINK = ---------------------------------------------------------- – ----2
r DS ( ON )B
N B = Number of Bottom side MOSFETs
The ISL8118’s sinking current limit is set to the same voltage
as its sourcing limit. In sinking applications, when the voltage
across the MOSFET is greater than the voltage developed
across the resistor (RBSOC) a sinking OCP event is
triggered. To avoid non-synchronous operation at light load,
the peak-to-peak output inductor ripple current should not be
greater than twice of the sinking current limit.
The top side sourcing current limit is set by connecting the
TSOC pin with a resistor (RTSOC) and a capacitor to the drain
of the top side MOSEFT. A 100µA current source develops a
voltage across the resistor which is then compared with the
voltage developed across the top side MOSFET while on.
When the voltage drop across the MOSFET exceeds the
voltage drop across the resistor, a sourcing OCP event
occurs. A 1000pF or greater filter capacitor should be used in
parallel with RTSOC to prevent on chip parasitics from
impacting the accuracy of the OCP measurement and to
smooth the voltage across RTSOC in the presence of
switching noise on the input bus.
Sourcing OCP faults cause the regulator to disable (TGATE
and BGATE drives pulled low, PGOOD pulled low, soft-start
capacitor discharged) itself for a fixed period of time after which
a normal soft-start sequence is initiated. The period of time the
regulator waits before attempting a soft-start sequence is set by
three charge and discharge cycles of the soft-start capacitor.
Simple Top Side OCP Equation
I OC_SOURCE • r
DS ( ON )T
R TSOC = -------------------------------------------------------------------100μA
Detailed Top Side OCP Equation
ΔI
⎛I
+ -----⎞ • r
⎝ OC_SOURCE 2 ⎠ DS ( ON )T
R TSOC = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I TSOC • N T
N T = Number of top side MOSFETs
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Sinking OCP faults cause the bottom side MOSFET drive to
be disabled, effectively operating the ISL8118 in a
non-synchronous manner. The fault is maintained for three
clock cycles at which point it is cleared and normal operation
is restored. OVP fault implementation overrides sourcing
and sinking OCP events, immediately turning on the bottom
side MOSFET and turning off the top side MOSFET. The OC
trip point varies mainly due to the MOSFETs rDS(ON)
variations and system noise. To avoid overcurrent tripping in
the normal operating load range, find the RTSOC and/or
RBSOC resistor from the previous detailed equations with:
1. Maximum rDS(ON) at the highest junction temperature;
2. Minimum IBSOC and/or ITSOC from specification table;
3. Determine the overcurrent trip point greater than the
maximum output continuous current at maximum
inductor ripple current.
Frequency Programming
By tying a resistor to GND from FSET pin, the switching
frequency can be set between 250kHz and 2MHz.
Oscillator/VFF
The Oscillator is a triangle waveform, providing for leading
and falling edge modulation. The bottom of the oscillator
waveform is set at 1.0V. The ramp's peak-to-peak amplitude
is determined from the voltage on the VFF (Voltage Feed
Forward) pin by Equation 1:
D VOSC = 0.16 • VFF
(EQ. 1)
An internal RC filter of 233kΩ and 2pF (341kHz) provides
filtering of the VFF voltage. An external RC filter may be
required to augment this filter in the event that it is insufficient to
prevent noise injection or control loop interactions. Voltages
below 2.9V on the VFF pin may result in undesirable operation
due to extremely small peak-to-peak oscillator waveforms. The
oscillator waveform should not exceed VCC -1.0V. For high
VFF voltages the internal/external 5.6V linear regulator should
be used. 5.6V on VCC provides sufficient headroom for 100%
duty cycle operation when using the maximum VFF voltage of
22V. In the event of sustained 100% duty cycle operation,
defined as 32 clock cycles where no BG pulse is detected, BG
will be pulsed on to refresh the design’s Bootstrap capacitor.
100
10
Fs [ Hz ] ≈ 1.178 ×10
• RT [ Ω ]
– 0.973
(R T TO GND)
(EQ. 2)
Internal Series Linear Regulator
The VIN pin is connected to PVCC with a 2Ω internal series
linear regulator, which is internally compensated. The external
Series Linear regulator option should be used for applications
requiring pass elements of less than 2Ω. When using the
internal regulator, the EXDRV pin should be connected directly
to GND. The PVCC and VIN pins should have a bypass
capacitor (at least 10µF on PVCC is required) connected to
PGND. For proper operation, the PVCC capacitor must be
within 150 mils of the PVCC and the PGND pins, and be
connected to these pins with dedicated traces. The internal
series linear regulator’s input (VIN) can range between 3.3V to
20V ±10%. The internal linear regulator is to provide power for
both the internal MOSFET drivers through the PVCC pin and
the analog circuitry through the VCC pin. The VCC pin should
be connected to the PVCC pin with an RC filter to prevent high
frequency driver switching noise from entering the analog
circuitry. When VIN drops below 5.6V, the pass element will
saturate; PVCC will track VIN, minus the dropout of the linear
regulator: PVCC = VIN-2xIVIN. When used with an external 5V
supply, the VIN pin should be tied directly to PVCC.
External Series Linear Regulator
The EXDRV pin provides sinking drive capability for an
external pass element linear regulator controller. The
external linear options are especially useful when the
internal linear dropout is too large for a given application.
When using the external linear regulator option, the EXDRV
pin should be connected to the gate of a PMOS device, and
a resistor should be connected between its gate and source.
A resistor and a capacitor should be connected from gate to
source to compensate the control loop. A PNP device can be
used instead of a PMOS device, in which case the EXDRV
pin should be connected to the base of the PNP pass
element. The maximum sinking capability of the EXDRV pin
is 0.5mA, and should not be exceeded if using an external
resistor for a PMOS device. The designer should take care
in designing a stable system when using external pass
elements. The VCC pin should be connected to the PVCC
pin with an RC filter to prevent high frequency driver
switching noise from entering the analog circuitry.
RESISTANCE (kΩ)
High Speed MOSFET Gate Driver
10
1
100k
1M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
10M
The integrated driver has similar drive capability and features
to Intersil's ISL6605 stand alone gate driver. The PWM
tri-state feature helps prevent a negative transient on the
output voltage when the output is being shut down. This
eliminates the Schottky diode that is used in some systems for
protecting the microprocessor from reversed-output-voltage
damage. See the ISL6605 datasheet for specification
parameters that are not defined in the current ISL8118
Electrical Specifications table.
FIGURE 4. RFS RESISTANCE vs FREQUENCY
13
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
A 1Ω to 2Ω resistor is recommended to be in series with the
bootstrap diode when using VCCs above 5.0V to prevent the
bootstrap capacitor from overcharging due to the negative
swing of the trailing edge of the LX node.
Margining Control
When MARGIN is pulled high or low, the positive or negative
margining functionality is respectively enabled. When
MARGIN is left floating, the function is disabled. Upon
positive margining, an internal buffer drives the OFSN pin
from VCC to maintain OFSP at 0.591V. The resistor divider,
RMARG and ROFSP, causes the voltage at OFSN to be
increased. Similarly, upon Negative margining, an internal
buffer drives the OFSP pin from VCC to maintain OFSN at
0.591V. The resistor divider, RMARG and ROFSN, causes
the voltage at OFSP to be increased. In both modes, the
voltage difference between OFSP and OFSN is then sensed
with an instrumentation amplifier and is converted to the
desired margining voltage by a 5:1 ratio. The maximum
designed margining range of the ISL8118 is ±200mV; this
sets the MINIMUM value of ROFSP or ROFSN at
approximately 5.9k for an RMARG of 10k for a MAXIMUM of
1V across RMARG.
The OFS pins are completely independent and can be set to
different margining levels. The maximum usable reference
voltage for the ISL8118 is VCC - 1.8V, and should not be
exceeded when using the margining functionality, i.e,
VREF_MARG < VCC - 1.8V.
V REF R MARG
V MARG_POS = --------------- • --------------------5
R OFSP
(EQ. 3)
V REF R MARG
V MARG_NEG = --------------- • --------------------5
R OFSN
(EQ. 4)
An alternative calculation provides for a desired percentage
change in the output voltage when using the internal 0.591V
reference:
R MARG
V PCT_POS = 20 • --------------------R OFSP
(EQ. 5)
R MARG
V PCT_NEG = 20 • --------------------R OFSN
(EQ. 6)
When not used in a design OFSP, OFSN, and MARGIN
should be left floating. To prevent damage to the part, OFSP
and OFSN should not be tied to VCC or PVCC.
Reference Output Buffer
The internal buffer’s output tracks the unmargined system
reference. It has a 19mA drive capability, with maximum and
minimum output voltage capabilities of VCC and GND
respectively. Its capacitive loading can range from 1µF to
above 17.6µF, which is designed for 1 to 8 DIMM systems in
DDR (Dual Data Rate) applications. 1µF of capacitance
should always be present on REFOUT. It is not designed to
drive a resistive load and any such load added to the system
should be kept above 300kΩ total impedance.
14
Reference Input
The REFIN pin allows the user to bypass the internal 0.591V
reference with an external reference. Asynchronously, if
REFIN is NOT within ~800mV of VCC, the external reference
pin is used as the control reference instead of the internal
0.591V reference. The minimum usable REFIN voltage is
~60mV while the maximum is VCC - 1.8V - VMARG (if
present). The limitation is set by the error amplifier's maximum
common mode input range of VCC - 1.8V for the industrial
temperature ranges.
VCC
REFERENCE
VREF = 0.591V
ISL8118
STATE
MACHINE
REFIN
800mV
REFOUT
MARGINING
BLOCK
VREF_MARG
OTA
FIGURE 5. SIMPLIFIED REFERENCE BUFFER
Internal Reference and System Accuracy
The internal reference is trimmed to 0.591V. The total DC
system accuracy of the system is within 0.85% over
commercial temperature range, and 1.25% over industrial
temperature range. System accuracy includes error amplifier
offset, OTA error, and bandgap error. Differential remote
sense offset error is not included. As a result, if the
differential remote sense is used, then an extra 3mV of offset
error enters the system. The use of REFIN may add up to
1.8mV of additional offset error.
Differential Remote Sense Buffer
The differential remote sense buffer is essentially an
instrumentation amplifier with unity gain. The offset is
trimmed to 3mV for high system accuracy. As with any
instrumentation amplifier, typically 6µA are sourced from the
VSENSN pin. The output of the remote sense buffer is
connected directly to the internal OV/UV comparator. As a
result, a resistor divider should be placed on the input of the
buffer for proper regulation, as shown in Figure 6. The
VDIFF pin should be connected to the FB pin by a standard
feed-back network. A small capacitor, CSEN in Figure 6, can
be added to filter out noise, typically CSEN is chosen so the
corresponding time constant does not reduce the overall
phase margin of the design, typically this is 2x to 10x
switching frequency of the regulator.
As some applications will not use the differential remote
sense, the output of the remote sense buffer can be disabled
(high impedance) by pulling VSENSN within 800mV of VCC.
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
VSENSE(REMOTE)
VOUT (LOCAL)
10Ω
GND (LOCAL)
10Ω
VSENSE+
(REMOTE)
RFB
ROS
CSEN
VCC
VSENSN
ZIN
VSENSP
ZFB
VDIFF
OV/UV
COMP
800mV
COMP
FB
ERROR AMP
GAIN = 1
VSS
FIGURE 6. SIMPLIFIED UNITY GAIN DIFFERENITAL SENSING IMPLEMENTATION
VIN
ISL8118
TGATE
Q1
LO
VOUT
LX
CIN
Q2
BGATE
LOAD
As the VDIFF pin is connected internally to the
OV/UV/PGOOD comparator, an external resistor divider
must then be connected to VDIFF to provide correct voltage
information for the OV/UV comparator. An RC filter should
be used if VDIFF is to be connected directly to FB instead of
to VOUT through a separate resistor divider network. This
filter prevents noise injection from disturbing the
OV/UV/PGOOD comparators on VDIFF. VDIFF may also be
connected to the SS pin, which completely bypasses the
OV/UV/PGOOD functionality.
CO
PGND
Application Guidelines
Layout Considerations
RETURN
Figure 7 shows the critical power components of the
converter. To minimize the voltage overshoot/undershoot the
interconnecting wires indicated by heavy lines should be part
of ground or power plane in a printed circuit board. The
components shown in Figure 8 should be located as close
together as possible. Please note that the capacitors CIN
and CO each represent numerous physical capacitors.
Locate the ISL8118 within 3 inches of the MOSFETs, Q1 and
Q2. The circuit traces for the MOSFETs’ gate and source
connections from the ISL8118 must be sized to handle up to
4A peak current.
FIGURE 7. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER AND
GROUND PLANES OR ISLANDS
Proper grounding of the IC is important for correct operation in
noisy environments. The PGND pin should be connected to
board ground at the source of the bottom side MOSFET with a
wide short trace. The GND pin should be connected to a large
copper fill under the IC which is subsequently connected to
board ground at a quite location on the board, typically found
at an input or output bulk (electrolytic) capacitor.
BOOT
+VIN
D1
CBOOT
SS
ISL8118
PVCC
GND
VOUT
LX
+5V
CSS
Q1 L
O
Q2
LOAD
As in any high frequency switching converter, layout is very
important. Switching current from one power device to
another can generate voltage transients across the
impedances of the interconnecting bond wires and circuit
traces. These interconnecting impedances should be
minimized by using wide, short printed circuit traces. The
critical components should be located as close together as
possible using ground plane construction or single point
grounding.
CO
CPVCC
PGND
FIGURE 8. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD SMALL SIGNAL
LAYOUT GUIDELINES
15
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Figure 8 shows the circuit traces that require additional
layout consideration. Use single point and ground plane
construction for the circuits shown. Minimize any leakage
current paths on the SS pin and locate the capacitor, CSS
close to the SS pin (as described earlier) as the internal
current source is only 38µA. Provide local decoupling
between PVCC and PGND pins as described earlier. Locate
the capacitor, CBOOT as close as practical to the BOOT and
LX pins.
C2
COMP
R2
C3
R3
C1
-
R1
FB
E/A
+
VREF
Compensating the Converter
VDIFF
The ISL8118 single-phase converter is a voltage-mode
controller. This section highlights the design considerations for
a voltage-mode controller requiring external compensation. To
address a broad range of applications, a type-3 feedback
network is recommended (see Figure 9).
-
RFB
VSENSN
CSEN
ROS
+
VSENSP
VOUT
OSCILLATOR
C2
VIN
R2
C1
FB
C3
R3
PWM
CIRCUIT
COMP
VOSC
R1
TGATE
ISL8118
HALF-BRIDGE
DRIVE
VDIFF
L
DCR
LX
BGATE
FIGURE 9. COMPENSATION CONFIGURATION FOR ISL8118
WHEN USING DIFFERENTIAL REMOTE SENSE
Figure 10 highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a
synchronous-rectified buck converter, when using an internal
differential remote sense amplifier. The output voltage (VOUT)
is regulated to the reference voltage, VREF, level. The error
amplifier output (COMP pin voltage) is compared with the
oscillator (OSC) triangle wave to provide a pulse-width
modulated wave with an amplitude of VIN at the LX node. The
PWM wave is smoothed by the output filter (L and C). The
output filter capacitor bank’s equivalent series resistance is
represented by the series resistor ESR.
The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer
function of VOUT /VCOMP. This function is dominated by a DC
gain, given by dMAXVIN /VOSC, and shaped by the output
filter, with a double pole break frequency at FLC and a zero at
FCE . For the purpose of this analysis C and ESR represent
the total output capacitance and its equivalent series
resistance.
1
F LC = --------------------------2π ⋅ L ⋅ C
(EQ. 7)
1
F CE = --------------------------------2π ⋅ C ⋅ ESR
(EQ. 8)
ISL8118
ESR
EXTERNAL CIRCUIT
FIGURE 10. VOLTAGE-MODE BUCK CONVERTER
COMPENSATION DESIGN
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier
(internal to the ISL8118) and the external R1-R3, C1-C3
components. The goal of the compensation network is to
provide a closed loop transfer function with high 0dB crossing
frequency (F0; typically 0.1 to 0.3 of FSW) and adequate
phase margin (better than 45°). Phase margin is the
difference between the closed loop phase at F0dB and 180°.
The equations that follow relate the compensation network’s
poles, zeros and gain to the components (R1 , R2 , R3 , C1 , C2 ,
and C3) in Figures 9 and 10. Use the following guidelines for
locating the poles and zeros of the compensation network:
1. Select a value for R1 (1kΩ to 10kΩ, typically). Calculate
value for R2 for desired converter bandwidth (F0). If
setting the output voltage to be equal to the reference set
voltage as shown in Figure 9, the design procedure can
be followed as presented. However, when setting the
output voltage via a resistor divider placed at the input of
the differential amplifier (as shown in Figure 10), in order
to compensate for the attenuation introduced by the
resistor divider, the below obtained R2 value needs be
multiplied by a factor of (ROS + RFB)/ROS. The
remainder of the calculations remain unchanged, as long
as the compensated R2 value is used.
V OSC ⋅ R 1 ⋅ F 0
R 2 = --------------------------------------------d MAX ⋅ V IN ⋅ F LC
16
C
(EQ. 9)
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
A small capacitor, CSEN in Figure 10, can be added to
filter out noise, typically CSEN is chosen so the
corresponding time constant does not reduce the overall
phase margin of the design, typically this is 2x to 10x
switching frequency of the regulator. As the ISL8118
supports 100% duty cycle, dMAX equals 1. The ISL8118
also uses feed-forward compensation, as such VOSC is
equal to 0.16 multiplied by the voltage at the VFF pin.
When tying VFF to VIN, Equation 9 simplifies to:
0.16 ⋅ R 1 ⋅ F 0
R 2 = ---------------------------------F LC
(EQ. 10)
2. Calculate C1 such that FZ1 is placed at a fraction of the FLC,
at 0.1 to 0.75 of FLC (to adjust, change the 0.5 factor to
desired number). The higher the quality factor of the output
filter and/or the higher the ratio FCE/FLC, the lower the FZ1
frequency (to maximize phase boost at FLC).
1
C 1 = ----------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ F LC
(EQ. 11)
3. Calculate C2 such that FP1 is placed at FCE.
C1
C 2 = -------------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ C 1 ⋅ F CE – 1
(EQ. 12)
4. Calculate R3 such that FZ2 is placed at FLC. Calculate C3
such that FP2 is placed below FSW (typically, 0.5 to 1.0
times FSW). FSW represents the regulator’s switching
frequency. Change the numerical factor to reflect desired
placement of this pole. Placement of FP2 lower in frequency
helps reduce the gain of the compensation network at high
frequency, in turn reducing the HF ripple component at the
COMP pin and minimizing resultant duty cycle jitter.
1 ⋅ V IN
d MAX ⋅ V IN
------------------------------ = -------------------------- = 6.25
V OSC
0.16 ⋅ V IN
1
F Z1 = ------------------------------2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ C 1
(EQ. 19)
1
F Z2 = ------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ ( R 1 + R 3 ) ⋅ C 3
(EQ. 20)
1
F P2 = ------------------------------2π ⋅ R 3 ⋅ C 3
(EQ. 22)
1
F P1 = --------------------------------------------C1 ⋅ C2
2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ --------------------C1 + C2
(EQ. 21)
Figure 11 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC/DC converter’s
gain vs. frequency. The actual modulator gain has a high gain
peak dependent on the quality factor (Q) of the output filter,
which is not shown. Using the above guidelines should yield a
compensation gain similar to the curve plotted. The open loop
error amplifier gain bounds the compensation gain. Check the
compensation gain at FP2 against the capabilities of the error
amplifier. The closed loop gain, GCL, is constructed on the loglog graph of Figure 11 by adding the modulator gain, GMOD
(in dB), to the feedback compensation gain, GFB (in dB). This
is equivalent to multiplying the modulator transfer function and
the compensation transfer function and then plotting the
resulting gain.
(EQ. 14)
It is recommended that a mathematical model is used to plot
the loop response. Check the loop gain against the error
amplifier’s open-loop gain. Verify phase margin results and
adjust as necessary. The following equations describe the
frequency response of the modulator (GMOD), feedback
compensation (GFB) and closed-loop response (GCL):
d MAX ⋅ V IN
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ESR ⋅ C
G MOD ( f ) = ------------------------------ ⋅ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
V OSC
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ( ESR + DCR ) ⋅ C + s ( f ) ⋅ L ⋅ C
(EQ. 15)
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R2 ⋅ C1
G FB ( f ) = ---------------------------------------------------- ⋅
s ( f ) ⋅ R1 ⋅ ( C1 + C2 )
(EQ. 16)
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ( R1 + R3 ) ⋅ C3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------⎛ C1 ⋅ C2 ⎞ ⎞
⎛
-------------------( 1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R3 ⋅ C3 ) ⋅ ⎜ 1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R2 ⋅ ⎜
⎟⎟
⎝ C 1 + C 2⎠ ⎠
⎝
where, s ( f ) = 2π ⋅ f ⋅ j
17
(EQ. 17)
FP2
GAIN
1
C 3 = ------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R 3 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ F SW
FP1
R2
20 log ⎛ --------⎞
⎝ R1⎠
MODULATOR GAIN
COMPENSATION GAIN
CLOSED LOOP GAIN
OPEN LOOP E/A GAIN
d MAX ⋅ V
IN
20 log --------------------------------V
OSC
0
GFB
GCL
LOG
(EQ. 13)
(EQ. 18)
COMPENSATION BREAK FREQUENCY EQUATIONS
FZ1 FZ2
R1
R 3 = ---------------------F SW
------------ – 1
F LC
G CL ( f ) = G MOD ( f ) ⋅ G FB ( f )
As before, when tying VFF to VIN, terms in the previous
equations can be simplified as follows:
GMOD
LOG
FLC
FCE
F0
FREQUENCY
FIGURE 11. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN
A stable control loop has a gain crossing with close to a
-20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45°.
Include worst case component variations when determining
phase margin. The mathematical model presented makes a
number of approximations and is generally not accurate at
frequencies approaching or exceeding half the switching
frequency. When designing compensation networks, select
target crossover frequencies in the range of 10% to 30% of
the switching frequency, FSW.
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Component Selection Guidelines
Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current
and voltage. However, the large inductance values reduce
the converter’s response time to a load transient.
Output Capacitor Selection
An output capacitor is required to filter the output and supply
the load transient current. The filtering requirements are a
function of the switching frequency and the ripple current.
The load transient requirements are a function of the slew
rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the transient load current.
These requirements are generally met with a mix of
capacitors and careful layout.
Modern microprocessors produce transient load rates above
1A/ns. High frequency capacitors initially supply the transient
and slow the current load rate seen by the bulk capacitors.
The bulk filter capacitor values are generally determined by
the ESR (effective series resistance) and voltage rating
requirements rather than actual capacitance requirements.
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as
close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be
careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that
could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance
components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on
specific decoupling requirements. For example, Intel
recommends that the high frequency decoupling for the
Pentium Pro be composed of at least forty (40) 1.0µF
ceramic capacitors in the 1206 surface-mount package.
Follow on specifications have only increased the number
and quality of required ceramic decoupling capacitors.
Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for
switching-regulator applications for the bulk capacitors. The
bulk capacitor’s ESR will determine the output ripple voltage
and the initial voltage drop after a high slew-rate transient.
An aluminum electrolytic capacitor's ESR value is related to
the case size with lower ESR available in larger case sizes.
However, the equivalent series inductance (ESL) of these
capacitors increases with case size and can reduce the
usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate transient
loading. Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified parameter.
Work with your capacitor supplier and measure the
capacitor’s impedance with frequency to select a suitable
component. In most cases, multiple electrolytic capacitors of
small case size perform better than a single large case
capacitor.
Output Inductor Selection
The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage
ripple requirements and minimize the converter’s response
time to the load transient. The inductor value determines the
converter’s ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function
of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are
approximated by the following equations:
V IN - V OUT V OUT
ΔI = -------------------------------- • ---------------FS x L
V IN
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to a
load transient is the time required to change the inductor
current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the
ISL8118 will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in
response to a load transient. The response time is the time
required to slew the inductor current from an initial current
value to the transient current level. During this interval the
difference between the inductor current and the transient
current level must be supplied by the output capacitor.
Minimizing the response time can minimize the output
capacitance required.
The response time to a transient is different for the
application of load and the removal of load. The following
equations give the approximate response time interval for
application and removal of a transient load:
L O × I TRAN
t RISE = -------------------------------V IN – V OUT
(EQ. 25)
L O × I TRAN
t FALL = ------------------------------V OUT
(EQ. 26)
where: ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the
response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the
response time to the removal of load. With a lower input
source such as 1.8V or 3.3V, the worst case response time
can be either at the application or removal of load and
dependent upon the output voltage setting. Be sure to check
both of these equations at the minimum and maximum
output levels for the worst case response time.
Input Capacitor Selection
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use small ceramic
capacitors for high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors
to supply the current needed each time Q1 turns on. Place the
small ceramic capacitors physically close to the MOSFETs
and between the drain of Q1 and the source of Q2.
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitor are the
voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable
operation, select the bulk capacitor with voltage and current
ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS
current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage rating
should be at least 1.25 times greater than the maximum
input voltage and a voltage rating of 1.5 times is a
conservative guideline. The RMS current rating requirement
(EQ. 23)
(EQ. 24)
ΔVOUT= ΔI x ESR
18
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
components; conduction loss and switching loss. The
conduction losses are the largest component of power
dissipation for both the top and the bottom MOSFETs. These
losses are distributed between the two MOSFETs according
to duty factor (see the following equations). The upper
MOSFET exhibits turn-on and turn-off switching losses as
well as the reverse recover loss, while the synchronous
rectifier exhibits body-diode conduction losses during the
leading and trailing edge dead times.
0.6
0.5Io
0.5
KICM
0.4
0.25Io
0.3
DI = 0Io
0.2
DS ( ON )B
ΔI 2⎞ • r------------------------- • ( 1 – D ) + P DEAD
P BOTTOM = ⎛ I O 2 + ------⎝
N
12 ⎠
0.1
B
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
DUTY CYCLE (D)
0.8
0.9
1.0
FIGURE 12. INPUT-CAPACITOR CURRENT MULTIPLIER FOR
SINGLE-PHASE BUCK CONVERTER
for the input capacitor of a buck regulator is approximated in
the following.
I IN, RMS =
DS ( ON ),T
ΔI 2⎞ • r--------------------------• D + P SW + P Qrr
P TOP = ⎛ I O 2 + ------⎝
N
12 ⎠
(EQ. 30)
T
ΔI
ΔI ⎞ • t
+ ⎛ I – ------⎞ • t
• VIN • F S (EQ. 31)
P SW = ⎛ I O + ----⎝
12⎠ OFF ⎝ O 12⎠ ON
VO
D = ---------VIN
I2
2 ( D – D2 ) + Δ
-------- D
IO
12
(EQ. 28)
ΔI
ΔI ⎞ • V
⎛
------⎞
P DEAD = ⎛ I O + ----DT • t DT + ⎝ I O – 12⎠ • V DB • t DB • F S
⎝
12⎠
(EQ. 29)
(EQ. 27)
OR
I IN, RMS = K ICM • I O
For a through hole design, several electrolytic capacitors
(Panasonic HFQ series or Nichicon PL series or Sanyo MVGX or equivalent) may be needed. For surface mount
designs, solid tantalum capacitors can be used, but caution
must be exercised with regard to the capacitor surge current
rating. These capacitors must be capable of handling the
surge-current at power-up. The TPS series available from
AVX, and the 593D series from Sprague are both surge
current tested.
MOSFET Selection/Considerations
The ISL8118 requires 2 N-Channel power MOSFETs. These
should be selected based upon rDS(ON), gate supply
requirements, and thermal management requirements.
In high-current applications, the MOSFET power dissipation,
package selection and heatsink are the dominant design
factors. The power dissipation includes two loss
P Qrr = Q rr • VIN • F S
(EQ. 32)
where D is the duty cycle = VO / VIN; Qrr is the reverse
recover charge; tDLand tDT are leading and trailing edge dead
time, and tON & tOFF are the switching intervals.
These equations do not include the gate-charge losses that
are proportional to the total gate charge and the switching
frequency and partially dissipated by the internal gate
resistance of the MOSFETs. Ensure that both MOSFETs are
within their maximum junction temperature at high ambient
temperature by calculating the temperature rise according to
package thermal-resistance specifications. A separate
heatsink may be necessary depending upon MOSFET
power, package type, ambient temperature and air flow.
ISL8118 DC/DC Converter Application Circuit
Detailed information on the application circuit, including a
complete Bill of Materials and circuit board description, can
be found in application note AN1204. See Intersil’s home
page on the web: http://www.intersil.com.
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
19
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
ISL8118
Package Outline Drawing
L28.5x5
28 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
Rev 2, 10/07
4X 3.0
5.00
24X 0.50
A
B
6
PIN 1
INDEX AREA
6
PIN #1 INDEX AREA
28
22
1
5.00
21
3 .10 ± 0 . 15
15
(4X)
7
0.15
8
14
TOP VIEW
0.10 M C A B
- 0.07
4 28X 0.25 + 0.05
28X 0.55 ± 0.10
BOTTOM VIEW
SEE DETAIL "X"
0.10 C
0 . 90 ± 0.1
C
BASE PLANE
SEATING PLANE
0.08 C
( 4. 65 TYP )
( 24X 0 . 50)
(
SIDE VIEW
3. 10)
(28X 0 . 25 )
C
0 . 2 REF
5
0 . 00 MIN.
0 . 05 MAX.
( 28X 0 . 75)
TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN
DETAIL "X"
NOTES:
1. Dimensions are in millimeters.
Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only.
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994.
3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal ± 0.05
4. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature.
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
20
FN6325.1
April 7, 2009
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