DCM™ DC-DC Converter DCM48AP360x320A50 S ® C US C NRTL US Isolated, Regulated DC Converter Features Product Ratings • Isolated, regulated DC-DC converter • Up to 320 W, 8.90 A continuous • 92.5% peak efficiency VIN = 36 V to 75 V POUT = 320 W VOUT = 36.0 V (21.6 V to 39.6 V Trim) IOUT = 8.90 A • 818 W/in3 Power density • Wide input range 36 – 75 Vdc • Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV) 36.0 V Nominal Output • 2250 Vdc isolation • ZVS high frequency switching n Enables low-profile, high-density filtering • Optimized for array operation n Up to 8 units – 2560 W n No power derating needed n Sharing strategy permits dissimilar line voltages across an array • Fully operational current limit • OV, OC, UV, short circuit and thermal protection • 3623 through-hole ChiP package n 1.524” x 0.898” x 0.286” (38.72 mm x 22.8 mm x 7.26 mm) Product Description The DCM Isolated, Regulated DC Converter is a DC-DC converter, operating from an unregulated, wide range input to generate an isolated 36.0 Vdc output. With its high frequency zero voltage switching (ZVS) topology, the DCM converter consistently delivers high efficiency across the input line range. Modular DCM converters and downstream DC-DC products support efficient power distribution, providing superior power system performance and connectivity from a variety of unregulated power sources to the point-of-load. Leveraging the thermal and density benefits of Vicor’s ChiP packaging technology, the DCM module offers flexible thermal management options with very low top and bottom side thermal impedances. Thermally-adept ChiP based power components enable customers to achieve cost effective power system solutions with previously unattainable system size, weight and efficiency attributes, quickly and predictably. Typical Applications • • • • Industrial Process control Automotive Heavy Equipment DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 1 of 24 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 Typical Application DCM1 TR EN FT R1_1 L2_1 F 1_1 L1_1 Vin +IN +OUT CLOAD CDCM_1 C1_1 -IN Load -OUT DCM2 TR EN FT R1_2 L2_2 F 1_2 L1_2 +IN +OUT -IN -OUT CDCM_2 C1_2 ≈≈ ≈≈ DCM4 TR EN FT R1_4 L2_4 F 1_4 L1_4 +IN +OUT -IN -OUT CDCM_4 C1_4 Typical Application 1: DCM48AP360x320A50 in an array of four units DCM TR EN L2 F1 Vin Load 1 FT R1 L1 +IN +OUT -IN -OUT CLOAD C1 Non-isolated Point-of-Load Regulator Load 2 Typical Application 2: Single DCM48AP360x320A50, to a non-isolated regulator, and direct to load DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 2 of 24 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 Pin Configuration TOP VIEW 1 2 +IN A A’ +OUT TR B B’ -OUT EN C C’ +OUT FT D -IN E D’ -OUT 3623 ChiP Package Pin Descriptions Pin Number Signal Name Type A1 +IN INPUT POWER B1 TR INPUT Enables and disables trim functionality. Adjusts output voltage when trim active. C1 EN INPUT Enables and disables power supply D1 FT OUTPUT E1 -IN INPUT POWER RETURN Negative input power terminal A’2, C’2 +OUT OUTPUT POWER Positive output power terminal B’2, D’2 -OUT OUTPUT POWER RETURN Negative output power terminal Function Positive input power terminal Fault monitoring DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 3 of 24 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 Part Ordering Information Device Input Voltage Range Package Type Output Voltage x 10 Temperature Grade Output Power Revision Version DCM 48A P 360 x 320 A5 0 DCM = DCM 48A = 36/48/75 V P = ChiP TH 360 = 36 V T = -40 to 125°C M = -55 to 125°C 320 = 320 W A5 Analog Control Interface Version Absolute Maximum Ratings The absolute maximum ratings below are stress ratings only. Operation at or beyond these maximum ratings can cause permanent damage to the device. Electrical specifications do not apply when operating beyond rated operating conditions. Parameter Comments Input Voltage (+IN to –IN) Input Voltage Slew Rate Min Max Unit -0.5 90.0 V -1 1 V/µs TR to - IN -0.3 3.5 V EN to -IN -0.3 3.5 V -0.3 3.5 V 5 mA 46.8 V FT to -IN Output Voltage (+Out to –Out) Dielectric withstand (input to output) -0.5 Basic insulation 2250 Vdc T Grade -40 125 °C M Grade -55 125 °C T Grade -40 125 °C M Grade -65 125 °C 13.5 A Internal Operating Temperature Storage Temperature Average Output Current Figure 1 — Thermal Specified Operating Area: Max Output Power Figure 2 — Electrical Specified Operating Area vs. Case Temp, Single unit at minimum full load efficiency DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 4 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 Electrical Specifications Specifications apply over all line, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C < TINT < 125°C for T grade and -55°C < TINT < 125°C for M grade. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit 36 48 75 V Power Input Specification Input voltage range Inrush current (peak) VIN Continuous operation IINRP With maximum COUT-EXT, full resistive load 12.0 A Input capacitance (internal) CIN-INT Effective value at nominal input voltage 17.6 µF Input capacitance (internal) ESR RCIN-INT At 1 MHz 0.40 mΩ Input inductance (external) LIN Differential mode, with no further line bypassing 1 µH 0.6 W 0.8 W 12.3 W 12.5 W No Load Specification Nominal line, see Fig. 3 Input power – disabled PQ 0.5 Worst case line, see Fig. 3 Nominal line, see Fig. 4 Input power – enabled with no load PNL 2.0 Worst case line, see Fig. 4 Power Output Specification Output voltage set point VOUT-NOM VIN = 48 V, nominal trim, at 100% Load, TINT = 25°C 35.82 36.0 36.18 V Rated output voltage trim range VOUT-TRIMMING Trim range over temp, with > 10% rated load. Specifies the Low, Nominal and High Trim conditions. 21.6 36.0 39.6 V Output voltage load regulation ΔVOUT-LOAD 1.8947 2.0952 V 3.79 V Output voltage light load regulation Output voltage temperature coefficient VOUT accuracy 0% to 10% load, additional VOUT relative to calculated load-line point; see Fig. 6 and Sec. Design Guidelines ΔVOUT-LL ΔVOUT-TEMP POUT Rated output current IOUT Output current limit Current limit delay Continuous, VOUT ≥ 36.0 V -4.80 -2.0 mV/°C 2.0 % Continuous, VOUT ≤ 36.0 V 320 W 8.90 A IOUT-LM Of rated IOUT max. Fully operational current limit, for nominal trim and below 100 tIOUT-LIM The module will power limit in a fast transient event η % 87.8 % Output capacitance (internal) ESR RCOUT-INT At 1 MHz COUT-EXT- 92.5 50% load, over rated line, temperature and trim Effective value at nominal output voltage TRANS-TRIM ms % COUT-INT COUT-EXT-TRANS 1 89.5 Output capacitance (internal) Output capacitance (external) % Full load, over line and temperature, nominal trim VOUT-PP COUT-EXT 140 91.7 Output voltage ripple Output capacitance (external) 120 Full load, nominal line, nominal trim 20 MHz bandwidth. At nominal trim, minimum COUT-EXT and at least 10 % rated load Output capacitance (external) 0.0 Nominal, linear temperature coefficient, relative to TINT = 25ºC. See Fig. 5 and Design Guidelines Section The total output voltage setpoint accuracy from the %VOUT-ACCURACY calculated ideal VOUT based on load, temp and trim. Excludes ΔVOUT-LL Rated output power Efficiency Linear load line. Output voltage increase from full rated load current to no load (Does not include light load 1.6963 regulation). See Fig. 6 and Sec. Design Guidelines Excludes component temperature coefficient For load transients that remain > 10% rated load Excludes component temperature coefficient For load transients down to 0% rated load, with static trim Excludes component temperature coefficient For load transients down to 0% rated load, with dynamic trimming DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 5 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 767 mV 26 µF 0.069 mΩ 220 2200 µF 470 2200 µF 1000 2200 µF DCM48AP360x320A50 Electrical Specifications (cont.) Specifications apply over all line, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C < TINT < 125°C for T grade and -55°C < TINT < 125°C for M grade. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Power Output Specifications (Cont.) Output capacitance, ESR (ext.) Initialization delay RCOUT-EXT At 10 kHz, excludes component tolerances 10 mΩ tINIT See state diagram 25 Output turn-on delay tON From rising edge EN, with VIN pre-applied. See timing diagram 200 Output turn-off delay tOFF From falling edge EN. See timing diagram tSS At full rated resistive load. Typ spec is 1-up with min COUT-EXT. Max spec is for arrays with max COUT-EXT Soft start ramp time VOUT threshold for max rated load current IOUT at startup Monotonic soft-start threshold voltage Minimum required disabled duration Minimum required disabled duration for predictable restart Voltage deviation (transient) Settling time VOUT-FL-THRESH IOUT-START VOUT-MONOTONIC 41 During startup, VOUT must achieve this threshold before output can support full rated current Max load current at startup while VOUT is below VOUT-FL_THRESH Output voltage rise becomes monotonic with 10% of preload once it crosses VOUT-MONOTONIC 40 ms µs 600 µs 160 ms 18.0 V 0.89 A 18.0 V tOFF-MIN This refers to the minimum time a module needs to be in the disabled state before it will attempt to start via EN 2 ms tOFF-MONOTONIC This refers to the minimum time a module needs to be in the disabled state before it is guaranteed to exhibit monotonic soft-start and have predictable startup timing 100 ms %VOUT-TRANS tSETTLE Minimum COUT_EXT (10 ↔ 90% load step), excluding load line. <10 % 20.0 ms Powertrain Protections Input Voltage Initialization threshold VIN-INIT Threshold to start tINIT delay Input Voltage Reset threshold VIN-RESET Input undervoltage recovery threshold VIN-UVLO- Input undervoltage lockout threshold VIN-UVLO+ Input overvoltage lockout threshold VIN-OVLO+ Input overvoltage recovery threshold VIN-OVLO- See Timing diagram Output overvoltage threshold VOUT-OVP Output overvoltage threshold VOUT-OVP-LL Minimum current limited VOUT VOUT-UVP Overtemperature threshold (internal) TINT-OTP Power limit tOVLO-SW VIN overvoltage response time tOVLO VIN undervoltage response time tUVLO Short circuit, or temperature fault recovery time Latching faults will clear once VIN falls below VIN-RESET 3 tSC tFAULT V V 22 See Timing diagram 34 V 36 V 83 V 75 V From 25% to 100% load. Latched shutdown 45.0 V From 0% to 25% load. Latched shutdown 46.8 V Over all operating steady-state line and trim conditions 13 125 575 Independent of fault logic 1.5 For fault logic only Powertrain on, operational state See Timing diagram 1 DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 6 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 V °C PLIM VIN overvoltage to cessation of powertrain switching Short circuit response time 6 W µs 200 µs 100 ms 200 µs s DCM48AP360x320A50 Signal Specifications Specifications apply over all line, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C < TINT < 125°C for T grade and -55°C < TINT < 125°C for M grade. Enable: EN • The EN pin enables and disables the DCM converter; when held low the unit will be disabled. • The EN pin has an internal pull-up to VCC and is referenced to the -IN pin of the converter. SIGNAL TYPE DIGITAL INPUT STATE Any ATTRIBUTE SYMBOL CONDITIONS / NOTES MIN NOM MAX UNIT 2.31 V EN enable threshold VENABLE-EN EN disable threshold VENABLE-DIS 0.99 VCC 3.21 3.30 3.39 V RENABLE-INT 9.5 10.0 10.5 kΩ Internally generated VCC EN internal pull up resistance to VCC V Trim: TR • The TR pin enables and disables trim functionality when VIN is initially applied to the DCM converter. When Vin first crosses VIN-UVLO+, the voltage on TR determines whether or not trim is active. • If TR is not floating at power up and has a voltage less than TR trim enable threshold, trim is active. • If trim is active, the TR pin provides dynamic trim control with at least 30Hz of -3dB control bandwidth over the output voltage of the DCM converter. • The TR pin has an internal pull-up to VCC and is referenced to the -IN pin of the converter. SIGNAL TYPE DIGITAL INPUT ANALOG INPUT STATE ATTRIBUTE SYMBOL TR trim disable threshold VTRIM-DIS Trim disabled when TR above this threshold at power up TR trim enable threshold VTRIM-EN Trim enabled when TR below this threshold at power up Internally generated VCC VCC 3.21 3.30 3.39 V TR pin functional range VTRIM-RANGE 0.00 2.46 3.16 V Startup Operational with Trim enabled VOUT referred TR pin resolution VOUT-RES TR internal pull up resistance to VCC RTRIIM-INT CONDITIONS / NOTES MIN NOM MAX UNIT 3.20 V 3.15 With VCC = 3.3 V V 55 9.5 10.0 mV 10.5 kΩ Fault: FT • The FT pin is a Fault flag pin. • When the module is enabled and no fault is present, the FT pin does not have current drive capability. • Whenever the powertrain stops (due to a fault protection or disabling the module by pulling EN low), the FT pin output Vcc and provides current to drive an external ciruit. • When module starts up, the FT pin is pulled high to VCC during microcontroller initialization and will remain high until soft start process starts. SIGNAL TYPE STATE Any DIGITAL OUTPUT FT Active ATTRIBUTE FT internal pull up resistance to VCC SYMBOL RFAULT-INT FT voltage VFAULT-ACTIVE FT current drive capability IFAULT-ACTIVE FT response time CONDITIONS / NOTES tFT-ACTIVE At rated current drive capability Over-load beyond the ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM ratings may cause module damage Delay from cessation of switching to FT Pin Active DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 7 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 MIN NOM MAX UNIT 474 499 524 kΩ 3.0 V 4 mA 200 µs DCM48AP360x320A50 Functional Block Diagram Primary & Secondary Powertrains +VIN +IN Top Cell +OUT COUT-INT CIN-INT –OUT Bottom Cell –VIN –IN Control & Monitoring Power Limit Primary Based VOUT Sense Modulator Powertrain Enable Error Amplifier Primary Based IOUT Sense VEAO VCC TR FT Temperature VOUT Load Regulation and ILIMIT EN OTP +VIN Synchronous Floating MOSFET Gate driver Reference and Soft Start Fault Monitoring Output Under Voltage Overvoltage Lockout Undervoltage Lockout OVP Output Short Circuit DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 8 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 High Level Functional State Diagram Conditions that cause state transitions are shown along arrows. Sub-sequence activities listed inside the state bubbles. Application of VIN VIN > VIN-INIT INITIALIZATION SEQUENCE EN = False tMIN-OFF delay NON LATCHED FAULT tOFF ult Fa oved m Re Powertrain: Stopped FT = True tINIT delay Powertrain: Stopped FT = True Powertrain: Stopped FT = True EN = True and No Faults tON delay EN = False tOFF delay In p In ut O pu V tU L VL O o O r VIN > VIN-UVLO+ and not Over-temp TR mode latched STANDBY or O L V LO t O UV u t p In npu I EN = False tOFF-MIN delay SOFT START VOUT Ramp Up tss delay Powertrain: Active FT = False RUNNING tSS Expiry Ou tpu Regulates VOUT Powertrain: Active FT = False ut O tO VP Powertrain: Stopped FT = True Fault Removed Ov e Ou r-tem tpu p t U or VP VP tO pu or mp r-te P Ove put UV Out REINITIALIZATION SEQUENCE tINIT delay NON LATCHED FAULT tFAULT Powertrain: Stopped FT = True LATCHED FAULT EN = False DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 9 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 Powertrain: Stopped FT = True Output Input DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 10 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 FT ILOAD FULL LOAD IOUT VOUT VOUT-UVP FULL LOAD VOUT-NOM TR VTR-DIS EN VIN VIN-UVLO+/VIN-INIT VIN-OVLO+/- tINIT tON 1 Input Power On - Trim Inactive tSS 2 3 Ramp to TR Full Load Ignored tOFF tMIN_OFF 4 EN Low tSS tON 5 EN High tOFF 6 Input OVLO tSS tOFF 7 Input UVLO tSS tOFF 8 Input returned to zero DCM48AP360x320A50 Timing Diagrams Module Inputs are shown in blue; Module Outputs are shown in brown. Output Input DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 11 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 FT ILOAD FULL LOAD IOUT VOUT VOUT-UVP VOUT-NOM FULL LOAD TR VTR = nom VTR-EN EN VIN VIN-UVLO+/VIN-INIT VIN-OVLO+/- tINIT tON 9 Input Power On - Trim Active tSS VOUT-OVP 10 Vout based on VTR tOFF 11 Load dump and reverse current tINIT tON tSS 12 Vout OVP (primary sensed) 13 Latched fault cleared RLOAD tIOUT-LIM 14 Current Limit with Resistive Load tFAULT 15 Resistive Load with decresing R tINIT 16 Overload induced Output UVP tON tSS DCM48AP360x320A50 Timing Diagrams (Cont.) Module Inputs are shown in blue; Module Outputs are shown in brown. DCM48AP360x320A50 Typical Performance Characteristics The following figures present typical performance at TC = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. Figure 3 — Disabled power dissipation vs. VIN Figure 6 — Ideal VOUT vs. load current, at 25°C case Figure 4 — No load power dissipation vs. VIN, at nominal trim Figure 7 — 100% to 10% load transient response, VIN = 48 V, nominal trim, COUT_EXT = 220 µF Figure 5 — Ideal VOUT vs. case temperature, at full load Figure 8 — 10% to 100% load transient response, VIN = 48 V, nominal trim, COUT_EXT = 220 µF DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 12 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 Typical Performance Characteristics (cont.) Figure 12 — Efficiency and power dissipation vs.load at TCASE = -40°C, nominal trim Figure 9 — Full Load Efficiency vs. VIN, at low trim Figure 13 — Efficiency and power dissipation vs.load at TCASE = 25°C, nominal trim Figure 10 — Full Load Efficiency vs. VIN, at nominal trim Figure 11 — Full Load Efficiency vs. VIN, at high trim Figure 14 — Efficiency and power dissipation vs.load at TCASE = 90°C, nominal trim DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 13 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 The following figures present typical performance at TC = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. DCM48AP360x320A50 Typical Performance Characteristics (cont.) The following figures present typical performance at TC = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. Figure 15 — Nominal powertrain switching frequency vs. load, Figure 18 — Nominal powertrain switching frequency vs. load, at nominal VIN at nominal trim Figure 16 — Effective internal input capacitance vs. applied voltage Figure 19 — Output voltage ripple, VIN = 48 V, VOUT = 36.0 V, COUT_EXT = 220 µF, RLOAD = 4.045 Ω Figure 17 —Startup from EN, VIN = 48 V, COUT_EXT = 2200 µF, RLOAD = 4.045 Ω DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 14 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 General Characteristics Specifications apply over all line, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C < TINT < 125°C for T grade and -55°C < TINT < 125°C for M grade. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Mechanical Length L 38.13/[1.501] 38.72/[1.524] 38.89/[1.531] mm/[in] Width W 22.67/[0.893] 22.8/[0.898] 22.93/[0.903] mm/[in] Height H 7.21/[0.284] 7.26/[0.286] 7.31/[0.288] mm/[in] Volume Vol Weight W Lead finish No heat sink 6.41/[0.39] cm3/[in3] 24.0/[0.85] g/[oz] Nickel 0.51 2.03 Palladium 0.02 0.15 Gold 0.003 0.051 T-Grade -40 125 °C M-Grade -55 125 °C µm Thermal Operating internal temperature Thermal resistance top side Thermal resistance leads TINT ΦINT-TOP ΦINT-LEADS Estimated thermal resistance to maximum temperature internal component from 2.18 °C/W 4.65 °C/W 2.58 °C/W 17.7 Ws/°C isothermal top Estimated thermal resistance to maximum temperature internal component from isothermal leads Estimated thermal resistance to Thermal resistance bottom side ΦINT-BOTTOM maximum temperature internal component from isothermal bottom Thermal capacity Assembly Storage temperature TST HBM ESD rating CDM T-Grade -40 125 °C M-Grade -65 125 °C Method per Human Body Model Test ESDA/JEDEC JDS-001-2012 CLASS 1C V Charged Device Model JESD22-C101E CLASS 2 Soldering [1] Peak temperature top case [1] For further information, please contact factory applications Product is not intended for reflow solder attach. DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 15 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 135 °C DCM48AP360x320A50 General Characteristics (Cont.) Specifications apply over all line, trim and load conditions, internal temperature TINT = 25ºC, unless otherwise noted. Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C < TINT < 125°C for T grade and -55°C < TINT < 125°C for M grade. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Safety Dielectric Withstand Test VHIPOT IN to OUT 2250 Vdc IN to CASE 2250 Vdc OUT to CASE 707 Vdc Reliability MIL-HDBK-217 FN2 Parts Count 25°C Ground Benign, Stationary, Indoors / MTBF 3.39 MHrs 5.68 MHrs Computer Telcordia Issue 2, Method I Case 3, 25°C, 100% D.C., GB, GC Agency Approvals cTÜVus, Agency approvals/standards cURus, CE Marked for Low Voltage Directive and RoHS Recast Directive, as applicable DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 16 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 Pin Functions The DCM will latch trim behavior at application of VIN (once VIN exceeds VIN-UVLO+), and persist in that same behavior until loss of input voltage. n At application of VIN, if TR is sampled at above VTRIM-DIS, the module will latch in a non-trim mode, and will ignore the TR input for as long as VIN is present. +IN, -IN Input power pins. -IN is the reference for all control pins, and therefore a Kelvin connection for the control signals is recommended as close as possible to the pin on the package, to reduce effects of voltage drop due to -IN currents. n At application of VIN, if TR is sampled at below VTRIM-EN, the TR will serve as an input to control the real time output voltage, relative to full load, 25°C. It will persist in this behavior until VIN is no longer present. +OUT, -OUT Output power pins. If trim is active when the DCM is operating, the TR pin provides dynamic trim control at a typical 30 Hz of -3dB bandwidth over the output voltage. TR also decreases the current limit threshold when trimming above VOUT-NOM. EN (Enable) This pin enables and disables the DCM converter; when held low the unit will be disabled. It is referenced to the -IN pin of the converter. The EN pin has an internal pull-up to VCC through a 10 kΩ resistor. FT (Fault) n Output enable: When EN is allowed to pull up above the enable The FT pin provides a Fault signal. threshold, the module will be enabled. If leaving EN floating, it is pulled up to VCC and the module will be enabled. Anytime the module is enabled and has not recognized a fault, the FT pin is inactive. FT has an internal 499 kΩ pull-up to Vcc, therefore a shunt resistor, RSHUNT, of approximately 50 kΩ can be used to ensure the LED is completly off when there is no fault, per the diagram below. n Output disable: EN may be pulled down externally in order to disable the module. n EN is an input only, it does not pull low in the event of a fault. n The EN pins of multiple units should be driven high concurrently Whenever the powertrain stops (due to a fault protection or disabling the module by pulling EN low), the FT pin becomes active and provides current to drive an external circuit. to permit the array to start in to maximum rated load. However, the direct interconnection of multiple EN pins requires additional considerations, as discussed in the section on Array Operation. When active, FT pin drives to VCC, with up to 4 mA of external loading. Module may be damaged from an over-current FT drive, thus a resistor in series for current limiting is recommended. TR (Trim) The TR pin is used to select the trim mode and to trim the output voltage of the DCM converter. The TR pin has an internal pull-up to VCC through a 10.0 kΩ resistor. The FT pin becomes active momentarily when the module starts up. Typical External Circuits for Signal Pins (TR, EN, FT) Vcc Vcc 10k Vcc Output Voltage Reference, Current Limit Reference and Soft Start Control 499k Fault Monitoring 10k Soft Start and Fault Monitoring TR FT EN RSERIES SW RTRIM RSHUNT Kelvin -IN connection DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 17 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 Design Guidelines Building Blocks and System Design The DCM™ converter input accepts the full 36 to 75 V range, and it generates an isolated trimmable 36.0 Vdc output. Multiple DCMs may be paralleled for higher power capacity via wireless load sharing, even when they are operating off of different input voltage supplies. The DCM converter provides a regulated output voltage around defined nominal load line and temperature coefficients. The load line and temperature coefficients enable configuration of an array of DCM converters which manage the output load with no share bus among modules. Downstream regulators may be used to provide tighter voltage regulation, if required. The DCM48AP360x320A50 may be used in standalone applications where the output power requirements are up to 320 W. However, it is easily deployed as arrays of modules to increase power handling capacity. Arrays of up to eight units have been qualified for 2560 W capacity. Application of DCM converters in an array requires no derating of the maximum available power versus what is specified for a single module. Soft Start When the DCM starts, it will go through a soft start. The soft start routine ramps the output voltage by modulating the internal error amplifier reference. This causes the output voltage to approximate a piecewise linear ramp. The output ramp finishes when the voltage reaches either the nominal output voltage, or the trimmed output voltage in cases where trim mode is active. During soft-start, the maximum load current capability is reduced. Until Vout achieves at least VOUT-FL-THRESH, the output current must be less than IOUT-START in order to guarantee startup. Note that this is current available to the load, above that which is required to charge the output capacitor. Nominal Output Voltage Load Line Throughout this document, the programmed output voltage, (either the specified nominal output voltage if trim is inactive or the trimmed output voltage if trim is active), is specified at full load, and at room temperature. The actual output voltage of the DCM is given by the programmed trimmed output voltage, with modification based on load and temperature. The nominal output voltage is 36.0 V, and the actual output voltage will match this at full load and room temperature with trim inactive. The largest modification to the actual output voltage compared to the programmed output is due to the 5.263% VOUT-NOM load line, which for this model corresponds to ΔVOUT-LOAD of 1.8947V. As the load is reduced, the internal error amplifier reference, and by extension the output voltage, rises in response. This load line is the primary enabler of the wireless current sharing amongst an array of DCMs. The load line impact on the output voltage is absolute, and does not scale with programmed trim voltage. For a given programmed output voltage, the actual output voltage versus load current at for nominal trim and room temperature is given by the following equation: VOUT @ 25° = 36.0 + 1.8947 • (1 - IOUT / 8.90) (1) Nominal Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient A second additive term to the programmed output voltage is based on the temperature of the module. This term permits improved thermal balancing among modules in an array, especially when the factory nominal trim point is utilized (trim mode inactive). This term is much smaller than the load line described above, representing only a -4.80 mV/°C change. Regulation coefficient is relative to 25°C. For nominal trim and full load, the output voltage relates to the temperature according to the following equation: VOUT-FL = 36.0 -4.800 • 0.001 • (TINT - 25) (2) where TINT is in °C. The impact of temperature coefficient on the output voltage is absolute, and does not scale with trim or load. Trim Mode and Output Trim Control When the input voltage is initially applied to a DCM, and after tINIT elapses, the trim pin voltage VTR is sampled. The TR pin has an internal pull up resistor to VCC, so unless external circuitry pulls the pin voltage lower, it will pull up to VCC. If the initially sampled trim pin voltage is higher than VTRIM-DIS, then the DCM will disable trimming as long as the VIN remains applied. In this case, for all subsequent operation the output voltage will be programmed to the nominal. This minimizes the support components required for applications that only require the nominal rated Vout, and also provides the best output setpoint accuracy, as there are no additional errors from external trim components If at initial application of VIN, the TR pin voltage is prevented from exceeding VTRIM-EN, then the DCM will activate trim mode, and it will remain active for as long as VIN is applied. VOUT set point under full load and room temperature can be calculated using the equation below: VOUT-FL @ 25°C = 14.97 + (28.170 • VTR/VCC) (3) Note that the trim mode is not changed when a DCM recovers from any fault condition or being disabled. Module performance is guaranteed through output voltage trim range VOUT-TRIMMING. If VOUT is trimmed above this range, then certain combinations of line and load transient conditions may trigger the output OVP. Overall Output Voltage Transfer Function Taking load line (equation 1), temperature coefficient (equation 2) and trim (equation 3) into account, the general equation relating the DC VOUT to programmed trim (when active), load, and temperature is given by: VOUT = 14.97 + (28.170 • VTR/VCC) + 1.8947 • (1 - IOUT / 8.90) -4.800 • 0.001 • (TINT -25) + ∆VOUT-LL (4) Finally, note that when the load current is below 10% of the rated capacity, there is an additional ∆V which may add to the output voltage, depending on the line voltage which is related to Burst Mode. Please see the section on Burst Mode below for details. Use 0 V for ∆VOUT-LL when load is above 10% of rated load. See section on Burst Mode operation for light load effects on output voltage. DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 18 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 Output Current Limit The DCM features a fully operational current limit which effectively keeps the module operating inside the Safe Operating Area (SOA) for all valid trim and load profiles. The current limit approximates a “brick wall” limit, where the output current is prevented from exceeding the current limit threshold by reducing the output voltage via the internal error amplifier reference. The current limit threshold at nominal trim and below is typically 120% of rated output current, but it can vary between 100% to 140%. In order to preserve the SOA, when the converter is trimmed above the nominal output voltage, the current limit threshold is automatically reduced to limit the available output power. When the output current exceeds the current limit threshold, current limit action is held off by 1ms, which permits the DCM to momentarily deliver higher peak output currents to the load. Peak output power during this time is still constrained by the internal Power Limit of the module. The fast Power Limit and relatively slow Current Limit work together to keep the module inside the SOA. Delaying entry into current limit also permits the DCM to minimize droop voltage for load steps. Sustained operation in current limit is permitted, and no derating of output power is required, even in an array configuration. Some applications may benefit from well matched current distribution, in which case fine tuning sharing via the trim pins permits control over sharing. The DCM does not require this for proper operation, due to the power limit and current limit behaviors described here. Current limit can reduce the output voltage to as little as the UVP threshold (VOUT-UVP). Below this minimum output voltage compliance level, further loading will cause the module to shut down due to the output undervoltage fault protection. Line Impedance, Input Slew rate and Input Stability Requirements Connect a high-quality, low-noise power supply to the +IN and –IN terminals. Additional capacitance may have to be added between +IN and –IN to make up for impedances in the interconnect cables as well as deficiencies in the source. Excessive source impedance can bring about system stability issues for a regulated DC-DC converter, and must either be avoided or compensated by filtering components. A 1000 µF input capacitor is the minimum recommended in case the source impedance is insufficient to satisfy stability requirements. Additional information can be found in the filter design application note: www.vicorpower.com/documents/application_notes/vichip_appnote23.pdf Please refer to this input filter design tool to ensure input stability: http://app2.vicorpower.com/filterDesign/intiFilter.do. Ensure that the input voltage slew rate is less than 1V/us, otherwise a pre-charge circuit is required for the DCM input to control the input voltage slew rate and prevent overstress to input stage components. Input Fuse Selection The DCM is not internally fused in order to provide flexibility in configuring power systems. Input line fusing is recommended at the system level, in order to provide thermal protection in case of catastrophic failure. The fuse shall be selected by closely matching system requirements with the following characteristics: n Current rating (usually greater than the DCM converter’s maximum current) n Maximum voltage rating (usually greater than the maximum possible input voltage) n Ambient temperature n Breaking capacity per application requirements n Nominal melting I2t n Recommended fuse: See Agency Approvals for Recommended Fuse http://www.vicorpower.com/dc-dc-converter-board-mount/dcmdc-dc_converter#Documentation Fault Handling Input Undervoltage Fault Protection (UVLO) The converter’s input voltage is monitored to detect an input under voltage condition. If the converter is not already running, then it will ignore enable commands until the input voltage is greater than VIN-UVLO+. If the converter is running and the input voltage falls below VIN-UVLO-, the converter recognizes a fault condition, the powertrain stops switching, and the output voltage of the unit falls. Input voltage transients which fall below UVLO for less than tUVLO may not be detected by the fault proection logic, in which case the converter will continue regular operation. No protection is required in this case. Once the UVLO fault is detected by the fault protection logic, the converter shuts down and waits for the input voltage to rise above VIN-UVLO+. Provided the converter is still enabled, it will then restart. Input Overvoltage Fault Protection (OVLO) The converter’s input voltage is monitored to detect an input over voltage condition. When the input voltage is more than the VIN-OVLO+, a fault is detected, the powertrain stops switching, and the output voltage of the converter falls. After an OVLO fault occurs, the converter will wait for the input voltage to fall below VIN-OVLO-. Provided the converter is still enabled, the powertrain will restart. The powertrain controller itself also monitors the input voltage. Transient OVLO events which have not yet been detected by the fault sequence logic may first be detected by the controller if the input slew rate is sufficiently large. In this case, powertrain switching will immediately stop. If the input voltage falls back in range before the fault sequence logic detects the out of range condition, the powertrain will resume switching and the fault logic will not interrupt operation Regardless of whether the powertrain is running at the time or not, if the input voltage does not recover from OVLO before tOVLO, the converter fault logic will detect the fault. Output Undervoltage Fault Protection (UVP) The converter determines that an output overload or short circuit condition exists by measuring its primary sensed output voltage and the output of the internal error amplifier. In general, whenever the powertrain is switching and the primary-sensed output voltage falls below VOUT-UVP threshold, a short circuit fault will be registered. Once an output undervoltage condition is detected, the powertrain immediately stops switching, and the output voltage of the converter falls. The converter remains disabled for a time tFAULT. Once recovered and provided the converter is still enabled, the powertrain will again enter the soft start sequence after tINIT and tON. Temperature Fault Protections (OTP) The fault logic monitors the internal temperature of the converter. If the measured temperature exceeds TINT-OTP, a temperature fault is registered. As with the under voltage fault protection, once a DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 19 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 temperature fault is registered, the powertrain immediately stops switching, the output voltage of the converter falls, and the converter remains disabled for at least time tFAULT. Then, the converter waits for the internal temperature to return to below TINT-OTP before recovering. Provided the converter is still enabled, the DCM will restart after tINIT and tON. Output Overvoltage Fault Protection (OVP) The converter monitors the output voltage during each switching cycle by a corresponding voltage reflected to the primary side control circuitry. If the primary sensed output voltage exceeds VOUT-OVP, the OVP fault protection is triggered. The control logic disables the powertrain, and the output voltage of the converter falls. This type of fault is latched, and the converter will not start again until the latch is cleared. Clearing the fault latch is achieved by either disabling the converter via the EN pin, or else by removing the input power such that the input voltage falls below VIN-INIT. External Output Capacitance The DCM converter internal compensation requires a minimum external output capacitor. An external capacitor in the range of 220 to 2200 µF with ESR of 10 mΩ is required, per DCM for control loop compensation purposes. However some DCM models require an increase to the minimum external output capacitor value in certain loading and trim condition. In applications where the load can go below 10% of rated load but the output trim is held constant, the range of output capacitor required is given by COUT-EXT-TRANS in the Electrical Specifications table. If the load can go below 10% of rated load and the DCM output trim is also dynamically varied, the range of output capacitor required is given by COUT-EXT-TRANS-TRIM in the Electrical Specifications table. Burst Mode Under light load conditions, the DCM converter may operate in burst mode depending on the line voltage. Burst mode occurs whenever the internal power consumption of the converter combined with the external output load is less than the minimum power transfer per switching cycle. In order to maintain regulation, the error amplifier will switch the powertrain off and on repeatedly, to effectively lower the average switching frequency, and permit operation with no external load. During the time when the power train is off, the module internal consumption is significantly reduced, and so there is a notable reduction in no-load input power in burst mode. When the load is less than 10% of rated Iout, the output voltage may rise by a maximum of 3.79 V, above the output voltage calculated from trim, temperature, and load line conditions. Thermal Design Based on the safe thermal operating area shown in page 5, the full rated power of the DCM48AP360x320A50 can be processed provided that the top, bottom, and leads are all held below 93°C. These curves highlight the benefits of dual sided thermal management, but also demonstrate the flexibility of the Vicor ChiP platform for customers who are limited to cooling only the top or the bottom surface. The OTP sensor is located on the top side of the internal PCB structure. Therefore in order to ensure effective over-temperature fault protection, the case bottom temperature must be constrained by the thermal solution such that it does not exceed the temperature of the case top. The ChiP package provides a high degree of flexibility in that it presents three pathways to remove heat from internal power dissipating components. Heat may be removed from the top surface, the bottom surface and the leads. The extent to which these three surfaces are cooled is a key component for determining the maximum power that is available from a ChiP, as can be seen from Figure 20. Since the ChiP has a maximum internal temperature rating, it is necessary to estimate this internal temperature based on a real thermal solution. Given that there are three pathways to remove heat from the ChiP, it is helpful to simplify the thermal solution into a roughly equivalent circuit where power dissipation is modeled as a current source, isothermal surface temperatures are represented as voltage sources and the thermal resistances are represented as resistors. Figure 20 shows the "thermal circuit" for a 3623 ChiP DCM, in an application where both case top and case bottom, and leads are cooled. In this case, the DCM power dissipation is PDTOTAL and the three surface temperatures are represented as TCASE_TOP, TCASE_BOTTOM, and TLEADS. This thermal system can now be very easily analyzed with simple resistors, voltage sources, and a current source. This analysis provides an estimate of heat flow through the various pathways as well as internal temperature. Thermal Resistance Top MAX INTERNAL TEMP ΦINT-TOP°C / W Thermal Resistance Bottom Thermal Resistance Leads ΦINT-BOTTOM°C / W TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) Power Dissipation (W) ΦINT-LEADS°C / W + – TLEADS(°C) + – TCASE_TOP(°C) + – Figure 20 — Double side cooling and leads thermal model Alternatively, equations can be written around this circuit and analyzed algebraically: TINT – PD1 • ΦINT-TOP = TCASE_TOP TINT – PD2 • ΦINT-BOTTOM = TCASE_BOTTOM TINT – PD3 • ΦINT-LEADS = TLEADS PDTOTAL = PD1+ PD2+ PD3 Where TINT represents the internal temperature and PD1, PD2, and PD3 represent the heat flow through the top side, bottom side, and leads respectively. Thermal Resistance Top ΦINT-TOP°C / W Thermal Resistance Bottom ΦINT-BOTTOM°C / W Power Dissipation (W) TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) MAX INTERNAL TEMP Thermal Resistance Leads ΦINT-LEADS°C / W TLEADS(°C) + – TCASE_TOP(°C) Figure 21 — One side cooling and leads thermal model DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 20 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 + – DCM48AP360x320A50 Figure 21 shows a scenario where there is no bottom side cooling. In this case, the heat flow path to the bottom is left open and the equations now simplify to: TINT – PD1 • ΦINT-TOP = TCASE_TOP TINT – PD3 • ΦINT-LEADS = TLEADS PDTOTAL = PD1 + PD3 output ripple filtering; In order to help sensitive signal circuits reject potential noise, additional components are recommended: R2_x: 301 Ohm, facilitate noise attenuation for TR pin; FB1_x, C2_x: FB1 is a ferrite bead with an impedance of at least 10 Ω at 100MHz. C2_x can be a ceramic capacitor of 0.1uF. Facilitate noise attenuation for EN pin. VTR VEN DCM1 R2_1 TR EN Thermal Resistance Top Thermal Resistance Bottom ΦINT-BOTTOM°C / W FB1_1 C2_1 R1_1 MAX INTERNAL TEMP ΦINT-TOP°C / W FT L2_1 F 1_1 +IN +IN L1_1 C1_1 C3_1 -IN Thermal Resistance Leads ΦINT-LEADS°C / W -IN TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) TLEADS(°C) TCASE_TOP(°C) + – -OUT C5 -OUT TR EN FB1_2 C2_2 R1_2 FT L2_2 F 1_2 +IN L1_2 C1_2 +OUT C3_2 -IN ≈≈ Figure 22 — One side cooling thermal model ≈≈ ≈ Figure 22 shows a scenario where there is no bottom side and leads cooling. In this case, the heat flow path to the bottom is left open and the equations now simplify to: ≈≈ TR EN FB1_8 C2_8 R1_8 -OUT DCM8 R2_8 TINT – PD1 • ΦINT-TOP = TCASE_TOP PDTOTAL = PD1 C4 DCM2 R2_2 Power Dissipation (W) +OUT +OUT FT R3 L2_8 F 1_8 L1_8 +IN R4 C1_8 +OUT C3_8 D1 -IN -OUT Shared -IN Kelvin Figure 23 — DCM paralleling configuration circuit 1 Vicor provides a suite of online tools, including a simulator and thermal estimator which greatly simplify the task of determining whether or not a DCM thermal configuration is sufficient for a given condition. These tools can be found at: www.vicorpower.com/powerbench. When common mode noise rejection in the input side is needed, common modes choke can be added in the input side of each DCM. An example of DCM paralleling circuit is shown below: DCM1 R2_1 Array Operation A decoupling network is needed to facilitate paralleling: n An output inductor should be added to each DCM, before the outputs are bussed together to provide decoupling. n Each DCM needs a separate input filter, even if the multiple DCMs share the same input voltage source. These filters limit the ripple current reflected from each DCM, and also help suppress generation of beat frequency currents that can result when multiple powertrains input stages are permitted to direclty interact. + + R1_1 F 1_1 +IN L1_1 C1_1 -IN VTR1 VEN1 _ _ EN FB1_1 C2_1 R3_1 D1_1 R2_2 + R1_2 F 1_2 L1_2 C1_2 VTR2 VEN2 _ _ FT L2_1 R4_1 + TR +IN C3_1 -IN R3_2 D1_2 R2_8 + F 1_8 L1_8 When common mode noise in the input side is not a concern, TR and EN can be driven and FT received using a single Kelvin connection to the shared -IN as a reference. C1_8 TR FT +IN +OUT C3_2 -IN -OUT ≈≈ DCM8 TR EN FB1_8 C2_8 R3_8 FT VEN8 L2_8 R4_8 _ _ -OUT L2_2 R4_2 VTR8 -OUT C5 EN FB1_2 C2_2 + R1_8 C4 DCM2 ≈≈ If signal pins (TR, EN, FT) are not used, they can be left floating, and DCM will work in the nominal output condition. +OUT +OUT D1_8 +IN +OUT C3_8 -IN -OUT Figure 24 — DCM paralleling configuration circuit 2 An example of DCM paralleling circuit is shown in Figure 23. Recommended values to start with: L1_x: 1 uH, minimized DCR; R1_x: 0.3 Ω; C1_x: Ceramic capacitors in parallel, C1 = 20 µF; L2_x: L2 ≥ 0.15 uH; C3_x: electrolytic or tantalum capacitor, 220 uF ≤ C3 ≤2200 uF; C4, C5: additional ceramic /electrolytic capacitors, if needed for Notice that each group of control pins need to be individually driven and isolated from the other groups control pins. This is because -IN of each DCM can be at a different voltage due to the common mode chokes. Attempting to share control pin circuitry could lead to incorrect behavior of the DCMs. DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 21 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 An array of DCMs used at the full array rated power may generally have one or more DCMs operating at current limit, due to sharing errors. Load sharing is functionally managed by the load line. Thermal balancing is improved by the nominal effective temperature coefficient of the output voltage setpoint. DCMs in current limit will operate with higher output current or power than the rated levels. Therefore the following Thermal Safe Operating Area plot should be used for array use, or loads that drive the DCM in to current limit for sustained operation. Figure 25 — Thermal Specified Operating Area: Max Power Dissipation vs. Case Temp for arrays or current limited operation DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 22 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 DCM48AP360x320A50 DCM Module Product Outline Drawing Recommended PCB Footprint and Pinout 38.72±.38 1.524±.015 11.43 .450 19.36 .762 0 1.52 .060 (2) PL. 11.40 .449 0 0 22.80±.13 .898±.005 1.02 .040 (3) PL. 0 1.52 .060 (4) PL. TOP VIEW (COMPONENT SIDE) .05 [.002] 7.26±.05 .286±.002 SEATING . PLANE 4.17 .164 (9) PL. 18.60 .732 0 18.60 .732 .41 .016 (9) PL. 8.25 .325 8.00 .315 2.75 .108 0 0 2.75 .108 1.38 .054 4.13 .162 1.38 .054 8.00 .315 0 8.25 .325 8.00±.08 .315±.003 4.13±.08 .162±.003 1.38±.08 .054±.003 +IN 0 2.03 .080 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (2) PL. 2.75±.08 .108±.003 -OUT TR 0 EN FT 8.00±.08 .315±.003 8.25±.08 .325±.003 +OUT -IN +OUT 2.75±.08 .108±.003 -OUT 8.25±.08 .325±.003 0 1.38±.08 .054±.003 0 18.60±.08 .732±.003 1.52 .060 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (3) PL. 18.60±.08 .732±.003 BOTTOM VIEW RECOMMENDED HOLE PATTERN (COMPONENT SIDE) DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 23 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 2.03 .080 PLATED THRU .38 [.015] ANNULAR RING (4) PL. DCM48AP360x320A50 Revision History Revision Date Description 1.0 03/15/15 Intital release 1.1 07/22/15 General updates for clarity Added CE & RoHS Agency approvals Updated fig 2 to show rated electrical performance Changed Vout regulation error terms to absolute voltage Output turn on-delay typ, and Output turn-off delay max values corrected FT response time replaced with max Updated figure 19 Recommended fuse now hotlinks to cert documents Page Number(s) n/a DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 24 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474 All 1, 16 4 5 6 7 14 19 DCM48AP360x320A50 Vicor’s comprehensive line of power solutions includes high density AC-DC and DC-DC modules and accessory components, fully configurable AC-DC and DC-DC power supplies, and complete custom power systems. Information furnished by Vicor is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Vicor for its use. Vicor makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication. Vicor reserves the right to make changes to any products, specifications, and product descriptions at any time without notice. Information published by Vicor has been checked and is believed to be accurate at the time it was printed; however, Vicor assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies. Testing and other quality controls are used to the extent Vicor deems necessary to support Vicor’s product warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Vicor’s Standard Terms and Conditions All sales are subject to Vicor’s Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale, which are available on Vicor’s webpage or upon request. Product Warranty In Vicor’s standard terms and conditions of sale, Vicor warrants that its products are free from non-conformity to its Standard Specifications (the “Express Limited Warranty”). This warranty is extended only to the original Buyer for the period expiring two (2) years after the date of shipment and is not transferable. UNLESS OTHERWISE EXPRESSLY STATED IN A WRITTEN SALES AGREEMENT SIGNED BY A DULY AUTHORIZED VICOR SIGNATORY, VICOR DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS, LIABILITIES, AND WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND (WHETHER ARISING BY IMPLICATION OR BY OPERATION OF LAW) WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCTS, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS AS TO MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE, INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT, OR ANY OTHER MATTER. This warranty does not extend to products subjected to misuse, accident, or improper application, maintenance, or storage. Vicor shall not be liable for collateral or consequential damage. Vicor disclaims any and all liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit and assumes no liability for applications assistance or buyer product design. Buyers are responsible for their products and applications using Vicor products and components. Prior to using or distributing any products that include Vicor components, buyers should provide adequate design, testing and operating safeguards. Vicor will repair or replace defective products in accordance with its own best judgment. For service under this warranty, the buyer must contact Vicor to obtain a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number and shipping instructions. Products returned without prior authorization will be returned to the buyer. The buyer will pay all charges incurred in returning the product to the factory. Vicor will pay all reshipment charges if the product was defective within the terms of this warranty. Life Support Policy VICOR’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF VICOR CORPORATION. As used herein, life support devices or systems are devices which (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system or to affect its safety or effectiveness. Per Vicor Terms and Conditions of Sale, the user of Vicor products and components in life support applications assumes all risks of such use and indemnifies Vicor against all liability and damages. Intellectual Property Notice Vicor and its subsidiaries own Intellectual Property (including issued U.S. and Foreign Patents and pending patent applications) relating to the products described in this data sheet. No license, whether express, implied, or arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Interested parties should contact Vicor's Intellectual Property Department. The products described on this data sheet are protected by the following U.S. Patents Numbers: RE40,072; 7,561,446; 7,920,391; 7,782,639; 8,427,269; 6,421,262 and other patents pending. Vicor Corporation 25 Frontage Road Andover, MA, USA 01810 Tel: 800-735-6200 Fax: 978-475-6715 email Customer Service: [email protected] Technical Support: [email protected] DCM™ DC-DC Converter Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 25 of 25 07/2015 800 927.9474