ON Semiconductor LM323, LM323A 3.0 A Positive Voltage Regulators The LM323,A are monolithic integrated circuits which supply a fixed positive 5.0 V output with a load driving capability in excess of 3.0 A. These three–terminal regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe–area compensation. The A–suffix is an improved device with superior electrical characteristics and a 2% output voltage tolerance. These regulators are offered with a 0° to +125°C temperature range in a low cost plastic power package. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. These devices can be used with a series pass transistor to supply up to 15 A at 5.0 V. • Output Current in Excess of 3.0 A • Available with 2% Output Voltage Tolerance • No External Components Required • Internal Thermal Overload Protection • Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting • Output Transistor Safe–Area Compensation • Thermal Regulation and Ripple Rejection Have Specified Limits 3–AMPERE, 5 VOLT POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA T SUFFIX PLASTIC PACKAGE CASE 221A Pin 1. Input 2. Ground 3. Output 1 2 3 Heatsink surface is connected to Pin 2. ORDERING INFORMATION Device Output Voltage Tolerance LM323T 4% LM323AT 2% Operating Temperature Range Package TJ = 0° to +125°C Plastic Power Simplified Application Input LM323, A Cin* 0.33µF Output CO** A common ground is required between the input and the output voltages. The input voltage must remain typically 2.5 V above the output voltage even during the low point on the input ripple voltage. *Cin is required if regulator is located an appreciable *distance from power supply filter. (See Applications *Information for details.) **CO is not needed for stability; however, it does **improve transient response. Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2002 January, 2002 – Rev. 2 1 Publication Order Number: LM323/D LM323, LM323A MAXIMUM RATINGS Symbol Value Unit Input Voltage Rating Vin 20 Vdc Power Dissipation PD Internally Limited W Operating Junction Temperature Range TJ 0 to +125 °C Storage Temperature Range Tstg –65 to +150 °C Tsolder 300 °C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 s) ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TJ = Tlow to Thigh [Note 1], unless otherwise noted.) LM323A Characteristics LM323 Symbol Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit Output Voltage (Vin = 7.5 V, 0 ≤ Iout ≤ 3.0 A, TJ = 25°C) VO 4.9 5.0 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.2 V Output Voltage (7.5 V ≤ Vin ≤ 15 V, 0 ≤ Iout ≤ 3.0 A, P ≤ Pmax) (Note 2) VO 4.8 5.0 5.2 4.75 5.0 5.25 V Line Regulation (7.5 V ≤ Vin ≤ 15 V, TJ = 25°C) (Note 3) Regline – 1.0 15 – 1.0 25 mV Load Regulation (Vin = 7.5 V, 0 ≤ Iout ≤ 3.0 A, TJ = 25°C) (Note 3) Regload – 10 50 – 10 100 mV Thermal Regulation (Pulse = 10 ms, P = 20 W, TA = 25°C) Regtherm – 0.001 0.01 – 0.002 0.03 %VO/W Quiescent Current (7.5 V ≤ Vin ≤ 15 V, 0 ≤ Iout ≤ 3.0 A) IB – 3.5 10 – 3.5 20 mA Output Noise Voltage (10 Hz ≤ f ≤ 100 kHz, TJ = 25°C) VN – 40 – – 40 – µVrms Ripple Rejection (8.0 V ≤ Vin ≤ 18 V, Iout = 2.0A, f = 120 Hz, TJ = 25°C) RR 66 75 – 62 75 – dB Short Circuit Current Limit (Vin = 15 V, TJ = 25°C) (Vin = 7.5 V, TJ = 25°C) ISC – – 4.5 5.5 – – – – 4.5 5.5 – – S – – 35 – – 35 mV RΘJC – 2.0 – – 2.0 – °C/W Long Term Stability Thermal Resistance, Junction–to–Case (Note 4) A NOTES: 1. Tlow to Thigh = 0° to +125°C 2. Although power dissipation is internally limited, specifications apply only for P ≤ Pmax = 25 W. 3. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Pulse testing is required with a pulse width ≤ 1.0 ms and a duty cycle ≤ 5%. 4. Without a heatsink, the thermal resistance (RθJA is 65°C/W). With a heatsink, the effective thermal resistance can approach the specified values of 2.0°C/W, depending on the efficiency of the heatsink. http://onsemi.com 2 LM323, LM323A Representative Schematic Diagram 1.0k 2 1.0k 210 Q2 Q1 Q8 Q3 Q9 3.0k Q19 5.6k Q6 10pF 300 Q23 Q17 Q13 Q11 6.0k 40pF 6.0k Q25 Q27 13 50 2.0k 3.9k Q7 200 Q26 520 Q12 2.6k 100 Q24 Q16 Q10 Q21 16k 1.0k 10k Q5 Q22 6.7V Q20 300 Q4 Input 200 840 7.2k Output Q18 1.7k Q15 Q14 0.12 2.8k Gnd VOLTAGE REGULATOR PERFORMANCE 2 2 1 18 V ∆ Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION (V) (2.0 mV/DIV) voltage change per watt. The change in dissipated power can be caused by a change in either input voltage or the load current. Thermal regulation is a function of IC layout and die attach techniques, and usually occurs within 10 ms of a change in power dissipation. After 10 ms, additional changes in the output voltage are due to the temperature coefficient of the device. Figure 1 shows the line and thermal regulation response of a typical LM323A to a 20 W input pulse. The variation of the output voltage due to line regulation is labeled À and the thermal regulation component is labeled Á. Figure 2 shows the load and thermal regulation response of a typical LM323A to a 20 W load pulse. The output voltage variation due to load regulation is labeled À and the thermal regulation component is labeled Á. Iout , OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Vin , INPUT VOLTAGE (V) ∆ Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION (V) (2.0 mV/DIV) The performance of a voltage regulator is specified by its immunity to changes in load, input voltage, power dissipation, and temperature. Line and load regulation are tested with a pulse of short duration (< 100 µs) and are strictly a function of electrical gain. However, pulse widths of longer duration (> 1.0 ms) are sufficient to affect temperature gradients across the die. These temperature gradients can cause a change in the output voltage, in addition to changes by line and load regulation. Longer pulse widths and thermal gradients make it desirable to specify thermal regulation. Thermal regulation is defined as the change in output voltage caused by a change in dissipated power for a specified time, and is expressed as a percentage output 8.0 V t, TIME (2.0 ms/DIV) Vout = 5.0 V Vin = 8.0 V → 18 V → 8.0 V Iout = 2.0 A 2 1 2 2.0 0 t, TIME (2.0 ms/DIV) Vout = 5.0 V Vin = 15 V Iout = 0 A → 2.0 A → 0 A 1 = Regline = 2.4 mV 2 = Regtherm = 0.0015% VO/W Figure 1. Line and Thermal Regulation 1 = Regline = 5.4 mV 2 = Regtherm = 0.0015% VO/W Figure 2. Load and Thermal Regulation http://onsemi.com 3 LM323, LM323A 10 Z O , OUTPUT IMPEDANCE ( Ω) Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vdc) 5.1 Vin = 10 V Iout = 100 mA 5.0 4.9 -90 -50 -10 30 70 110 TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) 150 10-1 Vin = 7.5 V Iout = 1.0 A CO = 0 TJ = 25°C 10-2 10-3 10-4 1.0 190 Figure 3. Temperature Stability 1.0 k 10 k 100 k f, FREQUENCY (Hz) 1.0 M Iout = 50 mA 80 Iout = 3.0 A 60 Vin = 10 V CO = 0 TJ = 25°C 40 20 1.0 10 100 1.0 k 10 k 100 k f, FREQUENCY (Hz) 1.0 M 10 M 80 4.0 40 30 0.01 100 M IB , QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) TJ = 150°C 2.0 TJ = 150°C Iout = 2.0 A TJ = 55°C 4.0 TJ = -55°C TJ = 25°C 3.0 2.0 TJ = 150°C 1.0 Vin = 10 V TJ = 25°C 0 5.0 10 5.0 TJ = 25°C 1.0 0.1 1.0 Iout, OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Figure 6. Ripple Rejection versus Output Current TJ = 55°C 3.0 Vin = 10 V CO = 0 f = 120 Hz TJ = 25°C 60 Figure 5. Ripple Rejection versus Frequency 0 10 M 100 M 100 RR, RIPPLE REJECTION (dB) RR, RIPPLE REJECTION (dB) 100 Figure 4. Output Impedance 100 IB , QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) 10 10 15 Vin, INPUT VOLTAGE (Vdc) 0 0.01 20 Figure 7. Quiescent Current versus Input Voltage 0.1 1.0 Iout, OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Figure 8. Quiescent Current versus Output Current http://onsemi.com 4 10 LM323, LM323A 8.0 ISC , SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT AT ZERO VOLTS (A) V in -Vout , INPUT TO OUTPUT VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (Vdc) 2.5 Iout = 3.0 A 2.0 Iout = 1.0 A 1.5 Iout = 0.5 A 1.0 ∆Vout = 50 mV 0.5 -90 -50 -10 30 70 110 TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) 150 6.0 TJ = 0°C TJ = 25°C 4.0 TJ = 125°C 2.0 0 5.0 190 10 ∆ Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION (V) 0.8 Iout = 150 mA CO = 0 TJ = 25°C 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 1.0 0.5 0 0 10 20 t, TIME (µs) 20 25 Figure 10. Short Circuit Current 30 40 Iout , OUTPUT CURRENT (A) ∆ Vin , INPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (V) ∆ Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION (V) Figure 9. Dropout Voltage 15 Vin, INPUT VOLTAGE (Vdc) 0.3 Vin = 10 V CO = 0 TJ = 25°C 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 Figure 11. Line Transient Response 0 10 20 t, TIME (µs) 30 40 Figure 12. Load Transient Response APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Design Considerations regulator is connected to the power supply filter with long wire lengths, or if the output load capacitance is large. An input bypass capacitor should be selected to provide good high–frequency characteristics to insure stable operation under all load conditions. A 0.33 µF or larger tantalum, mylar, or other capacitor having low internal impedance at high frequencies should be chosen. The bypass capacitor should be mounted with the shortest possible leads directly across the regulator’s input terminals. Normally good construction techniques should be used to minimize ground loops and lead resistance drops since the regulator has no external sense lead. The LM323,A series of fixed voltage regulators are designed with Thermal Overload Protection that shuts down the circuit when subjected to an excessive power overload condition, Internal Short Circuit Protection that limits the maximum current the circuit will pass, and Output Transistor Safe–Area Compensation that reduces the output short circuit current as the voltage across the pass transistor is increased. In many low current applications, compensation capacitors are not required. However, it is recommended that the regulator input be bypassed with a capacitor if the http://onsemi.com 5 LM323, LM323A LM323, A Input R 0.33µF IO Input Constant Current to Grounded Load Output LM323, A 7 0.33µF The LM323,A regulator can also be used as a current source when connected as above. Resistor R determines the current as follows: 6 - MC1741 + 1.0k 2 0.1µF 3 10k 4 IO = 5.0 V + IB R VO, 8.0 V to 20 V ∆IB 0.7 mA over line, load and temperature changes IB 3.5 mA For example, a 2.0 A current source would require R to be a 2.5Ω, 15W resistor and the output voltage compliance would be the input voltage less 7.5 V. The addition of an operational amplifier allows adjustment to higher or intermediate values while retaining regulation characteristics. The minimum voltage obtainable with this arrangement is 3.0 V greater than the regulator voltage. Figure 13. Current Regulator Figure 14. Adjustable Output Regulator 2N4398 or Equiv R Input LM323, A Rsc Output R 1.0µF Vin - VO ≥ 2.5 V 0.1µF 2N4398 or Equiv. MJ2955 or Equiv. LM323, A 1.0µF Output The LM323, A series can be current boosted with a PNP transistor. The 2N4398 provides current to 15 A. Resistor R in conjunction with the VBE of the PNP determines when the pass transistor begins conducting; this circuit is not short circuit proof. Input-output differential voltage minimum is increased by the VBE of the pass transistor. The circuit of Figure 16 can be modified to provide supply protection against short circuits by adding a short circuit sense resistor, RSC, and an additional PNP transistor. The current sensing PNP must be able to handle the short circuit current of the three-terminal regulator. Therefore, an 8.0 A power transistor is specified. Figure 15. Current Boost Regulator Figure 16. Current Boost with Short Circuit Protection http://onsemi.com 6 LM323, LM323A PACKAGE DIMENSIONS T SUFFIX PLASTIC PACKAGE CASE 221A–09 ISSUE AA SEATING PLANE –T– B C F T S 4 DIM A B C D F G H J K L N Q R S T U V Z A Q 1 2 3 U H K Z L R V NOTES: 1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI Y14.5M, 1982. 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH. 3. DIMENSION Z DEFINES A ZONE WHERE ALL BODY AND LEAD IRREGULARITIES ARE ALLOWED. J G D N http://onsemi.com 7 INCHES MIN MAX 0.570 0.620 0.380 0.405 0.160 0.190 0.025 0.035 0.142 0.147 0.095 0.105 0.110 0.155 0.018 0.025 0.500 0.562 0.045 0.060 0.190 0.210 0.100 0.120 0.080 0.110 0.045 0.055 0.235 0.255 0.000 0.050 0.045 ----0.080 MILLIMETERS MIN MAX 14.48 15.75 9.66 10.28 4.07 4.82 0.64 0.88 3.61 3.73 2.42 2.66 2.80 3.93 0.46 0.64 12.70 14.27 1.15 1.52 4.83 5.33 2.54 3.04 2.04 2.79 1.15 1.39 5.97 6.47 0.00 1.27 1.15 ----2.04 LM323, LM323A ON Semiconductor and are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. 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