NBC12439, NBC12439A 3.3V/5V Programmable PLL Synthesized Clock Generator 50 MHz to 800 MHz http://onsemi.com Description The NBC12439 and NBC12439A are general purpose, PLL based synthesized clock sources. The VCO will operate over a frequency range of 400 MHz to 800 MHz. The VCO frequency is sent to the N--output divider, where it can be configured to provide division ratios of 1, 2, 4 or 8. The VCO and output frequency can be programmed using the parallel or serial interfaces to the configuration logic. Output frequency steps of 16 MHz, 8 MHz, 4 MHz, or 2 MHz can be achieved using a 16 MHz crystal, depending on the output divider settings. The PLL loop filter is fully integrated and does not require any external components. MARKING DIAGRAMS 1 28 NBC12439xG AWLYYWW PLCC--28 FN SUFFIX CASE 776 Features • • • • Best--in--Class Output Jitter Performance, ±20 ps Peak--to--Peak • • • • • Serial 3--Wire Programming Interface 50 MHz to 800 MHz Programmable Differential PECL Outputs Fully Integrated Phase--Lock--Loop with Internal Loop Filter Parallel Interface for Programming Counter and Output Dividers During Powerup • Minimal Frequency Overshoot NBC12 439x AWLYYWWG LQFP--32 FA SUFFIX CASE 873A 1 1 Crystal Oscillator Inputs 10 MHz to 20 MHz 32 QFN32 MN SUFFIX CASE 488AM Operating Range: VCC = 3.135 V to 5.25 V CMOS and TTL Compatible Control Inputs Pin and Function Compatible with Motorola MC12439 and MPC9239 • Powerdown of PECL Outputs (÷16) • 0°C to 70°C Ambient Operating Temperature (NBC12439) • --40°C to 85°C Ambient Operating Temperature (NBC12439A) • Pb--Free Packages are Available x A WL, L YY, Y WW, W G or G NBC12 439x AWLYYWWG G = Blank or A = Assembly Location = Wafer Lot = Year = Work Week = Pb--Free Package (Note: Microdot may be in either location) ORDERING INFORMATION See detailed ordering and shipping information in the package dimensions section on page 16 of this data sheet. © Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2007 February, 2007 -- Rev. 10 1 Publication Order Number: NBC12439/D NBC12439, NBC12439A PWR_DOWN +3.3 or 5.0 V 2 ÷2 XTAL_SEL 10--20MHz XTAL1 7--BIT ÷ M COUNTER ÷2 VCC 24 23 ÷N (1, 2, 4, 8) 400--800 MHz 21, 25 FOUT FOUT 20 XTAL2 LATCH 6 TEST LATCH 28 LATCH 7 P_LOAD 0 S_CLOCK +3.3 or 5.0 V VCO OSC 5 S_DATA POWER DOWN 3 4 S_LOAD PHASE DETECTOR 15 FREF_EXT OE FREF 1 PLL_VCC 27 1 0 1 2--BIT SR 7--BIT SR 3--BIT SR 26 17, 18 8 ¤ 14 22, 19 7 2 M[6:0] N[1:0] Figure 1. Block Diagram (28--Lead PLCC) Table 1. Output Division Table 2. XTAL_SEL And OE N [1:0] Output Division Input 0 1 00 01 10 11 2 4 8 1 PWR_DOWN XTAL_SEL OE FOUT FREF_EXT Outputs Disabled FOUT ÷ 16 XTAL Outputs Enabled http://onsemi.com 2 28 16 NC PLL_VCC 1 15 XTAL_SEL PWR_DOWN 2 14 M[6] FREF_EXT 3 13 M[5] XTAL1 4 12 M[4] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 M[3] S_LOAD M[2] N[0] M[1] 17 M[0] 27 P_LOAD S_DATA OE N[1] XTAL2 18 GND 19 TEST GND 20 VCC TEST 21 VCC VCC 22 GND GND 23 FOUT FOUT 24 26 FOUT FOUT 25 S_CLOCK VCC VCC NBC12439, NBC12439A 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 25 N[1] 3 22 N[0] PLL_VCC 4 21 NC PLL_VCC 5 20 XTAL_SEL PWR_DOWN 6 19 M[6] FREF_EXT 7 18 M[5] XTAL1 8 17 M[4] S_LOAD 3 22 N[0] PLL_VCC 4 21 NC PLL_VCC 5 20 XTAL_SEL PWR_DOWN 6 19 M[6] FREF_EXT 7 18 M[5] XTAL1 8 17 M[4] 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 N/C N[1] M[3] 23 M[2] 2 M[1] S_DATA M[0] N/C P_LOAD 24 OE 1 XTAL2 S_CLOCK 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 N/C GND 26 23 M[3] TEST 27 2 M[2] VCC 28 S_DATA S_LOAD M[1] VCC 29 N/C M[0] GND 30 24 P_LOAD FOUT 31 1 OE FOUT 32 S_CLOCK XTAL2 VCC Figure 2. 28--Lead PLCC (Top View) Figure 3. 32--Lead LQFP (Top View) Exposed Pad (EP) Figure 4. 32--Lead QFN (Top View) http://onsemi.com 3 NBC12439, NBC12439A The following gives a brief description of the functionality of the NBC12439 and NBC12349A Inputs and Outputs. Unless explicitly stated, all inputs are CMOS/TTL compatible with either pull--up or pulldown resistors. The PECL outputs are capable of driving two series terminated 50 Ω transmission lines on the incident edge. Table 3. PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTION Pin Name Function Description INPUTS XTAL1, XTAL2 Crystal Inputs These pins form an oscillator when connected to an external series--resonant crystal. S_LOAD* CMOS/TTL Serial Latch Input (Internal Pulldown Resistor) This pin loads the configuration latches with the contents of the shift registers. The latches will be transparent when this signal is HIGH; thus, the data must be stable on the HIGH--to--LOW transition of S_LOAD for proper operation. S_DATA* CMOS/TTL Serial Data Input (Internal Pulldown Resistor) This pin acts as the data input to the serial configuration shift registers. S_CLOCK* CMOS/TTL Serial Clock Input (Internal Pulldown Resistor) This pin serves to clock the serial configuration shift registers. Data from S_DATA is sampled on the rising edge. P_LOAD** CMOS/TTL Parallel Latch Input (Internal Pullup Resistor) This pin loads the configuration latches with the contents of the parallel inputs .The latches will be transparent when this signal is LOW; therefore, the parallel data must be stable on the LOW--to--HIGH transition of P_LOAD for proper operation. M[6:0]** CMOS/TTL PLL Loop Divider Inputs (Internal Pullup Resistor) These pins are used to configure the PLL loop divider. They are sampled on the LOW--to--HIGH transition of P_LOAD. M[6] is the MSB, M[0] is the LSB. N[1:0]** CMOS/TTL Output Divider Inputs (Internal Pullup Resistor) These pins are used to configure the output divider modulus. They are sampled on the LOW--to--HIGH transition of P_LOAD. OE** CMOS/TTL Output Enable Input (Internal Pullup Resistor) Active HIGH Output Enable. The Enable is synchronous to eliminate possibility of runt pulse generation on the FOUT output. FREF_EXT* CMOS/TTL Input (Internal Pulldown Resistor) This pin can be used as the PLL Reference XTAL_SEL** CMOS/TTL Input (Internal Pullup Resistor) This pin selects between the crystal and the FREF_EXT source for the PLL reference signal. A HIGH selects the crystal input. PWR_DOWN CMOS/TTL Input (Internal Pulldown Resistor) PWR_DOWN forces the FOUT outputs to synchronously reduce frequency by a factor of 16. FOUT, FOUT PECL Differential Outputs These differential, positive--referenced ECL signals (PECL) are the outputs of the synthesizer. TEST CMOS/TTL Output The function of this output is determined by the serial configuration bits T[2:0]. VCC Positive Supply for the Logic The positive supply for the internal logic and output buffer of the chip, and is connected to +3.3 V or +5.0 V. PLL_VCC Positive Supply for the PLL This is the positive supply for the PLL and is connected to +3.3 V or +5.0 V. GND Negative Power Supply These pins are the negative supply for the chip and are normally all connected to ground. -- Exposed Pad for QFN--32 only The Exposed Pad (EP) on the QFN--32 package bottom is thermally connected to the die for improved heat transfer out of package. The exposed pad must be attached to a heat--sinking conduit. The pad is electrically connected to GND. OUTPUTS POWER * When left Open, these inputs will default LOW. ** When left Open, these inputs will default HIGH. http://onsemi.com 4 NBC12439, NBC12439A Table 4. ATTRIBUTES Characteristics Value Internal Input Pulldown Resistor 75 kΩ Internal Input Pullup Resistor ESD Protection 37.5 kΩ Human Body Model Machine Model Charged Device Model Moisture Sensitivity (Note 1) PLCC LQFP QFN Flammability Rating > 2 kV > 150 V > 1 kV Pb Pkg Pb--Free Pkg Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Oxygen Index: 28 to 34 UL 94 V--0 @ 0.125 in Transistor Count 2269 Meets or exceeds JEDEC Spec EIA/JESD78 IC Latchup Test 1. For additional information, see Application Note AND8003/D. Table 5. MAXIMUM RATINGS Symbol Parameter Condition 1 VCC Positive Supply GND = 0 V VI Input Voltage GND = 0 V Iout Output Current Continuous Surge TA Operating Temperature Range Tstg Storage Temperature Range θJA Thermal Resistance (Junction--to--Ambient) 0 lfpm 500 lfpm θJC Thermal Resistance (Junction--to--Case) θJA Condition 2 VI ± VCC Rating Unit 6 V 6 V 50 100 mA mA 0 to 70 --40 to +85 NB12439 NB12439A °C --65 to +150 °C PLCC--28 PLCC--28 63.5 43.5 °C/W °C/W Standard Board PLCC--28 22 to 26 °C/W Thermal Resistance (Junction--to--Ambient) 0 lfpm 500 lfpm LQFP--32 LQFP--32 80 55 °C/W °C/W θJC Thermal Resistance (Junction--to--Case) Standard Board LQFP--32 12 to 17 °C/W θJA Thermal Resistance (Junction--to--Ambient) 0 lfpm 500 lfpm QFN--32 QFN--32 31 27 °C/W °C/W θJC Thermal Resistance (Junction--to--Case) 2S2P QFN--32 12 °C/W Tsol Wave Solder Pb Pb--Free <3 sec @ 248°C <3 sec @ 260°C 265 265 °C Stresses exceeding Maximum Ratings may damage the device. Maximum Ratings are stress ratings only. Functional operation above the Recommended Operating Conditions is not implied. Extended exposure to stresses above the Recommended Operating Conditions may affect device reliability. http://onsemi.com 5 NBC12439, NBC12439A Table 6. DC CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 3.3 V ± 5%; TA = 0°C to 70°C (NBC12439), TA = --40°C to 85°C (NBC12439A)) Symbol Characteristic Condition Min 2.0 VIH LVCMOS/ LVTTL Input HIGH Voltage VCC = 3.3 V VIL LVCMOS/ LVTTL Input LOW Voltage VCC = 3.3 V IIN Input Current VOH Output HIGH Voltage VOL Output LOW Voltage VOH PECL Output HIGH Voltage VOL PECL Output LOW Voltage ICC Power Supply Current IOH = --0.8 mA TEST Typ FOUT FOUT FOUT FOUT Unit V 0.8 V 1.0 mA 2.5 V IOL = 0.8 mA TEST Max 0.4 V VCC = 3.3 V (Notes 2, 3) 2.155 2.405 V VCC = 3.3 V (Notes 2, 3) 1.355 1.675 V 80 28 mA mA 44 19 VCC PLL_VCC 58 23 NOTE: Device will meet the specifications after thermal equilibrium has been established when mounted in a test socket or printed circuit board with maintained transverse airflow greater than 500 lfpm. Electrical parameters are guaranteed only over the declared operating temperature range. Functional operation of the device exceeding these conditions is not implied. Device specification limit values are applied individually under normal operating conditions and not valid simultaneously. 2. FOUT/FOUT output levels will vary 1:1 with VCC variation. 3. FOUT/FOUT outputs are terminated through a 50 Ω resistor to VCC -- 2.0 volts. Table 7. DC CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 5.0 V ± 5%; TA = 0°C to 70°C (NBC12439), TA = --40°C to 85°C (NBC12439A)) Symbol Characteristic Condition Min VIH CMOS/ TTL Input HIGH Voltage VCC = 5.0 V 2.0 Typ Max Min Typ VIL CMOS/ TTL Input LOW Voltage VCC = 5.0 V IIN Input Current VOH Output HIGH Voltage TEST IOH = --0.8 mA VOL Output LOW Voltage TEST IOL = 0.8 mA VOH PECL Output HIGH Voltage FOUT FOUT VCC = 5.0 V (Notes 4, 5) 3.855 4.105 3.855 4.105 VOL PECL Output LOW Voltage FOUT FOUT VCC = 5.0 V (Notes 4, 5) 3.055 3.305 3.055 ICC Power Supply Current VCC PLL_VCC 85 28 47 19 Typ Max 2.0 Unit V 0.8 0.8 V 1.0 1.0 1.0 mA 2.5 2.5 0.4 58 24 Min 0.8 2.5 47 19 Max 2.0 V 0.4 60 24 0.4 V 3.855 4.105 V 3.305 3.055 3.305 V 85 28 47 19 85 28 mA mA 60 24 NOTE: Device will meet the specifications after thermal equilibrium has been established when mounted in a test socket or printed circuit board with maintained transverse airflow greater than 500 lfpm. Electrical parameters are guaranteed only over the declared operating temperature range. Functional operation of the device exceeding these conditions is not implied. Device specification limit values are applied individually under normal operating conditions and not valid simultaneously. 4. FOUT/FOUT output levels will vary 1:1 with VCC variation. 5. FOUT/FOUT outputs are terminated through a 50 Ω resistor to VCC -- 2.0 volts. http://onsemi.com 6 NBC12439, NBC12439A Table 8. AC CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 3.135 V to 5.25 V ± 5%; TA = 0°C to 70°C (NBC12439), TA = --40°C to 85°C (NBC12439A)) (Note 7) Symbol Characteristic Condition Min Max Unit -10 10 10 20 100 MHz 400 50 800 800 MHz 10 ms 50 MHz ≤ fOUT < 100 MHz 100 MHz ≤ fOUT < 800 MHz 8 5 ps 50 MHz ≤ fOUT < 100 MHz 100 MHz ≤ fOUT < 800 MHz 40 20 ps 20 20 20 ---- ns S_DATA to S_CLOCK S_CLOCK to S_LOAD M, N to P_LOAD 20 20 20 ---- ns S_LOAD P_LOAD 50 50 --- ns 47.5 52.5 % 175 425 ps FIN Input Frequency S_CLOCK Xtal Oscillator FREF_EXT (Note 8) FOUT Output Frequency tLOCK Maximum PLL Lock Time tjitter(pd) Period Jitter (RMS) (1σ) tjitter(cyc--cyc) Cycle--to--Cycle Jitter (Peak--to--Peak) (8σ) ts Setup Time S_DATA to S_CLOCK S_CLOCK to S_LOAD M, N to P_LOAD th Hold Time tpwMIN Minimum Pulse Width DCO Output Duty Cycle tr, tf Output Rise/Fall (Note 6) VCO (Internal) FOUT FOUT 20%--80% NOTE: Device will meet the specifications after thermal equilibrium has been established when mounted in a test socket or printed circuit board with maintained transverse airflow greater than 500 lfpm. Electrical parameters are guaranteed only over the declared operating temperature range. Functional operation of the device exceeding these conditions is not implied. Device specification limit values are applied individually under normal operating conditions and not valid simultaneously. 6. 10 MHz is the maximum frequency to load the feedback divide registers. S_CLOCK can be switched at higher frequencies when used as a test clock in TEST_MODE 6. 7. FOUT/FOUT outputs are terminated through a 50 Ω resistor to VCC -- 2.0 V. Internal phase detector can handle up to 100 MHz on it’s input. 8. Maximum frequency on FREF_EXT is a function of setting the appropriate M counter value, 20 ≤ M ≤ 80, for the VCO to operate within the valid range of 400 MHz ≤ fVCO ≤ 800 MHz. (See Table 11) 9. See applications information section. http://onsemi.com 7 NBC12439, NBC12439A FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION The internal oscillator uses the external quartz crystal as the basis of its frequency reference. The output of the reference oscillator is divided by 2 before being sent to the phase detector. With a 16 MHz crystal, this provides a reference frequency of 8 MHz. Although this data sheet illustrates functionality only for a 16 MHz crystal, Table 9, any crystal in the 10 -- 20 MHz range can be used, Table 11. The VCO within the PLL operates over a range of 400 to 800 MHz. Its output is scaled by a divider, M divider, that is configured by either the serial or parallel interfaces. The output of this loop divider is also applied to the phase detector. The phase detector and the loop filter force the VCO output frequency to be M times the reference frequency by adjusting the VCO control voltage. Note that for some values of M (either too high or too low), the PLL will not achieve loop lock. The output of the VCO is also passed through an output divider before being sent to the PECL output driver. This N output divider is configured through either the serial or the parallel interfaces and can provide one of four division ratios (1, 2, 4, or 8). This divider extends the performance of the part while providing a 50% duty cycle. The output driver is driven differentially from the output divider and is capable of driving a pair of transmission lines terminated into 50 Ω to VCC -- 2.0 V. The positive reference for the output driver and the internal logic is separated from the power supply for the phase--locked loop to minimize noise induced jitter. The configuration logic has two sections: serial and parallel. The parallel interface uses the values at the M[6:0] and N[1:0] inputs to configure the internal counters. Normally upon system reset, the P_LOAD input is held LOW until sometime after power becomes valid. On the LOW--to--HIGH transition of P_LOAD, the parallel inputs are captured. The parallel interface has priority over the serial interface. Internal pullup resistors are provided on the M[6:0] and N[1:0] inputs to reduce component count in the application of the chip. The serial interface logic is implemented with a fourteen bit shift register scheme. The register shifts once per rising edge of the S_CLOCK input. The serial input S_DATA must meet setup and hold timing as specified in the AC Characteristics section of this document. With P_LOAD held high, the configuration latches will capture the value of the shift register on the HIGH--to--LOW edge of the S_LOAD input. See the programming section for more information. The TEST output reflects various internal node values and is controlled by the T[2:0] bits in the serial data stream. See the programming section for more information. Table 9. Programming VCO Frequency Function Table with 16 MHz Crystal 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 M Count Divisor M6 M5 M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 25 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 416 26 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 432 27 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 448 28 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 752 47 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 768 48 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 784 49 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 800 50 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 VCO Frequency (MHz) 400 http://onsemi.com 8 NBC12439, NBC12439A PROGRAMMING INTERFACE Programming the NBC12439 and NBC12439A is accomplished by properly configuring the internal dividers to produce the desired frequency at the outputs. The output frequency can by represented by this formula: F OUT = (F XTAL or FREF_EXT ÷ 2) × 2 M ÷ N (eq. 1) This can be simplified to: F OUT = (F XTAL or FREF_EXT) × M ÷ N The input frequency and the selection of the feedback divider M is limited by the VCO frequency range and fXTAL. M must be configured to match the VCO frequency range of 400 to 800 MHz in order to achieve stable PLL operation. (eq. 2) (eq. 3) Substituting the four values for N (1, 2, 4, 8) yields: Table 10. Programmable Output Divider Function Table N1 N0 N Divider FOUT Output Frequency Range (MHz)* 1 1 ÷1 M × 16 400--800 16 MHz 0 0 ÷2 M×8 200--400 8 MHz 0 1 ÷4 M×4 100--200 4 MHz 1 0 ÷8 M×2 50--100 2 MHz FOUT Step (eq. 4) M max = fVCOmax ÷ FXTAL (eq. 5) The value for M falls within the constraints set for PLL stability. If the value for M fell outside of the valid range, a different N value would be selected to move M in the appropriate direction. The M and N counters can be loaded either through a parallel or serial interface. The parallel interface is controlled via the P_LOAD signal such that a LOW to HIGH transition will latch the information present on the M[6:0] and N[1:0] inputs into the M and N counters. When the P_LOAD signal is LOW, the input latches will be transparent and any changes on the M[6:0] and N[1:0] inputs will affect the FOUT output pair. To use the serial port, the S_CLOCK signal samples the information on the S_DATA line and loads it into a 12 bit shift register. Note that the P_LOAD signal must be HIGH for the serial load operation to function. The Test register is loaded with the first three bits, the N register with the next two, and the M register with the final nine bits of the data stream on the S_DATA input. For each register, the most significant bit is loaded first (T2, N1, and M6). The HIGH to LOW transition on the S_LOAD input will latch the new divide values into the counters. A pulse on the S_LOAD pin after the shift register is fully loaded will transfer the divide values into the counters. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the timing diagram for both a parallel and a serial load of the device synthesizer. M[6:0] and N[1:0] are normally specified after power--up through the parallel interface, and then possibly, fine tuned again through the serial interface. This approach allows the application to ramp up at one frequency and then change or fine--tune the clock as the ability to control the serial interface becomes available. The TEST output provides visibility for one of the several internal nodes as determined by the T[2:0] bits in the serial configuration stream. It is not configurable through the parallel interface. The T2, T1, and T0 control bits are preset to ‘000’ when P_LOAD is LOW so that the PECL FOUT outputs are as jitter--free as possible. Any active signal on the TEST output pin will have detrimental affects on the jitter of the PECL output pair. In normal operations, jitter specifications are only guaranteed if the TEST output is static. The serial configuration port can be used to select one of the alternate functions for this pin. where FXTAL is the crystal frequency, M is the loop divider modulus, and N is the output divider modulus. Note that it is possible to select values of M such that the PLL is unable to achieve loop lock. To avoid this, always make sure that M is selected to be 25 ≤ M ≤ 50 for a 16 MHz input reference. See Table 11. Assuming that a 16 MHz reference frequency is used the above equation reduces to: FOUT = 16M ÷ N M min = fVCOmin ÷ FXTAL and *For crystal frequency of 16 MHz. The user can identify the proper M and N values for the desired frequency from the above equations. The four output frequency ranges established by N are 400--800 MHz, 200 -- 400 MHz, 100 -- 200 MHz and 50 -- 100 MHz, respectively. From these ranges, the user will establish the value of N required. The value of M can then be calculated based on Equation 1. For example, if an output frequency of 384 MHz was desired, the following steps would be taken to identify the appropriate M and N values. 384 MHz falls within the frequency range set by an N value of 2; thus, N [1:0] = 00. For N = 2, FOUT = 8M and M = FOUT ÷ 8. Therefore, M = 384 ÷ 8 = 48, so M[6:0] = 0110000. Following this same procedure, a user can generate a selected frequency. The size of the programmable frequency steps of FOUT will be equal to FXTAL ÷ N. For input reference frequencies other than 16 MHz, see Table 11, which shows the usable VCO frequency and M divider range. http://onsemi.com 9 NBC12439, NBC12439A Table 11. Frequency Operating Range M 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 VCO Frequency (MHz) Range for a Crystal Frequency (MHz) of: M[6:0] 10 12 14 16 0010100 0010101 0010110 0010111 0011000 0011001 400 0011010 416 0011011 432 0011100 448 0011101 406 464 0011110 420 480 0011111 434 496 0100000 448 512 0100001 462 528 0100010 408 476 544 0100011 420 490 560 0100100 432 504 576 0100101 444 518 592 0100110 456 532 608 0100111 468 546 624 0101000 400 480 560 640 0101001 410 492 574 656 0101010 420 504 588 672 0101011 430 516 602 688 0101100 440 528 616 704 0101101 450 540 630 720 0101110 460 552 644 736 0101111 470 564 658 752 0110000 480 576 672 768 0110001 490 588 686 784 0110010 500 600 700 800 0110011 510 612 714 0110100 520 624 728 0110101 530 636 742 0110110 540 648 756 0110111 550 660 770 0111000 560 672 784 0111001 570 684 798 0111010 580 696 0111011 590 708 0111100 600 720 0111101 610 732 0111110 620 744 0111111 630 756 1000000 640 768 1000001 650 780 1000010 660 792 1000011 670 1000100 680 1000101 690 1000110 700 1000111 710 1001000 720 1001001 730 1001010 740 1001011 750 1001100 760 1001101 770 1001110 780 1001111 790 1010000 800 http://onsemi.com 10 18 414 432 450 468 486 504 522 540 558 576 594 612 630 648 666 684 702 720 738 756 774 792 20 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 Output Frequency (MHz) for fXTAL = 16 MHz and for N = ÷1 ÷2 ÷4 ÷8 400 416 432 448 464 480 496 512 528 544 560 576 592 608 624 640 656 672 688 704 720 736 752 768 784 800 200 208 216 224 232 240 248 256 264 272 280 288 296 304 312 320 328 336 344 352 360 368 376 384 392 400 100 104 108 112 116 120 124 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 160 164 168 172 176 180 184 188 192 196 200 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 NBC12439, NBC12439A Most of the signals available on the TEST output pin are useful only for performance verification of the device itself. However, the PLL bypass mode may be of interest at the board level for functional debug. When T[2:0] is set to 110, the device is placed in PLL bypass mode. In this mode the S_CLOCK input is fed directly into the M and N dividers. The N divider drives the FOUT differential pair and the M counter drives the TEST output pin. In this mode the S_CLOCK input could be used for low speed board level functional test or debug. Bypassing the PLL and driving FOUT directly gives the user more control on the test clocks sent through the clock tree. Figure 7 shows the functional setup of the PLL bypass mode. Because the S_CLOCK is a CMOS level the input frequency is limited to 250 MHz or less. This means the fastest the FOUT pin can be toggled via the S_CLOCK is 250 MHz as the minimum divide ratio of the N counter is 1. Note that the M counter output on the TEST output will not be a 50% duty cycle due to the way the divider is implemented. S_CLOCK C1 ts C2 th S_DATA T2 S_LOAD First Bit T1 C3 T2 T1 T0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 TEST OUTPUT SHIFT REGISTER OUT HIGH FREF M COUNTER OUT FOUT LOW PLL BYPASS FOUT ÷ 4 M[6:0] N[1:0] VALID ts th P_LOAD M, N to P_LOAD Figure 5. Parallel Interface Timing Diagram C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 S_DATA to S_CLOCK T0 N1 N0 M6 M5 Last Bit th ts S_CLOCK to S_LOAD Figure 6. Serial Interface Timing Diagram FREF_EXT MCNT PLL 12430 VCO_CLK 0 1 SCLOCK M COUNTER DECODE SDATA SHIFT REG T0 14--BIT T1 T2 FDIV4 MCNT LOW FOUT MCNT FREF HIGH FOUT (VIA ENABLE GATE) 7 TEST MUX 0 LATCH SLOAD • • N÷ (1, 2, 4, 8) Reset PLOAD T2=T1=1, T0=0: Test Mode SCLOCK is selected, MCNT is on TEST output, SCLOCK ÷ N is on FOUT pin. PLOAD acts as reset for test pin latch. When latch reset, T2 data is shifted out TEST pin. Figure 7. Serial Test Clock Block Diagram http://onsemi.com 11 TEST NBC12439, NBC12439A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Using the On--Board Crystal Oscillator Power Supply Filtering The NBC12439 and NBC12439A feature a fully integrated on--board crystal oscillator to minimize system implementation costs. The oscillator is a series resonant, multivibrator type design as opposed to the more common parallel resonant oscillator design. The series resonant design provides better stability and eliminates the need for large on chip capacitors. The oscillator is totally self contained so that the only external component required is the crystal. As the oscillator is somewhat sensitive to loading on its inputs, the user is advised to mount the crystal as close to the device as possible to avoid any board level parasitics. To facilitate co--location, surface mount crystals are recommended, but not required. Because the series resonant design is affected by capacitive loading on the crystal terminals, loading variation introduced by crystals from different vendors could be a potential issue. For crystals with a higher shunt capacitance, it may be required to place a resistance across the terminals to suppress the third harmonic. Although typically not required, it is a good idea to layout the PCB with the provision of adding this external resistor. The resistor value will typically be between 500 Ω and 1 KΩ. The oscillator circuit is a series resonant circuit and thus, for optimum performance, a series resonant crystal should be used. Unfortunately, most crystals are characterized in a parallel resonant mode. Fortunately, there is no physical difference between a series resonant and a parallel resonant crystal. The difference is purely in the way the devices are characterized. As a result, a parallel resonant crystal can be used with the device with only a minor error in the desired frequency. A parallel resonant mode crystal used in a series resonant circuit will exhibit a frequency of oscillation a few hundred ppm lower than specified (a few hundred ppm translates to kHz inaccuracy). Table 12 below specifies the performance requirements of the crystals to be used with the device. The NBC12439 and NBC12439A are mixed analog/digital products and as such, exhibit some sensitivities that would not necessarily be seen on a fully digital product. Analog circuitry is naturally susceptible to random noise, especially if this noise is seen on the power supply pins. The NBC12439 and NBC1239A provide separate power supplies for the digital circuitry (VCC) and the internal PLL (PLL_VCC) of the device. The purpose of this design technique is to try and isolate the high switching noise of the digital outputs from the relatively sensitive internal analog phase--locked loop. In a controlled environment such as an evaluation board, this level of isolation is sufficient. However, in a digital system environment where it is more difficult to minimize noise on the power supplies, a second level of isolation may be required. The simplest form of isolation is a power supply filter on the PLL_VCC pin for the NBC12439 and NBC12349A. Figure 8 illustrates a typical power supply filter scheme. The NBC12439 and NBC12439A are most susceptible to noise with spectral content in the 1 KHz to 1 MHz range. Therefore, the filter should be designed to target this range. The key parameter that needs to be met in the final filter design is the DC voltage drop that will be seen between the VCC supply and the PLL_VCC pin of the NBC12439 and NBC12439A. From the data sheet, the PLL_VCC current (the current sourced through the PLL_VCC pin) is typically 23 mA (28 mA maximum). Assuming that a minimum of 2.8 V must be maintained on the PLL_VCC pin, very little DC voltage drop can be tolerated when a 3.3 V VCC supply is used. The resistor shown in Figure 8 must have a resistance of 10--15 Ω to meet the voltage drop criteria. The RC filter pictured will provide a broadband filter with approximately 100:1 attenuation for noise whose spectral content is above 20 KHz. As the noise frequency crosses the series resonant point of an individual capacitor, it’s overall impedance begins to look inductive and thus increases with increasing frequency. The parallel capacitor combination shown ensures that a low impedance path to ground exists for frequencies well above the bandwidth of the PLL. Table 12. Crystal Specifications Parameter Value Crystal Cut Fundamental AT Cut Resonance Series Resonance* Frequency Tolerance ±75 ppm at 25°C Frequency/Temperature Stability ±150 ppm 0 to 70°C Operating Range 0 to 70°C Shunt Capacitance 5--7 pF Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) 50 to 80 Ω Correlation Drive Level 100 mW Aging 5 ppm/Yr (First 3 Years) 3.3 V or 5.0 V 3.3 V or 5.0 V RS = 10--15 Ω PLL_VCC 22 mF NBC12439 NBC12439A 0.01 mF VCC * See accompanying text for series versus parallel resonant discussion. 0.01 mF Figure 8. Power Supply Filter http://onsemi.com 12 L=1000 mH R=15 Ω NBC12439, NBC12439A A higher level of attenuation can be achieved by replacing the resistor with an appropriate valued inductor. Figure 8 shows a 1000 mH choke. This value choke will show a significant impedance at 10 KHz frequencies and above. Because of the current draw and the voltage that must be maintained on the PLL_VCC pin, a low DC resistance inductor is required (less than 15 Ω). Generally, the resistor/capacitor filter will be cheaper, easier to implement, and provide an adequate level of supply filtering. The NBC12439 and NBC12439A provide sub--nanosecond output edge rates and therefore a good power supply bypassing scheme is a must. Figure 9 shows a representative board layout for the NBC12439. There exists many different potential board layouts and the one pictured is but one. The important aspect of the layout in Figure 9 is the low impedance connections between VCC and GND for the bypass capacitors. Combining good quality general purpose chip capacitors with good PCB layout techniques will produce effective capacitor resonances at frequencies adequate to supply the instantaneous switching current for the NBC12439 and NBC12439A outputs. It is imperative that low inductance chip capacitors are used. It is equally important that the board layout not introduce any of the inductance saved by using the leadless capacitors. Thin interconnect traces between the capacitor and the power plane should be avoided and multiple large vias should be used to tie the capacitors to the buried power planes. Fat interconnect and large vias will help to minimize layout induced inductance and thus maximize the series resonant point of the bypass capacitors. C1 Note the dotted lines circling the crystal oscillator connection to the device. The oscillator is a series resonant circuit and the voltage amplitude across the crystal is relatively small. It is imperative that no actively switching signals cross under the crystal as crosstalk energy coupled to these lines could significantly impact the jitter of the device. Special attention should be paid to the layout of the crystal to ensure a stable, jitter free interface between the crystal and the on--board oscillator. Note the provisions for placing a resistor across the crystal oscillator terminals as discussed in the crystal oscillator section of this data sheet. Although the NBC12439 and NBC12439A have several design features to minimize the susceptibility to power supply noise (isolated power and grounds and fully differential PLL), there still may be applications in which overall performance is being degraded due to system power supply noise. The power supply filter and bypass schemes discussed in this section should be adequate to eliminate power supply noise--related problems in most designs. Jitter Performance Jitter is a common parameter associated with clock generation and distribution. Clock jitter can be defined as the deviation in a clock’s output transition from its ideal position. Cycle--to--Cycle Jitter (short--term) is the period variation between adjacent periods over a defined number of observed cycles. The number of cycles observed is application dependent but the JEDEC specification is 1000 cycles. See Figure 10. C1 T0 T1 TJITTER(cycle--cycle) = T1 -- T0 Figure 10. Cycle--to--Cycle Jitter R1 1 Random Peak--to--Peak Jitter is the difference between the highest and lowest acquired value and is represented as the width of the Gaussian base. See Figure 11. C2 R1 = 10--15 Ω C1 = 0.01 mF C2 = 22 mF C3 = 0.1 mF = VCC Jitter Amplitude Xtal = GND = Via RMS or one Sigma Jitter Figure 9. PCB Board Layout for (PLCC--28) Time* *1,000 -- 10,000 Cycles Typical Gaussian Distribution Figure 11. Random Peak--to--Peak and RMS Jitter http://onsemi.com 13 Peak--to--Peak Jitter (8σ) C3 NBC12439, NBC12439A NBC12439 and NBC12439A was collected in this manner. Figure 12 shows the RMS jitter performance as a function of the VCO frequency range. The general trend is that as the VCO frequency is increased, the RMS output jitter will decrease. Figure 13 illustrates the RMS jitter performance versus the output frequency. Note the jitter is a function of both the output frequency as well as the VCO frequency. However, the VCO frequency shows a much stronger dependence. Long--Term Period Jitter is the maximum jitter observed at the end of a period’s edge when compared to the position of the perfect reference clock’s edge and is specified by the number of cycles over which the jitter is measured. The number of cycles used to look for the maximum jitter varies by application but the JEDEC spec is 10,000 observed cycles. The NBC12439 and NBC12439A exhibit long term and cycle--to--cycle jitter, which rivals that of SAW based oscillators. This jitter performance comes with the added flexibility associated with a synthesizer over a fixed frequency oscillator. The jitter data presented should provide users with enough information to determine the effect on their overall timing budget. The jitter performance meets the needs of most system designs while adding the flexibility of frequency margining and field upgrades. These features are not available with a fixed frequency SAW oscillator. 25 25 20 20 RMS JITTER (ps) RMS JITTER (ps) There are different ways to measure jitter and often they are confused with one another. An earlier method of measuring jitter is to look at the timing signal with an oscilloscope and observe the variations in period--to--period or cycle--to--cycle. If the scope is set up to trigger on every rising or falling edge, set to infinite persistence mode and allowed to trace sufficient cycles, it is possible to determine the maximum and minimum periods of the timing signal. Digital scopes can accumulate a large number of cycles, create a histogram of the edge placements and record peak--to--peak as well as standard deviations of the jitter. Care must be taken that the measured edge is the edge immediately following the trigger edge. These scopes can also store a finite number of period durations and post--processing software can analyze the data to find the maximum and minimum periods. Recent hardware and software developments have resulted in advanced jitter measurement techniques. The Tektronix TDS--series oscilloscopes have superb jitter analysis capabilities on non--contiguous clocks with their histogram and statistics capabilities. The Tektronix TDSJIT2/3 Jitter Analysis software provides many key timing parameter measurements and will extend that capability by making jitter measurements on contiguous clock and data cycles from single--shot acquisitions. M1 by Amherst was used as well and both test methods correlated. This test process can be correlated to earlier test methods and are more accurate. All of the jitter data reported on the 15 10 N=8 N=4 15 10 5 5 N=1 0 N=2 400 500 600 700 0 800 VCO FREQUENCY (MHz) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 OUTPUT FREQUENCY (MHz) Figure 13. Cycle--to--Cycle RMS Jitter vs. Output Frequency Figure 12. Cycle--to--Cycle RMS Jitter vs. VCO Frequency http://onsemi.com 14 800 NBC12439, NBC12439A S_DATA S_CLOCK tHOLD tSET--UP Figure 14. Setup and Hold S_DATA S_LOAD tHOLD tSET--UP Figure 15. Setup and Hold M[6:0] N[1:0] P_LOAD tHOLD tSET--UP Figure 16. Setup and Hold FOUT FOUT Pulse Width tPERIOD Figure 17. Output Duty Cycle http://onsemi.com 15 DCO = τpw τPERIOD NBC12439, NBC12439A FOUT Zo = 50 Ω D Receiver Device Driver Device FOUT D Zo = 50 Ω 50 Ω 50 Ω VTT VTT = VCC -- 2.0 V Figure 18. Typical Termination for Output Driver and Device Evaluation (See Application Note AND8020/D -- Termination of ECL Logic Devices.) ORDERING INFORMATION Package Shipping† NBC12439FA LQFP--32 250 Units / Tray NBC12439FAG LQFP--32 (Pb--Free) 250 Units / Tray NBC12439FAR2 LQFP--32 2000 / Tape & Reel NBC12439FAR2G LQFP--32 (Pb--Free) 2000 / Tape & Reel NBC12439FN PLCC--28 37 Units / Rail NBC12439FNG PLCC--28 (Pb--Free) 37 Units / Rail NBC12439FNR2 PLCC--28 500 / Tape & Reel NBC12439FNR2G PLCC--28 (Pb--Free) 500 / Tape & Reel NBC12439AFA LQFP--32 250 Units / Tray NBC12439AFAG LQFP--32 (Pb--Free) 250 Units / Tray NBC12439AFAR2 LQFP--32 2000 / Tape & Reel NBC12439AFAR2G LQFP--32 (Pb--Free) 2000 / Tape & Reel NBC12439AFN PLCC--28 37 Units / Rail NBC12439AFNG PLCC--28 (Pb--Free) 37 Units / Rail NBC12439AFNR2 PLCC--28 500 / Tape & Reel NBC12439AFNR2G PLCC--28 (Pb--Free) 500 / Tape & Reel NBC12439AMNG QFN--32 (Pb--Free) 74 Units / Rail NBC12439AMNR4G QFN--32 (Pb--Free) 1000 / Tape & Reel Device †For information on tape and reel specifications, including part orientation and tape sizes, please refer to our Tape and Reel Packaging Specifications Brochure, BRD8011/D. http://onsemi.com 16 NBC12439, NBC12439A Resource Reference of Application Notes AN1405/D -- ECL Clock Distribution Techniques AN1406/D -- Designing with PECL (ECL at +5.0 V) AN1503/D -- ECLinPSt I/O SPiCE Modeling Kit AN1504/D -- Metastability and the ECLinPS Family AN1568/D -- Interfacing Between LVDS and ECL AN1672/D -- The ECL Translator Guide AND8001/D -- Odd Number Counters Design AND8002/D -- Marking and Date Codes AND8020/D -- Termination of ECL Logic Devices AND8066/D -- Interfacing with ECLinPS AND8090/D -- AC Characteristics of ECL Devices http://onsemi.com 17 NBC12439, NBC12439A PACKAGE DIMENSIONS PLCC--28 FN SUFFIX PLASTIC PLCC PACKAGE CASE 776--02 ISSUE E --N-- 0.007 (0.180) B Y BRK M T L--M 0.007 (0.180) U M N S T L--M S S N S D Z --M-- --L-- W 28 D X V 1 A 0.007 (0.180) R 0.007 (0.180) C M M T L--M T L--M S S N N S 0.007 (0.180) H N S S J --T-- T L--M S N S N S K SEATING PLANE F VIEW S G1 T L--M K1 0.004 (0.100) G M S E S T L--M S VIEW D--D Z 0.010 (0.250) 0.010 (0.250) G1 VIEW S S NOTES: 1. DATUMS --L--, --M--, AND --N-- DETERMINED WHERE TOP OF LEAD SHOULDER EXITS PLASTIC BODY AT MOLD PARTING LINE. 2. DIMENSION G1, TRUE POSITION TO BE MEASURED AT DATUM --T--, SEATING PLANE. 3. DIMENSIONS R AND U DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. ALLOWABLE MOLD FLASH IS 0.010 (0.250) PER SIDE. 4. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI Y14.5M, 1982. 5. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH. 6. THE PACKAGE TOP MAY BE SMALLER THAN THE PACKAGE BOTTOM BY UP TO 0.012 (0.300). DIMENSIONS R AND U ARE DETERMINED AT THE OUTERMOST EXTREMES OF THE PLASTIC BODY EXCLUSIVE OF MOLD FLASH, TIE BAR BURRS, GATE BURRS AND INTERLEAD FLASH, BUT INCLUDING ANY MISMATCH BETWEEN THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE PLASTIC BODY. 7. DIMENSION H DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR PROTRUSION OR INTRUSION. THE DAMBAR PROTRUSION(S) SHALL NOT CAUSE THE H DIMENSION TO BE GREATER THAN 0.037 (0.940). THE DAMBAR INTRUSION(S) SHALL NOT CAUSE THE H DIMENSION TO BE SMALLER THAN 0.025 (0.635). DIM A B C E F G H J K R U V W X Y Z G1 K1 INCHES MIN MAX 0.485 0.495 0.485 0.495 0.165 0.180 0.090 0.110 0.013 0.019 0.050 BSC 0.026 0.032 0.020 -----0.025 -----0.450 0.456 0.450 0.456 0.042 0.048 0.042 0.048 0.042 0.056 -----0.020 2_ 10_ 0.410 0.430 0.040 ------ http://onsemi.com 18 MILLIMETERS MIN MAX 12.32 12.57 12.32 12.57 4.20 4.57 2.29 2.79 0.33 0.48 1.27 BSC 0.66 0.81 0.51 -----0.64 -----11.43 11.58 11.43 11.58 1.07 1.21 1.07 1.21 1.07 1.42 -----0.50 2_ 10_ 10.42 10.92 1.02 ------ 0.007 (0.180) M T L--M S N S NBC12439, NBC12439A PACKAGE DIMENSIONS 32 A1 A --T--, --U--, --Z-- 32 LEAD LQFP CASE 873A--02 ISSUE C 4X 25 0.20 (0.008) AB T--U Z 1 AE --U-- --T-B P V 17 8 BASE METAL DETAIL Y V1 AC T--U Z AE DETAIL Y N --Z-- 9 S1 4X M 9 0.20 (0.008) AC T--U Z F D S 8X J R DETAIL AD G --AB-- SECTION AE--AE C E --AC-- H W K X DETAIL AD NOTES: 1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI Y14.5M, 1982. 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER. 3. DATUM PLANE --AB-- IS LOCATED AT BOTTOM OF LEAD AND IS COINCIDENT WITH THE LEAD WHERE THE LEAD EXITS THE PLASTIC BODY AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PARTING LINE. 4. DATUMS --T--, --U--, AND --Z-- TO BE DETERMINED AT DATUM PLANE --AB--. 5. DIMENSIONS S AND V TO BE DETERMINED AT SEATING PLANE --AC--. 6. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE PROTRUSION IS 0.250 (0.010) PER SIDE. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO INCLUDE MOLD MISMATCH AND ARE DETERMINED AT DATUM PLANE --AB--. 7. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR PROTRUSION. DAMBAR PROTRUSION SHALL NOT CAUSE THE D DIMENSION TO EXCEED 0.520 (0.020). 8. MINIMUM SOLDER PLATE THICKNESS SHALL BE 0.0076 (0.0003). 9. EXACT SHAPE OF EACH CORNER MAY VARY FROM DEPICTION. DIM A A1 B B1 C D E F G H J K M N P Q R S S1 V V1 W X http://onsemi.com 19 MILLIMETERS MIN MAX 7.000 BSC 3.500 BSC 7.000 BSC 3.500 BSC 1.400 1.600 0.300 0.450 1.350 1.450 0.300 0.400 0.800 BSC 0.050 0.150 0.090 0.200 0.450 0.750 12_ REF 0.090 0.160 0.400 BSC 1_ 5_ 0.150 0.250 9.000 BSC 4.500 BSC 9.000 BSC 4.500 BSC 0.200 REF 1.000 REF INCHES MIN MAX 0.276 BSC 0.138 BSC 0.276 BSC 0.138 BSC 0.055 0.063 0.012 0.018 0.053 0.057 0.012 0.016 0.031 BSC 0.002 0.006 0.004 0.008 0.018 0.030 12_ REF 0.004 0.006 0.016 BSC 1_ 5_ 0.006 0.010 0.354 BSC 0.177 BSC 0.354 BSC 0.177 BSC 0.008 REF 0.039 REF Q_ 0.250 (0.010) 0.10 (0.004) AC GAUGE PLANE SEATING PLANE M_ 0.20 (0.008) B1 NBC12439, NBC12439A PACKAGE DIMENSIONS QFN32 5*5*1 0.5 P CASE 488AM--01 ISSUE O A B D NOTES: 1. DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCING PER ASME Y14.5M, 1994. 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS. 3. DIMENSION b APPLIES TO PLATED TERMINAL AND IS MEASURED BETWEEN 0.25 AND 0.30 MM TERMINAL 4. COPLANARITY APPLIES TO THE EXPOSED PAD AS WELL AS THE TERMINALS. PIN ONE LOCATION E 0.15 C 2X 2X DIM A A1 A3 b D D2 E E2 e K L TOP VIEW 0.15 C (A3) 0.10 C A 32 X 0.08 C C L 32 X 9 D2 SEATING PLANE A1 SIDE VIEW MILLIMETERS MIN NOM MAX 0.800 0.900 1.000 0.000 0.025 0.050 0.200 REF 0.180 0.250 0.300 5.00 BSC 2.950 3.100 3.250 5.00 BSC 2.950 3.100 3.250 0.500 BSC 0.200 ----------0.300 0.400 0.500 SOLDERING FOOTPRINT* EXPOSED PAD 16 K 5.30 32 X 17 3.20 8 32 X E2 1 0.63 24 32 25 32 X b 0.10 C A B e 3.20 5.30 0.05 C BOTTOM VIEW 32 X 0.28 28 X 0.50 PITCH DIMENSIONS: MILLIMETERS *For additional information on our Pb--Free strategy and soldering details, please download the ON Semiconductor Soldering and Mounting Techniques Reference Manual, SOLDERRM/D. ON Semiconductor and are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. 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