TI1 LM25145RGYT 6-v to 42-v synchronous buck dc-dc controller with wide duty cycle range Datasheet

Order
Now
Product
Folder
Support &
Community
Tools &
Software
Technical
Documents
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
LM25145 6-V to 42-V Synchronous Buck DC-DC Controller With Wide Duty Cycle Range
1 Features
2 Applications
•
•
•
•
•
Versatile Synchronous Buck DC-DC Controller
– Wide Input Voltage Range of 6 V to 42 V
– Adjustable Output Voltage From 0.8 V to 40 V
Meets EN55022 / CISPR 22 EMI Standards
Lossless RDS(on) or Shunt Current Sensing
Switching Frequency From 100 kHz to 1 MHz
– SYNC In and SYNC Out Capability
40-ns Minimum On-Time for High VIN / VOUT Ratio
140-ns Minimum Off-Time for Low Dropout
0.8-V Reference With ±1% Feedback Accuracy
7.5-V Gate Drivers for Standard VTH MOSFETs
– 14-ns Adaptive Dead-Time Control
– 2.3-A Source and 3.5-A Sink Capability
– Low-Side Soft-Start for Prebiased Start-Up
Adjustable Soft-Start or Optional Voltage Tracking
Fast Line and Load Transient Response
– Voltage-Mode Control With Line Feedforward
– High Gain-Bandwidth Error Amplifier
Precision Enable Input and Open-Drain Power
Good Indicator for Sequencing and Control
Inherent Protection Features for Robust Design
– Hiccup Mode Overcurrent Protection
– Input UVLO With Hysteresis
– VCC and Gate Drive UVLO Protection
– Thermal Shutdown Protection With Hysteresis
VQFN-20 Package With Wettable Flanks
Create a Custom Design Using the LM25145 With
WEBENCH® Power Designer
1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Telecom Infrastructure
Factory Automation
Test and Measurement
Industrial Motor Drives
3 Description
The LM25145 42-V synchronous buck controller is
designed to regulate from a high input voltage source
or from an input rail subject to high voltage transients,
minimizing the need for external surge suppression
components. A high-side switch minimum on-time of
40 ns facilitates large step-down ratios, enabling the
direct step-down conversion from a 24 V nominal
input to low-voltage rails for reduced system
complexity and solution cost. The LM25145 continues
to operate during input voltage dips as low as 6 V, at
nearly 100% duty cycle if needed, making it well
suited for high-performance industrial control, robotic,
datacom, and RF power amplifier applications.
Forced-PWM (FPWM) operation eliminates frequency
variation to minimize EMI, while a user-selectable
diode emulation feature lowers current consumption
at light-load conditions. Cycle-by-cycle overcurrent
protection is accomplished by measuring the voltage
drop across the low-side MOSFET or by using an
optional current sense resistor. The adjustable
switching frequency as high as 1 MHz can be
synchronized to an external clock source to eliminate
beat frequencies in noise-sensitive applications.
Device Information(1)
PART NUMBER
LM25145
PACKAGE
VQFN (20)
BODY SIZE (NOM)
3.50 mm × 4.50 mm
(1) For all available packages, see the orderable addendum at
the end of the data sheet.
Typical Application Circuit and Efficiency Performance, VOUT = 5 V, FSW = 225 kHz
VIN
EN
VIN
EN/UVLO
VIN
VOUT
SYNC In
RC2
RFB1
SYNC Out
CC1
CC3
SYNCIN
Q1
HO
SYNCOUT
BST
CBST
COMP
RC1
CC2
RRT
CSS
VOUT
SW
LM25145
FB
Q2
LO
RT
RFB2
LF
CIN
COUT
VCC
SS/TRK
CVCC
PGND
AGND
PGOOD
PG
GND
ILIM
RILIM
1
An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this data sheet addresses availability, warranty, changes, use in safety-critical applications,
intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers. PRODUCTION DATA.
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Table of Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
Features ..................................................................
Applications ...........................................................
Description .............................................................
Revision History.....................................................
Description (continued).........................................
Pin Configuration and Functions .........................
7
Specifications......................................................... 6
8.4 Device Functional Modes........................................ 25
1
1
1
2
3
4
9
9.1 Application Information............................................ 27
9.2 Typical Applications ................................................ 36
10 Power Supply Recommendations ..................... 47
11 Layout................................................................... 48
11.1 Layout Guidelines ................................................. 48
11.2 Layout Example .................................................... 51
6.1 Wettable Flanks ........................................................ 5
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
8
Application and Implementation ........................ 27
12 Device and Documentation Support ................. 53
Absolute Maximum Ratings ...................................... 6
ESD Ratings.............................................................. 6
Recommended Operating Conditions....................... 7
Thermal Information .................................................. 7
Electrical Characteristics........................................... 7
Switching Characteristics ........................................ 10
Typical Characteristics ............................................ 11
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
Detailed Description ............................................ 16
8.1 Overview ................................................................. 16
8.2 Functional Block Diagram ....................................... 16
8.3 Feature Description................................................. 17
Device Support ....................................................
Documentation Support ........................................
Related Links ........................................................
Receiving Notification of Documentation Updates
Community Resources..........................................
Trademarks ...........................................................
Electrostatic Discharge Caution ............................
Glossary ................................................................
53
53
54
54
54
54
54
54
13 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable
Information ........................................................... 54
4 Revision History
DATE
REVISION
NOTES
June 2017
*
Initial release
SPACER
2
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
5 Description (continued)
The LM25145 voltage-mode controller drives external high-side and low-side N-channel power switches with
robust 7.5-V gate drivers suitable for standard-threshold MOSFETs. Adaptively-timed gate drivers with 2.3-A
source and 3.5-A sink capability minimize body diode conduction during switching transitions, reducing switching
losses and improving thermal performance when driving MOSFETs at high input voltage and high frequency. The
LM25145 can be powered from the output of the switching regulator or another available source, further
improving efficiency.
A 180° out-of-phase clock output relative to the internal oscillator at SYNCOUT is ideal for cascaded or multichannel power supplies to reduce input capacitor ripple current and EMI filter size. Additional features of the
LM25145 include a configurable soft-start, an open-drain Power Good monitor for fault reporting and output
monitoring, monotonic start-up into prebiased loads, integrated VCC bias supply regulator and bootstrap diode,
external power supply tracking, precision enable input with hysteresis for adjustable line undervoltage lockout
(UVLO), hiccup-mode overload protection, and thermal shutdown protection with automatic recovery.
The LM25145 controller is offered in a 3.5-mm × 4.5-mm thermally-enhanced, 20-pin VQFN package with
additional spacing for high-voltage pins and wettable flanks for optical inspection of solder joint fillets.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
3
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
6 Pin Configuration and Functions
EN/UVLO
VIN
1
20
RGY Package
20-Pin VQFN With Wettable Flanks
Top View
RT
2
19
SW
SS/TRK
3
18
HO
COMP
4
17
BST
FB
5
16
NC
AGND
6
15
EP
SYNCOUT
7
14
VCC
SYNCIN
8
13
LO
NC
9
12
PGND
10
11
PGOOD
ILIM
Exposed
Pad
(EP)
Connect Exposed Pad on bottom to AGND and PGND on the PCB.
Pin Functions
PIN
NO.
NAME
TYPE (1)
DESCRIPTION
1
EN/UVLO
I
Enable input and undervoltage lockout programming pin. If the EN/UVLO voltage is below 0.4 V, the
controller is in the shutdown mode with all functions disabled. If the EN/UVLO voltage is greater than 0.4 V
and less than 1.2 V, the regulator is in standby mode with the VCC regulator operational, the SS pin
grounded, and no switching at the HO and LO outputs. If the EN/UVLO voltage is above 1.2 V, the SS/TRK
pin is allowed to ramp and pulse-width modulated gate drive signals are delivered to the HO and LO pins. A
10-μA current source is enabled when EN/UVLO exceeds 1.2 V and flows through the external UVLO
resistor divider to provide hysteresis. Hysteresis can be adjusted by varying the resistance of the external
divider.
2
RT
I
Oscillator frequency adjust pin. The internal oscillator is programmed with a single resistor between RT and
the AGND. The recommended maximum oscillator frequency is 1 MHz. An RT pin resistor is required even
when using the SYNCIN pin to synchronize to an external clock.
3
SS/TRK
I
Soft-start and voltage tracking pin. An external capacitor and an internal 10-μA current source set the ramp
rate of the error amplifier reference during start-up. When the SS/TRK pin voltage is less than 0.8 V, the
SS/TRK voltage controls the noninverting input of the error amp. When the SS/TRK voltage exceeds 0.8 V,
the amplifier is controlled by the internal 0.8-V reference. SS/TRK is discharged to ground during standby
and fault conditions. After start-up, the SS/TRK voltage is clamped 115 mV above the FB pin voltage. If FB
falls due to a load fault, SS/TRK is discharged to a level 115 mV above FB to provide a controlled recovery
when the fault is removed. Voltage tracking can be implemented by connecting a low impedance reference
between 0 V and 0.8 V to the SS/TRK pin. The 10-µA SS/TRK charging current flows into the reference
and produces a voltage error if the impedance is not low. Connect a minimum capacitance from SS/TRK to
AGND of 2.2 nF.
4
COMP
O
Low impedance output of the internal error amplifier. The loop compensation network should be connected
between the COMP pin and the FB pin.
5
FB
I
Feedback connection to the inverting input of the internal error amplifier. A resistor divider from the output
to this pin sets the output voltage level. The regulation threshold at the FB pin is nominally 0.8 V.
(1)
4
P = Power, G = Ground, I = Input, O = Output.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
Pin Functions (continued)
PIN
NO.
NAME
6
AGND
7
SYNCOUT
TYPE (1)
DESCRIPTION
P
Analog ground. Return for the internal 0.8-V voltage reference and analog circuits.
O
Synchronization output. Logic output that provides a clock signal that is 180° out-of-phase with the highside FET gate drive. Connect SYNCOUT of the master LM25145 to the SYNCIN pin of a second LM25145
to operate two controllers at the same frequency with 180° interleaved high-side FET switch turnon
transitions. Note that the SYNCOUT pin does not provide 180° interleaving when the controller is operating
from an external clock that is different from the free-running frequency set by the RT resistor.
Dual function pin for providing an optional clock input and for enabling diode emulation by the low-side
MOSFET. Connecting a clock signal to the SYNCIN pin synchronizes switching to the external clock. Diode
emulation by the low-side MOSFET is disabled when the controller is synchronized to an external clock,
and negative inductor current can flow in the low-side MOSFET with light loads. A continuous logic low
state at the SYNCIN pin enables diode emulation to prevent reverse current flow in the inductor. Diode
emulation results in DCM operation at light loads, which improves efficiency. A logic high state at the
SYNCIN pin disables diode emulation producing forced-PWM (FPWM) operation. During soft-start when
SYNCIN is high or a clock signal is present, the LM25145 operates in diode emulation mode until the
output is in regulation, then gradually increases the SW zero-cross threshold, resulting in a gradual
transition from DCM to FPWM.
8
SYNCIN
I
9
NC
—
No electrical connection.
10
PGOOD
O
Power Good indicator. This pin is an open-drain output. A high state indicates that the voltage at the FB pin
is within a specified tolerance window centered at 0.8 V.
11
ILIM
I
Current limit adjust and current sense comparator input. A current sourced from the ILIM pin through an
external resistor programs the threshold voltage for valley current limiting. The opposite end of the
threshold adjust resistor can be connected to either the drain of the low-side MOSFET for RDS(on) sensing
or to a current sense resistor connected to the source of the low-side FET.
12
PGND
P
Power ground return pin for the low-side MOSFET gate driver. Connect directly to the source of the lowside MOSFET or the ground side of a shunt resistor.
13
LO
P
Low-side MOSFET gate drive output. Connect to the gate of the low-side synchronous rectifier FET through
a short, low inductance path.
14
VCC
O
Output of the 7.5-V bias regulator. Locally decouple to PGND using a low ESR/ESL capacitor located as
close to the controller as possible. Controller bias can be supplied from an external supply that is greater
than the internal VCC regulation voltage. Use caution when applying external bias to ensure that the
applied voltage is not greater than the minimum VIN voltage and does not exceed the VCC pin maximum
operating rating, see Recommended Operating Conditions.
15
EP
—
Pin internally connected to exposed pad of the package. Electrically isolated.
16
NC
—
No electrical connection.
17
BST
O
Bootstrap supply for the high-side gate driver. Connect to the bootstrap capacitor. The bootstrap capacitor
supplies current to the high-side FET gate and should be placed as close to controller as possible. If an
external bootstrap diode is used to reduce the time required to charge the bootstrap capacitor, connect the
cathode of the diode to the BST pin and anode to VCC.
18
HO
P
High-side MOSFET gate drive output. Connect to the gate of the high-side MOSFET through a short, low
inductance path.
19
SW
P
Switching node of the buck controller. Connect to the bootstrap capacitor, the source terminal of the highside MOSFET and the drain terminal of the low-side MOSFET using short, low inductance paths.
20
VIN
P
Supply voltage input for the VCC LDO regulator.
—
EP
—
Exposed pad of the package. Electrically isolated. Solder to the system ground plane to reduce thermal
resistance.
6.1 Wettable Flanks
100% automated visual inspection (AVI) post-assembly is typically required to meet requirements for high
reliability and robustness. Standard quad-flat no-lead (VQFN) packages do not have solderable or exposed pins
and terminals that are easily viewed. It is therefore difficult to determine visually whether or not the package is
successfully soldered onto the printed-circuit board (PCB). The wettable-flank process was developed to resolve
the issue of side-lead wetting of leadless packaging. The LM25145 is assembled using a 20-pin VQFN package
with wettable flanks to provide a visual indicator of solderability, which reduces the inspection time and
manufacturing costs.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
5
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
7 Specifications
7.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
Over the recommended operating junction temperature range of –40°C to 125°C (unless otherwise noted). (1)
Input voltages
MIN
MAX
VIN
–0.3
45
SW
–1
45
SW (20-ns transient)
–5
45
ILIM
–1
45
EN/UVLO
–0.3
45
VCC
–0.3
14
FB, COMP, SS/TRK, RT
–0.3
6
SYNCIN
–0.3
14
BST
–0.3
60
BST to VCC
Output voltages
V
45
BST to SW
–0.3
14
VCC to BST (20-ns transient)
7
LO (20-ns transient)
V
–3
PGOOD
–0.3
Operating junction temperature, TJ
Storage temperature, Tstg
(1)
UNIT
–55
14
150
°C
150
°C
Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings
only, which do not imply functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under Recommended
Operating Conditions. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
7.2 ESD Ratings
VALUE
V(ESD)
(1)
(2)
6
Electrostatic discharge
Human-body model (HBM), per ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001 (1)
±2000
Charged-device model (CDM), per JEDEC specification JESD22-C101 (2)
±1000
UNIT
V
JEDEC document JEP155 states that 500-V HBM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process.
JEDEC document JEP157 states that 250-V CDM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions
Over the recommended operating junction temperature range of –40°C to 125°C (unless otherwise noted). (1)
MIN
VI
Input voltages
6
42
SW
–1
42
ILIM
–1
42
8
13
0
42
–0.3
55
EN/UVLO
BST
Output voltages
MAX
VIN
External VCC bias rail
VO
NOM
BST to VCC
5
Operating junction temperature
(1)
13
SYNCOUT
TJ
V
13
PGOOD
Sink/source currents
V
42
BST to SW
ISINK,
ISRC
UNIT
–1
1
PGOOD
mA
2
–40
125
°C
Recommended Operating Conditions are conditions under which the device is intended to be functional. For specifications and test
conditions, see Electrical Characteristics.
7.4 Thermal Information
LM25145
THERMAL METRIC
(1)
RGY (VQFN)
UNIT
20 PINS
RθJA
Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance
RθJC(top)
Junction-to-case (top) thermal resistance
36.8
°C/W
28
°C/W
RθJB
ψJT
Junction-to-board thermal resistance
11.8
°C/W
Junction-to-top characterization parameter
0.4
°C/W
ψJB
Junction-to-board characterization parameter
11.7
°C/W
RθJC(bot)
Junction-to-case (bottom) thermal resistance
2.1
°C/W
(1)
For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the Semiconductor and IC Package Thermal Metrics application
report.
7.5 Electrical Characteristics
Typical values correspond to TJ = 25°C. Minimum and maximum limits apply over the –40°C to 125°C junction temperature
range unless otherwise stated. VIN = 24 V, VEN/UVLO = 1.5 V, RRT = 25 kΩ unless otherwise stated. (1) (2)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
42
V
1.8
2.1
mA
INPUT SUPPLY
VIN
Operating input voltage range
IQ-RUN
Operating input current, not switching VEN/UVLO = 1.5 V, VSS/TRK = 0 V
6
IQ-STBY
Standby input current
VEN/UVLO = 1 V
1.75
2
mA
IQ-SDN
Shutdown input current
VEN/UVLO = 0 V, VVCC < 1 V
13.5
16
µA
7.5
7.7
V
VCC REGULATOR
VVCC
VCC regulation voltage
VSS/TRK = 0 V, 9 V ≤ VVIN ≤ 42 V,
0 mA < IVCC ≤ 20 mA
VVCC-LDO
VIN to VCC dropout voltage
VVIN = 6 V, VSS/TRK = 0 V, IVCC = 20 mA
0.25
0.63
ISC-LDO
VCC short-circuit current
VSS/TRK = 0 V, VVCC = 0 V
40
50
70
mA
VVCC-UV
VCC undervoltage threshold
VVCC rising
4.8
4.93
5.2
V
VVCC-UVH
VCC undervoltage hysteresis
Rising threshold – falling threshold
(1)
(2)
7.3
0.26
V
V
All minimum and maximum limits are specified by correlating the electrical characteristics to process and temperature variations and
applying statistical process control.
The junction temperature (TJ in °C) is calculated from the ambient temperature (TA in °C) and power dissipation (PD in Watts) as follows:
TJ = TA + (PD • RθJA) where RθJA (in °C/W) is the package thermal impedance provided in Thermal Information.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
7
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Electrical Characteristics (continued)
Typical values correspond to TJ = 25°C. Minimum and maximum limits apply over the –40°C to 125°C junction temperature
range unless otherwise stated. VIN = 24 V, VEN/UVLO = 1.5 V, RRT = 25 kΩ unless otherwise stated.(1)(2)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
VVCC-EXT
Minimum external bias supply voltage Voltage required to disable VCC regulator
IVCC
External VCC input current, not
switching
MIN
TYP
MAX
8
UNIT
V
VSS/TRK = 0 V, VVCC = 13 V
2.1
mA
ENABLE AND INPUT UVLO
VSDN
Shutdown to standby threshold
VEN/UVLO rising
VSDN-HYS
Shutdown threshold hysteresis
EN/UVLO rising – falling threshold
VEN
Standby to operating threshold
VEN/UVLO rising
IEN-HYS
Standby to operating hysteresis
current
VEN/UVLO = 1.5 V
0.42
V
50
mV
1.164
1.2
1.236
V
9
10
11
µA
800
808
mV
0.1
µA
ERROR AMPLIFIER
VREF
FB reference voltage
FB connected to COMP
792
IFB-BIAS
FB input bias current
VFB = 0.8 V
–0.1
VCOMP-OH
COMP output high voltage
VFB = 0 V, COMP sourcing 1 mA
VCOMP-OL
COMP output low voltage
COMP sinking 1 mA
AVOL
DC gain
94
dB
GBW
Unity gain bandwidth
6.5
MHz
5
V
0.3
V
SOFT-START AND VOLTAGE TRACKING
ISS
SS/TRK capacitor charging current
VSS/TRK = 0 V
RSS
SS/TRK discharge FET resistance
VEN/UVLO = 1 V, VSS/TRK = 0.1 V
VSS-FB
SS/TRK to FB offset
VSS-CLAMP
SS/TRK clamp voltage
8.5
10
12
µA
15
mV
11
–15
VSS/TRK – VFB, VFB = 0.8 V
Ω
115
mV
POWER GOOD INDICATOR
PGUTH
FB upper threshold for PGOOD high
to low
% of VREF, VFB rising
106%
108%
110%
PGLTH
FB lower threshold for PGOOD high
to low
% of VREF, VFB falling
90%
92%
94%
PGHYS_U
PGOOD upper threshold hysteresis
% of VREF
3%
PGHYS_L
PGOOD lower threshold hysteresis
% of VREF
2%
TPG-RISE
PGOOD rising filter
FB to PGOOD rising edge
25
TPG-FALL
PGOOD falling filter
FB to PGOOD falling edge
25
VPG-OL
PGOOD low state output voltage
VFB = 0.9 V, IPGOOD = 2 mA
150
mV
IPG-OH
PGOOD high state leakage current
VFB = 0.8 V, VPGOOD = 13 V
100
nA
µs
µs
OSCILLATOR
FSW1
Oscillator Frequency – 1
RRT = 100 kΩ
FSW2
Oscillator Frequency – 2
RRT = 25 kΩ
FSW3
Oscillator Frequency – 3
RRT = 12.5 kΩ
100
380
400
kHz
420
780
kHz
kHz
SYNCHRONIZATION INPUT AND OUTPUT
FSYNC
SYNCIN external clock frequency
range
VSYNC-IH
Minimum SYNCIN input logic high
VSYNC-IL
Maximum SYNCIN input logic low
RSYNCIN
SYNCIN input resistance
VSYNCIN = 3 V
TSYNCI-PW
SYNCIN input minimum pulsewidth
Minimum high state or low state duration
% of nominal frequency set by RRT
+50%
2
V
0.8
VSYNCO-OH SYNCOUT high state output voltage
ISYNCOUT = –1 mA (sourcing)
VSYNCO-OL
SYNCOUT low state output voltage
ISYNCOUT = 1 mA (sinking)
TSYNCOUT
Delay from HO rising to SYNCOUT
leading edge
VSYNCIN = 0 V, TS = 1/FSW,
FSW set by RRT
8
–20%
Submit Documentation Feedback
20
V
kΩ
50
ns
3
V
0.4
TS/2 – 140
V
ns
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
Electrical Characteristics (continued)
Typical values correspond to TJ = 25°C. Minimum and maximum limits apply over the –40°C to 125°C junction temperature
range unless otherwise stated. VIN = 24 V, VEN/UVLO = 1.5 V, RRT = 25 kΩ unless otherwise stated.(1)(2)
PARAMETER
TSYNCIN
Delay from SYNCIN leading edge to
HO rising
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
50% to 50%
TYP
MAX
UNIT
150
ns
BOOTSTRAP DIODE AND UNDERVOLTAGE THRESHOLD
VBST-FWD
Diode forward voltage, VCC to BST
VCC to BST, BST pin sourcing 20 mA
IQ-BST
BST to SW quiescent current, not
switching
VSS/TRK = 0 V, VSW = 24 V, VBST = 30 V
VBST-UV
BST to SW undervoltage detection
VBST-HYS
BST to SW undervoltage hysteresis
0.75
0.9
V
80
µA
VBST – VSW falling
3.4
V
VBST – VSW rising
0.42
V
PWM CONTROL
TON(MIN)
Minimum controllable on-time
VBST – VSW = 7 V, HO 50% to 50%
40
60
ns
TOFF(MIN)
Minimum off-time
VBST – VSW = 7 V, HO 50% to 50%
140
200
ns
DC100kHz
DC400kHz
Maximum duty cycle
VRAMP(min)
Ramp valley voltage (COMP at 0%
duty cycle)
kFF
PWM feedforward gain (VIN / VRAMP)
FSW = 100 kHz, 6 V ≤ VVIN ≤ 42 V
98%
99%
FSW = 400 kHz, 6 V ≤ VVIN ≤ 42 V
90%
94%
6 V ≤ VVIN ≤ 42 V
300
mV
15
V/V
OVERCURRENT PROTECT (OCP) – VALLEY CURRENT LIMITING
IRS
ILIM source current, RSENSE mode
Low voltage detected at ILIM
90
IRDSON
ILIM source current, RDS(on) mode
SW voltage detected at ILIM, TJ = 25°C
IRSTC
ILIM current tempco
RDS-ON mode
4500
ppm/°C
IRDSONTC
ILIM current tempco
RSENSE mode
0
ppm/°C
VILIM-TH
ILIM comparator threshold at ILIM
180
–8
100
110
200
220
–2
µA
µA
3.5
mV
SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECT (SCP) – DUTY CYCLE CLAMP
VCLAMP-OS
Clamp offset voltage – no current
limiting
VCLAMP-MIN Minimum clamp voltage
CLAMP to COMP steady state offset voltage
0.2 + VVIN/75
V
CLAMP voltage with continuous current limiting
0.3 + VVIN/150
V
HICCUP MODE FAULT PROTECTION
CHICC-DEL
Hiccup mode activation delay
Clock cycles with current limiting before hiccup
off-time activated
CHICCUP
Hiccup mode off-time after activation
Clock cycles with no switching followed by
SS/TRK release
128
cycles
8192
cycles
DIODE EMULATION
VZCD-SS
Zero-cross detect (ZCD) soft-start
ramp
ZCD threshold measured at SW pin
50 clock cycles after first HO pulse
VZCD-DIS
Zero-cross detect disable threshold
(CCM)
ZCD threshold measured at SW pin
1000 clock cycles after first HO pulse
VDEM-TH
Diode emulation zero-cross threshold
Measured at SW with VSW rising
–5
0
mV
200
mV
0
5
mV
GATE DRIVERS
RHO-UP
HO high-state resistance, HO to BST
VBST – VSW = 7 V, IHO = –100 mA
1.5
Ω
RHO-DOWN
HO low-state resistance, HO to SW
VBST – VSW = 7 V, IHO = 100 mA
0.9
Ω
RLO-UP
LO high-state resistance, LO to VCC
VBST – VSW = 7 V, ILO = –100 mA
1.5
Ω
RLO-DOWN
LO low-state resistance, LO to PGND VBST – VSW = 7 V, ILO = 100 mA
0.9
Ω
IHOH, ILOH
HO, LO source current
VBST – VSW = 7 V, HO = SW, LO = AGND
2.3
A
IHOL, ILOL
HO, LO sink current
VBST – VSW = 7 V, HO = BST, LO = VCC
3.5
A
TJ rising
175
°C
20
°C
THERMAL SHUTDOWN
TSD
Thermal shutdown threshold
TSD-HYS
Thermal shutdown hysteresis
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
9
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
7.6 Switching Characteristics
Over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted).
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
THO-TR
TLO-TR
HO, LO rise times
VBST – VSW = 7 V, CLOAD = 1 nF, 20% to 80%
7
ns
THO-TF
TLO-TF
HO, LO fall times
VBST – VSW = 7 V, CLOAD = 1 nF, 80% to 20%
4
ns
THO-DT
HO turnon dead time
VBST – VSW = 7 V, LO off to HO on, 50% to 50%
14
ns
TLO-DT
LO turnon dead time
VBST – VSW = 7 V, HO off to LO on, 50% to 50%
14
ns
10
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
7.7 Typical Characteristics
VVIN = 24 V, RRT = 25 kΩ, SYNCIN tied to VCC, EN/UVLO tied to VIN (unless otherwise noted).
100
100
95
90
80
Efficiency (%)
Efficiency (%)
90
85
80
VIN = 8V
VIN = 12V
VIN = 18V
VIN = 24V
VIN = 32V
75
70
5
VOUT = 5 V
See Figure 46
10
Output Current (A)
15
VSYNCIN = VVCC
60
50
VIN = 8V
VIN = 12V
VIN = 18V
VIN = 24V
VIN = 32V
40
30
65
0
70
20
0.1
20
FSW = 500 kHz
RRT = 20 kΩ
0.5
VOUT = 5 V
See Figure 46
Figure 1. Efficiency vs Load, CCM
1
Output Current (A)
5
VSYNCIN = 0 V
10
20
FSW = 500 kHz
RRT = 20 kΩ
Figure 2. Efficiency vs Load, DCM
100
100
95
Efficiency (%)
Efficiency (%)
90
90
85
80
70
VIN = 18V
VIN = 24V
VIN = 28V
VIN = 36V
75
70
0
2
VOUT = 12 V
See Figure 57
4
Output Current (A)
VSYNCIN = VVCC
6
80
60
0.1
8
FSW = 425 kHz
RRT = 23.7 kΩ
VIN = 18V
VIN = 24V
VIN = 28V
VIN = 36V
0.5
1
Output Current (A)
VOUT = 12 V
See Figure 57
Figure 3. Efficiency vs Load, CCM
VSYNCIN = 0 V
5
8
FSW = 425 kHz
RRT = 23.7 kΩ
Figure 4. Efficiency vs Load, DCM
(VOUT Supplies Bias Power to VCC)
0.808
100
0.806
60
40
VIN = 6V
VIN = 12V
VIN = 24V
VIN = 36V
20
0
0
2
4
6
Output Current (A)
VOUT = 1.1 V
See Figure 70
8
10
Feedback Voltage (V)
Efficiency (%)
80
0.804
0.802
0.8
0.798
0.796
0.794
0.792
-40
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
110 125
FSW = 300 kHz
RRT = 33.2 kΩ
Figure 5. Efficiency vs Load, CCM
Figure 6. FB Voltage vs Junction Temperature
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
11
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Typical Characteristics (continued)
VVIN = 24 V, RRT = 25 kΩ, SYNCIN tied to VCC, EN/UVLO tied to VIN (unless otherwise noted).
14
VIN Shutdown Quiescent Current (PA)
Min On-Time, Min Off-Time (ns)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
TOFF(min)
0
-40
TON(min)
12
10
8
6
4
2
40°C
25°C
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
110 125
6
12
18
24
30
Input Voltage (V)
36
VSW = 0 V
Figure 7. TON(min) and TOFF(min) vs Junction Temperature
VIN Operating Quiescent Current (mA)
VIN Standby Quiescent Current (mA)
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
40°C
25°C
125°C
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
40°C
25°C
125°C
1.4
6
12
18
24
30
Input Voltage (V)
36
VSW = 0 V
6
42
VEN/UVLO = 1 V
12
18
VSW = 0 V
Figure 9. IQ-STANDBY vs Input Voltage
24
30
Input Voltage (V)
36
42
VEN/UVLO = VVIN
VSS/TRK = 0 V
Figure 10. IQ-OPERATING (Nonswitching) vs Input Voltage
0.6
VIN Operating Quiescent Current (mA)
4
Switching (mA)
VEN/UVLO = 0 V
Figure 8. IQ-SHD vs Input Voltage
1.3
VIN Operating Current
42
2
1.8
3.75
3.5
3.25
3
2.75
40°C
25°C
125°C
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
VCC = 8V
0
2.5
6
12
18
24
30
Input Voltage (V)
VSW = 0 V
36
42
HO, LO Open
Figure 11. IQ-OPERATING (Switching) vs Input Voltage
12
125°C
0
6
VSW = 0 V
12
18
24
30
Input Voltage (V)
VVCC = VBST = VILIM
36
42
VFB = 0 V
Figure 12. VIN Quiescent Current With External VCC Applied
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
Typical Characteristics (continued)
VVIN = 24 V, RRT = 25 kΩ, SYNCIN tied to VCC, EN/UVLO tied to VIN (unless otherwise noted).
350
25
20
250
Deadtime (ns)
ILIM Current Source (PA)
300
200
150
15
10
100
5
50
HO to LO
LO to HO
RDS-ON Mode
RSENSE Mode
0
-40
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
0
-40
110 125
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
110 125
VSW = 0 V
Figure 14. Dead Time vs Junction Temperature
5.2
4
5
3.8
BST UVLO Threshold (V)
VCC UVLO Threshold (V)
Figure 13. ILIM Current Source vs Junction Temperature
4.8
4.6
4.4
3.6
3.4
3.2
Rising
Falling
4.2
-40
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
Rising
Falling
3
-40
110 125
Figure 15. VCC UVLO Thresholds vs Junction Temperature
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
110 125
Figure 16. BST UVLO Thresholds vs Junction Temperature
110
PGOOD OVP Thresholds (V)
98
PGOOD UVP Thresholds (V)
-25
96
94
92
90
108
106
104
102
Rising
Falling
Rising
Falling
88
-40
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
110 125
Figure 17. PGOOD UVP Thresholds vs Junction
Temperature
100
-40
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
110 125
Figure 18. PGOOD OVP Thresholds vs Junction
Temperature
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
13
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Typical Characteristics (continued)
1.3
0.5
1.25
0.45
EN Standby Threshold (V)
EN Threshold (V)
VVIN = 24 V, RRT = 25 kΩ, SYNCIN tied to VCC, EN/UVLO tied to VIN (unless otherwise noted).
1.2
1.15
1.1
0.4
0.35
0.3
Rising
Falling
1.05
-40
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
0.25
-40
110 125
Figure 19. EN/UVLO Threshold vs Junction Temperature
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
110 125
Figure 20. EN Standby Thresholds vs Junction Temperature
1000
420
800
Switching Frequency (kHz)
Switching Frequency (kHz)
-25
600
400
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
RT Resistance (k:)
80
90
410
400
390
VIN = 6V
VIN = 48V
VIN = 100V
380
-40
100
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
110 125
VSW = 0 V
Figure 21. Oscillator Frequency vs RT Resistance
Figure 22. Oscillator Frequency vs Junction Temperature
4
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
VCC = 8V
0.5
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
Source
Sink
1
0
10
20
30
40
BST Diode Forward Current (mA)
50
Figure 23. BST Diode Forward Voltage vs Current
14
LO, HO Gate Driver Peak Current (A)
BST Diode Forward Voltage (V)
1
6
7
8
9
10
VCC Voltage (V)
11
12
13
Figure 24. Gate Driver Peak Current vs VCC Voltage
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
Typical Characteristics (continued)
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
LO Gate Driver RDS(on) (:)
HO Gate Driver RDS(on) (:)
VVIN = 24 V, RRT = 25 kΩ, SYNCIN tied to VCC, EN/UVLO tied to VIN (unless otherwise noted).
1.2
1
0.8
1.2
1
0.8
High State
Low State
High State
Low State
0.6
0.6
6
7
8
9
10
VCC Voltage (V)
11
12
13
6
Figure 25. HO Driver Resistance vs VCC Voltage
8
9
10
VCC Voltage (V)
11
12
13
Figure 26. LO Driver Resistance vs VCC Voltage
7.75
7
7.5
6
VCC Voltage (V)
7.25
VCC Voltage (V)
7
7
6.75
6.5
5
4
3
2
6.25
1
6
40°C
25°C
25°C
40°C
125°C
125°C
0
5.75
6
12
18
24
30
Input Voltage (V)
36
0
42
10
20
30
40
VCC Current (mA)
50
60
VIN = 6 V
VSS/TRK = 0 V
Figure 28. VCC vs ICC Characteristic
Figure 27. VCC Voltage vs Input Voltage
8
11
7
10.8
10.6
Soft-Start Current (PA)
VCC Voltage (V)
6
5
4
3
2
10.4
10.2
10
9.8
9.6
9.4
1
40°C
25°C
9.2
125°C
0
0
10
20
30
40
VCC Current (mA)
50
60
9
-40
-25
-10
5
20 35 50 65 80
Junction Temperature (°C)
95
110 125
VIN = 12 V
Figure 29. VCC vs ICC Characteristic
Figure 30. SS/TRK Current Source vs Junction Temperature
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
15
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
8 Detailed Description
8.1 Overview
The LM25145 is a 42-V synchronous buck controller that features all of the functions necessary to implement a
high efficiency step-down power supply with output voltage ranging from 0.8 V to 40 V. The voltage-mode control
architecture uses input feedforward for excellent line transient response over a wide VIN range. Voltage-mode
control supports the wide duty cycle range for high input voltage and low dropout applications as well as when a
high voltage conversion ratio (for example, 10-to-1) is required. Current sensing for cycle-by-cycle current limit
can be implemented with either the low-side FET RDS(on) or a current sense resistor. The operating frequency is
programmable from 100 kHz to 1 MHz. The LM25145 drives external high-side and low-side NMOS power
switches with robust 7.5-V gate drivers suitable for standard threshold MOSFETs. Adaptive dead-time control
between the high-side and low-side drivers is designed to minimize body diode conduction during switching
transitions. An external bias supply can be connected to the VCC pin to improve efficiency in high-voltage
applications. A user-selectable diode emulation feature enables discontinuous conduction mode operation for
improved efficiency and lower dissipation at light-load conditions.
8.2 Functional Block Diagram
VIN
VCC
7.5 V LDO
REGULATOR
+
±
VCC
UVLO
7.5 V
VCC ENABLE
0.4 V
EN/UVLO
1.2 V
BST
±
+
SHUTDOWN
+
±
VVCC-UV
ENABLE
LOGIC
+
±
5 µs
FILTER
BST_UV
³1´
STANDBY
D
R
±
+
VSW +
VBST-UV
CL Q
kFF*VIN
RT
OSCILLATOR &
FEEDFORWARD
RAMP
GENERATOR
SYNCOUT
THERMAL
SHUTDOWN
HYSTERESIS
LEVEL
SHIFT
CLK
SYNCIN
PEAK
DETECT
FILTER
FPWM
PWM
COMPARATOR
PWM
LOGIC
VCC
0.3 V
DRIVER
+
COMP
HO
SW
ADAPTIVE
DEADTIME
DELAY
kFF*VIN + 0.3 V
RAMP
DRIVER
±
LO
PGND
ERROR
AMP
±
FB
115 mV
±
0.8 V
+
+
+
+
±
+
±
ZERO CROSS
DETECTION
CLAMP
SS/TRK
COMP
CLAMP
MODULATOR
STANDBY
HICCUP
COUNTERS
SUPERVISORY
COMPARATORS
±
CLK
RDS(on) or
Resistor Sensing
0.8 V + 8%
ILIM
LO
+
PGOOD
25 µs
delay
FB
OCP
LO
±
+
0.8 V - 8%
CURRENT LIMIT
COMPARATOR
±
ILIM
+
AGND
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
16
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
8.3 Feature Description
8.3.1 Input Range (VIN)
The LM25145 operational input voltage range is from 6 V to 42 V. The device is intended for step-down
conversions from 12-V, 24-V, 28-V and 36-V unregulated, semiregulated, and fully-regulated supply rails. The
application circuit of Figure 31 shows all the necessary components to implement an LM25145-based wide-VIN
step-down regulator using a single supply. The LM25145 uses an internal LDO subregulator to provide a 7.5-V
VCC bias rail for the gate drive and control circuits (assuming the input voltage is higher than 7.5 V plus the
necessary subregulator dropout specification).
RUV2
RUV1
VOUT
VIN
RC2
RRT
RFB1
CC1
EN/UVLO
VIN
SYNC
out
SYNC
optional
CBST
RT
3
SS/TRK
HO 18
4
COMP
SW 19
5
FB
CSS
CC2
RFB2
20
2
CC3
RC1
1
BST 17
Q1
LF
VOUT
NC 16
LM25145
6
AGND
7
SYNCOUT
8
SYNCIN
9
NC
Q2
EP 15
CIN
VCC 14
COUT
LO 13
PGOOD
10
ILIM PGND
12
GND
11
CVCC
RPG
PG
RILIM
CILIM
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 31. Schematic Diagram for VIN Operating Range of 6 V to 42 V
In high voltage applications, take extra care to ensure the VIN pin does not exceed the absolute maximum
voltage rating of 55 V during line or load transient events. Voltage ringing on the VIN pin that exceeds the
Absolute Maximum Ratings can damage the IC. Use high-quality ceramic input capacitors to minimize ringing.
An RC filter from the input rail to the VIN pin (for example, 4.7 Ω and 0.1 µF) provides supplementary filtering at
the VIN pin.
8.3.2 Output Voltage Setpoint and Accuracy (FB)
The reference voltage at the FB pin is set at 0.8 V with a feedback system accuracy over the full junction
temperature range of ±1%. Junction temperature range for the device is –40°C to +125°C. While dependent on
switching frequency and load current levels, the LM25145 is generally capable of providing output voltages in the
range of 0.8 V to a maximum of slightly less than VIN. The DC output voltage setpoint during normal operation is
set by the feedback resistor network, RFB1 and RFB2, connected to the output.
8.3.3 High-Voltage Bias Supply Regulator (VCC)
The LM25145 contains an internal high-voltage VCC regulator that provides a bias supply for the PWM controller
and its gate drivers for the external MOSFETs. The input pin (VIN) can be connected directly to an input voltage
source up to 42 V. The output of the VCC regulator is set to 7.5 V. However, when the input voltage is below the
VCC setpoint level, the VCC output tracks VIN with a small voltage drop. Connect a ceramic decoupling capacitor
between 1 µF and 5 µF from VCC to AGND for stability.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
17
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Feature Description (continued)
The VCC regulator output has a current limit of 40 mA (minimum). At power up, the regulator sources current into
the capacitor connected to the VCC pin. When the VCC voltage exceeds its rising UVLO threshold of 4.93 V, the
output is enabled (if EN/UVLO is above 1.2 V) and the soft-start sequence begins. The output remain active until
the VCC voltage falls below its falling UVLO threshold of 4.67 V (typical) or if EN/UVLO goes to a standby or
shutdown state.
Internal power dissipation of the VCC regulator can be minimized by connecting the output voltage or an auxiliary
bias supply rail (up to 13 V) to VCC using a diode DVCC as shown in Figure 32. A diode in series with the input
prevents reverse current flow from VCC to VIN if the input voltage falls below the external VCC rail.
LM25145
Required if VIN < VCC(EXT)
DVCC
DVIN
VIN
20 VIN
6 V to 42 V
VCC 14
CVIN
VCC-EXT
CVCC
0.1 PF
8 V to 13 V
2.2 PF
AGND
6
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 32. VCC Bias Supply Connection From VOUT or Auxiliary Supply
Note that a finite bias supply regulator dropout voltage exists and is manifested to a larger extent when driving
high gate charge (QG) power MOSFETs at elevated switching frequencies. For example, at VVIN = 6 V, the VCC
voltage is 5.8 V with a DC operating current, IVCC, of 20 mA. Such a low gate drive voltage may be insufficient to
fully enhance the power MOSFETs. At the very least, MOSFET on-state resistance, RDS(ON), may increase at
such low gate drive voltage.
Here are the main considerations when operating at input voltages below 7.5 V:
• Increased MOSFET RDS(on) at lower VGS, leading to Increased conduction losses and reduced OCP setpoint.
• Increased switching losses given the slower switching times when operating at lower gate voltages.
• Restricted range of suitable power MOSFETs to choose from (MOSFETs with RDS(on) rated at VGS = 4.5 V
become mandatory).
8.3.4 Precision Enable (EN/UVLO)
The EN/UVLO input supports adjustable input undervoltage lockout (UVLO) with hysteresis programmed by the
resistor values for application specific power-up and power-down requirements. EN/UVLO connects to a
comparator-based input referenced to a 1.2-V bandgap voltage. An external logic signal can be used to drive the
EN/UVLO input to toggle the output ON and OFF and for system sequencing or protection. The simplest way to
enable the operation of the LM25145 is to connect EN/UVLO directly to VIN. This allows self start-up of the
LM25145 when VCC is within its valid operating range. However, many applications benefit from using a resistor
divider RUV1 and RUV2 as shown in Figure 33 to establish a precision UVLO level.
Use Equation 1 and Equation 2 to calculate the UVLO resistors given the required input turnon and turnoff
voltages.
VIN(on) VIN(off)
RUV1
IHYS
(1)
RUV2
18
RUV1 ˜
VEN
VIN(on) VEN
(2)
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
Feature Description (continued)
vcc
LM25145
VIN
10 A
RUV1
EN/UVLO
1
RUV2
1.2V
Remote
Shutdown
Enable
Comparator
Figure 33. Programmable Input Voltage UVLO Turnon and Turnoff
The LM25145 enters a low IQ shutdown mode when EN/UVLO is pulled below approximately 0.4 V. The internal
LDO regulator powers off and the internal bias supply rail collapses, shutting down the bias currents of the
LM25145. The LM25145 operates in standby mode when the EN/UVLO voltage is between the hard shutdown
and precision enable (standby) thresholds.
8.3.5 Power Good Monitor (PGOOD)
The LM25145 provides a PGOOD flag pin to indicate when the output voltage is within a regulation window. Use
the PGOOD signal as shown in Figure 34 for start-up sequencing of downstream converters, fault protection, and
output monitoring. PGOOD is an open-drain output that requires a pullup resistor to a DC supply not greater than
13 V. The typical range of pullup resistance is 10 kΩ to 100 kΩ. If necessary, use a resistor divider to decrease
the voltage from a higher voltage pullup rail.
VIN(on) = 15 V
VIN(off) = 10 V
VOUT(MASTER) = 5 V
LM25145
RUV1
499 k
PGOOD 10
1 EN/UVLO
RUV2
43.2 k
FB
5
RFB1
20 k
VOUT(SLAVE) = 3.3 V
LM25145
RPG
20 k
0.8 V
PGOOD 10
1
EN/UVLO
FB
5
0.8 V
RFB4
6.34 k
RFB2
3.83 k
Regulator #1
Start-up based on
Input Voltage UVLO
RFB3
20 k
Regulator #2
Sequential Start-up
based on PGOOD
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 34. Master-Slave Sequencing Implementation Using PGOOD and EN/UVLO
When the FB voltage exceeds 94% of the internal reference VREF, the internal PGOOD switch turns off and
PGOOD can be pulled high by the external pullup. If the FB voltage falls below 92% of VREF, the internal PGOOD
switch turns on, and PGOOD is pulled low to indicate that the output voltage is out of regulation. Similarly, when
the FB voltage exceeds 108% of VREF, the internal PGOOD switch turns on, pulling PGOOD low. If the FB
voltage subsequently falls below 105% of VREF, the PGOOD switch is turned off and PGOOD is pulled high.
PGOOD has a built-in deglitch delay of 25 µs.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
19
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Feature Description (continued)
8.3.6 Switching Frequency (RT, SYNCIN)
There are two options for setting the switching frequency, FSW, of the LM25145, thus providing a power supply
designer with a level of flexibility when choosing external components for various applications. To adjust the
frequency, use a resistor from the RT pin to AGND, or synchronize the LM25145 to an external clock signal
through the SYNCIN pin.
8.3.6.1 Frequency Adjust
Adjust the LM25145 free-running switching frequency by using a resistor from the RT pin to AGND. The
switching frequency range is from 100 kHz to 1 MHz. The frequency set resistance, RRT, is governed by
Equation 3. E96 standard-value resistors for common switching frequencies are given in Table 1.
4
RRT ª¬k: º¼
10
FSW ª¬kHz º¼
(3)
Table 1. Frequency Set Resistors
SWITCHING FREQUENCY
(kHz)
FREQUENCY SET RESISTANCE
(kΩ)
100
100
200
49.9
250
40.2
300
33.2
400
24.9
500
20
750
13.3
1000
10
8.3.6.2 Clock Synchronization
Apply an external clock synchronization signal to the LM25145 to synchronize switching in both frequency and
phase. Requirements for the external clock SYNC signal are:
• Clock frequency range: 100 kHz to 1 MHz
• Clock frequency: –20% to +50% of the free-running frequency set by RRT
• Clock maximum voltage amplitude: 13 V
• Clock minimum pulse width: 50 ns
VSW 5 V/DIV
VSYNCIN
2 V/DIV
1 Ps/DIV
Figure 35. Typical 400-kHz SYNCIN and SW Voltage Waveforms
20
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
Figure 35 shows a clock signal at 400 kHz and the corresponding SW node waveform (VIN = 24 V, VOUT = 5 V,
free-running frequency = 280 kHz). The SW voltage waveform is synchronized with respect to the rising edge of
SYNCIN. The rising edge of the SW voltage is phase delayed relative to SYNCIN by approximately 100 ns.
8.3.7 Configurable Soft-Start (SS/TRK)
After the EN/UVLO pin exceeds its rising threshold of 1.2 V, the LM25145 begins charging the output to the DC
level dictated by the feedback resistor network. The LM25145 features an adjustable soft-start (set by a capacitor
from the SS/TRK pin to GND) that determines the charging time of the output. A 10-µA current source charges
this soft-start capacitor. Soft-start limits inrush current as a result of high output capacitance to avoid an
overcurrent condition. Stress on the input supply rail is also reduced. The soft-start time, tSS, for the output
voltage to ramp to its nominal level is set by Equation 4.
CSS ˜ VREF
t SS
ISS
where
•
•
•
CSS is the soft-start capacitance
VREF is the 0.8-V reference
ISS is the 10-µA current sourced from the SS/TRK pin.
(4)
More simply, calculate CSS using Equation 5.
CSS ¬ªnF ¼º
12.5 ˜ t SS ¬ªms ¼º
(5)
The SS/TRK pin is internally clamped to VFB + 115 mV to allow a soft-start recovery from an overload event. The
clamp circuit requires a soft-start capacitance greater than 2 nF for stability and has a current limit of
approximately 2 mA.
8.3.7.1 Tracking
The SS/TRK pin also doubles as a tracking pin when master-slave power-supply tracking is required. This
tracking is achieved by simply dividing down the output voltage of the master with a simple resistor network.
Coincident, ratiometric, and offset tracking modes are possible.
If an external voltage source is connected to the SS/TRK pin, the external soft-start capability of the LM25145 is
effectively disabled. The regulated output voltage level is reached when the SS/TRACK pin reaches the 0.8-V
reference voltage level. It is the responsibility of the system designer to determine if an external soft-start
capacitor is required to keep the device from entering current limit during a start-up event. Likewise, the system
designer must also be aware of how fast the input supply ramps if the tracking feature is enabled.
SS/TRK
160mV/DIV
94% VOUT
92% VOUT
VOUT 1V/DIV
PGOOD
2V/DIV
10 ms/DIV
Figure 36. Typical Output Voltage Tracking and PGOOD Waveforms
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
21
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Figure 36 shows a triangular voltage signal directly driving SS/TRK and the corresponding output voltage
tracking response. Nominal output voltage here is 5 V, with oscilloscope channel scaling chosen such that the
waveforms overlap during tracking. As expected, the PGOOD flag transitions at thresholds of 94% (rising) and
92% (falling) of the nominal output voltage setpoint.
Two practical tracking configurations, ratiometric and coincident, are shown in Figure 37. The most common
application is coincident tracking, used in core versus I/O voltage tracking in DSP and FPGA implementations.
Coincident tracking forces the master and slave channels to have the same output voltage ramp rate until the
slave output reaches its regulated setpoint. Conversely, ratiometric tracking sets the output voltage of the slave
to a fraction of the output voltage of the master during start-up.
VOUTMASTER = 3.3 V
Slave Regulator #1
Ratiometric Tracking
Slave Regulator #2
Coincident Tracking
VOUTSLAVE1 = 1.8 V
LM25145
LM25145
RTRK1
26.7 k
RFB1
12.5 k
3 SS/TRK
RTRK2
10 k
VOUTSLAVE2 = 1.2 V
FB
5
CSS1
RFB3
10 k
3
0.8 V
RFB2
10 k
2.2 nF
RTRK3
10 k
RTRK4
20 k
SS/TRK
FB
CSS2
5
0.8 V
RFB4
20 k
2.2 nF
SYNCIN
SYNCIN
8
8
SYNCOUT
from Master
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 37. Tracking Implementation With Master, Ratiometric Slave, and Coincident Slave Rails
For coincident tracking, connect the SS/TRK input of the slave regulator to a resistor divider from the output
voltage of the master that is the same as the divider used on the FB pin of the slave. In other words, simply
select RTRK3 = RFB3 and RTRK4 = RFB4 as shown in . As the master voltage rises, the slave voltage rises
identically (aside from the 80-mV offset from SS/TRK to FB when VFB is below 0.8 V). Eventually, the slave
voltage reaches its regulation voltage, at which point the internal reference takes over the regulation while the
SS/TRK input continues to 115 mV above FB, and no longer controls the output voltage.
In all cases, to ensure that the output voltage accuracy is not compromised by the SS/TRK voltage being too
close to the 0.8-V reference voltage, the final value of the SS/TRK voltage of the slave should be at least 100 mV
above FB.
8.3.8 Voltage-Mode Control (COMP)
The LM25145 incorporates a voltage-mode control loop implementation with input voltage feedforward to
eliminate the input voltage dependence of the PWM modulator gain. This configuration allows the controller to
maintain stability throughout the entire input voltage operating range and provides for optimal response to input
voltage transient disturbances. The constant gain provided by the controller greatly simplifies loop compensation
design because the loop characteristics remain constant as the input voltage changes, unlike a buck converter
without voltage feedforward. An increase in input voltage is matched by a concomitant increase in ramp voltage
amplitude to maintain constant modulator gain. The input voltage feedforward gain, kFF, is 15, equivalent to the
input voltage divided by the ramp amplitude, VIN/VRAMP. See Control Loop Compensation for more detail.
22
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
8.3.9 Gate Drivers (LO, HO)
The LM25145 gate driver impedances are low enough to perform effectively in high output current applications
where large die-size or paralleled MOSFETs with correspondingly large gate charge, QG, are used. Measured at
VVCC = 7.5 V, the low-side driver of the LM25145 has a low impedance pulldown path of 0.9 Ω to minimize the
effect of dv/dt induced turnon, particularly with low gate-threshold voltage MOSFETs. Similarly, the high-side
driver has 1.5-Ω and 0.9-Ω pullup and pulldown impedances, respectively, for faster switching transition times,
lower switching loss, and greater efficiency.
The high-side gate driver works in conjunction with an integrated bootstrap diode and external bootstrap
capacitor, CBST. When the low-side MOSFET conducts, the SW voltage is approximately at 0 V and CBST is
charged from VCC through the integrated boot diode. Connect a 0.1-μF or larger ceramic capacitor close to the
BST and SW pins.
Furthermore, there is a proprietary adaptive dead-time control on both switching edges to prevent shoot-through
and cross-conduction, minimize body diode conduction time, and reduce body diode reverse recovery losses.
8.3.10 Current Sensing and Overcurrent Protection (ILIM)
The LM25145 implements a lossless current sense scheme designed to limit the inductor current during an
overload or short-circuit condition. Figure 38 portrays the popular current sense method using the on-state
resistance of the low-side MOSFET. Meanwhile, Figure 39 shows an alternative implementation with current
shunt resistor, RS. The LM25145 senses the inductor current during the PWM off-time (when LO is high).
VIN
VIN
Q1
HO
Q1
LF
HO
LF
VOUT
VOUT
SW
SW
RILIM
Q2
LO
ILIM
COUT
COUT
ILIM
Q2
RILIM
LO
GND
GND
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 38. MOSFET RDS(on) Current Sensing
RS
Figure 39. Shunt Resistor Current Sensing
The ILIM pin of the LM25145 sources a reference current that flows in an external resistor, designated RILIM, to
program of the current limit threshold. A current limit comparator on the ILIM pin prevents further SW pulses if
the ILIM pin voltage goes below GND. Figure 40 shows the implementation.
Resistor RILIM is tied to SW to use the RDS(on) of the low-side MOSFET as a sensing element (termed RDS-ON
mode). Alternatively, RILIM is tied to a shunt resistor connected at the source of the low-side MOSFET (termed
RSENSE mode). The LM25145 detects the appropriate mode at start-up and sets the source current amplitude and
temperature coefficient (TC) accordingly.
The ILIM current with RDS-ON sensing is 200 µA at 27°C junction temperature and incorporates a TC of +4500
ppm/°C to generally track the RDS(on) temperature variation of the low-side MOSFET. Conversely, the ILIM
current is a constant 100 µA in RSENSE mode. This controls the valley of the inductor current during a steadystate overload at the output. Depending on the chosen mode, select the resistance of RILIM using Equation 6.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
23
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
- IOUT 'IL 2
˜ RDS(on)Q2 , RDS(on) sensing
° I
° RDSON
®
° IOUT 'IL 2
˜ RS , shunt sensing
°
IRS
¯
RILIM
where
•
•
•
•
•
ΔIL is the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current
RDS(on)Q2 is the on-state resistance of the low-side MOSFET
IRDSON is the ILIM pin current in RDS-ON mode
RS is the resistance of the current-sensing shunt element, and
IRS is the ILIM pin current in RSENSE mode.
(6)
Given the large voltage swings of ILIM in RDS-ON mode, a capacitor designated CILIM connected from ILIM to
PGND is essential to the operation of the valley current limit circuit. Choose this capacitance such that the time
constant RILIM · CILIM is approximately 6 ns.
VIN
CLK
COMP
S
Q
R
Q
ValleyPWM
PWML
Error Amp
Q1
HO
IRAMP
FB
PWM Comp
S
Q
R
Q
Gate
Driver
+
VREF
+
PWM
Latch
VRAMP
LF
SW
VOUT
Q2
LO
ILIM
+
±
COUT
IRDSON(TJ)
300 mV
+
VCLAMP
CILIM
+
PWM Aux
COMP
Clamp
Modulator
RILIM
ILIM
comparator
PGND
GND
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 40. OCP Setpoint Defined by Current Source IRDSON and Resistor RILIM in RDS-ON Mode
Note that current sensing with a shunt component is typically implemented at lower output current levels to
provide accurate overcurrent protection. Burdened by the unavoidable efficiency penalty, PCB layout, and
additional cost implications, this configuration is not usually implemented in high-current applications (except
where OCP setpoint accuracy and stability over the operating temperature range are critical specifications).
24
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
8.3.11 OCP Duty Cycle Limiter
Short
Applied
CLAMP
COMP
Many
cycles
RAMP
300 mV
ILIM Threshold
Inductor Current
CLK
PWML
ValleyPWM
PWML terminated by
VRAMP > VCOMP
PWML terminated by
VRAMP > VCLAMP
Figure 41. OCP Duty Cycle Limiting Waveforms
In addition to valley current limiting, the LM25145 uses a proprietary duty-cycle limiter circuit to reduce the PWM
on-time during an overcurrent condition. As shown in Figure 40, an auxiliary PWM comparator along with a
modulated CLAMP voltage limits how quickly the on-time increases in response to a large step in the COMP
voltage that typically occurs with a voltage-mode control loop architecture.
As depicted in Figure 41, the CLAMP voltage, VCLAMP, is normally regulated above the COMP voltage to provide
adequate headroom during a response to a load-on transient. If the COMP voltage rises quickly during an
overloaded or shorted output condition, the on-time pulse terminates thereby limiting the on-time and peak
inductor current. Moreover, the CLAMP voltage is reduced if additional valley current limit events occur, further
reducing the average output current.
If the overcurrent condition exists for 128 continuous clock cycles, a hiccup event is triggered and SS is pulled
low for 8192 clock cycles before a soft-start sequence is initiated.
8.4 Device Functional Modes
8.4.1 Shutdown Mode
The EN/UVLO pin provides ON / OFF control for the LM25145. When the EN/UVLO voltage is below 0.37 V
(typical), the device is in shutdown mode. Both the internal bias supply LDO and the switching regulator are off.
The quiescent current in shutdown mode drops to 13.5 μA (typical) at VIN = 24 V. The LM25145 also includes
undervoltage protection of the internal bias LDO. If the internal bias supply voltage is below its UVLO threshold
level, the switching regulator remains off.
8.4.2 Standby Mode
The internal bias supply LDO has a lower enable threshold than the switching regulator. When the EN/UVLO
voltage exceeds 0.42 V (typical) and is below the precision enable threshold (1.2 V typically), the internal LDO is
on and regulating. Switching action and output voltage regulation are disabled in standby mode.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
25
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Device Functional Modes (continued)
8.4.3 Active Mode
The LM25145 is in active mode when the VCC voltage is above its rising UVLO threshold of 5 V and the
EN/UVLO voltage is above the precision EN threshold of 1.2 V. The simplest way to enable the LM25145 is to tie
EN/UVLO to VIN. This allows self start-up of the LM25145 when the input voltage exceeds the VCC threshold
plus the LDO dropout voltage from VIN to VCC.
8.4.4 Diode Emulation Mode
The LM25145 provides a diode emulation feature that can be enabled to prevent reverse (drain-to-source)
current flow in the low-side MOSFET. When configured for diode emulation, the low-side MOSFET is switched
off when reverse current flow is detected by sensing of the SW voltage using a zero-cross comparator. The
benefit of this configuration is lower power loss at no-load and light-load conditions, the disadvantage being
slower light-load transient response.
The diode emulation feature is configured with the SYNCIN pin. To enable diode emulation and thus achieve
discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) operation at light loads, connect the SYNCIN pin to AGND or leave
SYNCIN floating. If forced PWM (FPWM) continuous conduction mode (CCM) operation is desired, tie SYNCIN
to VCC either directly or using a pullup resistor. Note that diode emulation mode is automatically engaged to
prevent reverse current flow during a prebias start-up. A gradual change from DCM to CCM operation provides
monotonic start-up performance.
8.4.5 Thermal Shutdown
The LM25145 includes an internal junction temperature monitor. If the temperature exceeds 175°C (typical),
thermal shutdown occurs.
When entering thermal shutdown, the device:
1. Turns off the low-side and high-side MOSFETs;
2. Pulls SS/TRK and PGOOD low;
3. Initiates a soft-start sequence when the die temperature decreases by the thermal shutdown hysteresis of
20°C (typical).
This is a non-latching protection, and, as such, the device will cycle into and out of thermal shutdown if the fault
persists.
26
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
9 Application and Implementation
NOTE
Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component
specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are
responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should
validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.
9.1 Application Information
9.1.1 Design and Implementation
To expedite the process of designing of a LM25145-based regulator for a given application, please use the
LM25145 Quickstart Calculator available as a free download, as well as numerous LM25145 reference designs
populated in TI Designs™ reference design library, or the designs provided in Typical Applications. The
LM25145 is also WEBENCH® Designer enabled.
9.1.2 Power Train Components
Comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the power train components are key to successfully completing
a synchronous buck regulator design.
9.1.2.1 Inductor
For most applications, choose an inductance such that the inductor ripple current, ΔIL, is between 30% and 40%
of the maximum DC output current at nominal input voltage. Choose the inductance using Equation 7 based on a
peak inductor current given by Equation 8.
LF
§V
VOUT ·
˜ ¨ IN
¸
© 'IL ˜ FSW ¹
'IL
IOUT
2
VOUT
VIN
IL(peak)
(7)
(8)
Check the inductor datasheet to ensure that the saturation current of the inductor is well above the peak inductor
current of a particular design. Ferrite designs have very low core loss and are preferred at high switching
frequencies, so design goals can then concentrate on copper loss and preventing saturation. Low inductor core
loss is evidenced by reduced no-load input current and higher light-load efficiency. However, ferrite core
materials exhibit a hard saturation characteristic and the inductance collapses abruptly when the saturation
current is exceeded. This results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current, higher output voltage ripple, not
to mention reduced efficiency and compromised reliability. Note that the saturation current of an inductor
generally deceases as its core temperature increases. Of course, accurate overcurrent protection is key to
avoiding inductor saturation.
9.1.2.2 Output Capacitors
Ordinarily, the output capacitor energy store of the regulator combined with the control loop response are
prescribed to maintain the integrity of the output voltage within the dynamic (transient) tolerance specifications.
The usual boundaries restricting the output capacitor in power management applications are driven by finite
available PCB area, component footprint and profile, and cost. The capacitor parasitics—equivalent series
resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL)—take greater precedence in shaping the load transient
response of the regulator as the load step amplitude and slew rate increase.
The output capacitor, COUT, filters the inductor ripple current and provides a reservoir of charge for step-load
transient events. Typically, ceramic capacitors provide extremely low ESR to reduce the output voltage ripple and
noise spikes, while tantalum and electrolytic capacitors provide a large bulk capacitance in a relatively compact
footprint for transient loading events.
Based on the static specification of peak-to-peak output voltage ripple denoted by ΔVOUT, choose an output
capacitance that is larger than that given by Equation 9.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
27
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Application Information (continued)
'IL
COUT t
8 ˜ FSW 'VOUT
2
RESR ˜ 'IL
2
(9)
Figure 42 conceptually illustrates the relevant current waveforms during both load step-up and step-down
transitions. As shown, the large-signal slew rate of the inductor current is limited as the inductor current ramps to
match the new load-current level following a load transient. This slew-rate limiting exacerbates the deficit of
charge in the output capacitor, which must be replenished as rapidly as possible during and after the load stepup transient. Similarly, during and after a load step-down transient, the slew rate limiting of the inductor current
adds to the surplus of charge in the output capacitor that must be depleted as quickly as possible.
IOUT1
diL
dt
'IOUT
VOUT
LF
inductor current, iL(t)
'QC
IOUT2
diOUT
dt
load current,
iOUT(t)
'IOUT
tramp
inductor current, iL(t)
IOUT2
'QC
diL
dt
'IOUT
VIN
VOUT
LF
load current, iOUT(t)
IOUT1
tramp
Figure 42. Load Transient Response Representation Showing COUT Charge Surplus or Deficit
In a typical regulator application of 24-V input to low output voltage (for example, 5 V), it should be recognized
that the load-off transient represents worst-case. In that case, the steady-state duty cycle is approximately 10%
and the large-signal inductor current slew rate when the duty cycle collapses to zero is approximately –VOUT/L.
Compared to a load-on transient, the inductor current takes much longer to transition to the required level. The
surplus of charge in the output capacitor causes the output voltage to significantly overshoot. In fact, to deplete
this excess charge from the output capacitor as quickly as possible, the inductor current must ramp below its
nominal level following the load step. In this scenario, a large output capacitance can be advantageously
employed to absorb the excess charge and limit the voltage overshoot.
To meet the dynamic specification of output voltage overshoot during such a load-off transient (denoted as
ΔVOVERSHOOT with step reduction in output current given by ΔIOUT), the output capacitance should be larger than
COUT t
LF ˜ 'IOUT
VOUT
2
'VOVERSHOOT
2
VOUT
2
(10)
The ESR of a capacitor is provided in the manufacturer’s data sheet either explicitly as a specification or
implicitly in the impedance vs. frequency curve. Depending on type, size and construction, electrolytic capacitors
have significant ESR, 5 mΩ and above, and relatively large ESL, 5 nH to 20 nH. PCB traces contribute some
parasitic resistance and inductance as well. Ceramic output capacitors, on the other hand, have low ESR and
ESL contributions at the switching frequency, and the capacitive impedance component dominates. However,
depending on package and voltage rating of the ceramic capacitor, the effective capacitance can drop quite
significantly with applied DC voltage and operating temperature.
28
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
Application Information (continued)
Ignoring the ESR term in Equation 9 gives a quick estimation of the minimum ceramic capacitance necessary to
meet the output ripple specification. One to four 47-µF, 10-V, X7R capacitors in 1206 or 1210 footprint is a
common choice. Use Equation 10 to determine if additional capacitance is necessary to meet the load-off
transient overshoot specification.
A composite implementation of ceramic and electrolytic capacitors highlights the rationale for paralleling
capacitors of dissimilar chemistries yet complementary performance. The frequency response of each capacitor
is accretive in that each capacitor provides desirable performance over a certain portion of the frequency range.
While the ceramic provides excellent mid- and high-frequency decoupling characteristics with its low ESR and
ESL to minimize the switching frequency output ripple, the electrolytic device with its large bulk capacitance
provides low-frequency energy storage to cope with load transient demands.
9.1.2.3 Input Capacitors
Input capacitors are necessary to limit the input ripple voltage to the buck power stage due to switchingfrequency AC currents. TI recommends using X5R or X7R dielectric ceramic capacitors to provide low
impedance and high RMS current rating over a wide temperature range. To minimize the parasitic inductance in
the switching loop, position the input capacitors as close as possible to the drain of the high-side MOSFET and
the source of the low-side MOSFET. The input capacitor RMS current is given by Equation 11.
ICIN,rms
§
2
D ˜ ¨ IOUT ˜ 1 D
¨
©
2
'IL ·
¸
12 ¸
¹
(11)
The highest input capacitor RMS current occurs at D = 0.5, at which point the RMS current rating of the
capacitors should be greater than half the output current.
Ideally, the DC component of input current is provided by the input voltage source and the AC component by the
input filter capacitors. Neglecting inductor ripple current, the input capacitors source current of amplitude (IOUT −
IIN) during the D interval and sinks IIN during the 1−D interval. Thus, the input capacitors conduct a square-wave
current of peak-to-peak amplitude equal to the output current. It follows that the resultant capacitive component
of AC ripple voltage is a triangular waveform. Together with the ESR-related ripple component, the peak-to-peak
ripple voltage amplitude is given by Equation 12.
IOUT ˜ D ˜ 1 D
'VIN
IOUT ˜ RESR
FSW ˜ CIN
(12)
The input capacitance required for a particular load current, based on an input voltage ripple specification of
ΔVIN, is given by Equation 13.
CIN t
D ˜ 1 D ˜ IOUT
FSW ˜ 'VIN RESR ˜ IOUT
(13)
Low-ESR ceramic capacitors can be placed in parallel with higher valued bulk capacitance to provide optimized
input filtering for the regulator and damping to mitigate the effects of input parasitic inductance resonating with
high-Q ceramics. One bulk capacitor of sufficiently high current rating and two or three 2.2-μF 100-V X7R
ceramic decoupling capacitors are usually sufficient. Select the input bulk capacitor based on its ripple current
rating and operating temperature.
9.1.2.4 Power MOSFETs
The choice of power MOSFETs has significant impact on DC-DC regulator performance. A MOSFET with low onstate resistance, RDS(on), reduces conduction loss, whereas low parasitic capacitances enable faster transition
times and reduced switching loss. Normally, the lower the RDS(on) of a MOSFET, the higher the gate charge and
output charge (QG and QOSS respectively), and vice versa. As a result, the product RDS(on) × QG is commonly
specified as a MOSFET figure-of-merit. Low thermal resistance ensures that the MOSFET power dissipation
does not result in excessive MOSFET die temperature.
The main parameters affecting power MOSFET selection in an LM25145 application are as follows:
• RDS(on) at VGS = 7.5 V;
• Drain-source voltage rating, BVDSS, typically 30 V, 40 V or 60 V, depending on maximum input voltage;
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
29
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Application Information (continued)
•
•
•
•
Gate charge parameters at VGS = 7.5 V;
Output charge, QOSS, at the relevant input voltage;
Body diode reverse recovery charge, QRR;
Gate threshold voltage, VGS(th), derived from the plateau in the QG vs. VGS plot in the MOSFET data sheet.
With a MOSFET Miller plateau voltage typically in the range of 3 V to 5 V, the 7.5-V gate drive amplitude of
the LM25145 provides an adequately-enhanced MOSFET when on and a margin against Cdv/dt shootthrough when off.
The MOSFET-related power losses are summarized by the equations presented in Table 2, where suffixes 1 and
2 represent high-side and low-side MOSFET parameters, respectively. While the influence of inductor ripple
current is considered, second-order loss modes, such as those related to parasitic inductances and SW node
ringing, are not included. Consult the LM25145 Quickstart Calculator to assist with power loss calculations.
Table 2. Buck Regulator MOSFET Power Losses
POWER LOSS MODE
HIGH-SIDE MOSFET
MOSFET
Conduction (1) (2)
MOSFET Switching
MOSFET Gate Drive (3)
Pcond1
Psw1
§
2
D ˜ ¨ IOUT
¨
©
ª§
VIN ˜ FSW «¨ IOUT
©
PGate1
'IL
2
Body Diode
Reverse Recovery (5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
·
¸ ˜ RDS(on)1
12 ¸
¹
·
¸ ˜ tR
¹
§
¨ IOUT
©
'IL
2
Pcond2
PCoss
§
2
Dc ˜ ¨ IOUT
¨
©
· º
¸ ˜ tF »
¹ ¼
PGate2
FSW ˜ VIN ˜ Qoss2
PcondBD
N/A
PRR
2
'IL ·
¸ ˜ RDS(on)2
12 ¸
¹
Negligible
VCC ˜ FSW ˜ QG1
MOSFET Output
Charge (4)
Body Diode
Conduction
LOW-SIDE MOSFET
2
'IL
VCC ˜ FSW ˜ QG2
Eoss1 Eoss2
ª§
VF ˜ FSW «¨ IOUT
©
'IL
2
·
§
¸ ˜ t dt1 ¨ IOUT
¹
©
'IL
2
º
·
¸ ˜ t dt2 »
¹
¼
VIN ˜ FSW ˜ QRR2
MOSFET RDS(on) has a positive temperature coefficient of approximately 4500 ppm/°C. The MOSFET junction temperature, TJ, and its
rise over ambient temperature is dependent upon the device total power dissipation and its thermal impedance.
D' = 1–D is the duty cycle complement.
Gate drive loss is apportioned based on the internal gate resistance of the MOSFET, externally-added series gate resistance and the
relevant driver resistance of the LM25145.
MOSFET output capacitances, Coss1 and Coss2, are highly non-linear with voltage. These capacitances are charged losslessly by the
inductor current at high-side MOSFET turn-off. During turn-on, however, a current flows from the input to charge the output capacitance
of the low-side MOSFET. Eoss1, the energy of Coss1, is dissipated at turn-on, but this is offset by the stored energy Eoss2 on Coss2.
MOSFET body diode reverse recovery charge, QRR, depends on many parameters, particularly forward current, current transition speed
and temperature.
The high-side (control) MOSFET carries the inductor current during the PWM on-time (or D interval) and typically
incurs most of the switching losses. It is therefore imperative to choose a high-side MOSFET that balances
conduction and switching loss contributions. The total power dissipation in the high-side MOSFET is the sum of
the losses due to conduction, switching (voltage-current overlap), output charge, and typically two-thirds of the
net loss attributed to body diode reverse recovery.
The low-side (synchronous) MOSFET carries the inductor current when the high-side MOSFET is off (or 1–D
interval). The low-side MOSFET switching loss is negligible as it is switched at zero voltage – current just
commutates from the channel to the body diode or vice versa during the transition dead-times. The LM25145,
with its adaptive gate drive timing, minimizes body diode conduction losses when both MOSFETs are off. Such
losses scale directly with switching frequency.
In high step-down ratio applications, the low-side MOSFET carries the current for a large portion of the switching
period. Therefore, to attain high efficiency, it is critical to optimize the low-side MOSFET for low RDS(on). In cases
where the conduction loss is too high or the target RDS(on) is lower than available in a single MOSFET, connect
two low-side MOSFETs in parallel. The total power dissipation of the low-side MOSFET is the sum of the losses
due to channel conduction, body diode conduction, and typically one-third of the net loss attributed to body diode
reverse recovery. The LM25145 is well suited to drive TI's comprehensive portfolio of NexFET™ power
MOSFETs.
30
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
9.1.3 Control Loop Compensation
The poles and zeros inherent to the power stage and compensator are respectively illustrated by red and blue
dashed rings in the schematic embedded in Table 3.
The compensation network typically employed with voltage-mode control is a Type-III circuit with three poles and
two zeros. One compensator pole is located at the origin to realize high DC gain. The normal compensation
strategy uses two compensator zeros to counteract the LC double pole, one compensator pole located to nullify
the output capacitor ESR zero, with the remaining compensator pole located at one-half switching frequency to
attenuate high frequency noise. The resistor divider network to FB determines the desired output voltage. Note
that the lower feedback resistor, RFB2, has no impact on the control loop from an AC standpoint because the FB
node is the input to an error amplifier and is effectively at AC ground. Hence, the control loop is designed
irrespective of output voltage level. The proviso here is the necessary output capacitance derating with bias
voltage and temperature.
Table 3. Buck Regulator Poles and Zeros (1) (2)
VIN
Power Stage
Q1
&L
D
Adaptive
Gate
Driver
&o
VOUT
&ESR
IOUT
RESR
LF
RDAMP
Q2
Modulator
COUT
RL
PWM Ramp
VRAMP
GND
Compensator
+
Error
Amp
COMP
PWM
Comparator
VREF
+
CC3 &p2 RC2
FB
CC1 &z1 RC1
RFB1
&z2
RFB2
CC2
POWER STAGE POLES
1
Zo
#
(1)
(2)
§ 1 RESR RL ·
LF ˜ COUT ¨
¸
© 1 RESR RDAMP ¹
1
LF ˜ COUT
&p1
POWER STAGE ZEROS
ZESR
ZL
COMPENSATOR POLES
1
RESR ˜ COUT
LF
RDAMP
Zp1
Zp2
COMPENSATOR ZEROS
1
RC2 ˜ CC3
1
1
#
RC1 ˜ (CC1 CC2 ) RC1 ˜ CC2
Zz1
Zz2
1
RC1 ˜ CC1
(RFB2
1
RC2 ) ˜ CC3
RESR represents the ESR of the output capacitor COUT.
RDAMP = D · RDS(on)high-side + (1–D) · RDS(on) low-side + RDCR, shown as a lumped element in the schematic, represents the effective series
damping resistance.
The small-signal open-loop response of a buck regulator is the product of modulator, power train and
compensator transfer functions. The power stage transfer function can be represented as a complex pole pair
associated with the output LC filter and a zero related to the ESR of the output capacitor. The DC (and low
frequency) gain of the modulator and power stage is VIN/VRAMP. The gain from COMP to the average voltage at
the input of the LC filter is held essentially constant by the PWM line feedforward feature of the LM25145 (15 V/V
or 23.5 dB).
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
31
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Complete expressions for small-signal frequency analysis are presented in Table 4. The transfer functions are
denoted in normalized form. While the loop gain is of primary importance, a regulator is not specified directly by
its loop gain but by its performance related characteristics, namely closed-loop output impedance and audio
susceptibility.
Table 4. Buck Regulator Small-Signal Analysis
TRANSFER FUNCTION
EXPRESSION
Open-loop transfer function
Tv (s)
Duty-cycle-to-output transfer function
Ö
vÖ comp (s) vÖ o (s)
d(s)
˜
˜
Ö
vÖ o (s)
vÖ comp (s)
d(s)
Gvd (s)
Compensator transfer function (1)
Gc (s)
Modulator transfer function
FM
(1)
1
vÖ o (s)
Ö
vÖ in (s)
d(s)
VIN
0
Öi (s) 0
o
vÖ comp (s)
vÖ o (s)
Ö
d(s)
vÖ comp (s)
1
K mid
Gc (s) ˜ Gvd (s) ˜ FM
s
ZESR
2
s
s
QoZo
Zo
2
s
§ Zz1 · §
¨1 s ¸ ¨1 Z
©
¹©
z2
§
s ·§
s
¨1
¸¨ 1
¨ Zp1 ¸¨ Zp2
©
¹©
·
¸
¹
·
¸
¸
¹
1
VRAMP
Kmid = RC1/RFB1 is the mid-band gain of the compensator. By expressing one of the compensator zeros in inverted zero format, the midband gain is denoted explicitly.
An illustration of the open-loop response gain and phase is given in Figure 43. The poles and zeros of the
system are marked with x and o symbols, respectively, and a + symbol indicates the crossover frequency. When
plotted on a log (dB) scale, the open-loop gain is effectively the sum of the individual gain components from the
modulator, power stage, and compensator (see Figure 44). The open-loop response of the system is measured
experimentally by breaking the loop, injecting a variable-frequency oscillator signal and recording the ensuing
frequency response using a network analyzer setup.
40
0
Loop
Gain
Complex
LC Double
Pole
Crossover
Frequency, fc
20
Loop
Gain
(dB)
Compensator
Poles
Compensator
Zeros
0
Loop
Phase
Loop
Phase
-90
(°)
NM
-135
-20
-40
1
-45
Output
Capacitor
ESR Zero
10
100
-180
1000
Frequency (kHz)
Figure 43. Typical Buck Regulator Loop Gain and Phase With Voltage-Mode Control
If the pole located at ωp1 cancels the zero located at ωESR and the pole at ωp2 is located well above crossover,
the expression for the loop gain, Tv(s) in Table 4, can be manipulated to yield the simplified expression given in
Equation 14.
32
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
Tv (s)
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
RC1 ˜ CC3 ˜
2
VIN
˜
VRAMP
Zo
s
(14)
Essentially, a multi-order system is reduced to a single-order approximation by judicious choice of compensator
components. A simple solution for the crossover frequency, denoted as fc in Figure 43, with Type-III voltagemode compensation is derived as shown in Equation 15 and Equation 16.
V
Zc 2 S ˜ fc Zo ˜ K mid ˜ IN
VRAMP
(15)
K mid
fc 1
˜
fo kFF
RC1
RFB1
(16)
40
Modulator
Gain
Loop Gain
Compensator
Gain
20
Gain
(dB)
0
-20
Filter Gain
-40
1
10
fc 100
1000
Frequency (kHz)
Figure 44. Buck Regulator Constituent Gain Components
The loop crossover frequency is usually selected between one-tenth to one-fifth of switching frequency. Inserting
an appropriate crossover frequency into Equation 15 gives a target for the mid-band gain of the compensator,
Kmid. Given an initial value for RFB1, RFB2 is then selected based on the desired output voltage. Values for RC1,
RC2, CC1, CC2 and CC3 are calculated from the design expressions listed in Table 5, with the premise that the
compensator poles and zeros are set as follows: ωz1 = 0.5·ωo, ωz2 = ωo, ωp1 = ωESR, ωp2 = ωSW/2.
Table 5. Compensation Component Selection
RESISTORS
RFB2
RC1
RC2
RFB1
VOUT VREF
K mid ˜ RFB1
1
Zp1 ˜ CC3
CAPACITORS
1
CC1
CC2
CC3
2
Zz1 ˜ RC1
1
Zp2 ˜ RC1
1
Zz2 ˜ RFB1
Referring to the bode plot in Figure 43, the phase margin, indicated as φM, is the difference between the loop
phase and –180° at crossover. A target of 50° to 70° for this parameter is considered ideal. Additional phase
boost is dialed in by locating the compensator zeros at a frequency lower than the LC double pole (hence why
CC1 is scaled by a factor of 2 above). This helps mitigate the phase dip associated with the LC filter, particularly
at light loads when the Q-factor is higher and the phase dip becomes especially prominent. The ramification of
low phase in the frequency domain is an under-damped transient response in the time domain.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
33
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
The power supply designer now has all the necessary expressions to optimally position the loop crossover
frequency while maintaining adequate phase margin over the required line, load and temperature operating
ranges. The LM25145 Quickstart Calculator is available to expedite these calculations and to adjust the bode plot
as needed.
9.1.4 EMI Filter Design
Switching regulators exhibit negative input impedance, which is lowest at the minimum input voltage. An
underdamped LC filter exhibits a high output impedance at the resonant frequency of the filter. For stability, the
filter output impedance must be less than the absolute value of the converter input impedance.
ZIN
VIN(min)
2
PIN
(17)
The EMI filter design steps are as follows:
• Calculate the required attenuation of the EMI filter at the switching frequency, where CIN represents the
existing capacitance at the input of the switching converter;
• Input filter inductor LIN is usually selected between 1 μH and 10 μH, but it can be lower to reduce losses in a
high current design;
• Calculate input filter capacitor CF.
LIN
Q1
VIN
LF
CD
VOUT
CIN
CF
Q2
COUT
RD
GND
GND
Figure 45. Buck Regulator With π-Stage EMI Filter
By calculating the first harmonic current from the Fourier series of the input current waveform and multiplying it
by the input impedance (the impedance is defined by the existing input capacitor CIN), a formula is derived to
obtain the required attenuation as shown by Equation 18.
Attn
§
·
I
˜ 1 9 ¸ ˜ VLQ S ˜ 'MAX
20log ¨ 2 PEAK
¨ S ˜F ˜ C
¸
SW
IN
©
¹
9MAX
(18)
VMAX is the allowed dBμV noise level for the applicable EMI standard, for example EN55022 Class B. CIN is the
existing input capacitance of the buck regulator, DMAX is the maximum duty cycle, and IPEAK is the peak inductor
current. For filter design purposes, the current at the input can be modeled as a square-wave. Determine the EMI
filter capacitance CF from Equation 19.
CF
Attn
§
1 ¨ 10 40
¨
LIN ¨ 2S ˜ FSW
¨
©
·
¸
¸
¸
¸
¹
2
(19)
Adding an input filter to a switching regulator modifies the control-to-output transfer function. The output
impedance of the filter must be sufficiently small such that the input filter does not significantly affect the loop
gain of the buck converter. The impedance peaks at the filter resonant frequency. The resonant frequency of the
filter is given by Equation 20.
34
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
fres
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
1
2S ˜ LIN ˜ CF
(20)
The purpose of RD is to reduce the peak output impedance of the filter at the resonant frequency. Capacitor CD
blocks the DC component of the input voltage to avoid excessive power dissipation in RD. Capacitor CD should
have lower impedance than RD at the resonant frequency with a capacitance value greater than that of the input
capacitor CIN. This prevents CIN from interfering with the cutoff frequency of the main filter. Added damping is
needed when the output impedance of the filter is high at the resonant frequency (Q of filter formed by LIN and
CIN is too high). An electrolytic capacitor CD can be used for damping with a value given by Equation 21.
CD t 4 ˜ CIN
(21)
Select the damping resistor RD using Equation 22.
RD
LIN
CIN
(22)
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
35
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
9.2 Typical Applications
For step-by-step design procedure, circuit schematics, bill of materials, PCB files, simulation and test results of
an LM25145-powered implementation, please refer to TI Designs reference design library.
9.2.1 Design 1 – 20-A High-Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator for Telecom Power Applications
Figure 46 shows the schematic diagram of a 5-V, 20-A buck regulator with a switching frequency of 500 kHz. In
this example, the target full-load efficiency is 94% at a nominal input voltage of 24 V that ranges from 6.5 V to as
high as 32 V. The switching frequency is set by means of a synchronization input signal at 500 kHz, and the freerunning switching frequency (in the event that the synchronization signal is removed) is set at 450 kHz by resistor
RRT. In terms of control loop performance, the target loop crossover frequency is 70 kHz with a phase margin
greater than 50°. The output voltage soft-start time is 4 ms.
RUV2
RUV1
11.3 k
49.9 k
VIN = 6.5 V to 32 V
CVIN
0.1 F
VOUT
U1
RFB1
200
CC3
560 pF
RC1
8.87 k
CC2
CC1
CSS
3.3 nF
47 nF
68 pF
RFB2
4.42 k
0.1 F
22.1 k
23.2 k
SYNC Out
SYNC In
500 kHz
CBST
20
1
RRT
RC2
EN/UVLO
VIN
2
RT
3
SS/TRK
HO 18
4
COMP
SW 19
5
FB
BST 17
Q1
LF
1 H
VOUT = 5 V
IOUT = 20 A
NC 16
LM25145
6
AGND
7
SYNCOUT
Q2
EP 15
8
SYNCIN
9
NC
CIN
VCC 14
7 u 10 F
COUT
7 u 47 F
LO 13
ILIM PGND
PGOOD
10
12
GND
11
CVCC
2.2 F
RPG
PGOOD 49.9 k
CILIM
RILIM
249
22 pF
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 46. Application Circuit #1 With LM25145 24-V to 5-V, 20-A Buck Regulator at 500 kHz
NOTE
This and subsequent design examples are provided herein to showcase the LM25145
controller in several different applications. Depending on the source impedance of the
input supply bus, an electrolytic capacitor may be required at the input to ensure stability,
particularly at low input voltage and high output current operating conditions. See Power
Supply Recommendations for more detail.
36
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
9.2.1.1 Design Requirements
The intended input, output, and performance-related parameters pertinent to this design example are shown in
Table 6.
Table 6. Design Parameters
DESIGN PARAMETER
VALUE
Input voltage range (steady-state)
6.5 V to 32 V
Input transient voltage (peak)
42 V
Output voltage and current
5 V, 20 A
Input voltage UVLO thresholds
6.5 V on, 6 V off
Switching frequency (SYNC in)
500 kHz
Output voltage regulation
±1%
Load transient peak voltage deviation
< 100 mV
9.2.1.2 Detailed Design Procedure
The design procedure for an LM25145-based regulator for a given application is streamlined by using the
LM25145 Quickstart Calculator available as a free download, or by availing of TI's WEBENCH® Power Designer.
The selected buck converter powertrain components are cited in Table 7, and many of the components are
available from multiple vendors. The MOSFETs in particular are chosen for both lowest conduction and switching
power loss, as discussed in detail in Power MOSFETs.
The current limit setpoint in this design is set at 26 A based on the resistor RILIM and the 2-mΩ RDS(on) of the lowside MOSFET (typical at TJ = 25°C and VGS = 7.5 V). This design uses a low-DCR, metal-powder inductor and
an all-ceramic output capacitor implementation.
Table 7. List of Materials for Design 1
REFERENCE
DESIGNATOR
CIN
COUT
QTY
7
7
SPECIFICATION
MANUFACTURER
10 µF, 50 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic
47 µF, 10 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic
1 µH, 2.3 mΩ, 40 A, 11.15 × 10 × 3.8 mm
LF
1
1.2 µH, 1.8 mΩ, 25 A, 10.2 × 10.2 × 4.7 mm
PART NUMBER
TDK
C3225X7R1H106M
Murata
GRM32ER71H106KA12L
AVX
12105C106KAT2A
Kemet
C1210C106K5RACTU
Taiyo Yuden
UMK325AB7106MM-T
Murata
GRM32ER71A476KE15L
Taiyo Yuden
LMK325B7476MM-TR
AVX
1210ZC476KAT2A
Kemet
C1210C476M8RAC7800
Cyntec
CMLE104T-1R0MS2R307
Würth Electronik
WE HCI 744325120
1 µH, 2.3 mΩ, 38 A, 10.9 × 10 × 5.0 mm
Panasonic
ETQP5M1R0YLC
1 µH, 2.2 mΩ, 36 A, 10.5 × 10 × 6.5 mm
TDK
SPM10065VT-D
CSD18503Q5A
Q1
1
40 V, 3.7 mΩ, high-side MOSFET, SON 5 × 6
Texas Instruments
Q2
1
40 V, 2 mΩ, low-side MOSFET, SON 5 × 6
Texas Instruments
CSD18511Q5A
U1
1
Wide VIN synchronous buck controller
Texas Instruments
LM25145RGYR
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
37
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
9.2.1.3 Custom Design With WEBENCH® Tools
Click here to create a custom design using the LM25145 device with the WEBENCH® Power Designer.
1. Start by entering the input voltage (VIN), output voltage (VOUT), and output current (IOUT) requirements.
2. Optimize the design for key parameters such as efficiency, footprint, and cost using the optimizer dial.
3. Compare the generated design with other possible solutions from Texas Instruments.
The WEBENCH Power Designer provides a customized schematic along with a list of materials with real-time
pricing and component availability.
In most cases, these actions are available:
• Run electrical simulations to see important waveforms and circuit performance
• Run thermal simulations to understand board thermal performance
• Export customized schematic and layout into popular CAD formats
• Print PDF reports for the design, and share the design with colleagues
Get more information about WEBENCH tools at www.ti.com/WEBENCH.
9.2.1.4 Application Curves
100
100
95
90
80
Efficiency (%)
Efficiency (%)
90
85
80
VIN = 8V
VIN = 12V
VIN = 18V
VIN = 24V
VIN = 32V
75
70
65
0
5
10
Output Current (A)
15
20
SYNCIN tied to VCC
70
60
50
VIN = 8V
VIN = 12V
VIN = 18V
VIN = 24V
VIN = 32V
40
30
20
0.1
0.5
1
Output Current (A)
5
10
20
SYNCIN tied to GND
Figure 47. Efficiency and Power Loss vs IOUT and VIN, CCM
VOUT 1V/DIV
Figure 48. Efficiency and Power Loss vs IOUT and VIN, DCM
VOUT 1V/DIV
VIN 2V/DIV
VIN 5V/DIV
PGOOD 5V/DIV
IOUT 5A/DIV
PGOOD
5V/DIV
400 Ps/DIV
1 ms/DIV
VIN step to 24 V
0.25-Ω Load
Figure 49. Start-Up, 20-A Resistive Load
38
IOUT 5A/DIV
VIN 24 V to 6 V
0.25-Ω Load
Figure 50. Shutdown Through Input UVLO, 20-A Resistive
Load
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
VOUT 1V/DIV
VOUT 1V/DIV
IOUT 5A/DIV
ENABLE
1V/DIV
PGOOD
5V/DIV
ENABLE
1V/DIV
IOUT 5A/DIV
PGOOD
5V/DIV
1 ms/DIV
100 Ps/DIV
VIN = 24 V
0.25-Ω Load
VIN = 24 V
Figure 51. ENABLE ON, 20-A Resistive Load
0.25-Ω Load
Figure 52. ENABLE OFF, 20-A Resistive Load
VOUT 200m/DIV
VOUT 100m/DIV
IOUT 5A/DIV
IOUT 5A/DIV
40 Ps/DIV
40 Ps/DIV
VIN = 24 V
VIN = 24 V
Figure 53. Load Transient Response, 10 A to 20 A to 10 A
SW 5V/DIV
Figure 54. Load Transient Response, 0 A to 20 A to 0 A
SYNCOUT
1V/DIV
SW 5V/DIV
400 ns/DIV
1 Ps/DIV
VIN = 24 V
IOUT = 0 A
VIN = 24 V
Figure 55. SYNCOUT and SW Node Voltages
IOUT = 20 A
Figure 56. SW Node Voltage
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
39
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
9.2.2 Design 2 – High Density, 12-V, 8-A Rail With LDO Low-Noise Auxiliary Output for Industrial
Applications
Figure 57 shows the schematic diagram of a 425-kHz, 12-V output, 8-A synchronous buck regulator intended for
RF power applications.
An auxiliary 10-V, 800-mA rail to power noise-sensitive circuits is available using the LP38798 ultra-low noise
LDO as a post-regulator. The internal pullup of the EN pin of the LP38798 facilitates direct connection to the
PGOOD of the LM25145 for sequential start-up control.
RUV2
RUV1
7.5 k
80.6 k
VIN = 14.4 V to 36 V
CVIN
VOUT
0.1 F
U1
1
20
EN/UVLO
VIN
RRT
RC2
RFB1
100
23.7 k
21 k
CC3
820 pF
RC1
CC1
10 k
5.6 nF
CC2
CSS
47 nF
82 pF
RFB2
1.5 k
SYNC Out
SYNC In
2
RT
3
SS/TRK
HO 18
4
COMP
SW 19
5
FB
BST 17
Q1
LF
CBST
5.6 H
0.1 F
VOUT1 = 12 V
IOUT1 = 8 A
NC 16
LM25145
6
AGND
7
SYNCOUT
EP 15
8
SYNCIN
9
NC
Q2
CIN
VCC 14
COUT
4 u 10 F
4 u 22 F
LO 13
PGOOD
10
12
ILIM PGND
CVCC
11
GND
2.2 F
RILIM
CILIM
499
12 pF
U2
VOUT1
OUT 18
2 IN
OUT 17
3 IN(CP)
CLDO_IN
1 F
1 IN
CCP
OUT(FB) 16
4 CP
SET 15
5 EN
FB 14
VOUT2 = 10V
RT
CV2
1 F
73.5 k
10 nF
6 GND(CP)
GND 13
RB
10 k
LP38798SD-ADJ
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 57. Application Circuit #2 With LM25145 24-V to 12-V Synchronous Buck Regulator at 425 kHz
40
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
9.2.2.1 Design Requirements
The required input, output, and performance parameters for this application example are shown in Table 8.
Table 8. Design Parameters
DESIGN PARAMETER
VALUE
Input voltage range (steady-state)
14.4 V to 36 V
Input transient voltage (peak)
42 V
Output voltage and current
12 V, 8 A
Input UVLO thresholds
14 V on, 13.2 V off
Switching frequency
425 kHz
Output voltage regulation
±1%
Load transient peak voltage deviation, 4-A load step, 1 A/µs
< 150 mV
9.2.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure
A high power density, high-efficiency regulator solution is realized by using TI NexFET™ Power MOSFETs, such
as CSD18543Q3A (60-V, 8.5-mΩ MOSFET in a SON 3.3-mm × 3.3-mm package), together with a low-DCR
inductor and all-ceramic capacitor design. The design occupies 15 mm × 15 mm on a single-sided PCB. The
overcurrent (OC) setpoint in this design is set at 11 A based on the resistor RILIM and the 8.5-mΩ RDS(on) of the
low-side MOSFET (typical at TJ = 25°C and VGS = 7.5 V). Connecting VCC to either VOUT1 or VOUT2 using a
series diode reduces bias power dissipation and improves efficiency, especially at light loads.
The selected buck converter powertrain components are cited in Table 9, including power MOSFETs, buck
inductor, input and output capacitors, and ICs. Using the LM25145 Quickstart Calculator, compensation
components are selected based on a target loop crossover frequency of 70 kHz and phase margin greater than
55°. The output voltage soft-start time is 4 ms based on the selected soft-start capacitance, CSS, of 47 nF.
Table 9. List of Materials for Design 2
REFERENCE
DESIGNATOR
QTY
CIN
4
COUT
4
SPECIFICATION
MANUFACTURER
10 µF, 50 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic
1
TDK
C3225X7R1H106M
Murata
GRM32ER71H106KA12L
AVX
12105C106KAT2A
Murata
GRM32ER71E226KE15L
Taiyo Yuden
TMK325B7226MM-TR
TDK
C3225X7R1E226M
5.6 µH, 17 mΩ, 18 A, 10.85 × 10 × 3.8 mm
Cyntec
CMLS104T-5R6MS
5.6 µH, 20 mΩ, 14 A, 10.85 × 10 × 3.8 mm
Delta
MPT1040-5R6H1
Bourns
SRP1040-5R6M
22 µF, 25 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic
5.6 µH, 16 mΩ, 12 A, 10.7 × 10 × 4 mm
LF
PART NUMBER
5.6 µH, 19.3 mΩ, 16 A, 11 × 10 × 4 mm
Laird
MGV10045R6M-10
6.8 µH, 17.5 mΩ, 14 A, 11 × 10 × 3.8 mm
Würth Electronik
WE-LHMI 74437368068
6.8 µH, 17.9 mΩ, 25 A, 10.5 × 10 × 4 mm
TDK
SPM10040VT-6R8M-D
Panasonic
ETQP4M6R8KVC
6.8 µH, 18.3 mΩ, 12.1 A, 10.7 × 10 × 4 mm
Q1, Q2
2
60 V, 8 mΩ, MOSFET, SON 3 × 3
Texas Instruments
CSD18543Q3A
U1
1
Wide VIN synchronous buck controller
Texas Instruments
LM25145RGYR
U2
1
Ultra-low noise and high-PSRR LDO for RF and
analog circuits, 4-mm × 4-mm 12-pin WSON
Texas Instruments
LP38798SD-ADJ
If needed, a 2.2-Ω resistor can be added in series with CBST is used to slow the turn-on transition of the high-side
MOSFET, reducing the spike amplitude and ringing of the SW node voltage and minimizing the possibility of
Cdv/dt-induced shoot-through of the low-side MOSFET. If needed, place an RC snubber (for example, 2.2 Ω and
100 pF) close to the drain (SW node) and source (PGND) terminals of the low-side MOSFET to further attenuate
any SW node voltage overshoot and/or ringing. Please refer to the application note Reduce Buck Converter EMI
and Voltage Stress by Minimizing Inductive Parasitics for more detail.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
41
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
9.2.2.2.1 Application Curves
100
95
Efficiency (%)
SYNCOUT
1V/DIV
90
SW 10V/DIV
85
80
VIN = 18V
VIN = 24V
VIN = 28V
VIN = 36V
75
70
0
2
4
Output Current (A)
6
8
1 Ps/DIV
VIN = 24 V
IOUT = 4 A
Figure 59. SYNCOUT and SW Node Voltages
Figure 58. Efficiency vs IOUT and VIN
VOUT 2V/DIV
VOUT 2V/DIV
VIN 5V/DIV
VIN 5V/DIV
IOUT 2A/DIV
IOUT 2A/DIV
PGOOD 5V/DIV
PGOOD 5V/DIV
1 ms/DIV
100 Ps/DIV
VIN step to 24 V
1.5-Ω Load
Figure 60. Start-Up, 8-A Resistive Load
1.5-Ω Load
Figure 61. Shutdown Through Input UVLO, 8-A Resistive
Load
VOUT 2V/DIV
VOUT 2V/DIV
IOUT 2A/DIV
IOUT 2A/DIV
ENABLE
1V/DIV
PGOOD
2V/DIV
ENABLE
1V/DIV
1 ms/DIV
VIN = 24 V
100 Ps/DIV
1.5-Ω Load
Figure 62. ENABLE ON, 8-A Resistive Load
42
VIN = 24 V
PGOOD 2V/DIV
1.5-Ω Load
Figure 63. ENABLE OFF, 8-A Resistive Load
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
VOUT 2V/DIV
VOUT 20mV/DIV
PGOOD 2V/DIV
SW 10V/DIV
EN 1V/DIV
1 ms/DIV
1 Ps/DIV
VIN = 24 V
IOUT = 0 A
VIN = 24 V
Figure 64. Pre-Biased Start-Up
IOUT = 0 A
Figure 65. SW Node and VOUT Ripple
VOUT 200m/DIV
VOUT 200m/DIV
IOUT 2A/DIV
IOUT 2A/DIV
40 Ps/DIV
40 Ps/DIV
VIN = 24 V
VIN = 24 V
Figure 66. Load Transient Response, 4 A to 8 A to 4 A
Figure 67. Load Transient Response, 0.8 A to 8 A to 0.8 A
VOUT 100mV/DIV
VOUT 100mV/DIV
IOUT 2A/DIV
IOUT 2A/DIV
VIN 10V/DIV
VIN 10V/DIV
200 Ps/DIV
200 Ps/DIV
IOUT = 8 A
IOUT = 8 A
Figure 68. Line Transient Response, 18 V to 36 V
Figure 69. Line Transient Response, 36 V to 18 V
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
43
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
9.2.3 Design 3 – Powering a Multicore DSP From a 24-V Rail
For technical solutions, industry trends, and insights for designing and managing power supplies, please refer to TI's
Power House blog series.
Figure 70 shows the schematic diagram of a 10-A synchronous buck regulator for a DSP core voltage supply.
CVIN
D1
0.1 F
VIN = 6 V to 36 V
VOUT
U1
100
RFB1
33.2 k
6.81 k
CC3
2.7 nF
1
20
EN/UVLO
VIN
RRT
RC2
RC1
CC1
2.32 k
10 nF
CC2
RFB2
18.2 k
CSS
47 nF
470 pF
CBST
0.1 F
2
RT
3
SS/TRK
HO 18
4
COMP
SW 19
5
FB
BST 17
Q1
LF
1 H
NC 16
LM25145
6
AGND
SYNC
Out
7
SYNCOUT
SYNC
In
8
SYNCIN
9
NC
Core voltage
0.9 V ± 1.1 V
EP 15
Q2
VCC 14
CIN
Step resolution
6.4 mV
3 u 10 F
LO 13
ILIM PGND
PGOOD
10
12
11
CILIM
22 pF
VAUX = 8 V to 13 V
COUT
RILIM
4 x 100 F
CVCC
249
2.2 F
U3
RPU1:4
DVDD18 CVDD
U2
VIDS 10
VCNTL[3]
2 IDAC_OUT
VIDC 9
VCNTL[2]
3
VIDB 8
VCNTL[1]
VIDA 7
VCNTL[0]
1
3.3 V
GND
VDD
4 EN
5
MODE
TMS320C667x
KeyStone¥
Multicore
DSP
SET 6
RSET
LM10011SD
GND
182 k
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 70. Application Circuit #3 With LM25145 DSP Core Voltage Supply
44
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
9.2.3.1 Design Requirements
For this application example, the intended input, output, and performance parameters are listed in Table 10.
Table 10. Design Parameters
DESIGN PARAMETER
VALUE
Input voltage range (steady-state)
6 V to 36 V
Input transient voltage (peak)
42 V
Output voltage and current
0.9 V to 1.1 V, 10 A
Output voltage regulation
±1%
Load transient peak voltage deviation, 10-A step
< 120 mV
Switching frequency
300 kHz
9.2.3.2 Detailed Design Procedure
The schematic diagram of a 300-kHz, 24-V nominal input, 10-A regulator powering a KeyStone™ DSP is given in
Figure 70. This high step-down ratio design leverages the low 40-ns minimum controllable on-time of the
LM25145 controller to achieve stable, efficient operation at very low duty cycles. 60-V power MOSFETs, such as
TI's CSD18543Q3A and CSD18531Q5A NexFET devices, are used together with a low-DCR, metal-powder
inductor, and ceramic output capacitor implementation. An external rail between 8 V and 13 V powers VCC to
minimize bias power dissipation, and a blocking diode connected to the VIN pin is used as recommended in
Figure 32.
The important components for this design are listed in Table 11.
Table 11. List of Materials for Design 3
REFERENCE
DESIGNATOR
QTY
CIN
3
SPECIFICATION
MANUFACTURER
10 µF, 50 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic
12105C106KAT2A
GRM32EC70J107ME15L
Taiyo Yuden
JMK325AC7107MM-P
Murata
GRM31CR60J107ME39K
TDK
C3216X5R0J107M
Würth Electronik
885012108005
4
1
C3225X7R1H106M
GRM32ER71H106KA12L
AVX
100 µF, 6.3V, X5R, 1206, ceramic
LF
TDK
Murata
Murata
100 µF, 6.3V, X7S, 1210, ceramic
COUT
PART NUMBER
1 µH, 5.6 mΩ, 16 A, 6.95 × 6.6 × 2.8 mm
Cyntec
CMLE063T-1R0MS
1 µH, 5.5 mΩ, 12 A, 6.65 × 6.45 × 3.0 mm
Würth Electronik
WE XHMI 74439344010
Panasonic
ETQP3M1R0YFN
Coilcraft
XEL6030-102ME
CSD18543Q3A
1 µH, 7.9 mΩ, 16 A, 6.5 × 6.0 × 3.0 mm
1 µH, 6.95 mΩ, 18 A, 6.76 × 6.56 × 3.1 mm
Q1
1
60 V, 8.5 mΩ, high-side MOSFET, SON 3 × 3
Texas Instruments
Q2
1
60 V, 4 mΩ, low-side MOSFET, SON 5 × 6
Texas Instruments
CSD18531Q5A
U1
1
Wide VIN synchronous buck controller
Texas Instruments
LM25145RGYR
U2
1
6- or 4-bit VID voltage programmer, WSON-10
Texas Instruments
LM10011SD
U3
1
KeyStone™ DSP
Texas Instruments
TMS320C667x
The regulator output current requirements are dependent upon the baseline and activity power consumption of
the DSP in a real-use case. While baseline power is highly dependent on voltage, temperature and DSP
frequency, activity power relates to dynamic core utilization, DDR3 memory access, peripherals, and so on. To
this end, the IDAC_OUT pin of the LM10011 connects to the LM25145 FB pin to allow continuous optimization of
the core voltage. The SmartReflex-enabled DSP provides 6-bit information using the VCNTL open-drain I/Os to
command the output voltage setpoint with 6.4-mV step resolution. (1)
(1)
Refer to Hardware Design Guide for Keystone I Devices (SPRAB12) and How to Optimize Your DSP Power Budget for further detail.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
45
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
9.2.3.3 Application Curves
100
VOUT 0.2V/DIV
Efficiency (%)
80
VIN 5V/DIV
60
40
IOUT 5A/DIV
VIN = 6V
VIN = 12V
VIN = 24V
VIN = 36V
20
PGOOD
2V/DIV
0
0
2
4
6
Output Current (A)
VOUT = 1.1 V
8
10
VAUX = 8 V
1 ms/DIV
VIN step to 24 V
0.11-Ω Load
Figure 72. Start-Up, 10-A Resistive Load
Figure 71. Efficiency vs IOUT and VIN
VOUT 0.2V/DIV
VOUT 100m/DIV
ENABLE 1V/DIV
IOUT 5A/DIV
IOUT
2A/DIV
PGOOD
2V/DIV
40 Ps/DIV
1 ms/DIV
VIN = 24 V
0.11-Ω Load
Figure 73. ENABLE ON and OFF, 10-A Resistive Load
46
VIN = 24 V
Figure 74. Load Transient Response, 0 A to 10 A to 0 A
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
10 Power Supply Recommendations
The LM25145 buck controller is designed to operate from a wide input voltage range from 6 V to 42 V. The
characteristics of the input supply must be compatible with the Absolute Maximum Ratings and Recommended
Operating Conditions tables. In addition, the input supply must be capable of delivering the required input current
to the fully-loaded regulator. Estimate the average input current with Equation 23.
VOUT ˜ IOUT
VIN ˜ K
IIN
where
•
η is the efficiency
(23)
If the converter is connected to an input supply through long wires or PCB traces with a large impedance, special
care is required to achieve stable performance. The parasitic inductance and resistance of the input cables may
have an adverse affect on converter operation. The parasitic inductance in combination with the low-ESR
ceramic input capacitors form an underdamped resonant circuit. This circuit can cause overvoltage transients at
VIN each time the input supply is cycled ON and OFF. The parasitic resistance causes the input voltage to dip
during a load transient. If the regulator is operating close to the minimum input voltage, this dip can cause false
UVLO fault triggering and a system reset. The best way to solve such issues is to reduce the distance from the
input supply to the regulator and use an aluminum or tantalum input capacitor in parallel with the ceramics. The
moderate ESR of the electrolytic capacitors helps to damp the input resonant circuit and reduce any voltage
overshoots. A capacitance in the range of 10 µF to 47 µF is usually sufficient to provide input damping and helps
to hold the input voltage steady during large load transients.
An EMI input filter is often used in front of the regulator that, unless carefully designed, can lead to instability as
well as some of the effects mentioned above. The application report Simple Success with Conducted EMI for
DC-DC Converters (SNVA489) provides helpful suggestions when designing an input filter for any switching
regulator.
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
47
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
11 Layout
11.1 Layout Guidelines
Proper PCB design and layout is important in a high current, fast switching circuit (with high current and voltage
slew rates) to assure appropriate device operation and design robustness. As expected, certain issues must be
considered before designing a PCB layout using the LM25145. The high-frequency power loop of the buck
converter power stage is denoted by #1 in the shaded area of Figure 75. The topological architecture of a buck
converter means that particularly high di/dt current flows in the components of loop #1, and it becomes
mandatory to reduce the parasitic inductance of this loop by minimizing its effective loop area. Also important are
the gate drive loops of the low-side and high-side MOSFETs, denoted by #2 and #3, respectively, in Figure 75.
VIN
LM25145
VCC 14
17
BST
CIN
CBST
High-side
gate driver
18
#1
High frequency
power loop
HO
Q1
LF
#2
19
14
SW
VOUT
VCC
CVCC
Low-side
gate driver
13
LO
PGND
Q2
COUT
#3
12
GND
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Figure 75. DC-DC Regulator Ground System With Power Stage and Gate Drive Circuit Switching Loops
11.1.1 Power Stage Layout
1. Input capacitors, output capacitors, and MOSFETs are the constituent components in the power stage of a
buck regulator and are typically placed on the top side of the PCB (solder side). The benefits of convective
heat transfer are maximized because of leveraging any system-level airflow. In a two-sided PCB layout,
small-signal components are typically placed on the bottom side (component side). At least one inner plane
should be inserted, connected to ground, to shield and isolate the small-signal traces from noisy power
traces and lines.
2. The DC-DC converter has several high-current loops. Minimize the area of these loops in order to suppress
generated switching noise and parasitic loop inductance and optimize switching performance.
– Loop #1: The most important loop to minimize the area of is the path from the input capacitor(s) through
the high- and low-side MOSFETs, and back to the capacitor(s) through the ground connection. Connect
the input capacitor(s) negative terminal close to the source of the low-side MOSFET (at ground).
Similarly, connect the input capacitor(s) positive terminal close to the drain of the high-side MOSFET (at
VIN). Refer to loop #1 of Figure 75.
– Another loop, not as critical though as loop #1, is the path from the low-side MOSFET through the
inductor and output capacitor(s), and back to source of the low-side MOSFET through ground. Connect
the source of the low-side MOSFET and negative terminal of the output capacitor(s) at ground as close
as possible.
3. The PCB trace defined as SW node, which connects to the source of the high-side (control) MOSFET, the
drain of the low-side (synchronous) MOSFET and the high-voltage side of the inductor, should be short and
wide. However, the SW connection is a source of injected EMI and thus should not be too large.
48
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
Layout Guidelines (continued)
4. Follow any layout considerations of the MOSFETs as recommended by the MOSFET manufacturer, including
pad geometry and solder paste stencil design.
5. The SW pin connects to the switch node of the power conversion stage, and it acts as the return path for the
high-side gate driver. The parasitic inductance inherent to loop #1 in Figure 75 and the output capacitance
(COSS) of both power MOSFETs form a resonant circuit that induces high frequency (>100 MHz) ringing on
the SW node. The voltage peak of this ringing, if not controlled, can be significantly higher than the input
voltage. Ensure that the peak ringing amplitude does not exceed the absolute maximum rating limit for the
SW pin. In many cases, a series resistor and capacitor snubber network connected from the SW node to
GND damps the ringing and decreases the peak amplitude. Provide provisions for snubber network
components in the PCB layout. If testing reveals that the ringing amplitude at the SW pin is excessive, then
include snubber components as needed.
11.1.2 Gate Drive Layout
The LM25145 high-side and low-side gate drivers incorporate short propagation delays, adaptive dead-time
control and low-impedance output stages capable of delivering large peak currents with very fast rise and fall
times to facilitate rapid turnon and turnoff transitions of the power MOSFETs. Very high di/dt can cause
unacceptable ringing if the trace lengths and impedances are not well controlled.
Minimization of stray or parasitic gate loop inductance is key to optimizing gate drive switching performance,
whether it be series gate inductance that resonates with MOSFET gate capacitance or common source
inductance (common to gate and power loops) that provides a negative feedback component opposing the gate
drive command, thereby increasing MOSFET switching times. The following loops are important:
• Loop #2: high-side MOSFET, Q1. During the high-side MOSFET turn on, high current flows from the boot
capacitor through the gate driver and high-side MOSFET, and back to the negative terminal of the boot
capacitor through the SW connection. Conversely, to turn off the high-side MOSFET, high current flows from
the gate of the high-side MOSFET through the gate driver and SW, and back to the source of the high-side
MOSFET through the SW trace. Refer to loop #2 of Figure 75.
• Loop #3: low-side MOSFET, Q2. During the low-side MOSFET turnon, high current flows from the VCC
decoupling capacitor through the gate driver and low-side MOSFET, and back to the negative terminal of the
capacitor through ground. Conversely, to turn off the low-side MOSFET, high current flows from the gate of
the low-side MOSFET through the gate driver and GND, and back to the source of the low-side MOSFET
through ground. Refer to loop #3 of Figure 75.
The following circuit layout guidelines are strongly recommended when designing with high-speed MOSFET gate
drive circuits.
1. Connections from gate driver outputs, HO and LO, to the respective gate of the high-side or low-side
MOSFET should be as short as possible to reduce series parasitic inductance. Use 0.65 mm (25 mils) or
wider traces. Use via(s), if necessary, of at least 0.5 mm (20 mils) diameter along these traces. Route HO
and SW gate traces as a differential pair from the LM25145 to the high-side MOSFET, taking advantage of
flux cancellation.
2. Minimize the current loop path from the VCC and BST pins through their respective capacitors as these
provide the high instantaneous current, up to 3.5 A, to charge the MOSFET gate capacitances. Specifically,
locate the bootstrap capacitor, CBST, close to the BST and SW pins of the LM25145 to minimize the area of
loop #2 associated with the high-side driver. Similarly, locate the VCC capacitor, CVCC, close to the VCC and
PGND pins of the LM25145 to minimize the area of loop #3 associated with the low-side driver.
3. Placing a 2-Ω to 10-Ω resistor in series with the BST capacitor slows down the high-side MOSFET turnon
transition, serving to reduce the voltage ringing and peak amplitude at the SW node at the expense of
increased MOSFET turnon power loss.
11.1.3 PWM Controller Layout
With the proviso to locate the controller as close as possible to the MOSFETs to minimize gate driver trace runs,
the components related to the analog and feedback signals, current limit setting and temperature sense are
considered in the following:
1. Separate power and signal traces, and use a ground plane to provide noise shielding.
2. Place all sensitive analog traces and components such as COMP, FB, RT, ILIM and SS/TRK away from
high-voltage switching nodes such as SW, HO, LO or BST to avoid mutual coupling. Use internal layer(s) as
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
49
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Layout Guidelines (continued)
ground plane(s). Pay particular attention to shielding the feedback (FB) trace from power traces and
components.
3. The upper feedback resistor can be connected directly to the output voltage sense point at the load device or
the bulk capacitor at the converter side.
4. Connect the ILIM setting resistor from the drain of the low-side MOSFET to ILIM and make the connections
as close as possible to the LM25145. The trace from the ILIM pin to the resistor should avoid coupling to a
high-voltage switching net.
5. Minimize the loop area from the VCC and VIN pins through their respective decoupling capacitors to the
GND pin. Locate these capacitors as close as possible to the LM25145.
11.1.4 Thermal Design and Layout
The useful operating temperature range of a PWM controller with integrated gate drivers and bias supply LDO
regulator is greatly affected by:
• average gate drive current requirements of the power MOSFETs;
• switching frequency;
• operating input voltage (affecting bias regulator LDO voltage drop and hence its power dissipation);
• thermal characteristics of the package and operating environment.
For a PWM controller to be useful over a particular temperature range, the package must allow for the efficient
removal of the heat produced while keeping the junction temperature within rated limits. The LM25145 controller
is available in a small 3.5-mm × 4.5-mm 20-pin VQFN (RGY) PowerPAD™ package to cover a range of
application requirements. The thermal metrics of this package are summarized in Thermal Information. The
application report IC Package Thermal Metrics (SPRA953) provides detailed information regarding the thermal
information table.
The 20-pin VQFN package offers a means of removing heat from the semiconductor die through the exposed
thermal pad at the base of the package. While the exposed pad of the package is not directly connected to any
leads of the package, it is thermally connected to the substrate of the LM25145 device (ground). This allows a
significant improvement in heat sinking, and it becomes imperative that the PCB is designed with thermal lands,
thermal vias, and a ground plane to complete the heat removal subsystem. The exposed pad of the LM25145 is
soldered to the ground-connected copper land on the PCB directly underneath the device package, reducing the
thermal resistance to a very low value. Wide traces of the copper tying in the no-connect pins of the LM25145
(pins 9 and 16) and connection to this thermal land helps to dissipate heat.
Numerous vias with a 0.3-mm diameter connected from the thermal land to the internal and solder-side ground
plane(s) are vital to help dissipation. In a multi-layer PCB design, a solid ground plane is typically placed on the
PCB layer below the power components. Not only does this provide a plane for the power stage currents to flow
but it also represents a thermally conductive path away from the heat generating devices.
The thermal characteristics of the MOSFETs also are significant. The drain pad of the high-side MOSFET is
normally connected to a VIN plane for heat sinking. The drain pad of the low-side MOSFET is tied to the SW
plane, but the SW plane area is purposely kept relatively small to mitigate EMI concerns.
11.1.5 Ground Plane Design
As mentioned previously, using one or more of the inner PCB layers as a solid ground plane is recommended. A
ground plane offers shielding for sensitive circuits and traces and also provides a quiet reference potential for the
control circuitry. Connect the PGND pin to the system ground plane using an array of vias under the exposed
pad. Also connect the PGND directly to the return terminals of the input and output capacitors. The PGND net
contains noise at the switching frequency and can bounce because of load current variations. The power traces
for PGND, VIN and SW can be restricted to one side of the ground plane. The other side of the ground plane
contains much less noise and is ideal for sensitive analog trace routes.
50
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
11.2 Layout Example
Figure 76 shows an example PCB layout based on the LM5145EVM-HD-20A 20-A design. The power
component connections are made on the top layer with wide, copper-filled areas. A power ground plane is placed
on layer 2 with 6 mil (0.15 mm) spacing to the top layer. The small area of buck regulator hot loop is denoted by
the white border in Figure 76.
The LM25145 is located on the bottom side with a surrounding analog ground plane for sensitive analog
components as shown in Figure 77. The analog ground plane (AGND) and power ground plane (PGND) are
connected at a single point directly under the IC (at the die attach pad or DAP). Refer to the LM5145 EVM User's
Guide (SNVU545) for more detail.
Cout3
Cout2
Cout1
Inductor
Output
Capacitors
Low-side
MOSFET
G
SW
Copper
D
Cout4
VOUT
LF
Q2
S
GND
Input
Capacitors
High-side
MOSFET
Cin3
Q1
D
Cin2
Power
Loop
Cin1
G S
VIN
Legend
Top Layer Copper
Layer 2 GND Plane
Top Solder
Figure 76. LM25145 Power Stage PCB Layout
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
51
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Layout Example (continued)
CILIM
To VOUT
To
D
O
O
PG
10
RFB1
RFB2
CC3
RTRIM
RC1
11
9
12
AGND
RUV2
CC1
RRT
To Gate of
Low-side
MOSFET
19
1
CSS
To SW
RBOOT
2
CC2
PGND
LM5145
RC2
RILIM
CVCC
RBODE
20
CVIN
CBOOT
RVIN
To Gate of
High-side
MOSFET
To Source of
High-side
MOSFET
RUV1
To VIN
Legend
Bottom Layer Copper
Layer 3 GND Plane
Bottom Solder
Figure 77. LM25145 Controller PCB Layout (Viewed From Top)
52
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
12 Device and Documentation Support
12.1 Device Support
12.1.1 Third-Party Products Disclaimer
TI'S PUBLICATION OF INFORMATION REGARDING THIRD-PARTY PRODUCTS OR SERVICES DOES NOT
CONSTITUTE AN ENDORSEMENT REGARDING THE SUITABILITY OF SUCH PRODUCTS OR SERVICES
OR A WARRANTY, REPRESENTATION OR ENDORSEMENT OF SUCH PRODUCTS OR SERVICES, EITHER
ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ANY TI PRODUCT OR SERVICE.
12.1.2 Development Support
For development support see the following:
• LM25145 Quickstart Calculator
• LM25145 Simulation Models
• For TI's reference design library, visit TI Designs
• For TI's WEBENCH Design Environment, visit the WEBENCH® Design Center
12.1.3 Custom Design With WEBENCH® Tools
Click here to create a custom design using the LM25145 device with the WEBENCH® Power Designer.
1. Start by entering the input voltage (VIN), output voltage (VOUT), and output current (IOUT) requirements.
2. Optimize the design for key parameters such as efficiency, footprint, and cost using the optimizer dial.
3. Compare the generated design with other possible solutions from Texas Instruments.
The WEBENCH Power Designer provides a customized schematic along with a list of materials with real-time
pricing and component availability.
In most cases, these actions are available:
• Run electrical simulations to see important waveforms and circuit performance
• Run thermal simulations to understand board thermal performance
• Export customized schematic and layout into popular CAD formats
• Print PDF reports for the design, and share the design with colleagues
Get more information about WEBENCH tools at www.ti.com/WEBENCH.
12.2 Documentation Support
12.2.1 Related Documentation
For related documentation see the following:
• LM5145 Synchronous Buck Controller High Density EVM (SNVU545)
• Reduce Buck Converter EMI and Voltage Stress by Minimizing Inductive Parasitics (SLYT682)
• AN-2162 Simple Success with Conducted EMI from DC-DC Converters (SNVA489)
• White Papers:
– Valuing Wide VIN, Low-EMI Synchronous Buck Circuits for Cost-Effective, Demanding Applications
(SLYY104)
• Power House Blogs:
– Synchronous Buck Controller Solutions Support Wide VIN Performance and Flexibility
12.2.1.1 PCB Layout Resources
• AN-1149 Layout Guidelines for Switching Power Supplies (SNVA021)
• AN-1229 Simple Switcher PCB Layout Guidelines (SNVA054)
• Constructing Your Power Supply – Layout Considerations (SLUP230)
• Low Radiated EMI Layout Made SIMPLE with LM4360x and LM4600x (SNVA721)
• High-Density PCB Layout of DC/DC Converters
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
53
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
Documentation Support (continued)
12.2.1.2 Thermal Design Resources
• AN-2020 Thermal Design by Insight, Not Hindsight (SNVA419)
• AN-1520 A Guide to Board Layout for Best Thermal Resistance for Exposed Pad Packages (SNVA183)
• Semiconductor and IC Package Thermal Metrics (SPRA953)
• Thermal Design Made Simple with LM43603 and LM43602 (SNVA719)
• PowerPAD™Thermally Enhanced Package (SLMA002)
• PowerPAD Made Easy (SLMA004)
• Using New Thermal Metrics (SBVA025)
12.3 Related Links
The table below lists quick access links. Categories include technical documents, support and community
resources, tools and software, and quick access to sample or buy.
Table 12. Related Links
PARTS
PRODUCT FOLDER
SAMPLE & BUY
TECHNICAL
DOCUMENTS
TOOLS &
SOFTWARE
SUPPORT &
COMMUNITY
LM25145
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
12.4 Receiving Notification of Documentation Updates
To receive notification of documentation updates, navigate to the device product folder on ti.com. In the upper
right corner, click on Alert me to register and receive a weekly digest of any product information that has
changed. For change details, review the revision history included in any revised document.
12.5 Community Resources
The following links connect to TI community resources. Linked contents are provided "AS IS" by the respective
contributors. They do not constitute TI specifications and do not necessarily reflect TI's views; see TI's Terms of
Use.
TI E2E™ Online Community TI's Engineer-to-Engineer (E2E) Community. Created to foster collaboration
among engineers. At e2e.ti.com, you can ask questions, share knowledge, explore ideas and help
solve problems with fellow engineers.
Design Support TI's Design Support Quickly find helpful E2E forums along with design support tools and
contact information for technical support.
12.6 Trademarks
NexFET, PowerPAD, E2E are trademarks of Texas Instruments.
WEBENCH is a registered trademark of Texas Instruments.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
12.7 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
12.8 Glossary
SLYZ022 — TI Glossary.
This glossary lists and explains terms, acronyms, and definitions.
13 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information
The following pages include mechanical, packaging, and orderable information. This information is the most
current data available for the designated devices. This data is subject to change without notice and revision of
this document. For browser-based versions of this data sheet, refer to the left-hand navigation.
54
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
PACKAGE OUTLINE
RGY0020B
VQFN - 1 mm max height
SCALE 3.000
PLASTIC QUAD FLATPACK - NO LEAD
3.6
3.4
A
B
PIN 1 INDEX AREA
4.6
4.4
(0.08)
(0.05)
SECTION A-A
SECTION
A-A
SCALE
30.000
TYPICAL
C
1 MAX
SEATING PLANE
0.05
0.00
0.08 C
1.7 0.1
(0.2) TYP
2X 1.5
10
14X 0.5
9
2X
3.5
EXPOSED
THERMAL PAD
11
12
21
SYMM
2.7 0.1
A
A
2
PIN 1 ID
(OPTIONAL)
19
1
SYMM
20X
20
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.5
20X
0.3
C A B
4222860/A 06/2016
NOTES:
1. All linear dimensions are in millimeters. Any dimensions in parenthesis are for reference only. Dimensioning and tolerancing
per ASME Y14.5M.
2. This drawing is subject to change without notice.
3. The package thermal pad must be soldered to the printed circuit board for thermal and mechanical performance.
www.ti.com
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
55
LM25145
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
www.ti.com
EXAMPLE BOARD LAYOUT
RGY0020B
VQFN - 1 mm max height
PLASTIC QUAD FLATPACK - NO LEAD
(1.7)
SYMM
1
20
20X (0.6)
2
19
20X (0.25)
(1.1)
(4.3)
21
SYMM
(2.7)
14X (0.5)
(0.6)
9
12
(R0.05) TYP
11
10
(0.75) TYP
(3.3)
LAND PATTERN EXAMPLE
SCALE:18X
0.07 MIN
ALL AROUND
0.07 MAX
ALL AROUND
SOLDER MASK
OPENING
METAL
SOLDER MASK
OPENING
METAL UNDER
SOLDER MASK
NON SOLDER MASK
DEFINED
(PREFERRED)
SOLDER MASK
DEFINED
SOLDER MASK DETAILS
4222860/A 06/2016
NOTES: (continued)
4. This package is designed to be soldered to a thermal pad on the board. For more information, see Texas Instruments literature
number SLUA271 (www.ti.com/lit/slua271).
5. Vias are optional depending on application, refer to device data sheet. If any vias are implemented, refer to their locations shown
on this view. It is recommended that vias under paste be filled, plugged or tented.
www.ti.com
56
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
LM25145
www.ti.com
SNVSAT9 – JUNE 2017
EXAMPLE STENCIL DESIGN
RGY0020B
VQFN - 1 mm max height
PLASTIC QUAD FLATPACK - NO LEAD
2X (1.55)
SYMM
1
20
(R0.05) TYP
20X (0.6)
2
19
21
20X (0.25)
2X
(1.19)
SYMM
(4.3)
(0.7)
TYP
14X (0.5)
12
9
METAL
TYP
11
10
(0.75)
TYP
(3.3)
SOLDER PASTE EXAMPLE
BASED ON 0.125 mm THICK STENCIL
EXPOSED PAD 21
80% PRINTED SOLDER COVERAGE BY AREA UNDER PACKAGE
SCALE:20X
4222860/A 06/2016
NOTES: (continued)
6. Laser cutting apertures with trapezoidal walls and rounded corners may offer better paste release. IPC-7525 may have alternate
design recommendations.
www.ti.com
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM25145
57
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
23-Jun-2017
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status
(1)
Package Type Package Pins Package
Drawing
Qty
Eco Plan
Lead/Ball Finish
MSL Peak Temp
(2)
(6)
(3)
Op Temp (°C)
Device Marking
(4/5)
LM25145RGYR
PREVIEW
VQFN
RGY
20
3000
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR
-40 to 125
LM
25145
LM25145RGYT
PREVIEW
VQFN
RGY
20
250
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR
-40 to 125
LM
25145
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
RoHS: TI defines "RoHS" to mean semiconductor products that are compliant with the current EU RoHS requirements for all 10 RoHS substances, including the requirement that RoHS substance
do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, "RoHS" products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. TI may
reference these types of products as "Pb-Free".
RoHS Exempt: TI defines "RoHS Exempt" to mean products that contain lead but are compliant with EU RoHS pursuant to a specific EU RoHS exemption.
Green: TI defines "Green" to mean the content of Chlorine (Cl) and Bromine (Br) based flame retardants meet JS709B low halogen requirements of <=1000ppm threshold. Antimony trioxide based
flame retardants must also meet the <=1000ppm threshold requirement.
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
(4)
There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device.
(5)
Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. Only one Device Marking contained in parentheses and separated by a "~" will appear on a device. If a line is indented then it is a continuation
of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire Device Marking for that device.
(6)
Lead/Ball Finish - Orderable Devices may have multiple material finish options. Finish options are separated by a vertical ruled line. Lead/Ball Finish values may wrap to two lines if the finish
value exceeds the maximum column width.
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 1
Samples
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
23-Jun-2017
Addendum-Page 2
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com
30-Jun-2017
TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION
*All dimensions are nominal
Device
LM25145RGYT
Package Package Pins
Type Drawing
VQFN
RGY
20
SPQ
250
Reel
Reel
A0
Diameter Width (mm)
(mm) W1 (mm)
180.0
12.4
Pack Materials-Page 1
3.8
B0
(mm)
K0
(mm)
P1
(mm)
4.8
1.18
8.0
W
Pin1
(mm) Quadrant
12.0
Q1
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com
30-Jun-2017
*All dimensions are nominal
Device
Package Type
Package Drawing
Pins
SPQ
Length (mm)
Width (mm)
Height (mm)
LM25145RGYT
VQFN
RGY
20
250
220.0
205.0
50.0
Pack Materials-Page 2
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) reserves the right to make corrections, enhancements, improvements and other changes to its
semiconductor products and services per JESD46, latest issue, and to discontinue any product or service per JESD48, latest issue. Buyers
should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete.
TI’s published terms of sale for semiconductor products (http://www.ti.com/sc/docs/stdterms.htm) apply to the sale of packaged integrated
circuit products that TI has qualified and released to market. Additional terms may apply to the use or sale of other types of TI products and
services.
Reproduction of significant portions of TI information in TI data sheets is permissible only if reproduction is without alteration and is
accompanied by all associated warranties, conditions, limitations, and notices. TI is not responsible or liable for such reproduced
documentation. Information of third parties may be subject to additional restrictions. Resale of TI products or services with statements
different from or beyond the parameters stated by TI for that product or service voids all express and any implied warranties for the
associated TI product or service and is an unfair and deceptive business practice. TI is not responsible or liable for any such statements.
Buyers and others who are developing systems that incorporate TI products (collectively, “Designers”) understand and agree that Designers
remain responsible for using their independent analysis, evaluation and judgment in designing their applications and that Designers have
full and exclusive responsibility to assure the safety of Designers' applications and compliance of their applications (and of all TI products
used in or for Designers’ applications) with all applicable regulations, laws and other applicable requirements. Designer represents that, with
respect to their applications, Designer has all the necessary expertise to create and implement safeguards that (1) anticipate dangerous
consequences of failures, (2) monitor failures and their consequences, and (3) lessen the likelihood of failures that might cause harm and
take appropriate actions. Designer agrees that prior to using or distributing any applications that include TI products, Designer will
thoroughly test such applications and the functionality of such TI products as used in such applications.
TI’s provision of technical, application or other design advice, quality characterization, reliability data or other services or information,
including, but not limited to, reference designs and materials relating to evaluation modules, (collectively, “TI Resources”) are intended to
assist designers who are developing applications that incorporate TI products; by downloading, accessing or using TI Resources in any
way, Designer (individually or, if Designer is acting on behalf of a company, Designer’s company) agrees to use any particular TI Resource
solely for this purpose and subject to the terms of this Notice.
TI’s provision of TI Resources does not expand or otherwise alter TI’s applicable published warranties or warranty disclaimers for TI
products, and no additional obligations or liabilities arise from TI providing such TI Resources. TI reserves the right to make corrections,
enhancements, improvements and other changes to its TI Resources. TI has not conducted any testing other than that specifically
described in the published documentation for a particular TI Resource.
Designer is authorized to use, copy and modify any individual TI Resource only in connection with the development of applications that
include the TI product(s) identified in such TI Resource. NO OTHER LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE
TO ANY OTHER TI INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT, AND NO LICENSE TO ANY TECHNOLOGY OR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHT OF TI OR ANY THIRD PARTY IS GRANTED HEREIN, including but not limited to any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or
other intellectual property right relating to any combination, machine, or process in which TI products or services are used. Information
regarding or referencing third-party products or services does not constitute a license to use such products or services, or a warranty or
endorsement thereof. Use of TI Resources may require a license from a third party under the patents or other intellectual property of the
third party, or a license from TI under the patents or other intellectual property of TI.
TI RESOURCES ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” AND WITH ALL FAULTS. TI DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES OR
REPRESENTATIONS, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, REGARDING RESOURCES OR USE THEREOF, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS, TITLE, ANY EPIDEMIC FAILURE WARRANTY AND ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD PARTY INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS. TI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR AND SHALL NOT DEFEND OR INDEMNIFY DESIGNER AGAINST ANY CLAIM,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY INFRINGEMENT CLAIM THAT RELATES TO OR IS BASED ON ANY COMBINATION OF
PRODUCTS EVEN IF DESCRIBED IN TI RESOURCES OR OTHERWISE. IN NO EVENT SHALL TI BE LIABLE FOR ANY ACTUAL,
DIRECT, SPECIAL, COLLATERAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES IN
CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF TI RESOURCES OR USE THEREOF, AND REGARDLESS OF WHETHER TI HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
Unless TI has explicitly designated an individual product as meeting the requirements of a particular industry standard (e.g., ISO/TS 16949
and ISO 26262), TI is not responsible for any failure to meet such industry standard requirements.
Where TI specifically promotes products as facilitating functional safety or as compliant with industry functional safety standards, such
products are intended to help enable customers to design and create their own applications that meet applicable functional safety standards
and requirements. Using products in an application does not by itself establish any safety features in the application. Designers must
ensure compliance with safety-related requirements and standards applicable to their applications. Designer may not use any TI products in
life-critical medical equipment unless authorized officers of the parties have executed a special contract specifically governing such use.
Life-critical medical equipment is medical equipment where failure of such equipment would cause serious bodily injury or death (e.g., life
support, pacemakers, defibrillators, heart pumps, neurostimulators, and implantables). Such equipment includes, without limitation, all
medical devices identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as Class III devices and equivalent classifications outside the U.S.
TI may expressly designate certain products as completing a particular qualification (e.g., Q100, Military Grade, or Enhanced Product).
Designers agree that it has the necessary expertise to select the product with the appropriate qualification designation for their applications
and that proper product selection is at Designers’ own risk. Designers are solely responsible for compliance with all legal and regulatory
requirements in connection with such selection.
Designer will fully indemnify TI and its representatives against any damages, costs, losses, and/or liabilities arising out of Designer’s noncompliance with the terms and provisions of this Notice.
Mailing Address: Texas Instruments, Post Office Box 655303, Dallas, Texas 75265
Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated