LINER LTC4222 Dual ideal diode-or and single hot swap controller with current monitor Datasheet

LTC4236
Dual Ideal Diode-OR and
Single Hot Swap Controller
with Current Monitor
Description
Features
Ideal Diode-OR and Inrush Current Control for
Redundant Supplies
nn Low Loss Replacement for Power Schottky Diodes
nn Enables Safe Board Insertion into a Live Backplane
nn 2.9V to 18V Operating Range
nn Current Monitor Output
nn Controls N-Channel MOSFETs
nn Limits Peak Fault Current in ≤ 1µs
nn Adjustable Current Limit with Foldback
nn Adjustable Start-Up and Current Limit Fault Delay
nn 0.5µs Ideal Diode Turn-On and Turn-Off Time
nn Smooth Switchover without Oscillation
nn Fault, Power Good and Diode Status Outputs
nn LTC4236-1: Latch Off After Fault
nn LTC4236-2: Automatic Retry After Fault
nn 28-Pin 4mm x 5mm QFN Package
The LTC®4236 offers ideal diode-OR and Hot Swap functions for two power rails by controlling external N-channel
MOSFETs. MOSFETs acting as ideal diodes replace two
high power Schottky diodes and the associated heat sinks,
saving power and board area. A Hot Swap control MOSFET
allows a board to be safely inserted and removed from a
live backplane by limiting inrush current. The supply output
is also protected against short-circuit faults with a fast
acting foldback current limit and electronic circuit breaker.
nn
The LTC4236 regulates the forward voltage drop across
the ideal diode MOSFETs to ensure smooth current transfer
from one supply to the other without oscillation. The ideal
diode MOSFETs turn on quickly to reduce the load voltage
droop during supply switchover. If the input supply fails
or is shorted, a fast turn-off minimizes reverse current
transients.
A current sense amplifier translates the voltage across the
sense resistor to a ground referenced signal. The LTC4236
provides adjustable start-up delay, turn-on/-off control,
and reports fault and power good status for the supply.
Applications
Redundant Power Supplies
High Availability Systems and Servers
nn Telecom and Network Infrastructure
nn
nn
L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks of Linear
Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Protected by U.S. Patents, including 7920013, 8022679.
Typical Application
Ideal Diode-OR with Hot Swap Application
Smooth Supply Switchover
SiR158DP
12V
0.1µF
SiR158DP
12V
0.003Ω
+
0.1µF
0.1µF
13.7k CPO1 IN1 DGATE1 CPO2
IN2
SiR158DP
D2SRC IN2 DGATE2
REG
SENSE+ CS+
SENSE– HGATE OUT
ON
12V
7A
CLOAD
15k
FB
2k
IN1
1V/DIV
IN1
IN2
1V/DIV
IIN1
2A/DIV
2k
LTC4236
EN
INTVCC
0.1µF
GND
D2OFF
IIN2
2A/DIV
FAULT
PWRGD
DSTAT1
DSTAT2
DTMR
IMON
FTMR
0.1µF
200ms/DIV
4236 TA01b
ADC
0.1µF
4236 TA01a
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
1
LTC4236
Pin Configuration
SENSE– 1
SENSE+ 2
CS+ 3
PWRGD
FB
OUT
HGATE
CPO1
TOP VIEW
DGATE1
28 27 26 25 24 23
22 FAULT
21 DSTAT1
20 DSTAT2
IN1 4
19 ON
29
INTVCC 5
18 D2OFF
17 NC
GND 6
IN2 7
16 NC
D2SRC 8
15 REG
IMON
EN
FTMR
9 10 11 12 13 14
DTMR
Supply Voltages
IN1, IN2................................................... –0.3V to 24V
INTVCC...................................................... –0.3V to 7V
REG............................SENSE+ – 5V to SENSE+ + 0.3V
Input Voltages
ON, D2OFF, EN ....................................... –0.3V to 24V
FTMR, DTMR..........................–0.3V to INTVCC + 0.3V
FB............................................................. –0.3V to 7V
SENSE+, SENSE–, CS+, D2SRC............... –0.3V to 24V
Output Voltages
IMON........................................................ –0.3V to 7V
FAULT, PWRGD, DSTAT1, DSTAT2............ –0.3V to 24V
CPO1, CPO2 (Notes 3, 4)........................ –0.3V to 35V
DGATE1, DGATE2 (Notes 3, 4)................ –0.3V to 35V
HGATE (Note 5)...................................... –0.3V to 35V
OUT........................................................ –0.3V to 24V
Average Currents
FAULT, PWRGD, DSTAT1, DSTAT2..........................5mA
INTVCC................................................................10mA
Operating Ambient Temperature Range
LTC4236C................................................. 0°C to 70°C
LTC4236I..............................................–40°C to 85°C
Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 150°C
CPO2
(Notes 1, 2)
DGATE2
Absolute Maximum Ratings
UFD PACKAGE
28-LEAD (4mm × 5mm) PLASTIC QFN
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 43°C/W (NOTE 6)
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 29) PCB GND CONNECTION OPTIONAL
Order Information
LEAD FREE FINISH
TAPE AND REEL
PART MARKING
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
TEMPERATURE RANGE
LTC4236CUFD-1#PBF
LTC4236CUFD-1#TRPBF
42361
28-Lead (4mm x 5mm) Plastic QFN
0°C to 70°C
LTC4236CUFD-2#PBF
LTC4236CUFD-2#TRPBF
42362
28-Lead (4mm x 5mm) Plastic QFN
0°C to 70°C
LTC4236IUFD-1#PBF
LTC4236IUFD-1#TRPBF
42361
28-Lead (4mm x 5mm) Plastic QFN
–40°C to 85°C
LTC4236IUFD-2#PBF
LTC4236IUFD-2#TRPBF
42362
28-Lead (4mm x 5mm) Plastic QFN
–40°C to 85°C
Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges.
For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/
For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/. Some packages are available in 500 unit reels through
designated sales channels with #TRMPBF suffix.
2
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Electrical Characteristics
The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = 12V, unless otherwise noted.
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
Supplies
VIN
Input Supply Range
l
IIN
Input Supply Current
l
VINTVCC
Internal Regulator Voltage
VINTVCC(UVL)
Internal VCC Undervoltage Lockout
2.9
18
V
2.7
4
mA
I = 0, –500µA
l
4.5
5
5.5
V
INTVCC Rising
l
2.1
2.2
2.3
V
l
30
60
90
mV
l
2
15
28
mV
∆VINTVCC(HYST) Internal VCC Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis
Ideal Diode Control
ΔVFWD(REG)
Forward Regulation Voltage
(VINn – VSENSE+)
ΔVDGATE
External N-Channel Gate Drive
(VDGATE1 – VIN1) and (VDGATE2 – VD2SRC)
IN < 7V, ΔVFWD = 0.15V; I = 0, –1µA
IN = 7V to 18V, ΔVFWD = 0.15V; I = 0, –1µA
l
l
5
10
7
12
14
14
V
V
ΔVDGATE(ST)
Diode MOSFET On Detect Threshold
(VDGATE1 – VIN1) and (VDGATE2 – VD2SRC)
DSTAT Pulls Low, ΔVFWD = 50mV
l
0.3
0.7
1.1
V
ID2SRC
D2SRC Pin Current
D2SRC = 0V
l
–90
–130
µA
ICPO(UP)
CPOn Pull-Up Current
CPO = IN = D2SRC = 2.9V
CPO = IN = D2SRC = 18V
l
l
–100
–90
–130
–120
µA
µA
IDGATE(FPU)
DGATEn Fast Pull-Up Current
ΔVFWD = 0.2V, ΔVDGATE = 0V, CPO = 17V
IDGATE(FPD)
DGATEn Fast Pull-Down Current
ΔVFWD = –0.2V, ΔVDGATE = 5V
IDGATE2(DN)
DGATE2 Off Pull-Down Current
D2OFF = 2V, ΔVDGATE2 = 2.5V
l
tON(DGATE)
DGATEn Turn-On Delay
ΔVFWD = 0.2V , CDGATE = 10nF
tOFF(DGATE)
DGATEn Turn-Off Delay
ΔVFWD = –0.2V, CDGATE = 10nF
tPLH(DGATE2)
D2OFF Low to DGATE2 High
–60
–50
–1.5
A
1.5
50
A
100
200
µA
l
0.25
0.5
µs
l
0.2
0.5
µs
l
50
100
µs
mV
mV
Hot Swap Control
ΔVSENSE(TH)
Current Limit Sense Voltage Threshold
(VSENSE+ – VSENSE–)
FB = 1.3V
FB = 0V
l
l
22.5
5.8
25
8.3
27.5
10.8
VSENSE+(UVL)
SENSE+ Undervoltage Lockout
SENSE+ Rising
l
1.8
1.9
2
V
∆VSENSE+(HYST)
SENSE+ Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis
l
10
50
90
mV
ISENSE+
SENSE+ Pin Current
SENSE+ = 12V
l
0.3
0.8
1.3
mA
ISENSE–
SENSE– Pin Current
SENSE– = 12V
l
10
40
100
µA
ICS+
CS+ Pin Current
CS+ = 12V, ∆VSENSE = 0V
l
±1
µA
ΔVHGATE
External N-Channel Gate Drive
(VHGATE – VOUT)
IN < 7V, I = 0, –1µA
IN = 7V to 18V, I = 0, –1µA
l
l
5
10
14
14
V
V
7
12
ΔVHGATE(H)
Gate High Threshold (VHGATE – VOUT)
l
3.6
4.2
4.8
V
IHGATE(UP)
External N-Channel Gate Pull-Up Current
Gate Drive On, HGATE = 0V
l
–7
–10
–13
µA
IHGATE(DN)
External N-Channel Gate Pull-Down Current Gate Drive Off, OUT = 12V,
HGATE = OUT + 5V
l
1
2
4
mA
IHGATE(FPD)
External N-Channel Gate Fast Pull-Down
Current
Fast Turn-Off, OUT = 12V,
HGATE = OUT + 5V
l
100
200
350
mA
tPHL(SENSE)
Sense Voltage (SENSE+ – SENSE–)
High to HGATE Low
∆VSENSE = 200mV, CHGATE = 10nF
l
0.5
1
µs
tOFF(HGATE)
ON Low to HGATE Low
EN High to HGATE Low
SENSE+ Low to HGATE Low
SENSE+ UVLO
l
l
l
10
20
10
20
40
20
µs
µs
µs
100
150
ms
10
20
µs
tD(HGATE)
ON High, EN Low to HGATE Turn-On Delay
DTMR = INTVCC
l
tP(HGATE)
ON to HGATE Propagation Delay
ON = Step 0.8V to 2V
l
50
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
3
LTC4236
Electrical Characteristics
The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = 12V, unless otherwise noted.
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
VD2OFF(H,TH)
D2OFF Pin High Threshold
D2OFF Rising
l
1.21
1.235
1.26
V
VD2OFF(L,TH)
D2OFF Pin Low Threshold
D2OFF Falling
ΔVD2OFF(HYST)
D2OFF Pin Hysteresis
l
1.19
1.215
1.24
l
10
20
30
VIN(TH)
ON, FB Pin Threshold Voltage
l
1.21
1.235
1.26
V
ΔVON(HYST)
ΔVFB(HYST)
ON Pin Hysteresis
l
40
80
120
mV
FB Pin Hysteresis
l
10
20
30
mV
VON(RESET)
ON Pin Fault Reset Threshold Voltage
ON Falling
l
0.57
0.6
0.63
V
Input Leakage Current (ON, FB, D2OFF)
V = 5V
l
IIN(LEAK)
VEN(TH)
0
±1
µA
EN Pin Threshold Voltage
EN Rising
l
1.185
1.235
1.284
V
l
60
110
200
mV
l
–7
–10
–13
µA
l
1.198
1.235
1.272
V
Inputs
Voltage Rising
V
mV
ΔVEN(HYST)
EN Pin Hysteresis
IEN(UP)
EN Pull-Up Current
VTMR(H)
FTMR, DTMR Pin High Threshold
VTMR(L)
FTMR, DTMR Pin Low Threshold
l
0.15
0.2
0.25
V
IFTMR(UP)
FTMR Pull-Up Current
FTMR = 1V, In Fault Mode
l
–80
–100
–120
µA
FTMR = 2V, No Faults
l
1.3
2
2.7
µA
l
0.07
0.15
0.23
%
–8
–10
–12
µA
EN = 1V
IFTMR(DN)
FTMR Pull-Down Current
DRETRY
Auto-Retry Duty Cycle
IDTMR(UP)
DTMR Pull-Up Current
DTMR = 0.6V
l
IDTMR(DN)
DTMR Pull-Down Current
DTMR = 1.5V
l
1
5
10
mA
∆VDTMR(TH)
DTMR Pin Threshold Voltage
(VDTMR – VINTVCC)
tD(HGATE) Start-Up Delay
l
–0.1
–0.3
–0.5
V
tRST(ON)
ON Low to FAULT High
l
20
40
µs
tPG(FB)
FB Low to PWRGD High
l
20
40
µs
Outputs
IOUT
OUT Pin Current
OUT = 11V, IN = 12V, ON = 2V
OUT = 13V, IN = 12V, ON = 2V
l
l
40
2.5
100
4
µA
mA
VOL
Output Low Voltage
(FAULT, PWRGD, DSTAT1, DSTAT2)
I = 1mA
I = 3mA
l
l
0.15
0.4
0.4
1.2
V
V
VOH
Output High Voltage (FAULT, PWRGD)
I = –1µA
l
IOH
Input Leakage Current
(FAULT, PWRGD, DSTAT1, DSTAT2)
V = 18V
l
0
±1
µA
IPU
Output Pull-Up Current (FAULT, PWRGD)
V = 1.5V
l
–7
–10
–13
µA
ΔVREG
Floating Regulator Voltage
(VSENSE+ – VREG)
IREG = ±1µA
l
3.6
4.1
4.6
V
ΔVSENSE(FS)
Input Sense Voltage Full Scale
(VSENSE+ – VSENSE–)
SENSE+ = 12V
l
25
INTVCC – 1 INTVCC – 0.5
V
Current Monitor
VIMON(OS)
IMON Input Offset Voltage
∆VSENSE = 0V
l
GIMON
IMON Voltage Gain
ΔVSENSE = 20mV and 5mV
l
99
VIMON(MAX)
IMON Maximum Output Voltage
ΔVSENSE = 70mV, 5V ≤ SENSE+ ≤ 18V
ΔVSENSE = 35mV, SENSE+ = 2.9V
l
l
3.5
2.7
VIMON(MIN)
IMON Minimum Output Voltage
ΔVSENSE = 200µV
l
RIMON(OUT)
IMON Output Resistance
ΔVSENSE = 200µV
l
4
15
mV
100
20
±150
µV
101
V/V
5.5
2.9
V
V
40
mV
27
kΩ
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Electrical Characteristics
Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute
Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device
reliability and lifetime.
Note 2: All currents into device pins are positive; all currents out of device
pins are negative. All voltages are referenced to GND unless otherwise
specified.
Note 3: An internal clamp limits the DGATE1 and CPO1 pins to a minimum
of 10V above and a diode below IN1. Driving these pins to voltages beyond
the clamp may damage the device.
Note 4: An internal clamp limits the DGATE2 and CPO2 pins to a minimum
of 10V above and a diode below D2SRC. Driving these pins to voltages
beyond the clamp may damage the device.
Note 5: An internal clamp limits the HGATE pin to a minimum of 10V
above and a diode below OUT. Driving this pin to voltages beyond the
clamp may damage the device.
Note 6: Thermal resistance is specified when the exposed pad is soldered
to a 3" x 5" , four layer, FR4 board.
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
5
LTC4236
Typical Performance Characteristics
SENSE+ Current vs Voltage
IN Supply Current vs Voltage
OUT Current vs Voltage
1.4
3.5
3
1.2
3
2.5
1
2
VOUT = 0V
1.5
VOUT = 3.3V
1
0
0.8
0.6
0.4
VOUT = 12V
0.5
3
9
VIN (V)
6
12
15
0
18
0
3
6
4236 G01
9
12
15
–0.5
18
VOUT = VIN
VIN = 12V
VOUT = VIN
VCPO – VIN (V)
∆VHGATE (V)
∆VHGATE (V)
VIN = 2.9V
10
8
6
0
–2
–4
–6
IHGATE (µA)
–8
–10
4
–12
12
0
14
10
3
6
9
VIN (V)
12
15
VIN = 2.9V
4
VIN = 2.9V
2
0
–20
–40
–60 –80 –100 –120 –140
IDGATE (µA)
8
4236 G07
0
3
6
9
VIN (V)
–60 –80 –100 –120 –140
ICPO (µA)
FAULT, PWRGD, DSTAT1, DSTAT2
Output Low Voltage vs Current
1
10
4
–40
–20
4236 G06
VSENSE+ = VIN – 0.15V
6
0
0
4236 G05
OUTPUT LOW VOLTAGE (V)
∆VDGATE (V)
VIN = 18V
6
–2
18
12
8
∆VDGATE (V)
VIN = 18V
4
Diode Gate Voltage vs IN Voltage
VSENSE+ = VIN – 0.15V
4236 G03
0
4236 G04
Diode Gate Voltage vs Current
18
6
2
2
15
10
8
6
12
9
VOUT (V)
CPO Voltage vs Current
4
6
6
3
12
12
8
–2
0
4236 G02
10
0
1
Hot Swap Gate Voltage vs IN
Voltage
14
12
1.5
0
VSENSE+ (V)
Hot Swap Gate Voltage vs Current
14
2
0.5
0.2
0
VIN = 12V, VSENSE+ = 11.5V
2.5
IOUT (mA)
VSENSE+ = VIN – 0.5V
ISENSE+ (mA)
IIN (mA)
3.5
TA = 25°C, VIN = 12V, unless otherwise noted.
12
15
18
4236 G08
0.8
0.6
VIN = 2.9V
0.4
VIN = 12V
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
CURRENT (mA)
4
5
4236 G09
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Typical Performance Characteristics
Current Limit Delay vs Sense
Voltage
Current Limit Threshold Foldback
100
15
10
5
10
1
VIN = 2.9V
20
10
VIN = 12V
0
–10
–20
–30
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8 1.0
FB VOLTAGE (V)
1.2
0.1
1.4
4236 G10
0
–40
–50
80
120
40
160
200
SENSE VOLTAGE (VSENSE+ – VSENSE –) (mV)
IMON PROPAGATION DELAY (µs)
1
0
IMON VOLTAGE GAIN (V/V)
2
20
10
30
40
50
SENSE VOLTAGE (VSENSE+ – VSENSE –) (mV)
VIN = 2.9V
100
VIN = 12V
99.5
99
–50
–25
25
50
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
4236 G13
75
100
100
80
60
40
20
0
4236 G14
Ideal Diode Start-Up Waveform
on IN Power-Up
100ms HGATE Start-Up Delay with
DTMR Pin Connected to INTVcc
ON
5V/DIV
SENSE+
10V/DIV
HGATE
10V/DIV
OUT
10V/DIV
HGATE
10V/DIV
OUT
10V/DIV
PWRGD
10V/DIV
PWRGD
10V/DIV
10V/DIV
10ms/DIV
4236 G16
20ms/DIV
4236 G17
1
3
4
5
2
SENSE VOLTAGE (VSENSE+ – VSENSE –) (mV)
Adjustable HGATE Start-Up Delay
with 0.1µF Capacitor at DTMR pin
ON
5V/DIV
CPO
0
4236 G15
IN
10V/DIV
DGATE
100
120
100.5
VIN = 2.9V
3
75
IMON Propagation Delay vs
Sense Voltage
101
VIN = 12V
25
50
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
4236 G12
IMON Voltage Gain vs
Temperature
5
4
–25
4236 G11
IMON Voltage vs Sense Voltage
IMON VOLTAGE (V)
40
CHGATE = 10nF
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)
20
0
Current Sense Amplifier Input
Offset Voltage vs Temperature
30
25
CURRENT LIMIT DELAY (µs)
CURRENT LIMIT SENSE VOLTAGE
VSENSE+ – VSENSE– (mV)
30
0
TA = 25°C, VIN = 12V, unless otherwise noted.
20ms/DIV
4236 G18
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
7
LTC4236
Pin Functions
CPO1, CPO2: Charge Pump Output. Connect a capacitor
from CPO1 or CPO2 to the corresponding IN1 or D2SRC
pin. The value of this capacitor is approximately 10×
the gate capacitance (CISS) of the external MOSFET for
ideal diode control. The charge stored on this capacitor
is used to pull up the ideal diode MOSFET gate during a
fast turn-on. Leave this pin open if fast ideal diode turnon is not needed.
CS+: Positive Current Sense Input for Current Sense Amplifier. Connect this pin to the input of the current sense
resistor. The voltage between CS+ and SENSE– is translated
to a ground referenced signal at IMON pin.
DGATE1, DGATE2: Ideal Diode MOSFET Gate Drive Output. Connect this pin to the gate of an external N-channel
MOSFET for ideal diode control. An internal clamp limits
the gate voltage to 12V above and a diode voltage below
IN1 or D2SRC. During fast turn-on, a 1.5A pull-up charges
DGATE from CPO. During fast turn-off, a 1.5A pull-down
discharges DGATE1 to IN1 and DGATE2 to D2SRC.
D2OFF: Control Input. A rising edge above 1.235V turns
off the external ideal diode MOSFET in the IN2 supply path
and a falling edge below 1.215V allows the MOSFET to be
turned on. Connect this pin to an external resistive divider
from IN1 to make IN1 the higher priority input supply when
IN1 and IN2 are equal.
D2SRC: Ideal Diode MOSFET Gate Drive Return. Connect
this pin to the source of the external N-channel MOSFET
switch in the IN2 power path. The gate fast pull-down current returns through this pin when DGATE2 is discharged.
DSTAT1: Diode MOSFET Status Output. Open drain output that pulls low when the MOSFET gate drive voltage
between DGATE1 and IN1 exceeds 0.7V indicating that the
MOSFET diode path is on. Otherwise it goes high impedance. It requires an external pull-up resistor to a positive
supply. Leave open if unused.
8
DSTAT2: Diode MOSFET Status Output. Open drain output that pulls low when the MOSFET gate drive voltage
between DGATE2 and D2SRC exceeds 0.7V indicating
that the MOSFET diode path is on. Otherwise it goes high
impedance. It requires an external pull-up resistor to a
positive supply. Leave open if unused.
DTMR: Debounce Timer Capacitor Terminal. Connect
this pin to either INTVCC for fixed 100ms delay or an
external capacitor to ground for adjustable start-up delay
(123ms/µF) when EN toggles low.
EN: Enable Input. Ground this pin to enable Hot Swap
control. If this pin is pulled high, the Hot Swap MOSFET
is not allowed to turn on. A 10µA current source pulls this
pin up to a diode below INTVCC. Upon EN going low when
ON is high, there is a start-up delay for debounce as configured at the DTMR pin, after which the fault is cleared.
FAULT: Overcurrent Fault Status Output. Output that pulls
low when the fault timer expires during an overcurrent
fault. Otherwise it is pulled high by a 10µA current source
to a diode below INTVCC. It may be pulled above INTVCC
using an external pull-up. Leave open if unused.
FB: Foldback and Power Good Comparator Input. Connect
this pin to an external resistive divider from OUT. If the
voltage falls below 1.215V, the PWRGD pin pulls high to
indicate the power is bad. If the voltage falls below 0.9V,
the output power is considered bad and the current limit
is reduced. Tie to INTVCC to disable foldback.
FTMR: Fault Timer Capacitor Terminal. Connect a capacitor
between this pin and ground to set a 12ms/µF duration
for current limit before the external Hot Swap MOSFET is
turned off. The duration of the off time is 8s/µF, resulting
in a 0.15% duty cycle.
GND: Device Ground.
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Pin Functions
HGATE: Hot Swap MOSFET Gate Drive Output. Connect
this pin to the gate of the external N-channel MOSFET for
Hot Swap control. An internal 10µA current source charges
the MOSFET gate. An internal clamp limits the gate voltage to 12V above and a diode voltage below OUT. During
an undervoltage generated turn-off, a 2mA pull-down
discharges HGATE to ground. During an output short or
INTVCC undervoltage lockout, a fast 200mA pull-down
discharges HGATE to OUT.
IN1, IN2: Positive Supply Input and Ideal Diode MOSFET
Gate Drive Return. Connect this pin to the power input
side of the external ideal diode MOSFET. The 5V INTVCC
supply is generated from IN1, IN2 and OUT via an internal
diode-OR. The voltage sensed at this pin is used to control
DGATE. The gate fast pull-down current returns through
IN1 pin when DGATE1 is discharged.
INTVCC: Internal 5V Supply Decoupling Output. This pin
must have a 0.1µF or larger capacitor to GND. An external
load of less than 500µA can be connected at this pin. An
undervoltage lockout threshold of 2.2V will turn off both
MOSFETs.
IMON: Current Sense Monitoring Output. This pin voltage
is proportional to the sense voltage across the current
sense resistor with a voltage gain of 100. An internal 20k
resistor is connected from this pin to ground.
ON: ON Control Input. A rising edge above 1.235V turns
on the external Hot Swap MOSFET and a falling edge below
1.155V turns it off. Connect this pin to an external resistive
divider from SENSE+ to monitor the supply undervoltage
condition. Pulling the ON pin below 0.6V resets the fault
latch after an overcurrent fault. Tie to INTVCC if unused.
OUT: Hot Swap MOSFET Gate Drive Return. Connect this
pin to the output side of the external MOSFET. The gate
fast pull-down current returns through this pin when
HGATE is discharged.
PWRGD: Power Status Output. Output that pulls low when
the FB pin rises above 1.235V and the MOSFET gate drive
between HGATE and OUT exceeds 4.2V. Otherwise it is
pulled high by a 10µA current source to a diode below
INTVCC. It may be pulled above INTVCC using an external
pull-up. Leave open if unused.
REG: Internal Regulated Supply for Current Sense Amplifier. A 0.1µF or larger capacitor should be tied from REG to
SENSE+. This pin is not designed to drive external circuits.
SENSE+: Positive Current Sense Input. Connect this pin
to the diode-OR output of the external ideal diode MOSFETs and input of the current sense resistor. The voltage
sensed at this pin is used for monitoring the current limit
and also to control DGATE for forward voltage regulation
and reverse turn-off. This pin has an undervoltage lockout
threshold of 1.9V that will turn off the Hot Swap MOSFET.
SENSE–: Negative Current Sense Input. Connect this pin
to the output of the current sense resistor. The current
limit circuit controls HGATE to limit the voltage between
SENSE+ and SENSE– to 25mV or less depending on the
voltage at the FB pin.
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
9
LTC4236
Block Diagram
IN1 SENSE+
SENSE –
IN2 CS+
0.9V
200Ω
HGATE
12V
REG
4.1V
FOLDBACK
FB
–
+CM
+
–
CL
GATE
DRIVER
IMON
OUT
20k
10µA
CHARGE
PUMP 2
f = 2MHz
CHARGE
PUMP 1
f = 2MHz
CPO1
100µA
CPO2
100µA
DGATE1
+
–
12V
+
GD2
–
+
–
GD1
15mV
DGATE2
12V
15mV
D2SRC
INTVCC
5V LDO
RST
PG1
0.6V
–
+
EN
INTVCC 1.235V
+
–
–
+
TM1
–
+
TM2
INTVCC
10µA
EN
100µA
1.235V
FTMR
0.2V
FAULT RESET
PG2
DSTAT1
LOGIC
DSTAT2
FB
1.9V
1.235V
4.2V
HGATE
OUT
0.7V
–
+
DGATE1
IN1
0.7V
–
+
DGATE2
D2SRC
INTVCC
10µA
PWRGD
0.3V
1.235V
DTMR
GND
–
+
10µA
INTVCC
10µA
SENSE+
INTVCC
2µA
2.2V
–
+
–
+
HGATE ON
–
+
ON
UVLO2
–
+
ON
–
+
UVLO1
–
+
1.235V
DOFF
DGATE2 OFF
–
+
1.235V
+
–
–
+
D2OFF
0.2V
–
–
+
TM3
–
+
TM4
FAULT
DSTAT1
DSTAT2
EXPOSED PAD
10
4236 BD
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
4236f
LTC4236
Operation
The LTC4236 functions as an input supply diode-OR with
inrush current limiting and overcurrent protection by
controlling the external N-channel MOSFETs (MD1, MD2
and MH) on a supply path. This allows boards to be safely
inserted and removed in systems with a backplane powered
by redundant supplies. The LTC4236 has a single Hot Swap
controller and two separate ideal diode controllers, each
providing independent control for the two input supplies.
When the LTC4236 is first powered up, the gates of the
external MOSFETs are held low, keeping them off. As the
DGATE2 pull-up can be disabled by the D2OFF pin, DGATE2
will pull high only when the D2OFF pin is pulled low. The
gate drive amplifier (GD1, GD2) monitors the voltage between the IN and SENSE+ pins and drives the respective
DGATE pin. The amplifier quickly pulls up the DGATE pin,
turning on the MOSFET for ideal diode control, when it
senses a large forward voltage drop. With the ideal diode
MOSFETs acting as input supply diode-OR, the SENSE+
pin voltage rises to the highest of the supplies at the IN1
and IN2 pins. An external capacitor connected at the CPO
pin provides the charge needed to quickly turn on the
ideal diode MOSFET. An internal charge pump charges
up this capacitor at device power-up. The DGATE pin
sources current from the CPO pin and sinks current into
the IN1, D2SRC and GND pins. When the DGATE1 to IN1
or DGATE2 to D2SRC voltage exceeds 0.7V, the respective DSTAT pin pulls low to indicate that the ideal diode
MOSFET is turned on.
Pulling the ON pin high and EN pin low initiates a debounce
timing cycle that can be a fixed 100ms or adjustable delay
as configured at the DTMR pin. After this timing cycle, a
10µA current source from the charge pump ramps up
the HGATE pin. When the Hot Swap MOSFET turns on,
the inrush current is limited at a level set by an external
sense resistor (RS) connected between the SENSE+ and
SENSE– pins. An active current limit amplifier (CL) servos
the gate of the MOSFET to 25mV or less across the current sense resistor depending on the voltage at the FB
pin. Inrush current can be further reduced, if desired, by
adding a capacitor from HGATE to GND. When FB voltage
rises above 1.235V and the MOSFET’s gate drive (HGATE
to OUT voltage) exceeds 4.2V, the PWRGD pin pulls low.
The high side current sense amplifier (CM) provides accurate monitoring of current through the current sense
resistor. The sense voltage is amplified by 100 times and
level shifted from the positive rail to a ground-referred
output at the IMON pin. The output signal is analog and
may be used as is or measured with an ADC.
When the ideal diode MOSFET is turned on, the gate drive
amplifier controls DGATE to servo the forward voltage
drop (VIN – VSENSE+) across the MOSFET to 15mV. If the
load current causes more than 15mV of voltage drop,
the gate voltage rises to enhance the MOSFET. For large
output currents, the MOSFET’s gate is driven fully on and
the voltage drop is equal to ILOAD•RDS(ON) of the MOSFET.
In the case of an input supply short-circuit when the
MOSFETs are conducting, a large reverse current starts
flowing from the load towards the input. The gate drive
amplifier detects this failure condition and turns off the
ideal diode MOSFET by pulling down the DGATE pin.
In the case where an overcurrent fault occurs on the supply
output, the current is limited with foldback. After a delay
set by 100µA charging the FTMR pin capacitor, the fault
timer expires and pulls the HGATE pin low, turning off the
Hot Swap MOSFET. The FAULT pin is also latched low. At
this point, the DGATE pin continues to pull high and keeps
the ideal diode MOSFET on.
Internal clamps limit both the DGATE1 and CPO1 to IN1,
and DGATE2 and CPO2 to D2SRC voltages to 12V. The
same clamps also limit the DGATE and CPO pins to a diode
voltage below the IN1 or D2SRC pins. Another internal
clamp limits the HGATE to OUT voltage to 12V and also
clamps the HGATE pin to a diode voltage below the OUT pin.
Power to the LTC4236 is supplied from either the IN or
OUT pins, through an internal diode-OR circuit to a low
dropout regulator (LDO). That LDO generates a 5V supply
at the INTVCC pin and powers the LTC4236’s internal low
voltage circuitry.
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
11
LTC4236
Applications Information
Internal VCC Supply
High availability systems often employ parallel-connected
power supplies or battery feeds to achieve redundancy and
enhance system reliability. Power ORing diodes are commonly used to connect these supplies at the point of load at
the expense of power loss due to significant diode forward
voltage drop. The LTC4236 minimizes this power loss by
using external N-channel MOSFETs as the pass elements,
allowing for a low voltage drop from the supply to the load
when the MOSFETs are turned on. When an input source
voltage drops below the output common supply voltage,
the appropriate MOSFET is turned off, thereby matching
the function and performance of an ideal diode. By adding
a current sense resistor and a Hot Swap MOSFET after
the parallel-connected ideal diode MOSFETs, the LTC4236
enhances the ideal diode performance with inrush current
limiting and overcurrent protection (see Figure 1). This
allows the board to be safely inserted and removed from
a live backplane without damaging the connector.
The LTC4236 operates with an input supply from 2.9V to
18V. The power supply to the device is internally regulated
at 5V by a low dropout regulator (LDO) with an output at
the INTVCC pin. An internal diode-OR circuit selects the
highest of the supplies at the IN and OUT pins to power the
device through the LDO. The diode-OR scheme permits the
device’s power to be kept alive by the OUT voltage when
the IN supplies have collapsed or shut off.
An undervoltage lockout circuit prevents all of the MOSFETs
from turning on until the INTVCC voltage exceeds 2.2V. A
0.1µF capacitor is recommended between the INTVCC and
GND pins, close to the device for bypassing. No external
supply should be connected at the INTVCC pin so as not
to affect the LDO’s operation. A small external load of less
than 500µA can be connected at the INTVCC pin.
MD1
SiR158DP
VIN1
12V
Z1
SMAJ15A
VIN2
12V
RS
0.003Ω
MD2
SiR158DP
MH
SiR158DP
Z2
SMAJ15A
C3
0.1µF
C2
0.1µF
R2
13.7k
R1
2k
CPO1 IN1 DGATE1 CPO2
C5
0.1µF
RHG
1k
CHG
10nF
C4
0.1µF
D2SRC IN2 DGATE2
REG
SENSE+ CS+
SENSE–
ON
GND
INTVCC
CARD
CONNECTOR
C1
0.1µF
D2OFF
VSENSE+
R5
100k
HGATE OUT
R3
2k
FAULT
PWRGD
DSTAT1
DSTAT2
EN
IMON
FTMR
DTMR
CDT
0.1µF
CFT
0.1µF
CL
680µF
R4
15k
FB
LTC4236
BACKPLANE
CONNECTOR
+
RH
10Ω
12V
7A
R6
100k
R7
100k
R8
100k
ADC
4236 F01
Figure 1. Card Resident Diode-OR with Hot Swap Application
12
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Applications Information
Turn-On Sequence
The board power supply at the OUT pin is controlled
with external N-channel MOSFETs (MD1, MD2 and MH) in
Figure 1. The ideal diode MOSFETs connected in parallel
on the supply side function as a diode-OR, while MH on
the load side acts as a Hot Swap MOSFET controlling the
power supplied to the output load. The sense resistor RS
monitors the load current for overcurrent detection. The
HGATE capacitor CHG controls the gate slew rate to limit
the inrush current. Resistor RHG with CHG compensates
the current control loop, while RH prevents high frequency
oscillations in the Hot Swap MOSFET.
During a normal power-up, the ideal diode MOSFETs turn
on first. As soon as the internally generated supply, INTVCC,
rises above its 2.2V undervoltage lockout threshold, the
internal charge pump is allowed to charge up the CPO
pins. Because the ideal diode MOSFETs are connected in
parallel as a diode-OR, the SENSE+ pin voltage approaches
the highest of the supplies at the IN1 and IN2 pins. The
MOSFET associated with the lower input supply voltage
will be turned off by the corresponding gate drive amplifier.
Before the Hot Swap MOSFET can be turned on, EN must
remain low and ON must remain high for a debounce cycle
as configured at the DTMR pin, to ensure that any contact
bounces during the insertion have ceased. At the end of
the debounce cycle, the internal fault latch is cleared. The
Hot Swap MOSFET is then allowed to turn on by charging
up HGATE with a 10µA current source from the charge
pump. The voltage at the HGATE pin rises with a slope
equal to 10µA/CHG and the supply inrush current flowing
into the load capacitor CL is limited to:
I INRUSH =
CL
•10µA
CHG
The OUT voltage follows the HGATE voltage when the Hot
Swap MOSFET turns on. If the voltage across the current
sense resistor RS becomes too high based on the FB pin
voltage, the inrush current will be limited by the internal
current limiting circuitry. Once the MOSFET gate overdrive
exceeds 4.2V and the FB pin voltage is above 1.235V, the
PWRGD pin pulls low to indicate that the power is good.
Once OUT reaches the input supply voltage, HGATE continues to ramp up. An internal 12V clamp limits the HGATE
voltage above OUT.
When the ideal diode MOSFET is turned on, the gate
drive amplifier controls the gate of the MOSFET to servo
the forward voltage drop across the MOSFET to 15mV.
If the load current causes more than 15mV of drop, the
MOSFET gate is driven fully on and the voltage drop is
equal to ILOAD • RDS(ON).
Turn-Off Sequence
The external MOSFETs can be turned off by a variety of
conditions. A normal turn-off for the Hot Swap MOSFET is
initiated by pulling the ON pin below its 1.155V threshold
(80mV ON pin hysteresis), or pulling the EN pin above its
1.235V threshold. Additionally, an overcurrent fault that
exceeds the fault timer period also turns off the Hot Swap
MOSFET. Normally, the LTC4236 turns off the MOSFET by
pulling the HGATE pin to ground with a 2mA current sink.
All of the MOSFETs turn off when INTVCC falls below its
undervoltage lockout threshold (2.2V). The DGATE pin is
pulled down with a 100µA current to one diode voltage
below the IN1 or D2SRC pins, while the HGATE pin is pulled
down to the OUT pin by a 200mA current. When D2OFF
is pulled high above 1.235V, the ideal diode MOSFET in
the IN2 power path is turned off with DGATE2 pulled low
by a 100µA current.
The gate drive amplifier controls the ideal diode MOSFET
to prevent reverse current when the input supply falls
below SENSE+. If the input supply collapses quickly, the
gate drive amplifier turns off the ideal diode MOSFET with
a fast pull-down circuit. If the input supply falls at a more
modest rate, the gate drive amplifier controls the MOSFET
to maintain SENSE+ at 15mV below IN.
Board Presence Detect with EN
If ON is high when the EN pin goes low, indicating a board
presence, the LTC4236 initiates a timing cycle as configured
at the DTMR pin for contact debounce. It defaults to internal 100ms delay if DTMR is tied to INTVCC. If an external
capacitor CDT is connected from the DTMR pin to GND,
the delay is given by charging the capacitor to 1.235V with
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
13
LTC4236
Applications Information
a 10µA current. Thereafter, the capacitor is discharged to
ground by a 5mA current. For a given debounce delay, the
equation for setting the external capacitor CDT value is:
CDT = tDB •0.0081 [µF/ms]
Upon board insertion, any bounces on the EN pin restart
the timing cycle. When the debounce timing cycle is done,
the internal fault latch is cleared. If the EN pin remains low
at the end of the timing cycle, HGATE is charged up with
a 10µA current source to turn on the Hot Swap MOSFET.
OUT
10V/DIV
HGATE
10V/DIV
ILOAD
20A/DIV
200µs/DIV
If the EN pin goes high, indicating a board removal, the
HGATE pin is pulled low with a 2mA current sink after a
20µs delay, turning off the Hot Swap MOSFET without
clearing any latched fault.
Figure 2. Overcurrent Fault on 12V Output
OUT
10V/DIV
Overcurrent Fault
The LTC4236 features an adjustable current limit with
foldback that protects the external MOSFET against short
circuits or excessive load current. The voltage across the
external sense resistor RS is monitored by an active current
limit amplifier. The amplifier controls the gate of the Hot
Swap MOSFET to reduce the load current as a function of
the output voltage sensed by the FB pin during active current
limit. A graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics
shows the current limit sense voltage versus FB voltage.
An overcurrent fault occurs when the output has been in
current limit for longer than the fault timer period configured
at the FTMR pin. Current limiting begins when the sense
voltage between the SENSE+ and SENSE– pins reaches
8.3mV to 25mV depending on the FB pin voltage. The gate
of the Hot Swap MOSFET is brought under control by the
current limit amplifier and the output current is regulated
to limit the sense voltage to less than 25mV. At this point,
the fault timer starts with a 100µA current charging the
FTMR pin capacitor. If the FTMR pin voltage exceeds its
1.235V threshold, the external MOSFET turns off with
HGATE pulled to ground by 2mA and FAULT pulls low.
After the Hot Swap MOSFET turns off, the FTMR pin capacitor is discharged with a 2µA pull-down current until
its threshold reaches 0.2V. This is followed by a cool-off
period of 14 timing cycles as described in the FTMR Pin
Functions. Figure 2 shows an overcurrent fault on the
12V output.
14
4236 F02
HGATE
10V/DIV
ILOAD
20A/DIV
5µs/DIV
4236 F03
Figure 3. Severe Short-Circuit on 12V Output
In the event of a severe short-circuit fault on the 12V output
as shown in Figure 3, the output current can surge to tens
of amperes. The LTC4236 responds within 1µs to bring the
current under control by pulling the HGATE to OUT voltage
down to zero volts. Almost immediately, the gate of the Hot
Swap MOSFET recovers rapidly due to the charge stored
in the RHG and CHG network and current is actively limited
until the fault timer expires. Due to parasitic supply lead
inductance, an input supply without any bypass capacitor may collapse during the high current surge and then
spike upwards when the current is interrupted. Figure 9
shows the input supply transient suppressors comprising
of Z1, RSNUB1, CSNUB1 and Z2, RSNUB2, CSNUB2 for the two
supplies if there is no input capacitance.
FTMR Pin Functions
An external capacitor CFT connected from the FTMR pin
to GND serves as fault timing when the supply output is
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Applications Information
in active current limit. When the voltage across the sense
resistor exceeds the foldback current limit threshold (from
25mV to 8.3mV), FTMR pulls up with 100µA. Otherwise,
it pulls down with 2µA. The fault timer expires when the
1.235V FTMR threshold is exceeded, causing the FAULT
pin to pull low. For a given fault timer period, the equation
for setting the external capacitor CFT value is:
CFT = tFT • 0.083 [µF/ms]
After the fault timer expires, the FTMR pin capacitor pulls
down with 2µA from the 1.235V FTMR threshold until it
reaches 0.2V. Then, it completes 14 cooling cycles consisting of the FTMR pin capacitor charging to 1.235V with a
100µA current and discharging to 0.2V with a 2µA current.
At that point, the HGATE pin voltage is allowed to start up
if the fault has been cleared as described in the Resetting
Fault section. When the latched fault is cleared during the
cool-off period, the FAULT pin pulls high. The total cool-off
time for the MOSFET after an overcurrent fault is:
tCOOL = CFT • 8 [s/µF]
After the cool-off period, the HGATE pin is only allowed
to pull up if the fault has been cleared for the latchoff
part. For the auto-retry part, the latched fault is cleared
automatically following the cool-off period and the HGATE
pin voltage is allowed to restart.
Resetting Fault (LTC4236-1)
For the latchoff part, an overcurrent fault is latched after
the fault timer expires and the FAULT pin is asserted low.
Only the Hot Swap MOSFET is turned off and the ideal
diode MOSFETs are not affected.
To reset a latched fault and restart the output, pull the
ON pin below 0.6V for more than 100µs and then high
above 1.235V. The fault latch resets and the FAULT pin
de-asserts on the falling edge of the ON pin. When ON
goes high again and the cool-off cycle has completed, a
debounce timing cycle is initiated before the HGATE pin
voltage restarts. Toggling the EN pin high and then low
again also resets a fault, but the FAULT pin pulls high at
the end of the debounce cycle before the HGATE pin voltage starts up. Bringing all the supplies below the INTVCC
undervoltage lockout threshold (2.2V) shuts off all the
MOSFETs and resets the fault latch. A debounce cycle is
initiated before a normal start-up when any of the supplies
is restored above the INTVCC UVLO threshold.
Auto-Retry after a Fault (LTC4236-2)
For the auto-retry part, the latched fault is reset automatically at the end of the cool-off period as described in the
FTMR Pin Functions section. At the end of the cool-off
period, the fault latch is cleared and FAULT pulls high.
The HGATE pin voltage is allowed to start up and turn on
the Hot Swap MOSFET. If the output short persists, the
supply powers up into a short with active current limiting
until the fault timer expires and FAULT again pulls low. A
new cool-off cycle begins with FTMR ramping down with
a 2µA current. The whole process repeats itself until the
output short is removed. Since tFT and tCOOL are a function
of FTMR capacitance CFT, the auto-retry cycle is equal to
0.15%, irrespective of CFT.
Figure 4 shows an auto-retry sequence after an overcurrent fault.
FTMR
2V/DIV
FAULT
10V/DIV
HGATE
20V/DIV
OUT
10V/DIV
100ms/DIV
4236 F04
Figure 4. Auto-Retry Sequence After a Fault
Monitor Undervoltage Fault
The ON pin functions as a turn-on control and an input
supply monitor. A resistive divider connected between
the supply diode-OR output (SENSE+) and GND at the
ON pin monitors the supply for undervoltage condition.
The undervoltage threshold is set by proper selection of
the resistors at the ON rising threshold voltage (1.235V).
For Figure 1, if R1 = 2k, R2 = 13.7k, the input supply
undervoltage threshold is set to 9.7V.
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
15
LTC4236
Applications Information
An undervoltage fault occurs if the diode-OR output supply falls below its undervoltage threshold. If the ON pin
voltage falls below 1.155V but remains above 0.6V, the
Hot Swap MOSFET is turned off by a 2mA pull-down from
HGATE to ground. The Hot Swap MOSFET turns back on
instantly without the debounce cycle when the diode-OR
output supply rises above its undervoltage threshold.
However, if the ON pin voltage drops below 0.6V, it turns
off the Hot Swap MOSFET and clears the fault latch. The
Hot Swap MOSFET turns back on only after a debounce
cycle when the diode-OR output supply is restored above
its undervoltage threshold.
During the undervoltage fault condition, FAULT will not
be pulled low but PWRGD will be pulled high as HGATE
is pulled low. The ideal diode function controlled by the
ideal diode MOSFET is not affected by the undervoltage
(UV) fault condition.
Power Good Monitor
Internal circuitry monitors the MOSFET gate overdrive
between the HGATE and OUT pins. Also, the FB pin that
connects to OUT through a resistive divider is used to
determine a power good condition. The power good
comparator drives high when the FB pin rises above
1.235V, and drives low when FB falls below 1.215V. The
power good status for the input supply is reported via an
open-drain output, PWRGD. It is normally pulled high by
an external pull-up resistor or the internal 10µA pull-up.
12V
The PWRGD pin pulls low when the FB power good comparator is high and the HGATE drive exceeds 4.2V. The
PWRGD pin goes high when the HGATE is turned off by
the ON or EN pins, or when the FB power good comparator
drives low, or when INTVCC enters undervoltage lockout.
Current Sense Monitor
The current through the external sense resistor is monitored by LTC4236’s current sense amplifier at the CS+
and SENSE– pins (see Figure 5). The amplifier uses
auto-zeroing circuitry to achieve an offset below 150µV
over temperature, sense voltage and input supply voltage. The frequency of the auto-zero clock is 10kHz. An
internal resistor RIN is connected between the amplifier’s
negative input terminal and CS+ pin. The sense amplifier
loop forces the negative input terminal to have the same
potential as SENSE– and that develops a potential across
RIN to be the same as the sense voltage VSENSE. A corresponding current, VSENSE/RIN, will flow through RIN.
The high impedance inputs of the sense amplifier will not
conduct this input current, allowing it to flow through an
internal MOSFET to a resistor ROUT connected between the
IMON and GND pins. The IMON output voltage is equal to
(ROUT/RIN) • VSENSE. The resistor ratio ROUT/RIN defines
the voltage gain of the sense amplifier and is set to 100
with RIN = 200Ω and ROUT = 20k. Full scale input sense
voltage to the sense amplifier is 25mV, corresponding to
an output of 2.5V. For input supply voltages greater than
0.1µF
REG
LTC4236
SENSE+
CS+
VSENSE
SENSE–
RIN
200Ω
0.1µF
10µF
5V
HGATE
REF+
I LOAD
IMON VOUT
LOAD
IN
ROUT
20k
GND
0.1µF
ROUT
VOUT = ––––– • VSENSE = 100 • VSENSE
R IN
VCC
SCL
LTC2451
REF –
GND
2-WIRE I2C
INTERFACE
SDA
4236 F05
Figure 5. High Side Current Monitor with LTC2451 ADC
16
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Applications Information
5V, the output clamps at 3.5V if the allowable input sense
voltage range is exceeded.
IMON Output Filtering
A capacitor connected in parallel with ROUT will give a
low pass response. This will reduce unwanted noise at
the output, and may also be useful as a charge reservoir
to keep the output steady while driving a switching circuit
such as an ADC (see Figure 5). This output capacitor
COUT in parallel with ROUT will create a pole in the output
response at:
fC =
1
2 • π •ROUT •COUT
REG Pin Bypassing
The LTC4236 has an internally regulated supply near
SENSE+ for internal bias of the current sense amplifier. It
is not intended for use as a supply or bias pin for external
circuitry. A 0.1µF capacitor should be connected between
the REG and SENSE+ pins. This capacitor should be located
very near to the device and close to the REG pin for the
best performance.
REG and IMON Start-Up
The start-up current of the current sense amplifier when
the LTC4236 is powered on consists of two parts: the
first is the current necessary to charge the REG bypass
capacitor, which is nominally 0.1µF. Since the REG voltage
charges to approximately 4.1V below the SENSE+ voltage,
this can require a significant amount of start-up current.
The second source is the output current that flows into
ROUT, which upon start-up may temporarily drive the
IMON output high for less than 2ms. This is a temporary
condition which will cease when the sense amplifier settles
into normal closed-loop operation.
CPO and DGATE Start-Up
The CPO pin voltage is initially pulled up to a diode below
the IN1 or D2SRC pin when first powered up (see Figure 1).
However, for application with back-to-back MOSFETs in
IN2 power path, CPO2 starts off at 0V since D2SRC is
near ground (see Figure 8). CPO starts ramping up 7µs
after INTVCC clears its undervoltage lockout level. Another
40µs later, DGATE also starts ramping up with CPO. The
CPO ramp rate is determined by the CPO pull-up current
into the combined CPO and DGATE pin capacitances. An
internal clamp limits the CPO pin voltage to 12V above
the IN1 or D2SRC pin, while the final DGATE pin voltage
is determined by the gate drive amplifier. An internal 12V
clamp limits the DGATE1 and DGATE2 pin voltages above
IN1 and D2SRC respectively.
CPO Capacitor Selection
The recommended value of the capacitor between the CPO1
and IN1, and CP02 and D2SRC pins is approximately 10×
the input capacitance CISS of the ideal diode MOSFET. A
larger capacitor takes a correspondingly longer time to
charge up by the internal charge pump. A smaller capacitor
suffers more voltage drop during a fast gate turn-on event
as it shares charge with the MOSFET gate capacitance.
MOSFET Selection
The LTC4236 drives N-channel MOSFETs to conduct the
load current. The important features of the MOSFETs are
on-resistance RDS(ON), the maximum drain-source voltage
BVDSS and the threshold voltage.
The gate drive for the ideal diode and Hot Swap MOSFET
is guaranteed to be greater than 5V when the supply
voltages at IN1 and IN2 are between 2.9V and 7V. When
the supply voltages at IN1 and IN2 are greater than 7V,
the gate drive is guaranteed to be greater than 10V. The
gate drive is limited to 14V. An external Zener diode can
be used to clamp the potential from the MOSFET’s gate
to source if the rated breakdown voltage is less than 14V.
The maximum allowable drain-source voltage BVDSS
must be higher than the supply voltage including supply
transients as the full supply voltage can appear across the
MOSFET. If an input or output is connected to ground,
the full supply voltage will appear across the MOSFET.
The RDS(ON) should be small enough to conduct the
maximum load current, and also stay within the MOSFET’s
power rating.
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
17
LTC4236
Applications Information
Supply Transient Protection
When the capacitances at the input and output are very
small, rapid changes in current during input or output
short-circuit events can cause transients that exceed the
24V absolute maximum ratings of the IN and OUT pins.
To minimize such spikes, use wider traces or heavier
trace plating to reduce the power trace inductance. Also,
bypass locally with a 10µF electrolytic and 0.1µF ceramic,
or alternatively clamp the input with a transient voltage
suppressor (Z1, Z2). A 100Ω, 0.1µF snubber damps the
response and eliminates ringing (See Figure 9).
Design Example
As a design example for selecting components, consider a
12V system with a 7A maximum load current for the two
supplies (see Figure 1).
First, select the appropriate value of the current sense
resistor RS for the 12V supply. Calculate the sense resistor
value based on the maximum load current ILOAD(MAX) and
the lower limit for the current limit sense voltage threshold
ΔVSENSE(TH)(MIN).
RS =
ΔVSENSE(TH)(MIN)
ILOAD(MAX)
=
22.5mV
= 3.2mΩ
7A
Choose a 3mΩ sense resistor with a 1% tolerance.
Next, calculate the RDS(ON) of the ideal diode MOSFET to
achieve the desired forward drop at maximum load. Assuming a forward drop, ΔVFWD of 30mV across the MOSFET:
RDS(ON) ≤
ΔVFWD
ILOAD(MAX)
=
30mV
= 4.2mΩ
7A
The SiR158DP offers a good choice with a maximum
RDS(ON) of 1.8mΩ at VGS = 10V. The input capacitance
CISS of the SiR158DP is about 4980pF. Slightly exceeding
the 10× recommendation, a 0.1µF capacitor is selected
for C2 and C3 at the CPO pins.
Next, verify that the thermal ratings of the selected Hot
Swap MOSFET are not exceeded during power-up or an
overcurrent fault.
18
Assuming the MOSFET dissipates power due to inrush
current charging the load capacitor CL at power-up, the
energy dissipated in the MOSFET is the same as the energy
stored in the load capacitor, and is given by:
ECL =
1
• CL • VIN2
2
For CL = 680µF, the time it takes to charge up CL is calculated as:
CL • VIN 680µF • 12V
=
= 8ms
IINRUSH
1A
tCHARGE =
The inrush current is set to 1A by adding capacitance CHG
at the gate of the Hot Swap MOSFET.
CHG =
CL • IHGATE(UP)
IINRUSH
=
680µF • 10µA
= 6.8nF
1A
Choose a practical value of 10nF for CHG.
The average power dissipated in the MOSFET is calculated as:
PAVG =
ECL
tCHARGE
2
=
1 680µF • (12V )
•
= 6W
2
8ms
The MOSFET selected must be able to tolerate 6W for 8ms
during power-up. The SOA curves of the SiR158DP provide
45W (1.5A at 30V) for 100ms. This is sufficient to satisfy
the requirement. The increase in junction temperature due
to the power dissipated in the MOSFET is ΔT = PAVG • ZthJC
where ZthJC is the junction-to-case thermal impedance.
Under this condition, the SiR158DP data sheet indicates
that the junction temperature will increase by 3°C using
ZthJC = 0.5°C/W (single pulse).
Next, the power dissipated in the MOSFET during an
overcurrent fault must be safely limited. The fault timer
capacitor (CFT) is used to prevent power dissipation in
the MOSFET from exceeding the SOA rating during active
current limit. A good way to determine a suitable value
for CFT is to superimpose the foldback current limit profile
shown in the Typical Performance Characteristics on the
MOSFET data sheet’s SOA curves.
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Applications Information
For the SiR158DP MOSFET, this exercise yields the plot
in Figure 6.
100
IDM LIMITED
ID – DRAIN CURRENT (A)
10
⎛ 9.7V
⎞
R2 = ⎜
– 1⎟ • 2k = 13.7k
⎝ 1.235V
⎠
1ms
ID LIMITED
10ms
LIMITED BY RDS(ON)*
It remains to select the values for the FB pin resistive
divider in order to set a power good threshold of 10.5V.
Keeping in mind the FB pin’s ±1µA leakage current, choose
a value of 2k for the bottom resistor R3. Calculating the
top resistor R4 value yields:
100ms
1
1s
0.1
TA = 25°C, SINGLE PULSE
MOSFET POWER
DISSIPATION CURVE
RESULTING FROM
FOLDBACK ACTIVE
CURRENT LIMIT
0.01
0.01
10s
⎛ VOUT(PG)
⎞
R4 = ⎜
– 1⎟ • R3
⎝ VFB(TH)
⎠
DC
BVDSS LIMITED
0.1
1
10
VDS – DRAIN-TO-SOURCE VOLTAGE (V)
⎛ VIN(UV)
⎞
R2 = ⎜
– 1⎟ • R1
⎝ VON(TH)
⎠
100
4236 F06
* VGS > MINIMUM VGS AT WHICH RDS(ON) IS SPECIFIED
Figure 6. SiR158DP SOA with Design Example
MOSFET Power Dissipation Superimposed
As can be seen, the LTC4236’s foldback current limit profile
roughly coincides with the 100ms SOA contour. Since
this SOA plot is for an ambient temperature of 25°C only,
a maximum fault timer period of much less than 100ms
should be considered, such as 10ms or less. Selecting a
0.1µF ±10% value for CFT yields a maximum fault timer
period of 1.75ms which should be small enough to protect
the MOSFET during any overcurrent fault scenario.
Next, select the values for the resistive divider at the ON
pin that defines the undervoltage threshold of 9.7V for the
12V supply at SENSE+. Since the leakage current for the
ON pin can be as high as ±1µA, the total resistance in the
divider should be low enough to minimize the resulting
offset error. Calculate the bottom resistor R1 based on
the following equation to obtain less than ±0.2% error
due to leakage current.
⎛ VON(TH) ⎞
⎛ 1.235V ⎞
R1= ⎜
• 0.2% = 2.4k
• 0.2% = ⎜
⎟
⎝ 1µA ⎟⎠
⎝ I IN(LEAK) ⎠
Choose R1 to be 2k to achieve less than ±0.2% error and
calculating R2 yields:
⎛ 10.5V
⎞
– 1⎟ • 2k = 15k
R4 = ⎜
⎝ 1.235V
⎠
The subsequent offset error due to the FB pin leakage
current will be less than ±0.2%.
The final components to consider are a 0.1µF bypass (C1)
at the INTVCC pin and a 0.1µF capacitor (C4) connected
between the REG and SENSE+ pins.
PCB Layout Considerations
To achieve accurate current sensing, a Kelvin connection
for the sense resistor is recommended. The PCB layout
should be balanced and symmetrical to minimize wiring
errors. In addition, the PCB layout for the sense resistor
and the power MOSFET should include good thermal
management techniques for optimal device power dissipation. A recommended PCB layout is illustrated in Figure 7.
Connect the IN and OUT pin traces as close as possible to
the MOSFETs’ terminals. Keep the traces to the MOSFETs
wide and short to minimize resistive losses. The PCB traces
associated with the power path through the MOSFETs
should have low resistance. The suggested trace width for
1oz copper foil is 0.03" for each ampere of DC current to
keep PCB trace resistance, voltage drop and temperature
rise to a minimum. Note that the sheet resistance of 1oz
copper foil is approximately 0.5mΩ/square, and voltage
drops due to trace resistance add up quickly in high current applications.
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
19
LTC4236
Applications Information
VIA TO GND PLANE
• ••
Z1
MD1
PowerPAK SO-8
IN1
W
•
CURRENT FLOW
TO LOAD
IN2
W
S
D
D
G
S
D
D
S
S
D
D
S
G
D
D
S
•
VIA TO IN1
VIA TO DGATE1
VIA TO C2 (CPO1)
•••
RS
•
S
D
S
D
S
D
G
D
•
CURRENT FLOW
TO LOAD
RH
•
MD2
PowerPAK SO-8
•
Z2
MH
PowerPAK SO-8
W
OUT
TRACK WIDTH W:
0.03" PER AMPERE
ON 1oz Cu FOIL
C2
28 27 26 25 24 23
•
VIA TO C4 (REG)
VIA TO DGATE2
VIA TO GND PLANE
1
22
2
21
3
20
• C1
4
•
6
19
18
17
7
16
8
15
C4
•
VIA TO GND PLANE
LTC4236UFD
5
VIA TO SENSE+
9 10 11 12 13 14
•
C3
4236 F07
Figure 7. Recommended PCB Layout for Power MOSFETs and Sense Resistor
It is also important to place the bypass capacitor C1 for
the INTVCC pin, as close as possible between INTVCC and
GND. Also place C2 near the CPO1 and IN1 pins, C3 near
the CPO2 and D2SRC pins, and C4 near the REG and
SENSE+ pins. The transient voltage suppressors Z1 and
Z2, when used, should be mounted close to the LTC4236
using short lead lengths.
Power Prioritizer
Figure 8 shows an application where the IN1 supply is
passed to the output on the basis of priority, rather than
simply allowing the highest voltage to prevail. This is
achieved by connecting a resistive divider from IN1 at the
D2OFF pin to suppress the turn-on of the back-to-back
ideal diode MOSFETs, MD2 and MD3 in the IN2 power path.
In this application, the 5V primary supply (VIN1) is passed
to the output whenever it is available; power is drawn
20
from the 12V backup supply (VIN2) only when the primary
supply is unavailable. As long as VIN1 is above the 4.7V
threshold set by the R6-R7 divider at the D2OFF pin, MD2
and MD3 are turned off, allowing VIN1 to be connected to
the output through MD1. The common source terminals of
MD2 and MD3 are connected to D2SRC pin, which allows
the body-diode of MD2 to reverse block the current flow
from the higher backup supply (VIN2) to the output. If the
primary supply fails and VIN1 drops below 4.3V, D2OFF is
allowed to turn on MD2 and MD3, and connect the VIN2 to
the output. When VIN1 returns to a viable voltage, MD2 and
MD3 turn off, and the output is connected to VIN1. Adding
R5 in the R6-R7 divider and bypassing it with DSTAT2 pin
control allows the D2OFF pin hysteresis to be increased
from 20mV to 100mV. The resistive divider at the ON pin
sets the SENSE+ undervoltage threshold to 4.1V.
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Applications Information
MD1
SiR818DP
VIN1
5V
PRIMARY
SUPPLY
Z1
SMAJ15A
VIN2
+
MD2
SiR818DP
RS
0.004Ω
MD3
SiR818DP
MH
SiR818DP
Z2
SMAJ15A
12V
BACKUP
BATTERY
RH
10Ω
C2
0.1µF
C3
0.1µF
R2
4.64k
R1
2k
CPO1 IN1 DGATE1 IN2 CPO2
RHG
1k
CHG
10nF
C4
0.1µF
D2SRC DGATE2
REG
SENSE+ CS+
SENSE – HGATE
R4
4.87k
FB
LTC4236
R3
2k
FAULT
PWRGD
DSTAT1
D2OFF
ADC
IMON
R6
20k
R5
2.2k
GND
INTVCC
C5
0.1µF
EN
CL
470µF
OUT
ON
R7
56.2k
12V
5A
+
DTMR
C1
0.1µF
DSTAT2
FTMR
CFT
0.1µF
CDT
0.1µF
4236 F08
Figure 8. 2-Channel Power Prioritizer
MD1
SiR158DP
VIN1
12V
Z1
SMAJ15A
VIN2
12V
Z2
SMAJ15A
RSNUB1
100Ω
CSNUB1
0.1µF
R1
10k
RHG
1k
CHG
10nF
C4
0.1µF
C3
0.1µF
CPO1 IN1 DGATE1 CPO2 D2SRC IN2 DGATE2 REG
ON
SENSE+ CS+
SENSE–
C1
0.1µF
D2OFF
D4
R3
2k
IMON
FTMR
CDT
0.1µF
CFT
0.1µF
R6
2.7k
D3
FAULT
PWRGD
DSTAT1
DSTAT2
DTMR
VSENSE+
R5
2.7k
OUT
FB
CARD
CONNECTOR
GND
CL
220µF
R4
15k
HGATE
LTC4236
INTVCC
12V
10A
+
RH
10Ω
EN
BACKPLANE
CONNECTOR
MH
SiR158DP
RSNUB2
100Ω
CSNUB2
0.1µF
C2
0.1µF
PWREN
RS
0.002Ω
MD2
SiR158DP
R7
2.7k
D2
R8
2.7k
D1
ADC
4236 F09
D1, D2, D3: GREEN LED LN1351C
D4: RED LED LN1261CAL
Figure 9. 12V, 10A Card Resident Application
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
21
LTC4236
Typical Application
Plug-In Card 3.3V Prioritized Power Supply at IN1
MD1
SiR818DP
VMAIN
3.3V
Z1
SMAJ13A
VAUX
3.3V
RS
0.004Ω
MD2
SiR818DP
MH
SiR818DP
Z2
SMAJ13A
R2
2.21k
R1
2k
C3
0.1µF
CPO1 IN1 DGATE1 CPO2
D2SRC IN2
RHG
1k
CHG
10nF
C4
0.1µF
DGATE2
REG
SENSE+ CS+
SENSE –
ON
C5
0.1µF
LTC4236
CARD
CONNECTOR
R9
20k
C6
0.1µF
IMON
GND
DTMR
INTVCC
C1
0.1µF
R8
2.2k
22
HGATE OUT
VSENSE+
R5
10k
R3
2k
R6
10k
R7
10k
FAULT
PWRGD
DSTAT1
R10
28.7k
D2OFF
CL
100µF
R4
2.37k
FB
EN
BACKPLANE
CONNECTOR
+
RH
10Ω
C2
0.1µF
3.3V
5A
ADC
DSTAT2
FTMR
CFT
0.1µF
4236 TA02
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
LTC4236
Package Description
Please refer to http://www.linear.com/product/LTC4236#packaging for the most recent package drawings.
UFD Package
28-Lead Plastic QFN (4mm × 5mm)
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1712 Rev B)
0.70 ±0.05
4.50 ±0.05
3.10 ±0.05
2.50 REF
2.65 ±0.05
3.65 ±0.05
PACKAGE OUTLINE
0.25 ±0.05
0.50 BSC
3.50 REF
4.10 ±0.05
5.50 ±0.05
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS
APPLY SOLDER MASK TO AREAS THAT ARE NOT SOLDERED
4.00 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
0.75 ±0.05
R = 0.05
TYP
PIN 1 NOTCH
R = 0.20 OR 0.35
× 45° CHAMFER
2.50 REF
R = 0.115
TYP
27
28
0.40 ±0.10
PIN 1
TOP MARK
(NOTE 6)
1
2
5.00 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
3.50 REF
3.65 ±0.10
2.65 ±0.10
(UFD28) QFN 0506 REV B
0.200 REF
0.00 – 0.05
0.25 ±0.05
0.50 BSC
BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD
NOTE:
1. DRAWING PROPOSED TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE MO-220 VARIATION (WXXX-X).
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE
5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED
6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION
ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
4236f
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
23
LTC4236
Typical Application
12V, 5A Backplane Resident Ideal Diode-OR Application with Inrush Current Limiting
VIN1
12V
VIN2
12V
MD1
SiR158DP
BULK
SUPPLY
BYPASS
CAPACITOR
RS
0.004Ω
MD2
SiR158DP
MH
SiR158DP
+
BULK
SUPPLY
BYPASS
CAPACITOR
RH
10Ω
C2
0.1µF
CPO1 IN1 DGATE1 CPO2
D2SRC IN2 DGATE2
REG
SENSE+ CS+
SENSE –
HGATE OUT
R2
13.7k
R4
15k
FB
FAULT
PWRGD
DSTAT1
DSTAT2
EN
ON
R1
2k
CL
1000µF
RHG
1k
CHG
10nF
C4
0.1µF
C3
0.1µF
12V
5A
C5
0.1µF
LTC4236
R3
2k
BACKPLANE
D2OFF
GND
INTVCC
DTMR
IMON
FTMR
CFT
0.1µF
C1
0.1µF
PLUG-IN
CARD
ADC
4236 TA03
Related Parts
PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION
COMMENTS
LTC4210
Single Channel Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 2.7V to 16.5V, Active Current Limiting, TSOT23-6
LTC4211
Single Channel Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 2.5V to 16.5V, Multifunction Current Control, MSOP-8, SO-8 or MSOP-10
LTC4215
Single Channel Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 2.9V to 15V, I2C Compatible Monitoring, SSOP-16 or QFN-24
LTC4216
Single Channel Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 0V to 6V, Active Current Limiting, MSOP-10 or DFN-12
LTC4218
Single Channel Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 2.9V to 26.5V, Active Current Limiting, SSOP-16 or DFN-16
LTC4221
Dual Channel Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 1V to 13.5V, Multifunction Current Control, SSOP-16
LTC4222
Dual Channel Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 2.9V to 29V, I2C Compatible Monitoring, SSOP-36 or QFN-32
LTC4223
Dual Supply Hot Swap Controller
Controls 12V and 3.3V, Active Current Limiting, SSOP-16 or DFN-16
LTC4224
Dual Channel Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 1V to 6V, Active Current Limiting, MSOP-10 or DFN-10
LTC4227
Dual Ideal Diode and Single Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 2.9V to 18V, Controls Three N-Channels, SSOP-16 or QFN-20
LTC4228
Dual Ideal Diode and Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 2.9V to 18V, Controls Four N-Channels, SSOP-28 or QFN-28
LTC4229
Ideal Diode and Hot Swap Controller
Operates from 2.9V to 18V, Controls Two N-Channels, SSOP-24 or QFN-24
LTC4235
Dual 12V Ideal Diode-OR and Single Hot Swap
Controller with Current Monitor
Operates from 9V to 14V, Controls Three N-Channels, QFN-20
LTC4352
Low Voltage Ideal Diode Controller
Operates from 0V to 18V, Controls N-Channel, MSOP-12 or DFN-12
LTC4353
Dual Low Voltage Ideal Diode Controller
Operates from 0V to 18V, Controls Two N-Channels, MSOP-16 or DFN-16
LTC4355
Positive High Voltage Ideal Diode-OR and Monitor Operates from 9V to 80V, Controls Two N-Channels, SO-16, DFN-14 or MSOP-16
LTC4357
Positive High Voltage Ideal Diode Controller
24 Linear Technology Corporation
Operates from 9V to 80V, Controls N-Channel, MSOP-8 or DFN-6
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4236
(408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com/LTC4236
4236f
LT 1215 • PRINTED IN USA
 LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2015