LM2991 www.ti.com SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 LM2991 Negative Low Dropout Adjustable Regulator Check for Samples: LM2991 FEATURES 1 • 2 • • • • • • • Output Voltage Adjustable from −3V to −24V, Typically −2V to −25V Output Current in Excess of 1A Dropout Voltage Typically 0.6V at 1A Load Low Quiescent Current Internal Short Circuit Current Limit Internal Thermal Shutdown with Hysteresis TTL, CMOS Compatible ON/OFF Switch Functional Complement to the LM2941 Series APPLICATIONS • • • Post Switcher Regulator Local, On-Card, Regulation Battery Operated Equipment DESCRIPTION The LM2991 is a low dropout adjustable negative regulator with a output voltage range between −3V to −24V. The LM2991 provides up to 1A of load current and features a On /Off pin for remote shutdown capability. The LM2991 uses new circuit design techniques to provide a low dropout voltage, low quiescent current and low temperature coefficient precision reference. The dropout voltage at 1A load current is typically 0.6V and an ensured worst-case maximum of 1V over the entire operating temperature range. The quiescent current is typically 1 mA with a 1A load current and an input-output voltage differential greater than 3V. A unique circuit design of the internal bias supply limits the quiescent current to only 9 mA (typical) when the regulator is in the dropout mode (VOUT − VIN ≤ 3V). The LM2991 is short-circuit proof, and thermal shutdown includes hysteresis to enhance the reliability of the device when inadvertently overloaded for extended periods. The LM2991 is available in 5lead TO-220 and DDPAK/TO-263 packages and is rated for operation over the automotive temperature range of −40°C to +125°C. Mil-Aero versions are also available. Typical Application VOUT = VREF (1 + R2/R1) *Required if the regulator is located further than 6 inches from the power supply filter capacitors. A 1 μF solid tantalum or a 10 μF aluminum electrolytic capacitor is recommended. **Required for stability. Must be at least a 10 μF aluminum electrolytic or a 1 μF solid tantalum to maintain stability. May be increased without bound to maintain regulation during transients. Locate the capacitor as close as possible to the regulator. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) is critical, and should be less than 10Ω over the same operating temperature range as the regulator. 1 2 Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated LM2991 SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 www.ti.com Connection Diagrams Front View Top View Figure 1. TO-220 Package, 5-Lead See Package Number KC and NDH Figure 2. DDPAK, TO-263 Package, 5-Lead, Surface-Mount See Package Number KTT These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (1) (2) −26V to +0.3V Input Voltage ESD Susceptibility (3) 2 kV Power Dissipation (4) Internally limited −65°C to +150°C Storage Temperature Range Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) (1) (2) (3) (4) 230°C Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is intended to be functional, but do not ensure specific performance limits. For ensured specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics. If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications. Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor. The maximum allowable power dissipation is a function of the maximum operating junction temperature (TJ(MAX)), the thermal resistance of the package (θJA), and the ambient temperature (TA). The maximum allowable power dissipation is: PD = (TJ(MAX) − TA)/θJA, where TJ(MAX) is 125°C, and TA is the maximum expected ambient temperature. If this dissipation is exceeded, the die temperature will rise above 125°C. Excessive power dissipation will cause the LM2991 to go into thermal shutdown (See Thermal Shutdown). For the LM2991, the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance is 53°C/W for the TO-220, 73°C/W for the DDPAK/TO-263, and junction-to-case thermal resistance is 3°C/W. If the DDPAK/TO-263 package is used, the thermal resistance can be reduced by increasing the PC board copper area thermally connected to the package. Using 0.5 square inches of copper area, θJA is 50°C/W; with 1 square inch of copper area, θJA is 37°C/W; and with 1.6 or more square inches of copper area, θJA is 32°C/W. OPERATING RATINGS (1) −40°C to +125°C Junction Temperature Range (TJ) ON/OFF Pin 0V to +5V −26V Maximum Input Voltage (Operational) (1) 2 Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is intended to be functional, but do not ensure specific performance limits. For ensured specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 LM2991 www.ti.com SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS VIN = −10V, VO = −3V, IO = 1A, CO = 47 μF, R1 = 2.7 kΩ, TJ = 25°C, unless otherwise specified. Boldface limits apply over the entire operating junction temperature range. Parameter Reference Voltage Output Voltage Range Conditions Typical (1) Min Max −1.210 −1.234 −1.186 −1.27 −1.15 5 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1A 5 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1A, VO − 1V ≥ VIN ≥ −26V −2 VIN = −26V −25 Units −3 −24 V V Line Regulation IO = 5 mA, VO − 1V ≥ VIN ≥ −26V 0.004 0.04 %/V Load Regulation 50 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1A 0.04 0.4 % 0.1 0.2 IO = 0.1A, ΔVO ≤ 100 mV 0.3 Dropout Voltage 0.6 IO = 1A, ΔVO ≤ 100 mV 0.8 1 Quiescent Current IO ≤ 1A 0.7 Dropout Quiescent Current VIN = VO, IO ≤ 1A 16 Ripple Rejection Vripple = 1 Vrms, fripple = 1 kHz, IO = 5 mA 60 Output Noise 10 Hz − 100 kHz, IO = 5 mA V V 5 mA 50 mA 200 450 μV (VOUT: ON) 1.2 0.8 (VOUT: OFF) 1.3 VON/OFF = 0.8V (VOUT: ON) 0.1 10 VON/OFF = 2.4V (VOUT: OFF) 40 100 Output Leakage Current VIN = −26V, VON/OFF = 2.4V, VOUT = 0V 60 Current Limit VOUT = 0V 2 ON /OFF Input Voltage ON /OFF Input Current (1) 50 dB 2.4 250 1.5 V μA μA A Typicals are at TJ = 25°C and represent the most likely parametric norm. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 3 LM2991 SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 www.ti.com TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 4 Dropout Voltage Normalized Output Voltage Figure 3. Figure 4. Output Voltage Output Noise Voltage Figure 5. Figure 6. Quiescent Current Maximum Output Current Figure 7. Figure 8. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 LM2991 www.ti.com SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS (continued) Line Transient Response Load Transient Response Figure 9. Figure 10. Maximum Output Current Ripple Rejection Figure 11. Figure 12. Output Impedance ON /OFF Control Voltage Figure 13. Figure 14. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 5 LM2991 SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 www.ti.com TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (1) 6 Adjust Pin Current Low Voltage Behavior Figure 15. Figure 16. Maximum Power Dissipation (TO-220) Maximum Power Dissipation (DDPAK/TO-263) (1) Figure 17. Figure 18. The maximum allowable power dissipation is a function of the maximum operating junction temperature (TJ(MAX)), the thermal resistance of the package (θJA), and the ambient temperature (TA). The maximum allowable power dissipation is: PD = (TJ(MAX) − TA)/θJA, where TJ(MAX) is 125°C, and TA is the maximum expected ambient temperature. If this dissipation is exceeded, the die temperature will rise above 125°C. Excessive power dissipation will cause the LM2991 to go into thermal shutdown (See Thermal Shutdown). For the LM2991, the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance is 53°C/W for the TO-220, 73°C/W for the DDPAK/TO-263, and junction-to-case thermal resistance is 3°C/W. If the DDPAK/TO-263 package is used, the thermal resistance can be reduced by increasing the PC board copper area thermally connected to the package. Using 0.5 square inches of copper area, θJA is 50°C/W; with 1 square inch of copper area, θJA is 37°C/W; and with 1.6 or more square inches of copper area, θJA is 32°C/W. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 LM2991 www.ti.com SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 APPLICATION HINTS External Capacitors Like any low-dropout regulator, external capacitors are required to stabilize the control loop. These capacitors must be correctly selected for proper performance. Input Capacitor An input capacitor is required if the regulator is located more than 6 inches from the input power supply filter capacitor (or if no other input capacitor is present). A solid Tantalum or ceramic capacitor whose value is at least 1 µF is recommended, but an aluminum electrolytic (≥ 10 µF) may be used. However, aluminum electrolytic types should not be used in applications where the ambient temperature can drop below 0°C because their internal impedance increases significantly at cold temperatures. Output Capacitor The output capacitor must meet the ESR limits shown in Figure 19, which means it must have an ESR between about 25 mΩ and 10Ω. Figure 19. Output Capacitor ESR Range A solid Tantalum (value ≥ 1 µF) is the best choice for the output capacitor. An aluminum electrolytic (≥ 10 µF) may be used if the ESR is in the stable range. It should be noted that the ESR of a typical aluminum electrolytic will increase by as much as 50X as the temperature is reduced from 25°C down to −40°C, while a Tantalum will exhibit an ESR increase of about 2X over the same range. For this and other reasons, aluminum electrolytics should not be used in applications where low operating temperatures occur. The lower stable ESR limit of 25 mΩ means that ceramic capacitors can not be used directly on the output of an LDO. A ceramic (≥ 2.2 µF) can be used on the output if some external resistance is placed in series with it (1Ω recommended). Dielectric types X7R or X5R must be used if the temperature range of the application varies more than ± 25° from ambient to assure the amount of capacitance is sufficient. Ceramic Bypass Capacitors Many designers place distributed ceramic capacitors whose value is in the range of 1000 pF to 0.1 µF at the power input pins of the IC's across a circuit board. These can cause reduced phase margin or oscillations in LDO regulators. The advent of multi-layer boards with dedicated power and ground planes has removed the trace inductance that (previously) provided the necessary "de-coupling" to shield the output of the LDO from the effects of bypass capacitors. These capacitors should be avoided if possible, and kept as far away from the LDO output as is practical. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 7 LM2991 SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 www.ti.com Minimum Load A minimum load current of 500 μA is required for proper operation. The external resistor divider can provide the minimum load, with the resistor from the adjust pin to ground set to 2.4 kΩ. Setting the Output Voltage The output voltage of the LM2991 is set externally by a resistor divider using the following equation: VOUT = VREF x (1 + R2/R1) − (IADJ x R2) where • VREF = −1.21V (1) The output voltage can be programmed within the range of −3V to −24V, typically an even greater range of −2V to −25V. The adjust pin current is about 60 nA, causing a slight error in the output voltage. However, using resistors lower than 100 kΩ makes the error due to the adjust pin current negligible. For example, neglecting the adjust pin current, and setting R2 to 100 kΩ and VOUT to −5V, results in an output voltage error of only 0.16%. ON/OFF Pin The LM2991 regulator can be turned off by applying a TTL or CMOS level high signal to the ON/OFF pin. The impedance of the voltage source driving the ON/OFF pin should be low enough to source the ON/OFF pin input current to meet the OFF threshold voltage level, 100 µA maximum at 2.4V. If the ON/OFF function is not needed, the pin should be connected to Ground. The ON/OFF pin should not be left floating, as this is not an ensured operating condition. See the Adjustable Current Sink Application, Figure 21. Forcing the Output Positive Due to an internal clamp circuit, the LM2991 can withstand positive voltages on its output. If the voltage source pulling the output positive is DC, the current must be limited to 1.5A. A current over 1.5A fed back into the LM2991 could damage the device. The LM2991 output can also withstand fast positive voltage transients up to 26V, without any current limiting of the source. However, if the transients have a duration of over 1 ms, the output should be clamped with a Schottky diode to ground. Thermal Shutdown The LM2991 has an internally set thermal shutdown point of typically 160°C, with approximately 10°C of hysteresis. This thermal shutdown temperature point is outside the specified Operating Rating range, above the Absolute Maximum Ratings, and is intended as a safety feature for momentary fault conditions only. Continuous operation near the thermal shutdown temperature should be avoided as it may have a negative affect on the life of the device. 8 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 LM2991 www.ti.com SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 Typical Applications Figure 20. Fully Isolated Post-Switcher Regulator Figure 21. Adjustable Current Sink Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 9 LM2991 SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 www.ti.com Equivalent Schematic 10 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 LM2991 www.ti.com SNVS099H – MAY 1999 – REVISED JUNE 2013 REVISION HISTORY Changes from Revision G (April 2013) to Revision H • Page Changed layout of National Data Sheet to TI format .......................................................................................................... 10 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2991 11 PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com 1-Nov-2013 PACKAGING INFORMATION Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package Pins Package Drawing Qty Eco Plan Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (2) (6) (3) Op Temp (°C) Device Marking (4/5) LM2991S NRND DDPAK/ TO-263 KTT 5 45 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 125 LM2991S P+ LM2991S/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/ TO-263 KTT 5 45 Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2991S P+ LM2991SX NRND DDPAK/ TO-263 KTT 5 500 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 125 LM2991S P+ LM2991SX/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/ TO-263 KTT 5 500 Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2991S P+ LM2991T NRND TO-220 KC 5 45 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 125 LM2991T P+ LM2991T/LB03 NRND TO-220 NDH 5 45 TBD Call TI Call TI LM2991T P+ LM2991T/LF03 ACTIVE TO-220 NDH 5 45 Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt) CU SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM LM2991T P+ LM2991T/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 KC 5 45 Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt) CU SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2991T P+ (1) The marketing status values are defined as follows: ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs. LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect. NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design. PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available. OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device. (2) Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability information and additional product content details. TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined. Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above. Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material) (3) MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature. Addendum-Page 1 Samples PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com (4) 1-Nov-2013 There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device. 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Addendum-Page 2 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 8-Apr-2013 TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION *All dimensions are nominal Device Package Package Pins Type Drawing SPQ Reel Reel A0 Diameter Width (mm) (mm) W1 (mm) LM2991SX DDPAK/ TO-263 KTT 5 500 330.0 24.4 LM2991SX/NOPB DDPAK/ TO-263 KTT 5 500 330.0 24.4 Pack Materials-Page 1 B0 (mm) K0 (mm) P1 (mm) W Pin1 (mm) Quadrant 10.75 14.85 5.0 16.0 24.0 Q2 10.75 14.85 5.0 16.0 24.0 Q2 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 8-Apr-2013 *All dimensions are nominal Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) LM2991SX DDPAK/TO-263 KTT 5 500 367.0 367.0 45.0 LM2991SX/NOPB DDPAK/TO-263 KTT 5 500 367.0 367.0 45.0 Pack Materials-Page 2 MECHANICAL DATA NDH0005D www.ti.com MECHANICAL DATA KTT0005B TS5B (Rev D) BOTTOM SIDE OF PACKAGE www.ti.com IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, enhancements, improvements and other changes to its semiconductor products and services per JESD46, latest issue, and to discontinue any product or service per JESD48, latest issue. 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