Product Folder Sample & Buy Support & Community Tools & Software Technical Documents LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 LM2731 0.6/1.6-MHz Boost Converters With 22-V Internal FET Switch in SOT-23 1 Features 3 Description • • The LM2731 switching regulators are current-mode boost converters operating at fixed frequencies of 1.6 MHz (X option) and 600 kHz (Y option). 1 • • • • • • • • 22-V DMOS FET Switch 1.6-MHz (X Option), 0.6-MHz (Y Option) Switching Frequency Low RDS(ON) DMOS FET Switch Current Up to 1.8 A Wide Input Voltage Range (2.7 V to 14 V) Low Shutdown Current (<1 µA) 5-Lead SOT-23 Package Uses Tiny Capacitors and Inductors Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limiting Internally Compensated 2 Applications • • • • • White LED Current Sources PDAs and Palm-Top Computers Digital Cameras Portable Phones and Games Local Boost Regulators The use of SOT-23 package, made possible by the minimal power loss of the internal 1.8-A switch, and use of small inductors and capacitors result in the highest power density of the industry. The 22-V internal switch makes these solutions perfect for boosting to voltages up to 20 V. These parts have a logic-level shutdown pin that can reduce quiescent current and extend battery life. Protection is provided through cycle-by-cycle current limiting and thermal shutdown. Internal compensation simplifies design and reduces component count. Device Information(1) PART NUMBER LM2731 PACKAGE SOT-23 (5) BODY SIZE (NOM) 1.60 mm × 2.90 mm (1) For all available packages, see the orderable addendum at the end of the data sheet. Block Diagram 1 An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this data sheet addresses availability, warranty, changes, use in safety-critical applications, intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers. PRODUCTION DATA. LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com Table of Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Features .................................................................. Applications ........................................................... Description ............................................................. Revision History..................................................... Pin Configuration and Functions ......................... Specifications......................................................... 1 1 1 2 3 3 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 3 3 4 4 5 7 Absolute Maximum Ratings ...................................... ESD Ratings.............................................................. Recommended Operating Conditions....................... Thermal Information .................................................. Electrical Characteristics........................................... Typical Characteristics .............................................. Detailed Description ............................................ 11 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Overview ................................................................. Functional Block Diagram ....................................... Feature Description................................................. Device Functional Modes........................................ 11 11 11 12 8 Application and Implementation ........................ 13 8.1 Application Information............................................ 13 8.2 Typical Application .................................................. 13 8.3 System Examples ................................................... 18 9 Power Supply Recommendations...................... 20 10 Layout................................................................... 20 10.1 Layout Guidelines ................................................. 20 10.2 Layout Example .................................................... 20 10.3 Thermal Considerations ........................................ 21 11 Device and Documentation Support ................. 22 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Device Support...................................................... Community Resources.......................................... Trademarks ........................................................... Electrostatic Discharge Caution ............................ Glossary ................................................................ 22 22 22 22 22 12 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information ........................................................... 22 4 Revision History NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version. Changes from Revision F (November 2012) to Revision G • 2 Page Added ESD Ratings table, Feature Description section, Device Functional Modes, Application and Implementation section, Power Supply Recommendations section, Layout section, Device and Documentation Support section, and Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information section. ................................................................................................ 1 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 www.ti.com SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 5 Pin Configuration and Functions DBV Package 5-Pin SOT-23 Top View FB GND SW 3 2 1 4 5 SHDN VIN Pin Functions PIN NAME I/O NO. DESCRIPTION FB 3 I Feedback point that connects to external resistive divider. GND 2 PWR SHDN 4 I Shutdown control input. Connect to VIN if the feature is not used. SW 1 O Drain of the internal FET switch VIN 5 PWR Analog and power ground Analog and power input 6 Specifications 6.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings (1) Operating Junction Temperature MIN MAX UNIT –40 125 °C 300 °C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 5 sec.) Power Dissipation (2) Internally Limited FB Pin Voltage –0.4 6 V SW Pin Voltage –0.4 22 V Input Supply Voltage –0.4 14.5 V SHDN Pin Voltage –0.4 VIN + 0.3 V Storage Temperature, Tstg –65 150 °C (1) (2) Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, which do not imply functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under Recommended Operating Conditions. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. The maximum power dissipation which can be safely dissipated for any application is a function of the maximum junction temperature, TJ(MAX) = 125°C, the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance for the SOT-23 package, RθJA = 265°C/W, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any ambient temperature for designs using this device can be calculated using the P (MAX) = TJ (MAX) - TA 125 - TA = qJ - A 265 . If power dissipation exceeds the maximum specified above, the internal thermal formula: protection circuitry will protect the device by reducing the output voltage as required to maintain a safe junction temperature. 6.2 ESD Ratings V(ESD) (1) (2) Electrostatic discharge Human body model (HBM), per ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001 (1) (2) VALUE UNIT ±2000 V JEDEC document JEP155 states that 500-V HBM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process. The human body model is a 100-pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5-kΩ resistor into each pin. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 3 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com 6.3 Recommended Operating Conditions over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted) MIN NOM MAX UNIT VIN Input Supply Voltage 2.7 14 V Vsw SW Pin Voltage 3 20 V Vshdn Shutdown Supply Voltage (1) 0 VIN V TJ Junction Temperature Range –40 125 ºC (1) This pin should not be allowed to float or be greater than VIN + 0.3 V. 6.4 Thermal Information LM2731 THERMAL METRIC (1) DBV (SOT-23) UNIT 5 PINS RθJA Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance 209.9 °C/W RθJC(top) RθJB Junction-to-case (top) thermal resistance 122 °C/W Junction-to-board thermal resistance 38.4 °C/W ψJT Junction-to-top characterization parameter 12.8 °C/W ψJB Junction-to-board characterization parameter 37.5 °C/W RθJC(bot) Junction-to-case (bottom) thermal resistance N/A °C/W (1) 4 For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the Semiconductor and IC Package Thermal Metrics application report, SPRA953. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 www.ti.com SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 6.5 Electrical Characteristics Limits are for TJ = 25°C. Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 5 V, VSHDN = 5 V, IL = 0 A. PARAMETER VIN Input Voltage TEST CONDITIONS −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C MIN (1) 2.7 VIN = 2.7 V −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C RL = 43 Ω X Option (3) 8 16 7.5 6 VIN = 3.3 V 11 8.75 15 VIN = 2.7 V −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C RL = 15 Ω X Option (3) 3.75 6.5 5 VIN = 5 V 10 VIN = 2.7 V −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C RL = 15 Ω Y Option (3) 5 4 VIN = 3.3 V −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C 7 5.5 VIN = 5 V ISW Switch Current Limit See (4) ISW = 100 mA Vin = 5 V RDS(ON) Switch ON-Resistance ISW = 100 mA Vin = 3.3 V SHDNTH 1.8 −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C 1.4 TJ = 25°C Shutdown Pin Bias Current 300 −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C VIN = 3 V IFB Feedback Pin Bias Current VFB = 1.23 V V 0.5 0 0 −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C TJ = 25°C (1) (2) (3) (4) mΩ 1.5 −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C µA 2 TJ = 25°C Feedback Pin Reference Voltage 450 550 TJ = 25°C VFB 400 500 TJ = 25°C Device OFF VSHDN = 5 V A 260 VSHDN = 0 ISHDN 2 −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C Shutdown Threshold 10 TJ = 25°C Device ON V 5 VIN = 3.3 V −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C V 10 VIN = 5 V Minimum Output Voltage Under Load UNIT 5.4 VIN = 2.7 V −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C VOUT (MIN) 14 VIN = 5 V −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C MAX (1) 7 VIN = 3.3 V −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C RL = 43 Ω Y Option (3) TYP (2) 1.230 1.205 1.255 V 60 500 nA Limits are ensured by testing, statistical correlation, or design. Typical values are derived from the mean value of a large quantity of samples tested during characterization and represent the most likely expected value of the parameter at room temperature. L = 10 µH, COUT = 4.7 µF, duty cycle = maximum Switch current limit is dependent on duty cycle (see Typical Characteristics). Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 5 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com Electrical Characteristics (continued) Limits are for TJ = 25°C. Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 5 V, VSHDN = 5 V, IL = 0 A. PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS VSHDN = 5 V, Switching "X" IQ Quiescent Current VSHDN = 5 V, Switching "Y" VSHDN = 5 V, Not Switching MIN (1) TJ = 25°C FB Voltage Line Regulation −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C TJ = 25°C 2 TJ = 25°C 400 −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C 500 0.024 Switching Frequency (5) −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C 1 DMAX Maximum Duty Cycle (5) 0.4 (5) 6 Switch Leakage −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C Not Switching VSW = 5 V MHz 0.8 86% 78% TJ = 25°C “Y” Option IL −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C 1.85 0.6 TJ = 25°C “X” Option %/V 1.6 TJ = 25°C “Y” Option µA 1 0.02 TJ = 25°C FSW mA 1 −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C UNIT 3 2.7 V ≤ VIN ≤ 14 V “X” Option MAX (1) 2 VSHDN = 0 ΔVFB/ΔVIN TYP (2) 93% 88% 1 µA Specified limits are the same for Vin = 3.3 V input. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 www.ti.com SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 6.6 Typical Characteristics 2.2 1.25 2.15 1.2 2.1 1.15 IQ VIN ACTIVE (mA) IQ VIN ACTIVE (mA) Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 5 V, SHDN pin tied to VIN. 2.05 2 1.95 1.9 1.1 1.05 1 0.95 1.85 0.9 -50 1.8 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 -25 0 25 50 100 125 150 75 o 150 TEMPERATURE ( C) o TEMPERATURE ( C) Figure 2. Iq VIN (Active) vs Temperature - Y Option Figure 1. Iq VIN (Active) vs Temperature - X Option 0.6 VIN = 5V 1.56 1.54 1.52 VIN = 3.3V 1.5 1.48 1.46 1.44 1.42 OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (MHz) OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (MHz) 1.58 VIN = 5V 0.58 0.56 VIN = 3.3V 0.54 0.52 0.5 0.48 1.4 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 -50 -25 125 150 0 Figure 3. Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature - X Option 50 75 100 125 150 Figure 4. Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature - Y Option 96.8 0.6 96.7 VIN = 5V 0.58 96.6 0.56 MAX DUTY CYCLE (%) OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (MHz) 25 TEMPERATURE (oC) TEMPERATURE (oC) VIN = 3.3V 0.54 0.52 96.5 VIN = 3.3V 96.4 96.3 VIN = 5V 96.2 96.1 0.5 96 0.48 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 95.9 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (oC) TEMPERATURE (oC) Figure 5. Maximum Duty Cycle vs Temperature - X Option Figure 6. Maximum Duty Cycle vs Temperature - Y Option Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 7 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com Typical Characteristics (continued) Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 5 V, SHDN pin tied to VIN. 0.09 375 0.08 FEEDBACK BIAS CURRENT (PA) 380 IQ VIN (IDLE) (PA) 370 365 360 355 350 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 345 0.01 0 340 -50 0 -25 50 25 100 75 0 -25 -50 125 150 TEMPERATURE ( C) TEMPERATURE ( C) 1.231 0.5 1.23 0.45 0.4 1.229 Vin = 3.3V 0.35 1.228 RDS(ON) (:) FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) 150 125 Figure 8. Feedback Bias Current vs Temperature 1.227 1.226 1.225 0.3 Vin = 5V 0.25 0.2 0.15 1.224 0.1 1.223 0.05 0 1.222 -40 0 -25 25 50 75 100 -40 125 0 -25 TEMPERATURE (oC) 25 50 75 100 125 TEMPERATURE (oC) Figure 9. Feedback Voltage vs Temperature Figure 10. RDS(ON) vs Temperature 350 2.6 300 2.5 250 2.4 RDS_ON (m:) CURRENT LIMIT (A) 100 75 o Figure 7. Iq VIN (Idle) vs Temperature 2.3 200 150 2.2 100 2.1 50 0 2 -40 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 TEMPERATURE (oC) 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 VIN (V) Figure 11. Current Limit vs Temperature 8 50 25 o Submit Documentation Feedback Figure 12. RDS(ON) vs VIN Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 www.ti.com SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 Typical Characteristics (continued) 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 5 V, SHDN pin tied to VIN. 60 50 40 60 50 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 50 100 200 150 250 0 300 200 400 LOAD (mA) 600 1000 1200 1400 800 LOAD (mA) VIN = 2.7 V VOUT = 5 V VIN = 4.2 V Figure 13. Efficiency vs Load Current - X Option VOUT = 5 V Figure 14. Efficiency vs Load Current - X Option 80 100 70 90 80 60 70 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 50 40 30 60 50 40 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 0 50 0 100 400 300 500 600 LOAD (mA) LOAD (mA) VIN = 2.7 V VOUT = 12 V VIN = 5 V Figure 15. Efficiency vs Load Current - X Option 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 50 40 VOUT = 12 V Figure 16. Efficiency vs Load Current - X Option 100 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 200 60 50 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 VIN = 5 V 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 LOAD (mA) LOAD (mA) VIN = 2.7 V VOUT = 18 V Figure 17. Efficiency vs Load Current - X Option VOUT = 5 V Figure 18. Efficiency vs Load Current - Y Option Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 9 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com Typical Characteristics (continued) 100 100 90 90 80 80 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 5 V, SHDN pin tied to VIN. 70 60 50 40 70 60 50 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 0 200 400 600 800 200 400 1000 1200 1400 800 1000 1200 1400 VIN = 4.2 V LOAD (mA) VIN = 3.3 V VOUT = 5 V VOUT = 5 V Figure 19. Efficiency vs Load Current - Y Option Figure 20. Efficiency vs Load Current - Y Option 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 600 LOAD (mA) 60 50 40 30 60 50 40 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 20 40 60 0 80 50 LOAD (mA) 100 150 200 250 LOAD (mA) VIN = 2.7 V VOUT = 12 V VIN = 3.3 V Figure 21. Efficiency vs Load Current - Y Option VOUT = 12 V Figure 22. Efficiency vs Load Current - Y Option 100 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 LOAD (mA) VIN = 5 V VOUT = 12 V Figure 23. Efficiency vs Load Current - Y Option 10 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 www.ti.com SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 7 Detailed Description 7.1 Overview The LM2731 device is a switching converter IC that operates at a fixed frequency (0.6 or 1.6 MHz) for fast transient response over a wide input voltage range and incorporates pulse-by-pulse current limiting protection. Because this is current mode control, a 33-mΩ sense resistor in series with the switch FET is used to provide a voltage (which is proportional to the FET current) to both the input of the pulse width modulation (PWM) comparator and the current limit amplifier. 7.1.1 Theory of Operation At the beginning of each cycle, the S-R latch turns on the FET. As the current through the FET increases, a voltage (proportional to this current) is summed with the ramp coming from the ramp generator and then fed into the input of the PWM comparator. When this voltage exceeds the voltage on the other input (coming from the Gm amplifier), the latch resets and turns the FET off. Because the signal coming from the Gm amplifier is derived from the feedback (which samples the voltage at the output), the action of the PWM comparator constantly sets the correct peak current through the FET to keep the output voltage in regulation. Q1 and Q2 along with R3 - R6 form a bandgap voltage reference used by the IC to hold the output in regulation. The currents flowing through Q1 and Q2 will be equal, and the feedback loop will adjust the regulated output to maintain this. Because of this, the regulated output is always maintained at a voltage level equal to the voltage at the FB node "multiplied up" by the ratio of the output resistive-divider. The current limit comparator feeds directly into the flip-flop that drives the switch FET. If the FET current reaches the limit threshold, the FET is turned off and the cycle terminated until the next clock pulse. The current limit input terminates the pulse regardless of the status of the output of the PWM comparator. 7.2 Functional Block Diagram 7.3 Feature Description The LM2731 is a fixed-frequency boost regulator IC that delivers a minimum 1.8-A peak switch current. The device provides cycle-by-cycle current limit protection as well as thermal shutdown protection. The device can also be controlled through the shutdown pin. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 11 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com 7.4 Device Functional Modes 7.4.1 Shutdown Pin Operation The device is turned off by pulling the shutdown pin low. If this function is not going to be used, the pin should be tied directly to VIN. If the SHDN function will be needed, a pullup resistor must be used to VIN (approximately 50 kΩ to 100 kΩ recommended). The SHDN pin must not be left unterminated. 7.4.2 Thermal Shutdown Thermal shutdown limits total power dissipation by turning off the output switch when the IC junction temperature exceeds 160°C. After thermal shutdown occurs, the output switch doesn’t turn on until the junction temperature drops to approximately 150°C. 7.4.3 Current Limit The LM2731 uses cycle-by-cycle current limiting to protect the internal NMOS switch. It is important to note that this current limit will not protect the output from excessive current during an output short-circuit. The input supply is connected to the output by the series connection of an inductor and a diode. If a short circuit is placed on the output, excessive current can damage both the inductor and diode. 12 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 www.ti.com SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 8 Application and Implementation NOTE Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality. 8.1 Application Information The device will operate with input voltage range from 2.7 V to 14 V and provide a regulated output voltage. This device is optimized for high-efficiency operation with minimum number of external components. For component selection, see Detailed Design Procedure. 8.2 Typical Application VIN R3 51K SHDN 5 - 12V Boost ^y_ s Œ•]}v SW 12V OUT 500mA (TYP) R1/117K LM2731 ³;´ FB SHDN GND C1 2.2PF GND R2 13.3K CF 220pF EFFICIENCY (%) U1 100 D1 MBR0520 L1/10PH 5 VIN 90 80 C2 4.7PF 70 0 100 200 300 400 500 LOAD CURRENT (mA) Figure 24. Application Schematic Figure 25. Efficiency vs Load Current 8.2.1 Design Requirements The device must be able to operate at any voltage within the recommended operating range. The load current must be defined in order to properly size the inductor, input, and output capacitors. The inductor must be able to handle full expected load current as well as the peak current generated during load transients and start-up. Inrush current at start-up will depend on the output capacitor selection. More details are provided in Detailed Design Procedure. The device has a shutdown pin which is used to disable the device. This pin is active-LOW and care must be taken that the voltage on this pin does not exceed VIN + 0.3 V. This pin must also not be left floating. 8.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure 8.2.2.1 Selecting the External Capacitors The best capacitors for use with the LM2731 are multi-layer ceramic capacitors. These capacitors have the lowest ESR (equivalent series resistance) and highest resonance frequency which makes them optimum for use with high-frequency switching converters. When selecting a ceramic capacitor, only X5R and X7R dielectric types should be used. Other types such as Z5U and Y5F have such severe loss of capacitance due to effects of temperature variation and applied voltage, they may provide as little as 20% of rated capacitance in many typical applications. Always consult capacitor manufacturer’s data curves before selecting a capacitor. High-quality ceramic capacitors can be obtained from Taiyo-Yuden, AVX, and Murata. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 13 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com 8.2.2.2 Selecting the Output Capacitor A single ceramic capacitor of value 4.7 µF to 10 µF will provide sufficient output capacitance for most applications. If larger amounts of capacitance are desired for improved line support and transient response, tantalum capacitors can be used. Aluminum electrolytics with ultra low ESR such as Sanyo Oscon can be used, but are usually prohibitively expensive. Typical AI electrolytic capacitors are not suitable for switching frequencies above 500 kHz due to significant ringing and temperature rise due to self-heating from ripple current. An output capacitor with excessive ESR can also reduce phase margin and cause instability. In general, if electrolytics are used, TI recommends that they be paralleled with ceramic capacitors to reduce ringing, switching losses, and output voltage ripple. 8.2.2.3 Selecting the Input Capacitor An input capacitor is required to serve as an energy reservoir for the current which must flow into the coil each time the switch turns ON. This capacitor must have extremely low ESR, so ceramic is the best choice. TI recommends a nominal value of 2.2 µF, but larger values can be used. Since this capacitor reduces the amount of voltage ripple seen at the input pin, it also reduces the amount of EMI passed back along that line to other circuitry. 8.2.2.4 Feedforward Compensation Although internally compensated, the feedforward capacitor Cf is required for stability (see Figure 26). Adding this capacitor puts a zero in the loop response of the converter. The recommended frequency for the zero fz should be approximately 6 kHz. Cf can be calculated using the formula: Cf = 1 / (2 × π X R1 × fz) (1) 8.2.2.5 Selecting Diodes The external diode used in the typical application should be a Schottky diode. TI recommends a 20-V diode such as the MBR0520. The MBR05XX series of diodes are designed to handle a maximum average current of 0.5 A. For applications exceeding 0.5-A average but less than 1 A, a Microsemi UPS5817 can be used. 8.2.2.6 Setting the Output Voltage The output voltage is set using the external resistors R1 and R2 (see Figure 26). A minimum value of 13.3 kΩ is recommended for R2 to establish a divider current of approximately 92 µA. R1 is calculated using the formula: R1 = R2 × (VOUT/1.23 − 1) (2) 8.2.2.7 Switching Frequency The LM2731 is provided with two switching frequencies: the “X” version is typically 1.6 MHz, while the “Y” version is typically 600 kHz. The best frequency for a specific application must be determined based on the trade-offs involved: Higher switching frequency means the inductors and capacitors can be made smaller and cheaper for a given output voltage and current. The down side is that efficiency is slightly lower because the fixed switching losses occur more frequently and become a larger percentage of total power loss. EMI is typically worse at higher switching frequencies because more EMI energy will be seen in the higher frequency spectrum where most circuits are more sensitive to such interference. Figure 26. Basic Application Circuit 14 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 www.ti.com SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 8.2.2.8 Duty Cycle The maximum duty cycle of the switching regulator determines the maximum boost ratio of output-to-input voltage that the converter can attain in continuous mode of operation. The duty cycle for a given boost application is defined as: VOUT + VDIODE - VIN Duty Cycle = VOUT + VDIODE - VSW (3) This applies for continuous mode operation. 8.2.2.9 Inductance Value The first question that is usually asked is: “How small can I make the inductor?” (because they are the largest sized component and usually the most costly). The answer is not simple and involves trade-offs in performance. Larger inductors mean less inductor ripple current, which typically means less output voltage ripple (for a given size of output capacitor). Larger inductors also mean more load power can be delivered because the energy stored during each switching cycle is: E = L/2 × (lp)2 (4) Where “lp” is the peak inductor current. An important point to observe is that the LM2731 will limit its switch current based on peak current. This means that since lp(max) is fixed, increasing L will increase the maximum amount of power available to the load. Conversely, using too little inductance may limit the amount of load current which can be drawn from the output. Best performance is usually obtained when the converter is operated in “continuous” mode at the load current range of interest, typically giving better load regulation and less output ripple. Continuous operation is defined as not allowing the inductor current to drop to zero during the cycle. All boost converters shift over to discontinuous operation as the output load is reduced far enough, but a larger inductor stays “continuous” over a wider load current range. To better understand these trade-offs, a typical application circuit (5-V to 12-V boost with a 10-µH inductor) will be analyzed. We will assume: VIN = 5 V, VOUT = 12 V, VDIODE = 0.5 V, VSW = 0.5 V (5) Because the frequency is 1.6 MHz (nominal), the period is approximately 0.625 µs. The duty cycle will be 62.5%, which means the ON-time of the switch is 0.390 µs. When the switch is ON, the voltage across the inductor is approximately 4.5 V. Using the equation: V = L (di/dt) (6) The di/dt rate of the inductor can then be calculated, which is found to be 0.45 A/µs during the ON time. Using these facts, what the inductor current will look like during operation can be shown: 0.176A ILOAD 1 - DC 0 0.390 µs 0.235 µs Figure 27. 10 µH Inductor Current, 5 V–12 V Boost (LM2731X) During the 0.390-µs ON-time, the inductor current ramps up 0.176 A and ramps down an equal amount during the OFF-time. This is defined as the inductor “ripple current”. If the load current drops to about 33 mA, the inductor current will begin touching the zero axis which means it will be in discontinuous mode. A similar analysis can be performed on any boost converter, to make sure the ripple current is reasonable and continuous operation will be maintained at the typical load current values. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 15 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com 8.2.2.10 Maximum Switch Current The maximum FET switch current available before the current limiter cuts in is dependent on duty cycle of the application. This is illustrated in the graphs below which show typical values of switch current for both the "X" and "Y" versions as a function of effective (actual) duty cycle: 3000 3000 2500 VIN = 5V SW CURRENT LIMIT (mA) SW CURRENT LIMIT (mA) 2500 2000 VIN = 3.3V 1500 1000 VIN = 2.7V VIN = 5V 2000 VIN = 3.3V 1500 VIN = 3V 1000 VIN = 2.7V 500 500 VIN = 3V 0 20 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 DUTY CYCLE (%) = [1 - EFF*(VIN / VOUT)] DUTY CYCLE (%) = [1 - EFF*(VIN / VOUT)] Figure 28. Switch Current Limit vs Duty Cycle - X Option Figure 29. Switch Current Limit vs Duty Cycle - Y Option 8.2.2.11 Calculating Load Current As shown in the figure which depicts inductor current, the load current is related to the average inductor current by the relation: ILOAD = IIND(AVG) × (1 - DC) (7) Where "DC" is the duty cycle of the application. The switch current can be found by: ISW = IIND(AVG) + ½ (IRIPPLE) (8) Inductor ripple current is dependent on inductance, duty cycle, input voltage and frequency: IRIPPLE = DC × (VIN-VSW) / (f × L) (9) Combining all terms, an expression can be developed which allows the maximum available load current to be calculated: DC(VIN - VSW ) ö æ ILOAD (max) = (1 - DC) ´ ç ISW (max) ÷ 2fL è ø (10) The equation shown to calculate maximum load current takes into account the losses in the inductor or turn-OFF switching losses of the FET and diode. For actual load current in typical applications, we took bench data for various input and output voltages for both the "X" and "Y" versions of the LM2731 and displayed the maximum load current available for a typical device in graph form: 16 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 1200 1200 1000 1000 MAX LOAD CURRENT (mA) MAX LOAD CURRENT (mA) www.ti.com 800 VOUT = 5V 600 VOUT = 8V 400 VOUT = 10V VOUT = 12V 200 800 VOUT = 5V 600 VOUT = 8V 400 VOUT = 10V VOUT = 12V 200 VOUT = 18V 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 VIN (V) Figure 30. Maximum Load Current (Typical) vs VIN - X Option VIN (V) Figure 31. Maximum Load Current (Typical) vs VIN - Y Option 8.2.2.12 Design Parameters VSW and ISW The value of the FET "ON" voltage (referred to as VSW in the equations) is dependent on load current. A good approximation can be obtained by multiplying the "ON-Resistance" of the FET times the average inductor current. FET on resistance increases at VIN values less than 5 V, since the internal N-FET has less gate voltage in this input voltage range (see Typical Characteristics curves). Above VIN = 5V, the FET gate voltage is internally clamped to 5V. The maximum peak switch current the device can deliver is dependent on duty cycle. For higher duty cycles, see Typical Characteristics. 8.2.2.13 Inductor Suppliers Recommended suppliers of inductors for this product include, but are not limited to Sumida, Coilcraft, Panasonic, TDK, and Murata. When selecting an inductor, make certain that the continuous current rating is high enough to avoid saturation at peak currents. A suitable core type must be used to minimize core (switching) losses, and wire power losses must be considered when selecting the current rating. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 17 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com 8.2.3 Application Curves See Typical Characteristics. 100 80 90 70 80 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 60 70 60 50 40 50 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 100 200 400 300 500 LOAD (mA) VIN = 3.3 V 600 700 0 0 20 40 60 VOUT = 5 V Figure 32. Efficiency vs Load Current - X Option 80 100 120 LOAD (mA) VIN = 3.3 V 140 160 VOUT = 12 V Figure 33. Efficiency vs Load Current - X Option 8.3 System Examples 3.3 VIN U1 VIN 100 D1 MBR0520 L1/6.8PH 3.3 -5V Boost ^z_ s Œ•]}v SW SHDN R1/40.5K LM2731 ³<´ FB SHDN 5V OUT 700mA (TYP) GND C1 2.2PF GND R2 13.3K CF 470pF EFFICIENCY (%) 90 R3 51K 80 C2 22PF 70 0 200 400 600 800 LOAD CURRENT (mA) Figure 34. VIN = 3.3 V, VOUT = 5 V at 700 mA 18 Figure 35. Efficiency vs Load Current Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 www.ti.com SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 100 D1 MBR0520 L1/6.8PH 90 3.3 VIN 80 U1 R3 51K SHDN SW R1/117K LM2731 ³<´ EFFICIENCY (%) VIN 12V OUT 230mA (TYP) FB SHDN 70 60 50 40 30 GND 20 C1 2.2PF CF 270pF R2 13.3K GND C2 10PF 3.3 -12V Boost ^z_ s Œ•]}v 10 0 50 0 100 250 200 150 LOAD (mA) Figure 37. Efficiency vs Load Current Figure 36. VIN = 3.3 V, VOUT = 12 V at 230 mA 3.3 VIN SHDN R3 51K 9V OUT 240mA (typ) 90 80 SW EFFICIENCY (%) U1 VIN 100 D1 MBR0520 L1/10PH R1/84K LM2731 ³;´ D2 D4 D3 D5 FB SHDN GND 70 60 3.3 -9V ^y_ s Œ•]}v 50 40 30 C1 2.2PF R2 13.3K GND CF 330pF C2 4.7PF R4 20 R5 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 LOAD (mA) Figure 39. Efficiency vs Load Current Figure 38. VIN = 3.3 V, VOUT = 9 V at 240 mA B1 LI-ION 3.3 - 4.2V L1 / 1.5 PH VIN + - R3 51K 0 FLASH ENABLE D1 MBR0520 SW LM2731"Y" FB SHDN GND C1 4.7PF R2 120 WHITE LED's C2 4.7PF Figure 40. White LED Flash Application Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 19 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com 9 Power Supply Recommendations The LM2731 device is designed to operate from various DC power supplies. The impedance of the input supply rail should be low enough that the input current transient does not cause a drop below SHUTDOWN level. If the input supply is connected by using long wires, additional bulk capacitance may be required in addition to normal input capacitor. 10 Layout 10.1 Layout Guidelines High-frequency switching regulators require very careful layout of components to get stable operation and low noise. All components must be as close as possible to the LM2731 device. TI recommends that a 4-layer PCB be used so that internal ground planes are available. As an example, a recommended layout of components is shown in Figure 41. Some additional guidelines to be observed: • Keep the path between L1, D1, and C2 extremely short. Parasitic trace inductance in series with D1 and C2 will increase noise and ringing. • The feedback components R1, R2 and CF must be kept close to the FB pin of U1 to prevent noise injection on the FB pin trace. • If internal ground planes are available (recommended), use vias to connect directly to ground at pin 2 of U1, as well as the negative sides of capacitors C1 and C2. 10.2 Layout Example Figure 41. Recommended PCB Component Layout 20 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 LM2731 www.ti.com SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 10.3 Thermal Considerations At higher duty cycles, the increased ON-time of the FET means the maximum output current will be determined by power dissipation within the LM2731 FET switch. The switch power dissipation from ON-state conduction is calculated by: P(SW) = DC × IIND(AVE)2 × RDS(ON) (11) There will be some switching losses as well, so some derating needs to be applied when calculating IC power dissipation. Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 21 LM2731 SNVS217G – MAY 2004 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015 www.ti.com 11 Device and Documentation Support 11.1 Device Support 11.1.1 Third-Party Products Disclaimer TI'S PUBLICATION OF INFORMATION REGARDING THIRD-PARTY PRODUCTS OR SERVICES DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN ENDORSEMENT REGARDING THE SUITABILITY OF SUCH PRODUCTS OR SERVICES OR A WARRANTY, REPRESENTATION OR ENDORSEMENT OF SUCH PRODUCTS OR SERVICES, EITHER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ANY TI PRODUCT OR SERVICE. 11.2 Community Resources The following links connect to TI community resources. Linked contents are provided "AS IS" by the respective contributors. They do not constitute TI specifications and do not necessarily reflect TI's views; see TI's Terms of Use. TI E2E™ Online Community TI's Engineer-to-Engineer (E2E) Community. Created to foster collaboration among engineers. At e2e.ti.com, you can ask questions, share knowledge, explore ideas and help solve problems with fellow engineers. Design Support TI's Design Support Quickly find helpful E2E forums along with design support tools and contact information for technical support. 11.3 Trademarks E2E is a trademark of Texas Instruments. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 11.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates. 11.5 Glossary SLYZ022 — TI Glossary. This glossary lists and explains terms, acronyms, and definitions. 12 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information The following pages include mechanical, packaging, and orderable information. This information is the most current data available for the designated devices. This data is subject to change without notice and revision of this document. For browser-based versions of this data sheet, refer to the left-hand navigation. 22 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2004–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated Product Folder Links: LM2731 PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com 9-Jun-2015 PACKAGING INFORMATION Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package Pins Package Drawing Qty Eco Plan Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (2) (6) (3) Op Temp (°C) Device Marking (4/5) LM2731XMF NRND SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 125 S51A LM2731XMF/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 125 S51A LM2731XMFX/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-23 DBV 5 3000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 125 S51A LM2731YMF ACTIVE SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 125 S51B LM2731YMF/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 125 S51B LM2731YMFX/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-23 DBV 5 3000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 125 S51B (1) The marketing status values are defined as follows: ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs. LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect. NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design. PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available. OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device. (2) Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability information and additional product content details. TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined. Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above. Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material) (3) MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature. (4) There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device. (5) Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. Only one Device Marking contained in parentheses and separated by a "~" will appear on a device. If a line is indented then it is a continuation of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire Device Marking for that device. Addendum-Page 1 Samples PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com 9-Jun-2015 (6) Lead/Ball Finish - Orderable Devices may have multiple material finish options. Finish options are separated by a vertical ruled line. Lead/Ball Finish values may wrap to two lines if the finish value exceeds the maximum column width. Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. 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Addendum-Page 2 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 9-Jun-2015 TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION *All dimensions are nominal Device Package Package Pins Type Drawing SPQ Reel Reel A0 Diameter Width (mm) (mm) W1 (mm) LM2731XMF SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 178.0 8.4 B0 (mm) K0 (mm) P1 (mm) W Pin1 (mm) Quadrant 3.2 3.2 1.4 4.0 8.0 Q3 LM2731XMF/NOPB SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 178.0 8.4 3.2 3.2 1.4 4.0 8.0 Q3 LM2731XMFX/NOPB SOT-23 DBV 5 3000 178.0 8.4 3.2 3.2 1.4 4.0 8.0 Q3 LM2731YMF SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 178.0 8.4 3.2 3.2 1.4 4.0 8.0 Q3 LM2731YMF/NOPB SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 178.0 8.4 3.2 3.2 1.4 4.0 8.0 Q3 LM2731YMFX/NOPB SOT-23 DBV 5 3000 178.0 8.4 3.2 3.2 1.4 4.0 8.0 Q3 Pack Materials-Page 1 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 9-Jun-2015 *All dimensions are nominal Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) LM2731XMF SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 210.0 185.0 35.0 LM2731XMF/NOPB SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 210.0 185.0 35.0 LM2731XMFX/NOPB SOT-23 DBV 5 3000 210.0 185.0 35.0 LM2731YMF SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 210.0 185.0 35.0 LM2731YMF/NOPB SOT-23 DBV 5 1000 210.0 185.0 35.0 LM2731YMFX/NOPB SOT-23 DBV 5 3000 210.0 185.0 35.0 Pack Materials-Page 2 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, enhancements, improvements and other changes to its semiconductor products and services per JESD46, latest issue, and to discontinue any product or service per JESD48, latest issue. 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