TI1 LM3687 Step-down dc-dc converter with integrated low dropout regulator and startup mode Datasheet

LM3687
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SNVS473A – DECEMBER 2007 – REVISED JULY 2008
LM3687 Step-Down DC-DC Converter with Integrated Low Dropout Regulator and Startup
Mode
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FEATURES
1
•
DC-DC Converter:
2
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
750mA maximum load capability
1.8MHz PWM fixed switching frequency (typ.)
Automatic PFM/PWM mode switching
27µA typ. Quiescent Current
Internal synchronous rectification for high
efficiency
Internal soft start
Dual Rail Linear Regulator:
Startup Mode
Load transients < 25mVpeak typ.
Line transients < 1mVpeak typ.
Very Low Dropout Voltage: 82mV typ. at
350mA load current
0.7V ≤ VIN_LIN ≤ 4.5V
10µA typical IQ from VIN_LIN
350mA maximum load capability
Combined Common Features:
65µA typical Quiescent Current from VBATT if
both regulators are enabled
•
•
•
•
•
750mA maximum combined load capability in
post regulation setup (DC-DC 400mA + Linear
Regulator 350mA)
1100mA maximum total load capability in
independent mode of operation (DC-DC:
750mA, Linear Regulator: 350mA)
Operates from a single Li-Ion cell or 3 cell
NiMH/NiCd batteries
Only four tiny surface-mount external
components required (one inductor, three
ceramic capacitors)
Small 9-bump micro SMD package
Over-temperature, current overload and undervoltage protection
APPLICATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mobile Phones
Hand-Held Radios
Personal Digital Assistants
Palm-top PCs
Portable Instruments
Battery Powered Devices
DESCRIPTION
The LM3687 is a step-down DC-DC converter with an integrated low dropout Linear Regulator optimized for
powering ultra-low voltage circuits from a single Li-Ion cell or 3 cell NiMH/NiCd batteries. It provides a dual output
with fixed output voltages and combined load current up to 750mA in post regulation mode or 1100mA in
independent mode of operation, over an input voltage range from 2.7V to 5.5V. There are several different fixed
output voltage combinations available (refer to table 'Voltage Options').
The Linear Regulator being driven from the fixed output voltage of the buck converter (post regulation) translates
to high efficiency.
The device offers superior features and performance for mobile phones and similar portable applications with
complex power management systems. Automatic intelligent switching between PWM low-noise and PFM lowcurrent mode offers improved efficiency over the full load current range. During full-power operation, a fixedfrequency 1.8MHz (typ.) PWM mode drives loads from ~80mA to 750mA max. Hysteretic PFM mode extends the
battery life through reduction of the quiescent current during light loads and system standby.
The LM3687 also features internal protection against over-temperature, current overload and under-voltage
conditions.
1
2
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
Copyright © 2007–2008, Texas Instruments Incorporated
LM3687
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Two enable pins allow the separate operation of either the DC-DC or the Linear Regulator alone or both. If the
power input voltage for the Linear Regulator VIN_LIN is not sufficiently high (e.g. the DC-DC converter is not
enabled or starting up) a startup LDO supplies the Linear Regulator Output from VBATT for 50mA rated load
current (Startup Mode). If VIN_LIN is at the required voltage level, the startup LDO is deactivated and the main
regulator provides 350mA output current. In shutdown mode (Enable pins pulled low) the device turns off and
reduces battery consumption to 0.1µA (typ.).
The LM3687 is available in a tiny, lead-free (NO PB) 9-bump micro SMD package. A high switching frequency of
1.8MHz (typ.) allows the use of tiny surface-mount components. Only four external components -one inductor
and three ceramic capacitors- are required.
Typical Application Circuit
VBATT
2.7...5.5V
C1
C2
B1
B2
2.2 PH
SW
1.8V
+
EN_DCDC
FB_DCDC
-
4.7 PF
LM3687
A1
EN_LIN
C3
Load
DC-DC
0..750 mA
10 PF
Li-Ion
or
3 cell
NiMH/
NiCd
PGND
VIN_LIN
B3
VOUT_LIN
1.5V
A3
A2
SGND
2.2 PF
Load
LIN
0..350 mA
Figure 1. Typical Application Circuit: Linear Regulator as Post Regulator
2
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VBATT
2.7...5.5V
C1
C2
B1
B2
2.2 PH
SW
+
EN_DCDC
FB_DCDC
-
4.7 PF
Load
DC-DC
0..750 mA
10 PF
LM3687
A1
EN_LIN
C3
Li-Ion
or
3 cell
NiMH/
NiCd
PGND
VIN_LIN
B3
1.0 PF
VOUT_LIN
A3
A2
Load
LIN
0..350 mA
2.2 PF
SGND
Figure 2. Typical Application Circuit: Independent Mode of Operation
Connection Diagram
Connection Diagram 9-Bump Thin Micro SMD Package
SGND
PGND
A1
SW
B1
A2
A3
VOUT_LIN
B2
B3
VIN_LIN
C3
EN_LIN
EN_DCDC
VBATT
C1
C2
FB_DCDC
Figure 3. Top View
XT
BC
Figure 4. Package Mark
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Note:The actual physical placement of the package marking will vary from part to part. The package marking "X"
designates the date code. "T" is a NSC internal code for die traceability. Both will vary considerably. "BC"
identifies the device (part number, option, etc.)
Pin Functions
Pin Descriptions
Pin Number
Pin Name
Description
A1
PGND
Power Ground pin
A2
SGND
Signal Ground pin
A3
VOUT_LIN
Voltage Output of the linear regulator
B1
SW
Switching Node Connection to the internal PFET switch and NFET synchronous rectifier
B2
EN_DCDC
Enable Input for the DC-DC converter. The DC-DC converter is in shutdown mode if voltage at this pin is <
0.4V and enabled if > 1.0V. Do not leave this pin floating. Please see section 'Enable Combinations'.
B3
VIN_LIN
Power Supply Input for the linear regulator
C1
VBATT
Power Supply for the DC-DC output stage and internal circuitry. Connect to the input filter capacitor (see
typical application).
C2
FB_DCDC
Feedback Analog Input for the DC-DC converter. Connect directly to the output filter capacitor.
C3
EN_LIN
Enable Input for the linear regulator. The linear regulator is in shutdown mode if voltage at this pin is < 0.4V
and enabled if > 1.0V. Do not leave this pin floating. Please see section 'Enable Combinations'.
Voltage Options
DC-DC Converter Output:
VOUT_DCDC
Linear Regulator Output:
VOUT_LIN
1.80V
1.50V
1.80V
1.20V
1.80V *
1.30V *
* For availability of these or other output voltage combinations please contact your local NSC sales office
Enable Combinations
EN_DCDC
EN_LIN
Comments
0
0
No Outputs
0
1
Linear Regulator enabled only *
1
0
DC-DC converter enabled only
1
1
DC-DC converter and linear regulator active *
* Startup Mode:
VIN_LIN must be higher than VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 200mV in order to enable the main regulator (IMAX = 350mA).
If VIN_LIN < VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 100mV (100mV hysteresis), the startup LDO (IMAX = 50mA) is active, supplied from
VBATT.
For example in the typical post regulation application the LDO will remain in startup mode until the DC-DC
converter has ramped up its output voltage.
Order Information
Output Voltage Option
VOUT_DCDC
1.80V
VOUT_LIN
Order Number
Package Marking
Supplied as
Flow
LM3687TL-1815
S9
250 units, tape and reel,
lead free
NOPB
1.50V
LM3687TLX-1815
4
S9
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3000 units, tape and reel,
lead free
NOPB
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Output Voltage Option
VOUT_DCDC
VOUT_LIN
1.80V
1.20V
1.80V *
Order Number
Package Marking
Supplied as
Flow
LM3687TL-1812
SB
250 units, tape and reel,
lead free
NOPB
LM3687TLX-1812
SB
3000 units, tape and reel,
lead free
NOPB
LM3687TL-1813
tbd
250 units, tape and reel,
lead free
NOPB
LM3687TLX-1813
tbd
3000 units, tape and reel,
lead free
NOPB
1.30V *
* For availability or other output voltage combinations please contact your local NSC sales office
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
Absolute Maximum Ratings
(1) (2)
VIN_LIN, VBATT pins: Voltage to GND,
VIN_LIN≤ VBATT
-0.2V to 6.0V
VIN_LIN pin to VBATT pin
0.2V
Enable pins,
Feedback pin,
SW pin
(GND-0.2V) to
(VBATT+0.2V) with
6.0V max
Continuous Power Dissipation (3)
Internally Limited
Junction Temperature (TJ-MAX )
150°C
Storage Temperature Range
-65°C to + 150°C
Package Peak Reflow Temperature (Pb-free, 10-20 sec.)
ESD Rating
(4)
260°C
(5)
Human Body Model:
2.0kV
Machine Model
200V
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the component may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under
which operation of the device is guaranteed. Operating Ratings do not imply guaranteed performance limits. For guaranteed
performance limits and associated test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics tables.
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
Internal thermal shutdown circuitry protects the device from permanent damage. Thermal shutdown engages at TJ = 160°C (typ.) and
disengages at TJ = 140°C (typ.).
For detailed soldering specifications and information, please refer to National Semiconductor Application Note 1112: Micro SMD Wafer
Level Chip Scale Package (AN-1112).
The Human body model is a 100pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor into each pin. The machine model is a 200pF
capacitor discharged directly into each pin. (MIL-STD-883 3015.7)
Operating Ratings
(1) (2)
Input Voltage Range VBATT
2.7V to 5.5V
(≥VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 1.5V and
≥VOUT_DCDC(NOM) + 1.0V)
(3)
Input Voltage Range VIN_LIN
(VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 0.25V) to 4.5V
Junction Temperature (TJ) Range
-30°C to + 125°C
Ambient Temperature (TA) Range
-30°C to + 125°C
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the component may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under
which operation of the device is guaranteed. Operating Ratings do not imply guaranteed performance limits. For guaranteed
performance limits and associated test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics tables.
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
The battery input voltage range recommended for ideal applications performance for the specified output voltages is given as follows:
VBATT = 2.7V to 5.5V for 1.0V < VOUT_DCDC < 1.8V; VBATT = (VOUT_DCDC +1V) to 5.5V for 1.8V ≤ VOUT_DCDC ≤ 1.875V
In applications where high power dissipation and/or poor package thermal resistance is present, the maximum ambient temperature may
have to be derated. Maximum ambient temperature (TA-MAX) is dependent on the maximum operating junction temperature (TJ-MAX-OP =
125°C), the maximum power dissipation of the device in the application (PD-MAX), and the junction-to ambient thermal resistance of the
part/package in the application (θJA), as given by the following equation: TA-MAX = TJ-MAX-OP – (θJA × PD-MAX).
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Thermal Properties
Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance (θJA), for 4 layer board (1)
Micro SMD 9
(1)
6
70°C/W
Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance is highly application and board-layout dependent. In applications where high maximum power
dissipation exists, special attention must be paid to thermal dissipation issues in board design.
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Electrical Characteristics (1)
(2)
DC-DC Converter
(3)
Typical values and limits appearing in standard typeface are for TA = 25°C. Limits appearing in boldface type apply over the
full operating temperature range: -30°C ≤ TJ ≤ +125°C. Unless otherwise noted, VIN_LIN = VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 0.3V, VBATT = 3.6V,
IOUT_LIN = 1mA, VEN_DCDC = VEN_LIN = VBATT, CVBATT = 4.7µF, CVOUT_DCDC = 10µF, CVOUT_LIN = 2.2µF, CVIN_LIN = 1.0µF, L = 2.2µH.
Symbol
VFB_DCDC
Parameter
Conditions
Feedback Voltage
Accuracy
PWM Mode
Line Regulation
VOUT_DCDC + 1.0V ≤ VBATT ≤ 5.5V, IOUT_DCDC =
150mA
Load Regulation
100mA ≤ IOUT_DCDC ≤ 750mA
Typical
Limit
Units
Min
Max
-2.5
+2.5
%
0.06
%/V
0.0005
%/mA
RDSON(P)
Pin-Pin Resistance for
PFET
280
500
mΩ
RDSON(N)
Pin-Pin Resistance for
NFET
200
400
mΩ
ILIM_DCDC
Switch Peak Current
Limit
Open loop
FOSC
Internal Oscillator
Frequency
PWM Mode
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4)
1172
994
1380
mA
1.8
1.3
2.3
MHz
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the
most likely norm. Unless otherwise specified, conditions for typ. specifications are: VBATT = 3.6V and TA = 25°C.
The parameters in the electrical characteristic table are tested at VBATT = 3.6V unless otherwise specified. For performance over the
input voltage range refer to datasheet curves.
Refer to datasheet curves for closed loop data and its variation with regards to supply voltage and temperature. Electrical Characteristic
table reflects open loop data (FB=0V and current drawn from SW pin ramped up until cycle by cycle current limit is activated). Closed
loop current limit is the peak inductor current measured in the application circuit by increasing output current until output voltage drops
by 10%.
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Electrical Characteristics (1)
Symbol
ΔVOUT_LIN /
VOUT_LIN(NOM)
ΔVOUT_LIN /
ΔVIN_LIN
ΔVOUT_LIN /
ΔVBATT
ΔVOUT_LIN / ΔmA
(2)
Output Voltage
Accuracy
(1)
(2)
(3)
8
Units
Max
-1.5
-2.0
1.5
2.0
%
%
mV/V
VBATT = VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 1.5V (≥2.7V)
to 5.5V
0.5
3.1
Load Regulation Error
IOUT_LIN = 1mA to 350mA
10
60
µV/mA
Output Voltage Dropout
IOUT_LIN = 350mA ,
VBATT = VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 1.5V (≥2.7V)
85
200
mV
IOUT_LIN = 150mA ,
VBATT = VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 1.3V (≥2.7V)
42
100
mV
Quiescent Current into
VIN_LIN
IOUT_LIN = 0mA
10
28
µA
Shutdown Current into
VIN_LIN
VEN_LIN = 0V
0.1
1
µA
Output Current
(short circuit)
VOUT_LIN = 0V
500
Sine modulated VBATT,
f = 10Hz
f = 100Hz
f = 1kHz
70
65
45
Sine modulated VIN
f = 10Hz
f = 100Hz
f = 1kHz
f = 10kHz
80
90
95
85
10Hz - 100kHz
100
µVRMS
Dynamic line transient
response VIN_LIN
VIN_LIN = VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 0.3V to
VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 0.9V
tr, tf = 10µs
±1
mVp
Dynamic line transient
response VBATT
VBATT = VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 1.5V to
VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 2.1V
tr, tf = 10µs
±15
mVp
Dynamic load transient
response
Pulsed load 0 ... 350mA
di/dt = 350mA/1µs
±30
mVp
Line Regulation Error
Output Noise linear
regulator
ΔVOUT_LIN
In startup and normal mode
Limit
Min
1
Power Supply
Rejection Ratio
ΔVOUT_LIN
Typ
0.3
PSRR
EN
Condition
VIN_LIN = VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 0.3V to
4.5V, VBATT = 4.5V
(3)
ISC_LIN
Linear Regulator, Normal Mode
Parameter
VDO_VIN_LIN
IQ_VIN_LIN
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350
mA
dB
dB
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the
most likely norm. Unless otherwise specified, conditions for typ. specifications are: VBATT = 3.6V and TA = 25°C.
This specification does not apply if the battery voltage VBATT needs to be decreased below the minimum operating limit of 2.7V.
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Electrical Characteristics (1)
Symbol
(2)
Startup LDO
Parameter
Conditions
Typical
Limit
Min
IOUT
Rated output current
ISC_LIN
Output Current (short
circuit)
(1)
(2)
50
VOUT_LIN = 0V
100
Units
Max
mA
50
mA
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the
most likely norm. Unless otherwise specified, conditions for typ. specifications are: VBATT = 3.6V and TA = 25°C.
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Electrical Characteristics (1)
Symbol
IQ_VBATT
Parameter
Quiescent current into
VBATT
Shutdown current into
VBATT
(1)
(2)
10
(2)
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System Parameters Supply
Conditions
Typical
Limit
Min
Max
Units
EN_LIN = low, EN_DCDC = high, IOUT_DCDC =
IOUT_LIN = 0mA, DC-DC is not switching
(FB_DCDC forced higher than VOUT_DCDC)
27
EN_LIN = high, EN_DCDC = low
55
µA
EN_LIN = EN_DCDC = high
65
µA
VEN_DCDC = VEN_LIN = 0V
-30°C ≤ TJ ≤ +85°C
0.1
60
5
µA
µA
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the
most likely norm. Unless otherwise specified, conditions for typ. specifications are: VBATT = 3.6V and TA = 25°C.
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Electrical Characteristics (1)
Symbol
(2)
Under-Voltage Protection
Parameter
Conditions
Typical
Limit
Min
Units
Max
VBATT_UVP
Under-Voltage Lockout
2.41
V
VBATT_EN
System Enable Voltage
2.65
V
(1)
(2)
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the
most likely norm. Unless otherwise specified, conditions for typ. specifications are: VBATT = 3.6V and TA = 25°C.
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Electrical Characteristics (1)
Symbol
Parameter
IEN
Enable pin input
current
VIH
Logic High voltage
level
VIL
Logic Low voltage level
(1)
(2)
12
(2)
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Enable Pins (EN_DCDC, EN_LIN)
Conditions
Typical
Limit
Min
0.01
Max
1
1.0
Units
µA
V
0.4
V
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the
most likely norm. Unless otherwise specified, conditions for typ. specifications are: VBATT = 3.6V and TA = 25°C.
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Electrical Characteristics (1)
Symbol
(2)
Thermal Protection
Parameter
Conditions
Typical
Limit
Min
Max
Units
TSHDN (3)
Thermal-Shutdown
Temperature
160
°C
ΔTSHDN
Thermal-Shutdown
Hysteresis
20
°C
(1)
(2)
(3)
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the
most likely norm. Unless otherwise specified, conditions for typ. specifications are: VBATT = 3.6V and TA = 25°C.
The DC-DC converter will only enter thermal shutdown from PWM mode. At light loads -present for PFM mode- no significant
contribution to the power dissipation is added by the DC-DC converter.
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Electrical Characteristics (1)
Symbol
(2)
Parameter
CVOUT_LIN
Output Capacitance for
linear regulator
CVIN_LIN
Input Capacitance for
linear regulator
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External Components, Recommended Specification
Conditions
Value
VIN_LIN is biased separately, not by
VOUT_DCDC (no CVIN_LIN needed for
post regulation application)
(3)
Limit
Min
Max
2.2
1.5
10
1.0
0.47
Units
µF
µF
CVBATT
Input Capacitance for DCDC converter
4.7
µF
CVOUT_DCDC
DC-DC converter output
filter capacitor
10
µF
CESR
ESR of all capacitors
L
0.003
(3)
Ω
2.2
µH
ISAT
1.6
A
DCR
(1)
(2)
0.300
Inductance
200
mΩ
All voltages are with respect to the potential at the SGND pin.
Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the
most likely norm. Unless otherwise specified, conditions for typ. specifications are: VBATT = 3.6V and TA = 25°C.
The capacitor tolerance should be 30% or better over temperature. The full operating conditions for the application should be considered
when selecting a suitable capacitor to ensure that the minimum value of capacitance is always met. Recommended capacitor type is
X7R. However, dependent on application, X5R, Y5V, and Z5U can also be used. The shown minimum limit represents real minimum
capacitance, including all tolerances and must be maintained over temperature and dc bias voltage (See capacitor section in
Applications Hints)
Block Diagram
VBATT
FB
DC-DC
Converter
EN_DCDC
SW
PGND
Startup LDO
VIN_LIN
EN_LIN
Linear
Regulator
VOUT_LIN
Mode Switch
VIN_LIN > VREF +
200 mV
SGND
Figure 5. Simplified Block Diagram
14
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Typical Performance Characteristics
Unless otherwise specified, typical application (post regulation), VBATT = 3.6V, TA = 25°C, enable pins tied to VBATT, VOUT_DCDC
= 1.8V, VOUT_LIN = 1.2V
IQ_VBATT
vs.
VBATT, both enabled
QUIESCENT CURRENT IQ_VBATT (éA)
QUIESCENT CURRENT IQ_VBATT (éA)
IQ_VBATT
vs.
VBATT, LDO disabled
TA = 125°C
40
35
30
TA = 25°C
25
20
TA = -30°C
15
TA = 125°C
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
TA = 25°C
TA = -30°C
10
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
SUPPLY VOLTAGE VBATT (V)
2.5
3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
SUPPLY VOLTAGE VBATT (V)
6.0
VOUT_DCDC
vs.
IOUT_DCDC
VOUT_LIN
vs.
IOUT_LIN
1.205
OUTPUT VOLTAGE LDO (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE DC-DC (V)
1.204
1.830 PFM Mode
1.825
1.820
1.815
1.810
1.805
PWM Mode
1.800
1.795
1.790
1.203
1.202
1.201
1.200
1.199
1.198
1.197
0
1.196
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
OUTPUT CURRENT DC-DC (mA)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
OUTPUT CURRENT LDO (mA)
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Typical Performance Characteristics (continued)
Unless otherwise specified, typical application (post regulation), VBATT = 3.6V, TA = 25°C, enable pins tied to VBATT, VOUT_DCDC
= 1.8V, VOUT_LIN = 1.2V
VOUT_DCDC
vs.
Temperature
VOUT_LIN
vs.
Temperature
1.202
1.820
IOUT_LDO = 1 mA
1.816
1.814
PFM Mode
OUTPUT VOLTAGE LDO (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE DCDC (V)
1.818
IOUT_DCDC = 10 mA
1.812
1.810
1.808
1.806
1.804
IOUT_DCDC = 150 mA
PWM Mode
1.802
IOUT_DCDC = 750 mA
1.800
1.201
1.200
1.199
1.198
1.197
1.798
1.796
-40 -20
0
20
40
60
1.196
-40 -20
80 100 120 140
40
60
80 100 120 140
Efficiency DC-DC
vs.
Output Current
LDO disabled
Startup into no load
1V/DIV
VOUT_LIN
VBATT = 2.8V
VBATT = 4.2V
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
20
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
90
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
200 mA/DIV
IL
70
60
VOUT_DCDC
1V/DIV
VEN_LIN/DCDC
1V/DIV
50
40
30
40 és/DIV
20
10
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
OUTPUT CURRENT DC-DC (mA)
Startup into load
VBATT Line Transient Response (PWM Mode)
IOUT_LN = 50 mA
3.6V
VBATT
1V/DIV
VOUT_LIN
500 mV/DIV
3.0V
IOUT_LIN = 300 mA
500 mA/DIV
IL
VOUT_LIN
1V/DIV
VOUT_DCDC
IOUT_DCDC = 700 mA
= VIN_LIN
100 és/DIV
16
50 mV/DIV
VOUT_DCDC
1V/DIV
VEN_LIN/DCDC
5 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
IOUT_DCDC = 400 mA
AC Coupled
100 és/DIV
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Typical Performance Characteristics (continued)
Unless otherwise specified, typical application (post regulation), VBATT = 3.6V, TA = 25°C, enable pins tied to VBATT, VOUT_DCDC
= 1.8V, VOUT_LIN = 1.2V
Load Transient Response DC-DC
(PWM Mode: 100mA to 750mA)
VIN_LIN Line Transient Response
no load
2.6V
VIN_LIN
500 mV/DIV
5 mV/DIV
VOUT_LIN
AC Coupled
2.0V
20 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
VOUT_DCDC
1 mV/DIV
VOUT_LIN
AC Coupled
750 mA
IOUT_LIN = 350 mA
IOUT_DCDC
500 mA/DIV
100 mA
40 Ps/DIV
100 és/DIV
Load Transient Response DC-DC
(PFM Mode: 1mA to 50mA)
no load
Load Transient Response Linear Regulator
0mA to 350mA
5 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
VOUT_LIN
10 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
VOUT_LIN
2V/DIV
VSW
350 mA
200 mA/DIV
IOUT_LIN
10 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
VOUT_DCDC
0 mA
PFM
PWM
50 mA
IOUT_DCDC
50 mA/DIV
20 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
VOUT_DCDC
1 mA
40 Ps/DIV
400 és/DIV
Mode Change by Load Transients
(PFM to PWM)
Mode Change by Load Transients
(PWM to PFM)
2V/DIV
VSW
2V/DIV
VSW
PWM
PFM
VOUT_DCDC
50 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
PWM
PFM
20 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
VOUT_DCDC
500 mA
200 mA/DIV
IOUT_DCDC
500 mA
200 mA/DIV
IOUT_DCDC
50 mA
50 mA
4 Ps/DIV
4 Ps/DIV
Output Ripple PFM Mode
IOUT_LIN = 20 mA
VOUT_LIN
VOUT_DCDC
Output Ripple PWM Mode
Both Outputs:
10 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
BW = 1 GHz
VBATT = 4.2V
VSW
5V/DIV
100 mV/DIV
VBATT
200 mA/DIV
IL
Outputs, VBATT:
AC Coupled
BW = 1 GHz
VOUT_DCDC
IOUT_LIN = 350 mA
2V/DIV
VSW
Both Outputs:
10 mV/DIV
VOUT_LIN
100 ns/DIV
1.0 és/DIV
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Operation Description
DEVICE INFORMATION
The LM3687 incorporates a high efficiency synchronous switching step-down DC-DC converter and a very low
dropout linear regulator.
The DC-DC converter delivers a constant voltage from a single Li- Ion battery and input voltage rails from 2.7V to
5.5V to portable devices such as cell phones and PDAs. Using a voltage mode architecture with synchronous
rectification, it has the ability to deliver up to 750mA load current depending on the input voltage, output voltage,
ambient temperature and the inductor chosen.
The linear regulator delivers a constant voltage biased from VIN_LIN power input - typically the output voltage of
the DC-DC converter is used (post regulation) - with a maximum load current of 350mA.
Two enable pins allow the independent control of the two outputs. Shutdown mode turns off the device, offering
the lowest current consumption (ISHUTDOWN = 0.1 µA typ).
Besides the shutdown feature, for the DC-DC converter there are two more modes of operation depending on the
current required:
- PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), and
- PFM (Pulse Frequency Modulation).
The device operates in PWM mode at load current of approximately 80 mA or higher. Lighter load currents cause
the device to automatically switch into PFM for reduced current consumption (IQ_VBATT = 27 µA typ) and a longer
battery life.
Additional features include soft-start, startup mode of the linear regulator, under-voltage protection, current
overload protection, and over-temperature protection.
As shown in Figure 1: 'Typical Application Circuit: Linear Regulator as Post Regulator', only four external surfacemount components are required for implementation -one inductor and three ceramic capacitors.
An internal reference generates 1.8V biasing an internal resistive divider to create a reference voltage range from
0.45V to 1.8V (in 50mV steps) for the linear regulator (depending on the output voltage setting defined in the fab)
and the 0.5V reference used for the DC-DC converter.
The Under-voltage lockout feature enables the device to startup once VBATT has reached 2.65V typically and
turns the device off if VBATT drops below 2.41V typically.
Note:
In the case that the DC-DC converter is switched off while the Linear Regulator is still enabled, an overshoot of
up to 150mV might appear at VOUT_LIN, if all of the following conditions are present:
-high VBATT
-down ramp on VIN_LIN of greater than 100mV/16us taking the Linear Regulator into dropout
-light load on Linear Regulator
DC-DC CONVERTER OPERATION
During the first part of each switching cycle, the control block in the LM3687 turns on the internal PFET switch.
This allows current to flow from the input VBATT through the switch pin SW and the inductor to the output filter
capacitor and load. The inductor limits the current to a ramp with a slope of (VBATT - VOUT_DCDC) / L, by storing
energy in the magnetic field.
During the second part of each cycle, the controller turns the PFET switch off, blocking current flow from the
input, and then turns the NFET synchronous rectifier on. The inductor draws current from ground through the
NFET to the output filter capacitor and load, which ramps the inductor current down with a slope of (- VOUT_DCDC /
L).
The output filter stores charge when the inductor current is high, and releases it when low, smoothing the voltage
across the load.
18
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The output voltage is regulated by modulating the PFET switch on time to control the average current sent to the
load. The effect is identical to sending a duty-cycle modulated rectangular wave formed by the switch and
synchronous rectifier at the SW pin to a low-pass filter formed by the inductor and output filter capacitor. The
output voltage is equal to the average voltage at the SW pin.
PWM Operation
During PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) operation the converter operates as a voltage-mode controller with input
voltage feed forward. This allows the converter to achieve good load and line regulation. The DC gain of the
power stage is proportional to the input voltage. To eliminate this dependency, feed forward inversely
proportional to the input voltage is introduced.
While in PWM mode, the output voltage is regulated by switching at a constant frequency and then modulating
the energy per cycle to control power to the load. At the beginning of each clock cycle the PFET switch is turned
on and the inductor current ramps up until the duty-cycle-comparator trips and the control logic turns off the
switch. The current limit comparator can also turn off the switch in case the current limit of the PFET is
exceeded. Then the NFET switch is turned on and the inductor current ramps down. The next cycle is initiated by
the clock turning off the NFET and turning on the PFET.
2V/DIV
VSW
VBATT = 3.6V
VOUT = 1.8V
IOUT = 500 mA
IL
200 mA/DIV
VOUT
2 mV/DIV
AC Coupled
TIME (200 ns/DIV)
Figure 6. Typical PWM Operation
Internal Synchronous Rectification
While in PWM mode, the DC-DC converter uses an internal NFET as a synchronous rectifier to reduce rectifier
forward voltage drop and associated power loss. Synchronous rectification provides a significant improvement in
efficiency whenever the output voltage is relatively low compared to the voltage drop across an ordinary rectifier
diode.
Current Limiting
A current limit feature allows the LM3687 to protect itself and external components during overload conditions.
PWM mode implements current limiting using an internal comparator that trips at 1172 mA (typ). If the output is
shorted to ground the device enters a timed current limit mode where the NFET is turned on for a longer duration
until the inductor current falls below a low threshold. This allows the inductor current more time to decay, thereby
preventing runaway.
PFM Operation
At very light load, the DC-DC converter enters PFM mode and operates with reduced switching frequency and
supply current to maintain high efficiency. The part automatically transitions into PFM mode when either of two
conditions occurs for a duration of 32 or more clock cycles:
A. The NFET current reaches zero.
B. The peak PMOS switch current drops below the IMODE level, (typically IMODE < 36mA + VBATT / 35Ω ).
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VBATT = 3.6V
VSW
IL
VOUT = 1.8V
IOUT = 20 mA
VOUT
TIME (1 µs/DIV)
Figure 7. Typical PFM Operation
During PFM operation, the DC-DC converter positions the output voltage slightly higher than the nominal output
voltage during PWM operation, allowing additional headroom for voltage drop during a load transient from light to
heavy load. The PFM comparators sense the output voltage via the feedback pin and control the switching of the
output FETs such that the output voltage ramps between ~0.6% and ~1.7% above the nominal PWM output
voltage. If the output voltage is below the ‘high’ PFM comparator threshold, the PMOS power switch is turned on.
It remains on until the output voltage reaches the ‘high’ PFM threshold or the peak current exceeds the IPFM level
set for PFM mode. The typical peak current in PFM mode is: IPFM = 134mA + VBATT / 23Ω.
Once the PMOS power switch is turned off, the NMOS power switch is turned on until the inductor current ramps
to zero. When the NMOS zero-current condition is detected, the NMOS power switch is turned off. If the output
voltage is below the ‘high’ PFM comparator threshold (see Figure 5), the PMOS switch is again turned on and
the cycle is repeated until the output reaches the desired level. Once the output reaches the ‘high’ PFM
threshold, the NMOS switch is turned on briefly to ramp the inductor current to zero and then both output
switches are turned off and the part enters an extremely low power mode. Quiescent supply current during this
‘sleep’ mode is 27µA (typ), which allows the part to achieve high efficiency under extremely light load conditions.
If the load current should increase during PFM mode (see Figure 5) causing the output voltage to fall below the
‘low2’ PFM threshold, the part will automatically transition into fixed-frequency PWM mode.
When VBATT =2.7V the part transitions from PWM to PFM mode at ~30mA output current and from PFM to PWM
mode at ~80mA , when VBATT=3.6V, PWM to PFM transition happens at ~60mA and PFM to PWM transition
happens at ~90mA, when VBATT =5.5V, PWM to PFM transition happens at ~100mA and PFM to PWM transition
happens at ~125mA.
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High PFM Threshold
~1.017*Vout
PFM Mode at Light Load
Load current
increases
Low1 PFM Threshold
~1.006*Vout
ZA
xi
s
reached
High PFM
Voltage
Threshold
reached,
go into
sleep mode
Low PFM
Threshold,
turn on
PFET
Low2 PFM Threshold,
switch back to PWMmode
Zs
Axi
PFET on
until
IPFM limit
NFET on
drains
conductor
current
until
I inductor=0
Current load
increases,
draws Vout
towards
Low2 PFM
Threshold
Low2 PFM Threshold
Vout
PWM Mode at
Moderate to Heavy
Loads
Figure 8. Operation in PFM Mode and Transfer to PWM Mode
Soft Start
The DC-DC converter has a soft-start circuit that limits in-rush current during start-up. During start-up the switch
current limit is increased in steps. Soft start is activated only if EN_DCDC goes from logic low to logic high after
VBATT reaches 2.7V. Soft start is implemented by increasing switch current limit in steps of 85mA, 170mA,
340mA and 1120mA (typical switch current limit). The start-up time thereby depends on the output capacitor and
load current demanded at start-up. Typical start-up times with a 10µF output capacitor and 750mA load is 455 µs
and with 1mA load is 180µs.
LINEAR REGULATOR OPERATION
In the typical post regulation application the power input voltage VIN_LIN for the linear regulator is generated by
the DC-DC converter. Using a buck converter to reduce the battery voltage to a lower input voltage for the linear
regulator translates to higher efficiency and lower power dissipation.
It's also possible to operate the linear regulator independent of the DC-DC converter output voltage either from
VBATT or a different source. In this case it's important that VIN_LIN does not exceed VBATT at any time. VBATT is
needed for the linear regulator as well, it supplies internal circuitry.
An input capacitor of 1µF at VIN_LIN needs to be added if no other filter or bypass capacitor is present in the
VIN_LIN path.
Startup Mode
If the linear regulator is enabled (logic high at EN_LIN), the power input voltage VIN_LIN is continuously compared
to the nominal output voltage of the linear regulator VOUT_LIN.
If VIN_LIN > VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 200mV the main regulator is active, offering a rated output current of 350mA and
supplied by VIN_LIN.
If VIN_LIN < VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 100mV the startup LDO is active, providing a reduced rated output current of 50mA
typical, supplied by VBATT. Between these two levels a hystersis of 100mV is established. This feature is intended
to enable the supply of loads at the output of the linear regulator while the output of the DC-DC converter is still
ramping up.
In the typical post regulation application with both enable pins connected to VBATT and VIN_LIN supplied by
VOUT_DCDC as an example, the linear regulator turns on in startup mode (IMAX = 50mA) supplied out of VBATT. At
the same time the DC-DC converter turns on, but VOUT_DCDC startup time is longer. The internal signal 'Mode
Switch' monitors the voltage level of VIN_LIN. Once VIN_LIN > VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 200mV, the linear regulator changes
to normal mode (IMAX = 350mA) supplied out of VIN_LIN. If VIN_LIN drops below VOUT_LIN(NOM) + 100mV the linear
regulator switches back to startup mode.
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VOUT_LIN
VOUT_DCDC
VOUT_LIN + 200 mV
= VIN_LIN
Mode
Switch
(internal)
Switch
Startup
LDO to
Main LDO
Startup LDO
(50 mA)
Main LDO
(350 mA)
tSTARTUP_LIN
tSTARTUP_DCDC
Figure 9. Startup Sequence, VEN_DCDC = VEN_LIN = VBATT
Current Limiting
The LM3687 incorporates also a current limit feature for the linear regulator to protect itself and external
components during overload conditions at VOUT_LIN. In the event of a peak over-current condition at VOUT_LIN the
output current through the NFET pass device will be limited.
Application Hints
INDUCTOR SELECTION
There are two main considerations when choosing an inductor; the inductor should not saturate, and the inductor
current ripple should be small enough to achieve the desired output voltage ripple. Different saturation current
rating specifications are followed by different manufacturers so attention must be given to details. Saturation
current ratings are typically specified at 25°C. However, ratings at the maximum ambient temperature of
application should be requested from the manufacturer. The minimum value of inductance to guarantee good
performance is 1.76µH at ILIM (typ) dc current over the ambient temperature range. Shielded inductors
radiate less noise and should be preferred. There are two methods to choose the inductor saturation current
rating.
Method 1
The saturation current should be greater than the sum of the maximum load current and the worst case average
to peak inductor current. This can be written as:
ISAT > IOUT_DCDC_MAX + IRIPPLE
where
ISAT ! IOUTMAX + IRIPPLE
where IRIPPLE =
•
•
•
•
•
22
§VBATT - VOUT· x § VOUT · x § 1 ·
¨ 2 x L ¸ ¨VBATT¸ ¨ f ¸
©
¹ ©
¹ © ¹
(1)
IRIPPLE: average to peak inductor current
IOUT_DCDCMAX: maximum load current (750mA)
VBATT: maximum input voltage in application
L: minimum inductor value including worst case tolerances (30% drop can be considered for method 1)
f: minimum switching frequency (1.3MHz)
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Method 2
A more conservative and recommended approach is to choose an inductor that has a saturation current rating
greater than the maximum current limit of 1380mA.
A 2.2 µH inductor with a saturation current rating of at least 1380mA is recommended for most applications. The
inductor’s resistance should be less than 0.3Ω for good efficiency. Table 1 lists suggested inductors and
suppliers. For low-cost applications, an unshielded bobbin inductor could be considered. For noise critical
applications, a toroidal or shielded- bobbin inductor should be used. A good practice is to lay out the board with
overlapping footprints of both types for design flexibility. This allows substitution of a low-noise shielded inductor,
in the event that noise from low-cost bobbin models is unacceptable.
Table 1. Suggested Inductors and their Suppliers
Model
Vendor
Dimensions LxWxH (mm)
DCR (max)
NR3015T2R2M
Taiyo Yuden
3.0 x 3.0 x 1.5
72mΩ
LPS3015-222ML
Coilcraft
3.0 x 3.0 x 1.5
110mΩ
DO3314-222MX
Coilcraft
3.3 x 3.3 x 1.4
200mΩ
EXTERNAL CAPACITORS
As is common with most regulators, the LM3687 requires external capacitors to ensure stable operation. The
LM3687 is specifically designed for portable applications requiring minimum board space and the smallest size
components. These capacitors must be correctly selected for good performance.
INPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION
VBATT
A ceramic input capacitor of 4.7 µF, 6.3V is sufficient for most applications. Place the input capacitor as close as
possible to the VBATT pin of the device. A larger value may be used for improved input voltage filtering. Use X7R
or X5R types; do not use Y5V. DC bias characteristics of ceramic capacitors must be considered when selecting
case sizes like 0805 and 0603. The minimum input capacitance to guarantee good performance is 2.2µF at 3V
dc bias; 1.5µF at 5V dc bias including tolerances and over ambient temperature range. The input filter capacitor
supplies current to the PFET switch of the LM3687 DC-DC converter in the first half of each cycle and reduces
voltage ripple imposed on the input power source. A ceramic capacitor’s low ESR provides the best noise filtering
of the input voltage spikes due to this rapidly changing current. Select a capacitor with sufficient ripple current
rating. The input current ripple can be calculated as:
IRMS = IOUTMAX x
r=
VOUT
VBATT
§
©
x ¨1 -
VOUT
VBATT
2
+
r
12
·
¸
¹
(VBATT - VOUT) x VOUT
L x f x IOUTMAX x VBATT
The worst case is when VBATT = 2 x VOUT
(2)
VIN_LIN
If the linear regulator is used as post regulation no additional capacitor is needed at VIN_LIN as the output filter
capacitor of the DC-DC converter is close by and therefore sufficient.
In case of independent use, a 1.0µF ceramic capacitor is recommended at VIN_LIN if no other filter capacitor is
present in the VIN_LIN supply path. This capacitor must be located a distance of not more than 1 cm from the
VIN_LIN input pin and returned to a clean analogue ground. Any good quality ceramic, tantalum, or film capacitor
may be used at this input.
Important
Tantalum capacitors can suffer catastrophic failures due to surge current when connected to a low-impedance
source of power (like a battery or a very large capacitor). If a tantalum capacitor is used at this input, it must be
guaranteed by the manufacturer to have a surge current rating sufficient for the application.
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The ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) of this input capacitor should be in the range of 3mΩ to 300mΩ. The
tolerance and temperature coefficient must be considered when selecting the capacitor to ensure the
capacitance will remain ≥ 470nF over the entire operating temperature range.
OUTPUT CAPACITOR
VOUT_DCDC
A ceramic output capacitor of 10 µF, 6.3V is sufficient for most applications. Use X7R or X5R types; do not use
Y5V. DC bias characteristics of ceramic capacitors must be considered when selecting case sizes like 0805 and
0603. DC bias characteristics vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and dc bias curves should be requested
from them as part of the capacitor selection process.
The minimum output capacitance to guarantee good performance is 5.75µF at 1.8V DC bias including
tolerances and over ambient temperature range. The output filter capacitor smoothes out current flow from
the inductor to the load, helps maintain a steady output voltage during transient load changes and reduces
output voltage ripple. These capacitors must be selected with sufficient capacitance and sufficiently low ESR to
perform these functions.
The output voltage ripple is caused by the charging and discharging of the output capacitor and by the RESR and
can be calculated as:
Voltage peak-to-peak ripple due to capacitance can be expressed as follow:
VPP-C =
IRIPPLE
4xfxC
(3)
Voltage peak-to-peak ripple due to ESR can be expressed as follow:
VPP-ESR = (2*IRIPPLE) * RESR
Because these two components are out of phase, the rms (root mean squared) value can be used to get an
approximate value of peak-to-peak ripple. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage, rms value can be expressed as
follow:
VPP-RMS =
VPP-C2 + VPP-ESR2
(4)
Note that the output voltage ripple is dependent on the inductor current ripple and the equivalent series
resistance of the output capacitor (RESR). The RESR is frequency dependent (as well as temperature dependent);
make sure the value used for calculations is at the switching frequency of the part.
VOUT_LIN
The linear regulator is designed specifically to work with very small ceramic output capacitors. A ceramic
capacitor (dielectric types X7R, Z5U, or Y5V) in the 2.2µF range (up to 10µF) and with an ESR between 3mΩ to
300mΩ is suitable as COUT_LIN in the LM3687 application circuit.
This capacitor must be located a distance of not more than 1cm from the VOUT_LIN pin and returned to a clean
analogue ground. It is also possible to use tantalum or film capacitors at the device output, VOUT_LIN, but these
are not as attractive for reasons of size and cost (see the section Capacitor Characteristics).
CAPACITOR CHARACTERISTICS
The LM3687 is designed to work with ceramic capacitors on the outputs to take advantage of the benefits they
offer. For capacitance values in the range of 1µF to 4.7µF, ceramic capacitors are the smallest, least expensive
and have the lowest ESR values, thus making them best for eliminating high frequency noise. The ESR of a
typical 1µF ceramic capacitor is in the range of 3mΩ to 40mΩ, which easily meets the ESR requirement for
stability for the LM3687.
For both input and output capacitors, careful interpretation of the capacitor specification is required to ensure
correct device operation. The capacitor value can change greatly, depending on the operating conditions and
capacitor type.
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CAP VALUE (% of Nom. 1 PF)
In particular, the output capacitor selection should take account of all the capacitor parameters, to ensure that the
specification is met within the application. The capacitance can vary with DC bias conditions as well as
temperature and frequency of operation. Capacitor values will also show some decrease over time due to aging.
The capacitor parameters are also dependant on the particular case size, with smaller sizes giving poorer
performance figures in general. As an example, the graph below shows a comparison of different capacitor case
sizes in a Capacitance vs. DC Bias plot. As shown in the graph, increasing the DC Bias condition can result in
the capacitance value falling below the minimum recommended value. It is therefore recommended that the
capacitor manufacturers’ specifications for the nominal value capacitor are consulted for all conditions, as some
capacitor sizes (e.g. 0402) may not be suitable in the actual application.
0603, 10V, X5R
100%
80%
60%
0402, 6.3V, X5R
40%
20%
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
DC BIAS (V)
Figure 10. Graph Showing a Typical Variation In Capacitance vs. DC Bias
The ceramic capacitor’s capacitance can vary with temperature. The capacitor type X7R, which operates over a
temperature range of -55°C to +125°C, will only vary the capacitance to within ±15%. The capacitor type X5R
has a similar tolerance over a reduced temperature range of -55°C to +85°C. Many large value ceramic
capacitors, larger than 1µF are manufactured with Z5U or Y5V temperature characteristics. Their capacitance
can drop by more than 50% as the temperature varies from 25°C to 85°C. Therefore X7R is recommended over
Z5U and Y5V in applications where the ambient temperature will change significantly above or below 25°C.
Tantalum capacitors are less desirable than ceramic for use as output capacitors because they are more
expensive when comparing equivalent capacitance and voltage ratings in the 1µF to 4.7µF range.
Another important consideration is that tantalum capacitors have higher ESR values than equivalent size
ceramics. This means that while it may be possible to find a tantalum capacitor with an ESR value within the
stable range, it would have to be larger in capacitance (which means bigger and more costly) than a ceramic
capacitor with the same ESR value. It should also be noted that the ESR of a typical tantalum will increase about
2:1 as the temperature goes from 25°C down to -40°C, so some guard band must be allowed. For the output
capacitor of the DC-DC converter, please note that the output voltage ripple is dependent on the ESR of the
output capacitor.
Table 2. Suggested Capacitors and their Suppliers
Capacitance / µF
Model
Voltage Rating
Vendor
Type
Case Size / Inch (mm)
10.0
C1608X5R0J106K
6.3V
TDK
Ceramic, X5R
0603 (1608)
4.7
C1608X5R1A475K
10V
TDK
Ceramic, X5R
0603 (1608)
2.2
C1608X5R1A225K
10V
TDK
Ceramic, X5R
0603 (1608)
1.0
C1005X5R1A105K
10V
TDK
Ceramic, X5R
0402 (1005)
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LM3687
SNVS473A – DECEMBER 2007 – REVISED JULY 2008
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POWER DISSIPATION AND DEVICE OPERATION
The permissible power dissipation for any package is a measure of the capability of the device to pass heat from
the power source, the junctions of the IC, to the ultimate heat sink, the ambient environment. Thus the power
dissipation is dependent on the ambient temperature and the thermal resistance across the various interfaces
between the die and ambient air.
As stated in (1) in the electrical specification section, the allowable power dissipation for the device in a given
package can be calculated using the equation:
PD_SYS = (TJ(MAX) - TA) / θJA
For the LM3687 there are two different main sources contributing to the systems power dissipation (PD_SYS): the
DC-DC converter (PD_DCDC) and the linear regulator (PD_LIN). Neglecting switching losses and quiescent currents
these two main contributors can be estimated by the following equations:
• PD_LIN = (VIN_LIN - VOUT_LIN) * IOUT_LIN
• PD_DCDC = IOUT_DCDC2 * [(RDSON(P) * D) + (RDSON(N) * (1-D))]
with duty cycle D = VOUT_DCDC / VBATT.
As an example, assuming the typical post regulation application, the conversion from VBATT = 3.6V to VOUT_DCDC
= 1.8V and further to VOUT_LIN = 1.5V, at maximum load currents, results in following power dissipations:
PD_DCDC = (0.75A)2 * (0.38Ω * 1.8V / 3.6V + 0.25Ω * (1 - 1.8V / 3.6V)) = 177mW and
PD_LIN = (1.8V - 1.5V) * 0.35A = 105mW.
PD_SYS = 282mW.
With a θJA = 70°C/W for the micro SMD 9 package this PD_SYS will cause a rise of the junction temperature TJ of:
ΔTJ = PD_SYS * θJA = 20K.
For the same conditions but the linear regulator biased from VBATT, this results in a PD_LIN of 735mW, PD_DCDC =
50mW (because IOUT_DCDC = 400mA) and therefore an increase of TJ of 55K.
As lower total power dissipation translates to higher efficiency this example highlights the advantage of the post
regulation setup.
NO-LOAD STABILITY
Both outputs of the LM3687 will remain stable and in regulation with no external load. This is an important
consideration in some circuits, for example CMOS RAM keep-alive applications.
ENABLE OPERATION
The outputs of LM3687 may be switched ON or OFF by a logic input at the Enable pins, VEN_DCDC and VEN_LIN. A
logic high (related to VBATT) at these pins will turn the outputs on (for information on startup sequence please
refer to 'Operation Description').
When both enable pins are low, the outputs are off (pins SW and VOUT_LIN are high impedance) and the device
typically consumes 0.1µA.
If the application does not require the Enable switching feature, the enable pins should be tied to VBATT to keep
the outputs permanently on.
(1)
26
In applications where high power dissipation and/or poor package thermal resistance is present, the maximum ambient temperature may
have to be derated. Maximum ambient temperature (TA-MAX) is dependent on the maximum operating junction temperature (TJ-MAX-OP =
125°C), the maximum power dissipation of the device in the application (PD-MAX), and the junction-to ambient thermal resistance of the
part/package in the application (θJA), as given by the following equation: TA-MAX = TJ-MAX-OP – (θJA × PD-MAX).
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To ensure proper operation, the signal source used to drive the enable inputs must be able to swing above and
below the specified turn-on/off voltage thresholds listed in the Electrical Characteristics section under Enable
Pins (EN_DCDC, EN_LIN), VIL and VIH.
FAST TURN ON
For VOUT_LIN fast turn-on is guaranteed by an optimized architecture allowing a fast ramp of the output voltage to
reach the target voltage while the inrush current is controlled low at 120mA typical (for a COUT of 2.2µF;
assuming VIN_LIN is settled before enable happens).
SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTION
Both outputs of the LM3687 are short circuit protected and in the event of a peak over-current condition, the
output current through the MOS transistors will be limited.
If the over-current condition exists for a longer time, the average power dissipation will increase depending on
the input to output voltage differences until the thermal shutdown circuitry will turn off the MOS transistors.
Please refer to the section on power dissipation for calculations.
THERMAL-OVERLOAD PROTECTION
Thermal-Overload Protection limits the total power dissipation in the LM3687. When the junction temperature
exceeds TJ = 160°C typ., the shutdown logic is triggered and the output MOS transistors are turned off, allowing
the device to cool down. After the junction temperature dropped by 20°C (temperature hysteresis), the output
MOS transistors are activated again. This results in a pulsed output voltage during continuous thermal-overload
conditions.
As the DC-DC converter in PFM mode (low load current) does not contribute significantly to an increase of TJ, it
is not turned off in case a thermal shutdown is initiated. If the DC-DC converter operates in PWM mode, the
PMOS is turned off in case of a thermal shutdown.
The Thermal-Overload Protection is designed to protect the LM3687 in the event of a fault condition. For normal,
continuous operation, do not exceed the absolute maximum junction temperature rating of TJ = +150°C (see
Absolute Maximum Ratings).
REVERSE CURRENT PATH
There are two body diodes at the switch pin of the DC-DC converter. It is not allowed to pull the switch pin above
VBATT or below PGND by more than 200mV.
On the main linear regulator there is a bulk switching feature in place preventing the parasitic diode structures
from conducting current. This feature is only active as long as any of the regulators is enabled.
For the startup LDO, VOUT_LIN must not exceed VBATT.
EVALUATION BOARDS
For availability of evaluation boards please refer to the Product Folder of LM3687 at www.national.com. For
information regarding evaluation boards, please refer to Application Note: AN-1647.
Micro SMD PACKAGE ASSEMBLY AND USE
Use of the micro SMD package requires specialized board layout, precision mounting and careful re-flow
techniques, as detailed in National Semiconductor Application Note 1112. Refer to the section "Surface Mount
Technology (SMD) Assembly Considerations". For best results in assembly, alignment ordinals on the PC board
should be used to facilitate placement of the device. The pad style used with micro SMD package must be the
NSMD (non-solder mask defined) type. This means that the solder-mask opening is larger than the pad size.
This prevents a lip that otherwise forms if the soldermask and pad overlap, from holding the device off the
surface of the board and interfering with mounting. See Application Note 1112 for specific instructions how to do
this. The 9-Bump package used for LM3687 has 300 micron solder balls and requires 275 micron pads for
mounting on the circuit board. The trace to each pad should enter the pad with a 90° entry angle to prevent
debris from being caught in deep corners. Initially, the trace to each pad should not exceed 183 micron, for a
section approximately 183 micron long or longer, as a thermal relief. Then each trace should neck up or down to
its optimal width. The important criteria is symmetry. This ensures the solder bumps on the LM3687 re-flow
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LM3687
SNVS473A – DECEMBER 2007 – REVISED JULY 2008
www.ti.com
evenly and that the device solders level to the board. In particular, special attention must be paid to the pads for
bumps A1, A2, C1 and B3, because PGND, SGND, VBATT and VIN_LIN are typically connected to large copper
planes, inadequate thermal relief can result in late or inadequate re-flow of these bumps. The micro SMD
package is optimized for the smallest possible size in applications with red or infrared opaque cases. Because
the micro SMD package lacks the plastic encapsulation characteristic of larger devices, it is vulnerable to light.
Backside metallization and/or epoxy coating, along with frontside shading by the printed circuit board, reduce this
sensitivity. However, the package has exposed die edges. In particular, micro SMD devices are sensitive to light,
in the red and infrared range, shining on the package’s exposed die edges.
BOARD LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
PC board layout is an important part of DC-DC converter design. Poor board layout can disrupt the performance
of a DC-DC converter and surrounding circuitry by contributing to EMI, ground bounce, and resistive voltage loss
in the traces. These can send erroneous signals to the DC-DC converter IC, resulting in poor regulation or
instability. Good layout for the LM3687 can be implemented by following a few simple design rules below. Refer
to Figure 10 for top layer board layout.
1. Place the LM3687, inductor and filter capacitor close together and make the traces short. The traces
between these components carry relatively high switching currents and act as antennas. Following this rule
reduces radiated noise. Special care must be given to place the input filter capacitor very close to the VBATT
and PGND pin. Place the output capacitor of the linear regulator close to the output pin.
2. Arrange the components so that the switching current loops curl in the same direction. During the first half of
each cycle, current flows from the input filter capacitor through the LM3687 and inductor to the output filter
capacitor and back through ground, forming a current loop. In the second half of each cycle, current is pulled
up from ground through the LM3687 by the inductor to the output filter capacitor and then back through
ground forming a second current loop. Routing these loops so the current curls in the same direction
prevents magnetic field reversal between the two half-cycles and reduces radiated noise.
3. Connect the ground pins of the LM3687 and filter capacitors together using generous component-side
copper fill as a pseudo-ground plane. Then, connect this to the ground-plane (if one is used) with several
vias. This reduces ground-plane noise by preventing the switching currents from circulating through the
ground plane. It also reduces ground bounce at the LM3687 by giving it a low impedance ground connection.
Route SGND to the ground-plane by a separate trace.
4. Use wide traces between the power components and for power connections to the DC-DC converter circuit.
This reduces voltage errors caused by resistive losses across the traces.
5. Route noise sensitive traces, such as the voltage feedback path (FB_DCDC), away from noisy traces
between the power components. The voltage feedback trace must remain close to the LM3687 circuit and
should be direct but should be routed opposite to noisy components. This reduces EMI radiated onto the DCDC converter’s own voltage feedback trace. A good approach is to route the feedback trace on another layer
and to have a ground plane between the top layer and layer on which the feedback trace is routed.
6. Place noise sensitive circuitry, such as radio IF blocks, away from the DC-DC converter, CMOS digital blocks
and other noisy circuitry. Interference with noise sensitive circuitry in the system can be reduced through
distance.
In mobile phones, for example, a common practice is to place the DC-DC converter on one corner of the board,
arrange the CMOS digital circuitry around it (since this also generates noise), and then place sensitive
preamplifiers and IF stages on the diagonally opposing corner. Often, the sensitive circuitry is shielded with a
metal pan and power to it is postregulated to reduce conducted noise, a good field of application for the on-chip
low-dropout linear regulator.
28
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SNVS473A – DECEMBER 2007 – REVISED JULY 2008
Figure 11. Top Layer Board Layout
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29
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
17-Nov-2012
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status
(1)
Package Type Package Pins Package Qty
Drawing
Eco Plan
Lead/Ball Finish
(2)
MSL Peak Temp
Samples
(3)
(Requires Login)
LM3687TL-1812/NOPB
ACTIVE
DSBGA
YZR
9
250
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
SNAGCU
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
LM3687TL-1815/NOPB
ACTIVE
DSBGA
YZR
9
250
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
SNAGCU
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
LM3687TLX-1812/NOPB
ACTIVE
DSBGA
YZR
9
3000
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
SNAGCU
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
LM3687TLX-1815/NOPB
ACTIVE
DSBGA
YZR
9
3000
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
SNAGCU
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability
information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that
lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between
the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight
in homogeneous material)
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com
17-Nov-2012
TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION
*All dimensions are nominal
Device
Package Package Pins
Type Drawing
SPQ
Reel
Reel
A0
Diameter Width (mm)
(mm) W1 (mm)
LM3687TL-1812/NOPB
DSBGA
YZR
9
250
178.0
8.4
B0
(mm)
K0
(mm)
P1
(mm)
W
Pin1
(mm) Quadrant
1.7
1.7
0.76
4.0
8.0
Q1
LM3687TL-1815/NOPB
DSBGA
YZR
9
250
178.0
8.4
1.7
1.7
0.76
4.0
8.0
Q1
LM3687TLX-1812/NOPB
DSBGA
YZR
9
3000
178.0
8.4
1.7
1.7
0.76
4.0
8.0
Q1
LM3687TLX-1815/NOPB
DSBGA
YZR
9
3000
178.0
8.4
1.7
1.7
0.76
4.0
8.0
Q1
Pack Materials-Page 1
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com
17-Nov-2012
*All dimensions are nominal
Device
Package Type
Package Drawing
Pins
SPQ
Length (mm)
Width (mm)
Height (mm)
LM3687TL-1812/NOPB
DSBGA
YZR
9
250
203.0
190.0
41.0
LM3687TL-1815/NOPB
DSBGA
YZR
9
250
203.0
190.0
41.0
LM3687TLX-1812/NOPB
DSBGA
YZR
9
3000
206.0
191.0
90.0
LM3687TLX-1815/NOPB
DSBGA
YZR
9
3000
206.0
191.0
90.0
Pack Materials-Page 2
MECHANICAL DATA
YZR0009xxx
TLA09XXX (Rev C)
D: Max = 1.594 mm, Min =1.494 mm
E: Max = 1.594 mm, Min =1.494 mm
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