TI LM5118Q1MHX/NOPB Wide voltage range buck-boost controller Datasheet

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LM5118, LM5118-Q1
SNVS566I – APRIL 2008 – REVISED AUGUST 2014
LM5118, LM5118-Q1 Wide Voltage Range Buck-Boost Controller
1 Features
3 Description
•
The LM5118 wide voltage range Buck-Boost
switching regulator controller features all of the
functions
necessary
to
implement
a
high
performance, cost efficient Buck-Boost regulator
using a minimum of external components. The BuckBoost topology maintains output voltage regulation
when the input voltage is either less than or greater
than the output voltage, making it especially suitable
for automotive applications. The LM5118 operates as
a buck regulator while the input voltage is sufficiently
greater than the regulated output voltage and
gradually transitions to the buck-boost mode as the
input voltage approaches the output. This dual mode
approach maintains regulation over a wide range of
input voltages with optimal conversion efficiency in
the buck mode and a glitch-free output during mode
transitions. This easy-to-use controller includes
drivers for the high side buck MOSFET and the low
side boost MOSFET. The regulators control method
is based upon current mode control utilizing an
emulated current ramp. Emulated current mode
control reduces noise sensitivity of the pulse-width
modulation circuit, allowing reliable control of the very
small duty cycles necessary in high input voltage
applications. Additional protection features include
current limit, thermal shutdown and an enable input.
The device is available in a power enhanced
HTSSOP-20 package featuring an exposed die attach
pad to aid thermal dissipation.
1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
LM5118-Q1 is an Automotive Grade Product that
is AEC-Q100 grade 1 Qualified (-40°C to 125°C
Operating Junction Temperature)
Ultra-wide Input Voltage Range from 3 V to 75 V
Emulated Peak Current Mode Control
Smooth Transition Between Step-Down and StepUp Modes
Switching Frequency Programmable to 500 KHz
Oscillator Synchronization Capability
Internal High Voltage Bias Regulator
Integrated High and Low-side Gate Drivers
Programmable Soft-Start Time
Ultra Low Shutdown Current
Enable Input Wide Bandwidth Error Amplifier
1.5% Feedback Reference Accuracy
Thermal Shutdown
Package: HTSSOP-20 (Exposed Pad)
2 Applications
•
•
•
Automotive Infotainment
Automotive Start/Stop Systems
Industrial Buck/Boost Supplies
Device Information(1)
PART NUMBER
PACKAGE
BODY SIZE (NOM)
LM5118
HTSSOP (20)
6.50 mm × 4.40 mm
LM5118-Q1
HTSSOP (20)
6.50 mm × 4.40 mm
(1) For all available packages, see the orderable addendum at
the end of the datasheet.
4 Simplified Schematic
VIN
Efficiency vs VIN and IOUT, VOUT = 12V
VCC
HB
100
LM5118
xxx
xx
HO
VOUT
95
HS
CS
RAMP
CSG
LO
RT
VOUT
EFFICIENCY (%)
x
SS
90
3 AMP
x
85
x
1 AMP
x
2 AMP
x
80
x
FB
GND
COMP
75
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
VIN (V)
1
An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this data sheet addresses availability, warranty, changes, use in safety-critical applications,
intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers. PRODUCTION DATA.
LM5118, LM5118-Q1
SNVS566I – APRIL 2008 – REVISED AUGUST 2014
www.ti.com
Table of Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Features ..................................................................
Applications ...........................................................
Description .............................................................
Simplified Schematic.............................................
Revision History.....................................................
Pin Configuration and Functions .........................
Specifications.........................................................
1
1
1
1
2
4
6
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
6
6
6
6
7
Absolute Maximum Ratings ......................................
Handling Ratings.......................................................
Recommended Operating Conditions.......................
Thermal Information ..................................................
Electrical Characteristics...........................................
Typical Characteristics........................................ 10
Detailed Description ............................................ 12
9.1 Overview ................................................................. 12
9.2 Functional Block Diagram ....................................... 12
9.3 Feature Description................................................. 13
9.4 Device Functional Modes........................................ 20
10 Application and Implementation........................ 23
10.1 Application Information.......................................... 23
10.2 Typical Application ............................................... 23
11 Power Supply Recommendations ..................... 34
11.1 Thermal Considerations ........................................ 34
11.2 Bias Power Dissipation Reduction ........................ 35
12 Layout................................................................... 37
12.1 Layout Guidelines ................................................. 37
12.2 Layout Example .................................................... 37
13 Device and Documentation Support ................. 38
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
Related Links ........................................................
Trademarks ...........................................................
Electrostatic Discharge Caution ............................
Glossary ................................................................
38
38
38
38
14 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable
Information ........................................................... 38
5 Revision History
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
Changes from Revision H (October 2013) to Revision I
Page
•
Changed data sheet flow and layout to conform with new TI standards. Added the following sections: Application
and Implementation; Power Supply Recommendations; Layout; Device and Documentation Support; Mechanical,
Packaging, and Ordering Information .................................................................................................................................... 1
•
Deleted footnote "These pins must not be raised above VIN." .............................................................................................. 6
Changes from Revision G (February, 2013) to Revision H
Page
•
Deleted VIN Range on Functional Block Diagram................................................................................................................. 12
•
Changed Figure 19............................................................................................................................................................... 24
•
Changed Inductor Selection Text ......................................................................................................................................... 26
•
Changed Equation 15........................................................................................................................................................... 26
•
Changed Equation 16 .......................................................................................................................................................... 26
•
Added Efficiency Parameter ................................................................................................................................................. 26
•
Changed II(PEAK) Value .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
•
Changed I2(PEAK) Value.......................................................................................................................................................... 27
•
Changed R13 = RSENSEText ................................................................................................................................................ 27
•
Added Equation 19 .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
•
Added Equation 20 .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
•
Changed Equation 21 .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
•
Changed Equation 22 .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
•
Changed R13(BUCK) Value ..................................................................................................................................................... 27
•
Changed R13(BUCK-BOOST) Value ............................................................................................................................................ 27
•
Added Inductor Current Limit Calculation Section................................................................................................................ 28
•
Added Equation 24 .............................................................................................................................................................. 28
•
Added Equation 26 .............................................................................................................................................................. 28
•
Changed Equation 29 .......................................................................................................................................................... 28
2
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SNVS566I – APRIL 2008 – REVISED AUGUST 2014
•
Changed ESRMAX Value ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
•
Deleted Previous Equation 17 .............................................................................................................................................. 29
•
Deleted Previous Equation 18 .............................................................................................................................................. 29
•
Changed C1 - C5 = Input Capacitor Text............................................................................................................................. 29
•
Changed R8, R9 Text........................................................................................................................................................... 30
•
Changed Equation 38 .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
•
Changed R1, R3, C21 Text .................................................................................................................................................. 30
•
Changed Equation 40 .......................................................................................................................................................... 31
•
Changed DMIN to DMAX .......................................................................................................................................................... 31
•
Changed DMAX Value ............................................................................................................................................................ 31
•
Changed DC Gain(MOD) Value............................................................................................................................................... 31
•
Changed ESRZERO Value...................................................................................................................................................... 31
•
Changed R4, C18, C17 Text ................................................................................................................................................ 32
•
Changed Figure 21............................................................................................................................................................... 33
•
Changed Figure 22............................................................................................................................................................... 33
•
Changed Figure 23............................................................................................................................................................... 33
•
Added Figure 24 ................................................................................................................................................................... 33
•
Added Figure 25 ................................................................................................................................................................... 33
•
Added Figure 26 ................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Changes from Revision F (February 2013) to Revision G
•
Page
Changed layout of National Data Sheet to TI format ........................................................................................................... 24
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Product Folder Links: LM5118 LM5118-Q1
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6 Pin Configuration and Functions
20 Pin
PWP0020A Package
(Top View)
VIN
1
20
HS
UVLO
2
19
HO
RT
3
18
HB
EN
4
17
VCCX
RAMP
5
16
VCC
AGND
6
15
LO
SS
7
14
PGND
FB
8
13
CSG
COMP
9
12
CS
VOUT
10
11
SYNC
Pin Descriptions
PIN
NUMBER
4
DESCRIPTION
NAME
1
VIN
2
UVLO
Input supply voltage.
3
RT
The internal oscillator frequency is set with a single resistor between this pin and the AGND pin. The
recommended frequency range is 50 kHz to 500 kHz.
4
EN
If the EN pin is below 0.5 V, the regulator will be in a low power state drawing less than 10 µA from VIN. EN must
be raised above 3 V for normal operation.
5
RAMP
Ramp control signal. An external capacitor connected between this pin and the AGND pin sets the ramp slope
used for emulated current mode control.
6
AGND
Analog ground.
7
SS
Soft-Start. An external capacitor and an internal 10 µA current source set the rise time of the error amp reference.
The SS pin is held low when VCC is less than the VCC under-voltage threshold (< 3.7 V), when the UVLO pin is
low (< 1.23 V), when EN is low (< 0.5 V) or when thermal shutdown is active.
8
FB
Feedback signal from the regulated output. Connect to the inverting input of the internal error amplifier.
9
COMP
Output of the internal error amplifier. The loop compensation network should be connected between COMP and
the FB pin.
10
VOUT
Output voltage monitor for emulated current mode control. Connect this pin directly to the regulated output.
11
SYNC
Sync input for switching regulator synchronization to an external clock.
If the UVLO pin is below 1.23 V, the regulator will be in standby mode (VCC regulator running, switching regulator
disabled). When the UVLO pin exceeds 1.23 V, the regulator enters the normal operating mode. An external
voltage divider can be used to set an under-voltage shutdown threshold. A fixed 5 µA current is sourced out of the
UVLO pin. If a current limit condition exists for 256 consecutive switching cycles, an internal switch pulls the UVLO
pin to ground and then releases.
12
CS
13
CSG
Current sense input. Connect to the diode side of the current sense resistor.
14
PGND
15
LO
16
VCC
Output of the bias regulator. Locally decouple to PGND using a low ESR/ESL capacitor located as close to the
controller as possible.
17
VCCX
Optional input for an externally supplied bias supply. If the voltage at the VCCX pin is greater than 3.9 V, the
internal VCC regulator is disabled and the VCC pin is internally connected to VCCX pin supply. If VCCX is not
used, connect to AGND.
18
HB
Current sense ground input. Connect to the ground side of the current sense resistor.
Power Ground.
Boost MOSFET gate drive output. Connect to the gate of the external boost MOSFET.
High side gate driver supply used in bootstrap operation. The bootstrap capacitor supplies current to charge the
high side MOSFET gate. This capacitor should be placed as close to the controller as possible and connected
between HB and HS.
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Pin Descriptions (continued)
PIN
DESCRIPTION
NUMBER
NAME
19
HO
Buck MOSFET gate drive output. Connect to the gate of the high side buck MOSFET through a short, low
inductance path.
20
HS
Buck MOSFET source pin. Connect to the source terminal of the high side buck MOSFET and the bootstrap
capacitor.
EP
Solder to the ground plane under the IC to aid in heat dissipation.
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7 Specifications
7.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings (1)
over operating free air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
MIN
MAX
UNIT
VIN, EN, VOUT to GND
–0.3
76
V
VCC, LO, VCCX, UVLO to GND
–0.3
15
V
HB to HS
–0.3
15
V
HO to HS
–0.3
HB +0.3
V
HS to GND
–4
76
V
CSG, CS to GND
–0.3
+0.3
V
RAMP, SS, COMP, FB, SYNC, RT to GND
–0.3
7
V
±150
°C
Junction Temperature
(1)
Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings
only, which do not imply functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under Recommended
Operating Conditions. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
7.2 Handling Ratings
Tstg
Storage temperature range
V(ESD)
(1)
(2)
Electrostatic discharge
MIN
MAX
UNIT
–55
+150
°C
Human body model (HBM), per ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001, all
pins (1) (2)
2000
V
JEDEC document JEP155 states that 2000-V HBM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process.
The human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor into each pin.
7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions (1)
over operating free air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
MIN
MAX
3
75
(2)
VIN
UNIT
V
VCC, VCCX
4.75
14
V
Junction Temperature
–40
+125
°C
(1)
(2)
Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is intended to be functional, but does not ensure specific performance limits.
For specifications and test conditions see Electrical Characteristics.
5V VIN is required to initially start the controller.
7.4 Thermal Information
LM5118(Q1)
THERMAL METRIC (1)
PWP
UNIT
20 Pins
RθJA
Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance
40
RθJC(bot)
Junction-to-case (bottom) thermal resistance
4
(1)
6
°C/W
For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the IC Package Thermal Metrics application report, SPRA953.
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7.5 Electrical Characteristics
Unless otherwise specified, the following conditions apply: VIN = 48 V, VCCX = 0 V, EN = 5 V, RT = 29.11 kΩ, No load on
LO and HO (1).
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ = –40°C to +125°C
MIN
TYP
MAX
TJ = 25°C
MIN
TYP
UNIT
MAX
VIN SUPPLY
IBIAS
VIN Operating Current
VCCX = 0 V
5.5
4.5
mA
IBIASX
VIN Operating Current
VCCX = 5 V
1.85
1
mA
ISTDBY
VIN Shutdown Current
EN = 0 V
10
1
µA
VCC(REG)
VCC Regulation
VCCX = 0 V
VCC(REG)
VCC Regulation
VCCX = 0 V, VIN = 6 V
VCC Sourcing Current Limit
VCC = 0
VCCX Switch threshold
VCCX Rising
VCC REGULATOR
6.8
7.2
7
V
5
5.5
5.25
V
4.02
3.85
V
0.2
V
21
3.68
35
VCCX Switch hysteresis
VCCX Switch RDS(ON)
ICCX = 10 mA
VCCX Switch Leakage
VCCX = 0 V
VCCCX Pull-down
Resistance
VCCX = 3 V
VCC Under-Voltage Lockout
Voltage
VCC Rising
12
5
Ω
1
0.5
µA
70
3.52
3.86
VCC Under-Voltage
Hysteresis
3.7
0.21
HB DC Bias current
HB-HS = 15 V
mA
260
VC LDO Mode Turn-off
kΩ
V
V
205
µA
10
V
EN INPUT
VIL
max
EN Input Low Threshold
VIH min
EN Input High Threshold
0.5
V
µA
3.00
V
EN Input Bias Current
VEN = 3 V
-1
1
EN Input Bias Current
VEN = 0.5 V
-1
1
EN Input Bias Current
VEN = 75 V
UVLO Standby Threshold
UVLO Rising
µA
50
µA
1.231
V
UVLO THRESHOLDS
1.191
1.271
UVLO Threshold Hysteresis
UVLO Pull-up Current
Source
0.105
UVLO = 0 V
5
UVLO Pull-down RDS(ON)
V
µA
200
100
Ω
13.5
10.5
µA
150
mV
SOFT- START
SS Current Source
SS = 0V
SS to FB Offset
FB = 1.23 V
SS Output Low Voltage
Sinking 100 µA, UVLO = 0
V
FB Reference Voltage
Measured at FB pin,
FB = COMP
FB Input Bias Current
FB = 2 V
7.5
7
mV
ERROR AMPLIFIER
VREF
COMP Sink/Source Current
AOL
DC Gain
fBW
Unity Bain Bandwidth
(1)
1.212
1.248
1.230
200
20
3
V
nA
mA
80
dB
3
MHz
Min and Max limits are 100% production tested at 25°C. Limits over the operating temperature range are ensured through correlation
using Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. Limits are used to calculate Average Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL).
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Electrical Characteristics (continued)
Unless otherwise specified, the following conditions apply: VIN = 48 V, VCCX = 0 V, EN = 5 V, RT = 29.11 kΩ, No load on
LO and HO (1).
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ = –40°C to +125°C
MIN
TYP
MAX
TJ = 25°C
MIN
TYP
UNIT
MAX
PWM COMPARATORS
tHO(OFF)
Forced HO Off-time
TON(MIN)
Minimum HO On-time
305
495
COMP to Comparator Offset
400
ns
70
ns
200
mV
OSCILLATOR (RT PIN)
fSW1
Frequency 1
RT = 29.11 kΩ
178
224
200
kHz
fSW2
Frequency 2
RT = 9.525 kΩ
450
575
515
kHz
1.3
V
SYNC
Sync threshold falling
CURRENT LIMIT
VCS(TH)
Cycle-by-cycle Sense
RAMP = 0 Buck Mode
Voltage Threshold (CS-CSG)
-103
-147
–125
VCS(THX)
Cycle-by-cycle Sense
RAMP = 0 Buck-Boost
Voltage Threshold (CS-CSG) Mode
-218
-300
–255
mV
mV
CS Bias Current
CS = 0 V
60
45
CSG Bias Current
CSG = 0 V
60
45
µA
256
cycles
Current Limit Fault Timer
µA
RAMP GENERATOR
IR1
RAMP Current 1
VIN = 60 V, VOUT = 10 V
245
365
305
µA
IR2
RAMP Current 2
VIN = 12 V, VOUT = 12 V
95
135
115
µA
IR3
RAMP Current 3
VIN = 5 V, VOUT = 12 V
65
95
VOUT Bias Current
VOUT = 48 V
80
µA
245
µA
0.14
V
LOW SIDE (LO) GATE DRIVER
VOLL
LO Low-state Output Voltage ILO = 100 mA
VOHL
LO High-state Output
Voltage
ILO = -100 mA
VOHL = VCC-VLO
LO Rise Time
C-load = 1 nF, VCC = 8 V
0.095
0.23
0.25
V
16
ns
LO Fall Time
C-load = 1 nF, VCC = 8 V
14
ns
IOHL
Peak LO Source Current
VLO = 0 V, VCC = 8 V
2.2
A
IOLL
Peak LO Sink Current
VLO = VCC = 8 V
2.7
A
HIGH SIDE (HO) GATE DRIVER
VOLH
HO Low-state Output
Voltage
IHO = 100 mA
VOHH
HO High-state Output
Voltage
IHO = -100 mA,
VOHH = VHB-VOH
HO Rise Time
C-load = 1 nF, VCC = 8 V
14
ns
HO Fall Time
C-load = 1 nF, VCC = 8 V
12
ns
IOHH
Peak HO Source Current
VHO = 0V, VCC = 8 V
2.2
A
IOLH
Peak HO Sink Current
VHO = VCC = 8 V
3.5
A
0.1
0.21
0.25
HB-HS Under Voltage Lockout
8
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0.135
3
V
V
V
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Electrical Characteristics (continued)
Unless otherwise specified, the following conditions apply: VIN = 48 V, VCCX = 0 V, EN = 5 V, RT = 29.11 kΩ, No load on
LO and HO (1).
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ = –40°C to +125°C
MIN
TYP
MAX
TJ = 25°C
MIN
TYP
UNIT
MAX
BUCK-BOOST CHARACTERISTICS
Buck-Boost Mode
Buck Duty Cycle
(2)
69%
80%
75%
THERMAL
TSD
Thermal Shutdown Temp.
165
Thermal Shutdown
Hysteresis
(2)
25
°C
°C
When the duty cycle exceeds 75%, the LM5118 controller gradually phases into the Buck-Boost mode.
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8 Typical Characteristics
100
EFFICIENCY (%)
x
90
3 AMP
x
85
CURRENT LIMIT THRESHOLD (mV)
xxx
xx
95
x
1 AMP
x
2 AMP
x
80
75
-100
0
x
10
20
30
40
50
60
-125
-150
-175
-200
-225
-250
-275
65 70
70
75
80
85
Figure 1. Efficiency vs VIN and IOUT, VOUT = 12 V
Figure 2. Current Limit Threshold vs VOUT/VIN
VOUT = 12 V
10
10
8
8
6
6
VCC (V)
VCC (V)
VOUT/VIN DC (%)
4
2
4
2
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
VIN (V)
150
4
40
120
3.5
30
90
10
30
0
0
CURRENT (A)
60
PHASE (°)
20
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
HO Sink
LO Sink
2
1.5
LO Source
-30
1E+07
HO Source
0.5
0
0
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 5. Error Amplifier Gain/Phase
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50
2.5
1
-10
40
Figure 4. VCC vs IVCC
50
3
GAIN (dB)
30
IVCC (mA)
Figure 3. VCC vs VIN
10
95 100 105 110
90
VIN (V)
Figure 6. LO and HO Peak Gate Current vs Output Voltage
VCC = 8 V
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Typical Characteristics (continued)
600
500
FOSC (kHz)
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100 120 140 160
RT (k:)
Figure 7. Oscillator Frequency vs RT
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9 Detailed Description
9.1 Overview
The LM5118 high voltage switching regulator features all of the functions necessary to implement an efficient
high voltage buck or buck-boost regulator using a minimum of external components. The regulator switches
smoothly from buck to buck-boost operation as the input voltage approaches the output voltage, allowing
operation with the input greater than or less than the output voltage. This easy to use regulator integrates highside and low-side MOSFET drivers capable of supplying peak currents of 2 A. The regulator control method is
based on current mode control utilizing an emulated current ramp. Peak current mode control provides inherent
line feed-forward, cycle-by-cycle current limiting and ease of loop compensation. The use of an emulated control
ramp reduces noise sensitivity of the pulse-width modulation circuit, allowing reliable processing of very small
duty cycles necessary in high input voltage applications. The operating frequency is user programmable from 50
kHz to 500 kHz. An oscillator synchronization pin allows multiple LM5118 regulators to self synchronize or be
synchronized to an external clock. Fault protection features include current limiting, thermal shutdown and
remote shutdown capability. An under-voltage lockout input allows regulator shutdown when the input voltage is
below a user selected threshold, and a low state at the enable pin will put the regulator into an extremely low
current shutdown state. The device is available in the HTSSOP-20EP package featuring an exposed pad to aid
in thermal dissipation.
9.2 Functional Block Diagram
17
LM5118
Vin
VIN
1
VIN
4
EN
VCCX
VCC 16
7V
REGULATOR
VCC UVLO
R8
C8
C2
C1
3.9V
3V
5 µA
THERMAL
SHUTDOWN
SHUTDOWN
AND
STANDBY
MODE
CONTROL
R1
2
HB
18
C13
DISABLE
HB UVLO
UVLO
R2
C12
1.23V
HICCUP MODE
FAULT TIMER
Vin
10 µA
7
SS
PWM
C4
Q1
CLK
5V
S
Q
R
Q
HO
19
HS
20
L1
LEVEL
SHIFT
D2
VOUT
1.23V
C1
1
I-LIMIT
8 FB
ERROR
AMP
C5
C6
Vth( buck) = 1.25V
Vth ( buck- boost) = 2.50V
+
R4
9
D1
CLK
10 Rs V/A
A=10
C9
R7
CS 12
TRACK
and
HOLD
C1
0
Rs
CSG 13
COMP
R5
VOUT 10
Vin
11 SYNC
RAMP GENERATOR
OSCILLATOR
3 RT
LO 15
IRAMP (buck-boost) = 5 µA x Vin + 50 µA
AGND
5
RAMP
Q2
IRAMP (buck) = (5µA x (Vin -Vout )) + 50 µA
CLK
R3
R6
IRAMP
6
14
BUCK-BOOST
MODE CONTROL
PGND
C3
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9.3 Feature Description
A buck-boost regulator can maintain regulation for input voltages either higher or lower than the output voltage.
The challenge is that buck-boost power converters are not as efficient as buck regulators. The LM5118 has been
designed as a dual mode controller whereby the power converter acts as a buck regulator while the input voltage
is above the output. As the input voltage approaches the output voltage, a gradual transition to the buck-boost
mode occurs. The dual mode approach maintains regulation over a wide range of input voltages, while
maintaining the optimal conversion efficiency in the normal buck mode. The gradual transition between modes
eliminates disturbances at the output during transitions. Figure 8 shows the basic operation of the LM5118
regulator in the buck mode. In buck mode, transistor Q1 is active and Q2 is disabled. The inductor current ramps
in proportion to the VIN - VOUT voltage difference when Q1 is active and ramps down through the recirculating
diode D1 when Q1 is off. The first order buck mode transfer function is VOUT/VIN = D, where D is the duty cycle
of the buck switch, Q1.
VIN
Buck Switch
Current
HB
Q1
HO
D2
VOUT
HS
D1
LM5118
Diode Current
CS
CSG
Q2 (OFF)
LO
Figure 8. Buck Mode Operation
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Feature Description (continued)
Figure 9 shows the basic operation of buck-boost mode. In buck-boost mode both Q1 and Q2 are active for the
same time interval each cycle. The inductor current ramps up (proportional to VIN) when Q1 and Q2 are active
and ramps down through the recirculating diode during the off time. The first order buck-boost transfer function is
VOUT/VIN = D/(1-D), where D is the duty cycle of Q1 and Q2.
VIN
Buck Switch
Current
HB
Q1
HO
D2
VOUT
HS
D1
LM5118
Diode Current
CS
CSG
Q2
LO
Figure 9. Buck-Boost Mode Operation
100
90
70
60
50
40
30
DUTY CYCLE (%)
80
20
10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
0
VIN (V)
Figure 10. Mode Dependence on Duty Cycle (VOUT = 12 V)
9.3.1 UVLO
An under-voltage lockout pin is provided to disable the regulator when the input is below the desired operating
range. If the UVLO pin is below 1.13 V, the regulator enters a standby mode with the outputs disabled, but with
VCC regulator operating. If the UVLO input exceeds 1.23 V, the regulator will resume normal operation. A
voltage divider from the input to ground can be used to set a VIN threshold to disable the regulator in brown-out
conditions or for low input faults.
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Feature Description (continued)
If a current limit fault exists for more than 256 clock cycles, the regulator will enter a “hiccup” mode of current
limiting and the UVLO pin will be pulled low by an internal switch. This switch turns off when the UVLO pin
approaches ground potential allowing the UVLO pin to rise. A capacitor connected to the UVLO pin will delay the
return to a normal operating level and thereby set the off-time of the hiccup mode fault protection. An internal 5
µA pull-up current pulls the UVLO pin to a high state to ensure normal operation when the VIN UVLO function is
not required and the pin is left floating.
9.3.2 Oscillator and Sync Capability
The LM5118 oscillator frequency is set by a single external resistor connected between the RT pin and the
AGND pin. The RT resistor should be located very close to the device and connected directly to the pins of the
IC. To set a desired oscillator frequency (f), the necessary value for the RT resistor can be calculated from
Equation 1:
9
RT =
6.4 x 10
3
- 3.02 x 10
f
(1)
The SYNC pin can be used to synchronize the internal oscillator to an external clock. The external clock must be
of higher frequency than the free-running frequency set by the RT resistor. A clock circuit with an open drain
output is the recommended interface from the external clock to the SYNC pin. The clock pulse duration should
be greater than 15 ns.
Multiple LM5118 devices can be synchronized together simply by connecting the SYNC pins together as in
Figure 11. In this configuration all of the devices will be synchronized to the highest frequency device. Figure 12
illustrates the SYNC input/output features of the LM5118. The internal oscillator circuit drives the SYNC pin with
a strong pull-down/weak pull-up inverter. When the SYNC pin is pulled low, either by the internal oscillator or an
external clock, the ramp cycle of the oscillator is terminated and forced 400 ns off-time is initiated before a new
oscillator cycle begins. If the SYNC pins of several LM5118 IC’s are connected together, the IC with the highest
internal clock frequency will pull all the connected SYNC pins low and terminate the oscillator ramp cycles of the
other IC’s. The LM5118 with the highest programmed clock frequency will serve as the master and control the
switching frequency of all the devices with lower oscillator frequencies.
LM5118
SYNC
LM5118
SYNC
UP TO FIVE
LM5118 DEVICES
Figure 11. Sync from Multiple Devices
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Feature Description (continued)
SYNC
100 PA
I
1/RT
1.23V
Q
S
Q
R
DEADTIME
ONE - SHOT
Figure 12. Simplified Oscillator and Block Diagram with Sync I/O Circuit
9.3.3 Error Amplifier and PWM Comparator
The internal high gain error amplifier generates an error signal proportional to the difference between the
regulated output voltage and an internal precision reference (1.23 V). The output of the error amplifier is
connected to the COMP pin. Loop compensation components, typically a type II network illustrated in are
connected between the COMP and FB pins. This network creates a low frequency pole, a zero, and a noise
reducing high frequency pole. The PWM comparator compares the emulated current sense signal from the
RAMP generator to the error amplifier output voltage at the COMP pin. The same error amplifier is used for
operation in buck and buck-boost mode.
v
Buck: ( 5 PA x ( Vin - Vout ) + 50 PA ) x
Emulated
Ramp
Buck - Boost: ( 5 PA x Vin + 50 PA ) x
ton
Cramp
ton
Cramp
Pedestal Level = 10 x Rs (volts/amp)
t
Ton
Figure 13. Composition of Emulated Current Signal
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Feature Description (continued)
9.3.4 Ramp Generator
The ramp signal of a pulse-width modulator with current mode control is typically derived directly from the buck
switch drain current. This switch current corresponds to the positive slope portion of the inductor current signal.
Using this signal for the PWM ramp simplifies the control loop transfer function to a single pole response and
provides inherent input voltage feed-forward compensation. The disadvantage of using the buck switch current
signal for PWM control is the large leading edge spike due to circuit parasitics. The leading edge spike must be
filtered or blanked to avoid early termination of the PWM pulse. Also, the current measurement may introduce
significant propagation delays. The filtering, blanking time and propagation delay limit the minimal achievable
pulse width. In applications where the input voltage may be relatively large in comparison to the output voltage,
controlling a small pulse width is necessary for regulation. The LM5118 utilizes a unique ramp generator which
does not actually measure the buck switch current but instead creates a signal representing or emulating the
inductor current. The emulated ramp provides signal to the PWM comparator that is free of leading edge spikes
and measurement or filtering delays. The current reconstruction is comprised of two elements, a sample-andhold pedestal level and a ramp capacitor which is charged by a controlled current source. Refer to Figure 13 for
details.
The sample-and-hold pedestal level is derived from a measurement of the recirculating current through a current
sense resistor in series with the recirculating diode of the buck regulator stage. A small value current sensing
resistor is required between the recirculating diode anode and ground. The CS and CSG pins should be Kelvin
connected directly to the sense resistor. The voltage level across the sense resistor is sampled and held just
prior to the onset of the next conduction interval of the buck switch. The current sensing and sample-and-hold
provide the DC level of the reconstructed current signal. The sample and hold of the recirculating diode current is
valid for both buck and buck-boost modes. The positive slope inductor current ramp is emulated by an external
capacitor connected from the RAMP pin to the AGND and an internal voltage controlled current source. In buck
mode, the ramp current source that emulates the inductor current is a function of the VIN and VOUT voltages per
Equation 2:
IRAMP (buck) =
5 PA
x (VIN - VOUT) + 50 PA
V
(2)
In buck-boost mode, the ramp current source is a function of the input voltage VIN, per Equation 3:
IRAMP (buck - boost) =
5 PA
x VIN + 50 PA
V
(3)
Proper selection of the RAMP capacitor (CRAMP) depends upon the value of the output inductor (L) and the
current sense resistor (RS). For proper current emulation, the sample and hold pedestal value and the ramp
amplitude must have the same relative relationship to the actual inductor current. That is:
RS x A =
CRAMP =
gm x L
CRAMP
gm x L
A x RS
where
•
•
gm is the ramp generator transconductance (5 µA/V)
A is the current sense amplifier gain (10V/V)
(4)
The ramp capacitor should be located very close to the device and connected directly to the RAMP and AGND
pins.
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Feature Description (continued)
The relationship between the average inductor current and the pedestal value of the sampled inductor current
can cause instability in certain operating conditions. This instability is known as sub-harmonic oscillation, which
occurs when the inductor ripple current does not return to its initial value by the start of the next switching cycle.
Sub-harmonic oscillation is normally characterized by observing alternating wide and narrow pulses at the switch
node. Adding a fixed slope voltage ramp (slope compensation) to the current sense signal prevents this
oscillation. The 50 µA of offset current provided from the emulated current source adds enough slope
compensation to the ramp signal for output voltages less than or equal to 12 V. For higher output voltages,
additional slope compensation may be required. In such applications, the ramp capacitor can be decreased from
the nominal calculated value to increase the ramp slope compensation.
The pedestal current sample is obtained from the current sense resistor (Rs) connected to the CS and CSG pins.
It is sometimes helpful to adjust the internal current sense amplifier gain (A) to a lower value in order to obtain
the higher current limit threshold. Adding a pair of external resistors RG in a series with CS and CSG as in
Figure 14 reduces the current sense amplifier gain A according to Equation 5:
10k
A=
1k + RG
(5)
9.3.5 Current Limit
In the buck mode the average inductor current is equal to the output current (IOUT). In buck-boost mode the
average inductor current is approximately equal to:
Iout x 1 +
VOUT
VIN
(6)
Consequently, the inductor current in buck-boost mode is much larger especially when VOUT is large relative to
VIN. The LM5118 provides a current monitoring scheme to protect the circuit from possible over-current
conditions. When set correctly, the emulated current sense signal is proportional to the buck switch current with a
scale factor determined by the current sense resistor. The emulated ramp signal is applied to the current limit
comparator. If the peak of the emulated ramp signal exceeds 1.25 V when operating in the buck mode, the PWM
cycle is immediately terminated (cycle-by-cycle current limiting). In buck-boost mode the current limit threshold is
increased to 2.50 V to allow higher peak inductor current. To further protect the external switches during
prolonged overload conditions, an internal counter detects consecutive cycles of current limiting. If the counter
detects 256 consecutive current limited PWM cycles, the LM5118 enters a low power dissipation hiccup mode. In
the hiccup mode, the output drivers are disabled, the UVLO pin is momentarily pulled low, and the soft-start
capacitor is discharged. The regulator is restarted with a normal soft-start sequence once the UVLO pin charges
back to 1.23 V. The hiccup mode off-time can be programmed by an external capacitor connected from UVLO
pin to ground. This hiccup cycle will repeat until the output overload condition is removed.
In applications with low output inductance and high input voltage, the switch current may overshoot due to the
propagation delay of the current limit comparator and control circuitry. If an overshoot should occur, the sampleand-hold circuit will detect the excess recirculating diode current. If the sample-and-hold pedestal level exceeds
the internal current limit threshold, the buck switch will be disabled and will skip PWM cycles until the inductor
current has decayed below the current limit threshold. This approach prevents current runaway conditions due to
propagation delays or inductor saturation since the inductor current is forced to decay before the buck switch is
turned on again.
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Feature Description (continued)
CURRENT LIMIT
COMPARATOR
CURRENT SENSE
AMPLIFIER
Vth
-
TRACK
and HOLD
10k
1k
RG
CS
+
-
10k
IL
RS
+
IRAMP
1k
CSG
RG
0.2V
RAMP
RESET
RAMP
CRAMP
Figure 14. Current Limit and Ramp Circuit
9.3.6 Maximum Duty Cycle
Each conduction cycle of the buck switch is followed by a forced minimum off-time of 400 ns to allow sufficient
time for the recirculating diode current to be sampled. This forced off-time limits the maximum duty cycle of the
controller. The actual maximum duty cycle will vary with the operating frequency as follows:
DMAX = 1 - f x 400 x 10-9
where
•
f is the oscillator frequency in Hz
(7)
1
MAX DUTY CYCLE
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
FREQUENCY (kHz)
Figure 15. Maximum Duty Cycle vs Frequency
Limiting the maximum duty cycle will limit the maximum boost ratio (VOUT/VIN) while operating in buck-boost
mode. For example, from Figure 15, at an operating frequency of 500 kHz, DMAX is 80%. Using the buck-boost
transfer function.
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Feature Description (continued)
D=
Vout
Vin + Vout
(8)
With D = 80%, solving for VOUT results in:
VOUT = 4 x VIN
(9)
With a minimum input voltage of 5 V, the maximum possible output voltage is 20 V at f = 500 kHz. The buckboost step-up ratio can be increased by reducing the operating frequency which increases the maximum duty
cycle.
9.3.7 Soft-Start
The soft-start feature allows the regulator to gradually reach the initial steady state operating point, thus reducing
start-up stresses and surges. The internal 10 µA soft-start current source gradually charges an external soft-start
capacitor connected to the SS pin. The SS pin is connected to the positive input of the internal error amplifier.
The error amplifier controls the pulse-width modulator such that the FB pin approximately equals the SS pin as
the SS capacitor is charged. Once the SS pin voltage exceeds the internal 1.23 V reference voltage, the error
amp is controlled by the reference instead of the SS pin. The SS pin voltage is clamped by an internal amplifier
at a level of 150 mV above the FB pin voltage. This feature provides a soft-start controlled recovery in the event
a severe overload pulls the output voltage (and FB pin) well below normal regulation but doesn’t persist for 256
clock cycles.
Various sequencing and tracking schemes can be implemented using external circuits that limit or clamp the
voltage level of the SS pin. The SS pin acts as a non-inverting input to the error amplifier anytime SS voltage is
less than the 1.23 V reference. In the event a fault is detected (over-temperature, VCC under-voltage, hiccup
current limit), the soft-start capacitor will be discharged. When the fault condition is no longer present, a new softstart sequence will begin.
9.3.8 HO Output
The LM5118 contains a high side, high current gate driver and associated high voltage level shift. This gate
driver circuit works in conjunction with an internal diode and an external bootstrap capacitor. A 0.1 µF ceramic
capacitor, connected with short traces between the HB pin and HS pin is recommended for most circuit
configurations. The size of the bootstrap capacitor depends on the gate charge of the external FET. During the
off time of the buck switch, the HS pin voltage is approximately –0.5 V and the bootstrap capacitor is charged
from VCC through the internal bootstrap diode. When operating with a high PWM duty cycle, the buck switch will
be forced off each cycle for 400ns to ensure that the bootstrap capacitor is recharged.
9.3.9 Thermal Protection
Internal Thermal Shutdown circuitry is provided to protect the integrated circuit in the event the maximum junction
temperature is exceeded. When activated, typically at 165°C, the controller is forced into a low power reset state,
disabling the output driver and the bias regulator. This protection is provided to prevent catastrophic failures from
accidental device overheating.
9.4 Device Functional Modes
Figure 10 illustrates how duty cycle effects the operational mode and is useful for reference in the following
discussions. Initially, only the buck switch is active and the buck duty cycle increases to maintain output
regulation as VIN decreases. When VIN is approximately equal to 15.5V, the boost switch begins to operate with
a low duty cycle. If VIN continues to fall, the boost switch duty cycle increases and the buck switch duty cycle
decreases until they become equal at VIN = 13.2 V.
9.4.1 Buck Mode Operation: VIN > VOUT
The LM5118 buck-boost regulator operates as a conventional buck regulator with emulated current mode control
while VIN is greater than VOUT and the buck mode duty cycle is less than 75%. In buck mode, the LO gate drive
output to the boost switch remains low.
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Device Functional Modes (continued)
9.4.2 Buck-Boost Mode Operation: VIN ≊ VOUT
When VIN decreases relative to VOUT, the duty cycle of the buck switch will increase to maintain regulation.
Once the duty cycle reaches 75%, the boost switch starts to operate with a very small duty cycle. As VIN is
further decreased, the boost switch duty cycle increases until it is the same as the buck switch. As VIN is further
decreased below VOUT, the buck and boost switch operate together with the same duty cycle and the regulator
is in full buck-boost mode. This feature allows the regulator to transition smoothly from buck to buck-boost mode.
It should be noted that the regulator can be designed to operate with VIN less than 4 V, but VIN must be at least
5 V Figure 16 presents a timing illustration of the gradual transition from buck to buck-boost mode when the input
voltage ramps downward over a few switching cycles.
Figure 16. Buck (HO) and Boost (LO) Switch Duty Cycle vs. Time,
Illustrating Gradual Mode Change with Decreasing Input Voltage
9.4.3 High Voltage Start-Up Regulator
The LM5118 contains a dual mode, high voltage linear regulator that provides the VCC bias supply for the PWM
controller and the MOSFET gate driver. The VIN input pin can be connected directly to input voltages as high as
75 V. For input voltages below 10 V, an internal low dropout switch connects VCC directly to VIN. In this supply
range, VCC is approximately equal to VIN. For VIN voltages greater than 10 V, the low dropout switch is disabled
and the VCC regulator is enabled to maintain VCC at approximately 7 V. A wide operating range of 4 V to 75 V
(with a startup requirement of at least 5 V) is achieved through the use of this dual mode regulator.
The output of the VCC regulator is current limited to 35 mA, typical. Upon power up, the regulator sources
current into the capacitor connected to the VCC pin. When the voltage at the VCC pin exceeds the VCC undervoltage threshold of 3.7 V and the UVLO input pin voltage is greater than 1.23 V, the gate driver outputs are
enabled and a soft-start sequence begins. The gate driver outputs remain enabled until VCC falls below 3.5 V or
the voltage at the UVLO pin falls below 1.13 V.
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Device Functional Modes (continued)
In many applications the regulated output voltage or an auxiliary supply voltage can be applied to the VCCX pin
to reduce the IC power dissipation. For output voltages between 4 V and 15 V, VOUT can be connected directly
to VCCX. When the voltage at the VCCX pin is greater than 3.85 V, the internal VCC regulator is disabled and
an internal switch connects VCCX to VCC, reducing the internal power dissipation.
In high voltage applications extra care should be taken to ensure the VIN pin voltage does not exceed the
absolute maximum voltage rating of 76 V. During line or load transients, voltage ringing on the VIN line that
exceeds the absolute maximum rating can damage the IC. Both careful PC board layout and the use of quality
bypass capacitors located close to the VIN and GND pins are essential.
Vin
10V
7V
3.7V
Vcc
3.5V
VIN and VCC
Internal Enable Signal
Figure 17. VIN and VCC Sequencing
9.4.4 Enable
The LM5118 contains an enable function which provides a very low input current shutdown mode. If the EN pin is
pulled below 0.5 V, the regulator enters shutdown mode, drawing less than 10 µA from the VIN pin. Raising the
EN input above 3 V returns the regulator to normal operation. The EN pin can be tied directly to the VIN pin if
this function is not needed. It must not be left floating. A 1 MΩ pull-up resistor to VIN can be used to interface
with an open collector or open drain control signal.
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10 Application and Implementation
10.1 Application Information
The LM5118 high voltage switching regulator features all of the functions necessary to implement an efficient
high voltage buck or buck-boost regulator using a minimum of external components. A buck-boost regulator can
maintain regulation for input voltages either higher or lower than the output voltage.
10.2 Typical Application
VIN
VCC
HB
LM5118
HO
VOUT
HS
SS
CS
CSG
RAMP
LO
RT
VOUT
FB
GND
COMP
Figure 18. Simplified Application Schematic
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Typical Application (continued)
Figure 19. 12 V, 3 A Typical Application Schematic
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Typical Application (continued)
10.2.1 Design Requirements
The procedure for calculating the external components is illustrated with the following design example. The
designations used in the design example correlate to the Figure 19. The design specifications are:
• VOUT = 12 V
• VIN = 5 V to 42 V
• f = 300 kHz
• Minimum load current (CCM operation) = 600 mA
• Maximum load current = 3 A
10.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure
10.2.2.1 R7 = RT
RT sets the oscillator switching frequency. Generally speaking, higher operating frequency applications will use
smaller components, but have higher switching losses. An operating frequency of 300 kHz was selected for this
example as a reasonable compromise for both component size and efficiency. The value of RT can be calculated
as follows:
9
RT =
6.4 x 10
3
- 3.02 x 10
f
(10)
therefore, R7 = 18.3 kΩ
Ipk+
L1 Current
Io Buck
Iripple
Io/(1-D) B-B
Ipk-
Iripple
1/Fs
Figure 20. Inductor Current Waveform
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Typical Application (continued)
10.2.2.2
Inductor Selection
L1
The inductor value is determined based upon the operating frequency, load current, ripple current and the input
and output voltages. Refer to Figure 20 for details.
To keep the circuit in continuous conduction mode (CCM), the maximum ripple current IRIPPLE should be less
than twice the minimum load current. For the specified minimum load of 0.6 A, The maximum ripple current is 1.2
A p-p. Also, the minimum value of L must be calculated both for a buck and buck-boost configurations. The final
value of inductance will generally be a compromise between the two modes. It is desirable to have a larger value
inductor for buck mode, but the saturation current rating for the inductor must be large for buck-boost mode,
resulting in a physically large inductor. Additionally, large value inductors present buck-boost mode loop
compensation challenges which will be discussed in the Error Amplifier Configuration section. For the design
example, the inductor values in both modes are calculated as:
VOUT (VIN(MAX) VOUT )
L1
Buck Mode
VIN(MAX) u f u IRIPPLE
(11)
L1
VIN(MIN) (VOUT )
(VOUT VIN(MIN) ) u f u IRIPPLE
Buck-Boost Mode
where
•
•
•
•
•
•
VOUT is the output voltage
VIN(MAX) is the maximum input voltage
f is the switching frequency
IRIPPLE is the selected inductor peak to peak ripple current (1.2 A selected for this example)
VIN(MIN) is the minimum input voltage
(12)
The resulting inductor values are:
• L1 = 28 µH, Buck Mode
• L1 = 9.8 µH Buck-Boost mode
A 10 µH inductor was selected which is a compromise between these values, while favoring the buck-boost
mode. As will be illustrated in the compensation section below, the inductor value should be as low as possible to
move the buck-boost right-half-plane zero to a higher frequency. The ripple current is then rechecked with the
selected inductor value using Equation 11 and Equation 12,
IRIPPLE(BUCK) = 3.36 A
IRIPPLE(BUCK-BOOST) = 1.17 A
(13)
(14)
Because the inductor selected is lower than calculated for the Buck mode, the minimum load current for CCM in
buck mode is 1.68 A at maximum VIN.
With a 10 µH inductor, the worst case peak inductor currents can be estimated for each case, assuming a 20%
inductor value tolerance and assuming 80% efficiency of the converter.
IRIPPLE(BUCK)
I
I1(PEAK) OUT K
2(1 LTOL )
(15)
I2(PEAK)
IOUT (VOUT VIN(MIN) )
Ku VIN(MIN)
IRIPPLE(BUCK-BOOST)
2(1 LTOL )
where
•
•
26
η is efficiency
LTOL is the inductor tolerance
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(16)
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Typical Application (continued)
For this example, Equation 15 and Equation 16 yield:
I1(PEAK) = 5.62 A
I2(PEAK) = 13.4 A
(17)
(18)
An acceptable current limit setting would be 6.7 A for buck mode since the LM5118 automatically doubles the
current limit threshold in buck-boost mode. The selected inductor must have a saturation current rating at least
as high as the buck-boost mode cycle-by-cycle current limit threshold, in this case at least 13.5 A. A 10 µH, 15 A
inductor was chosen for this application.
10.2.2.3 R13 = RSENSE
To select the current sense resistor, begin by calculating the minimum K values for each mode using
Equation 19 and Equation 20. K represents the slope compensation of the controller and is different for each
mode, KBUCK and KBUCK-BOOST.
10
KBUCK t 1 VIN(MAX) VOUT
(19)
KBUCK BOOST t 1 •
•
10
VIN(MIN)
(20)
KBUCK = 1.16
KBUCK-BOOST = 3
Use Equation 21 and Equation 22 to calculate RSENSE for each mode of operation. A design margin, M, should
be selected between 10%-30% to allow for component tolerances. For this design M was selected to be 10%.
R13(BUCK)
1.25(1 M)
§ IOUT IRIPPLE(BUCK)
·
10 ˜ ¨
˜ K BUCK ¸
2
© K
¹
R13(BUCK-BOOST)
•
•
(21)
2.5 ˜ (1 M)
§ VIN(MIN) VOUT IOUT IRIPPLE(BUCK-BOOST)
·
10 ˜ ¨
˜
˜ K BUCK-BOOST ¸
¨
¸
V
2
K
IN(MIN)
©
¹
(22)
R13(BUCK) = 19.75mΩ
R13(BUCK-BOOST) = 15.5mΩ
An RSENSE value of no more than 15.5mΩ must be used to ensure the required maximum output current in the
buck-boost mode. A standard value of 15mΩ was selected for this design.
10.2.2.4 C15 = CRAMP
With the inductor value selected, the value of C3 necessary for the emulation ramp circuit is:
-6
C15 = CRAMP =
L x 10
2 x RSENSE
(23)
With the inductance value (L1) selected as 10 µH, the calculated value for CRAMP is 333 pF. A standard value of
330 pF was selected.
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Typical Application (continued)
10.2.2.5 Inductor Current Limit Calculation
The current limit for each mode can be calculated using Equation 24 and Equation 26. If the peak current limit is
less than the calculated inductor peak current the R13 and C15 need to be recalculated. This can be done by
increasing the previous K values or M and reiterating the calculations.
1.25 ILIMIT(BUCK)
50 u 10 6 u VOUT
C15 u f u VIN(MAX)
(24)
(25)
10 u R13
ILIMIT(BUCK) = 7.795 A
2.5 ILIMIT(BUCK-BOOST)
50 u 106 u VOUT
C15 u f u (VIN(MIN) VOUT )
(26)
(27)
10 u R13
ILIMIT(BUCK-BOOST) = 14.29 A
10.2.2.6 C9 - C12 = Output Capacitors
In buck-boost mode, the output capacitors C9 - C12 must supply the entire output current during the switch ontime. For this reason, the output capacitors are chosen for operation in buck-boost mode, the demands being
much less in buck operation. Both bulk capacitance and ESR must be considered to ensure a given output ripple
voltage. Buck-boost mode capacitance can be estimated from:
CMIN
IOUT u DMAX
with DMAX
f u 'VOUT
VOUT
VIN(MIN) VOUT
(28)
ESR requirements can be estimated from:
ESRMAX
VOUT VIN(MIN)
VIN(MIN)
'VOUT
IRIPPLE(BUCK-BOOST)
˜ IOUT 2
(29)
For this example, with a ΔVOUT (output ripple) of 50 mV:
CMIN = 141 µF
ESRMAX = 4.6 mΩ
(30)
(31)
If hold-up times are a consideration, the values of input/output capacitors must be increased appropriately. Note
that it is usually advantageous to use multiple capacitors in parallel to achieve the ESR value required. Also, it is
good practice to put a .1 µF - .47 µF ceramic capacitor directly on the output pins of the supply to reduce high
frequency noise. Ceramic capacitors have good ESR characteristics, and are a good choice for input and output
capacitors. It should be noted that the effective capacitance of ceramic capacitors decreases with dc bias. For
larger bulk values of capacitance, a low ESR electrolytic is usually used. However, electrolytic capacitors have
poor tolerance, especially over temperature, and the selected value should be selected larger than the calculated
value to allow for temperature variation. Allowing for component tolerances, the following values of COUT were
chosen for this design example:
Two 180 µF Oscon electrolytic capacitors for bulk capacitance
Two 47 µF ceramic capacitors to reduce ESR
Two 0.47 µF ceramic capacitors to reduce spikes at the output.
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Typical Application (continued)
10.2.2.7 D1
Reverse recovery currents degrade performance and decrease efficiency. For these reasons, a Schottky diode of
appropriate ratings should be used for D1. The voltage rating of the boost diode should be equal to VOUT plus
some margin. D1 conducts continually in buck mode and only when the buck switch is off in Buck-Boost mode.
10.2.2.8 D4
A Schottky type recirculating diode is required for all LM5118 applications. The near ideal reverse recovery
characteristics and low forward voltage drop are particularly important diode characteristics for high input voltage
and low output voltage applications. The reverse recovery characteristic determines how long the current surge
lasts each cycle when the buck switch is turned on. The reverse recovery characteristics of Schottky diodes
minimize the peak instantaneous power in the buck switch during the turn-on transition. The reverse breakdown
rating of the diode should be selected for the maximum VIN plus some safety margin.
The forward voltage drop has a significant impact on the conversion efficiency, especially for applications with a
low output voltage. “Rated” current for diodes vary widely from various manufacturers. For the LM5118 this
current is user selectable through the current sense resistor value. Assuming a worst case 0.6 V drop across the
diode, the maximum diode power dissipation can be high. The diode should have a voltage rating of VIN and a
current rating of IOUT. A conservative design would at least double the advertised diode rating since
specifications between manufacturers vary. For the reference design a 100 V, 10 A Schottky in a D2PAK
package was selected.
10.2.2.9 C1 - C5 = Input Capacitor
A typical regulator supply voltage has a large source impedance at the switching frequency. Good quality input
capacitors are necessary to limit the ripple voltage at the VIN pin while supplying most of the switch current
during the buck switch on-time. When the buck switch turns on, the current into the buck switch steps from zero
to the lower peak of the inductor current waveform, then ramps up to the peak value, and then drops to the zero
at turn-off. The RMS current rating of the input capacitors depends on which mode of operation is most critical.
IRMS(BUCK) = IOUT
D(1 -D)
(32)
This value is a maximum at 50% duty cycle which corresponds to VIN = 24 V.
IRMS(BUCK-BOOST) =
IOUT
D(1 -D)
1-D
(33)
Checking both modes of operation we find:
• IRMS(BUCK) = 1.5 A
• IRMS(BUCK-BOOST) = 4.7 A
Therefore C1-C5 should be sized to handle 4.7 A of ripple current. Quality ceramic capacitors with a low ESR
should be selected. To allow for capacitor tolerances, five 2.2 µF, 100 V ceramic capacitors will be used. If step
input voltage transients are expected near the maximum rating of the LM5118, a careful evaluation of the ringing
and possible spikes at the device VIN pin should be completed. An additional damping network or input voltage
clamp may be required in these cases.
10.2.2.10 C20
The capacitor at the VCC pin provides noise filtering and stability for the VCC regulator. The recommended value
of C20 should be no smaller than 0.1 µF, and should be a good quality, low ESR, ceramic capacitor. A value of 1
µF was selected for this design. C20 should be 10 x C8.
If operating without VCCX, then
fOSC x (QCBuck + Boost) + ILOAD(INTERNAL)
(34)
must be less than the VCC current limit.
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Typical Application (continued)
10.2.2.11 C8
The bootstrap capacitor between the HB and HS pins supplies the gate current to charge the buck switch gate at
turn-on. The recommended value of C8 is 0.1 µF to 0.47 µF, and should be a good quality, low ESR, ceramic
capacitor. A value of 0.1 µF was chosen for this design.
10.2.2.12 C16 = CSS
The capacitor at the SS pin determines the soft-start time, i.e. the time for the reference voltage and the output
voltage, to reach the final regulated value. The time is determined from:
tSS =
C16 x 1.23V
10 PA
(35)
and assumes a current limit>Iload + ICout
For this application, a C16 value of 0.1 µF was chosen which corresponds to a soft-start time of about 12 ms.
10.2.2.13 R8, R9
R8 and R9 set the output voltage level, the ratio of these resistors is calculated from:
R8 VOUT - 1
=
R9 1.23V
(36)
For a 12 V output, the R8/R9 ratio calculates to 8.76. The resistors should be chosen from standard value
resistors and a good starting point is to select resistors within power ratings appropriate for the output voltage.
Values of 309 Ω for R9 and 2.67 kΩ for R8 were selected.
10.2.2.14 R1, R3, C21
A voltage divider can be connected to the UVLO pin to set a minimum operating voltage VIN(UVLO) for the
regulator. If this feature is required, the easiest approach to select the divider resistor values is to choose a value
for R1 between 10 kΩ and 100 kΩ, while observing the minimum value of R1 necessary to allow the UVLO
switch to pull the UVLO pin low. This value is:
R1 ≥ 1000 x VIN(MAX)
R1 ≥ 75 k in our example
R3 is then calculated from:
R3 = 1.23 x
R1
VIN(MIN) + 5 PA x R1 - 1.23
(37)
Since VIN(MIN) for our example is 5 V, set VIN(UVLO) to 4.0 V for some margin in component tolerances and input
ripple.
R1 = 75 k is chosen since it is a standard value.
R3 = 29.332 k is calculated from Equation 37. The 29.4 k value was used since it is a standard value.
Capacitor C21 provides filtering for the divider and the off time of the “hiccup” duty cycle during current limit. The
voltage at the UVLO pin should never exceed 15 V when using an external set-point divider. It may be necessary
to clamp the UVLO pin at high input voltages.
Knowing the desired off time during “hiccup” current limit, the value of C21 is given by:
t OFF
ª
R1 R3 º
C21˜ R1˜ R3
˜ Ln «1 .98 ˜
»
R1 R3
VIN ˜ R3 ¼
¬
(38)
Notice that tOFF varies with VIN
In this example, C21 was chosen to be 0.1 µF. This will set the tOFF time to 723 µs with VIN = 12 V.
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Typical Application (continued)
10.2.2.15 R2
A 1M pull-up resistor connected from the EN pin to the VIN pin is sufficient to keep enable in a high state if on-off
control is not used.
10.2.2.16 Snubber
A snubber network across the buck recirculating diode reduces ringing and spikes at the switching node.
Excessive ringing and spikes can cause erratic operation and increase noise at the regulator output. In the limit,
spikes beyond the maximum voltage rating of the LM5118 or the recirculating diode can damage these devices.
Selecting the values for the snubber is best accomplished through empirical methods. First, make sure the lead
lengths for the snubber connections are very short. Start with a resistor value between 5 and 20 Ω. Increasing
the value of the snubber capacitor results in more damping, however the snubber losses increase. Select a
minimum value of the capacitor that provides adequate clamping of the diode waveform at maximum load. A
snubber may be required for the boost diode as well. The same empirical procedure applies. Snubbers were not
necessary in this example.
10.2.2.17 Error Amplifier Configuration
10.2.2.17.1 R4, C18, C17
These components configure the error amplifier gain characteristics to accomplish a stable overall loop gain. One
advantage of current mode control is the ability to close the loop with only three feedback components, R4, C18
and C17. The overall loop gain is the product of the modulator gain and the error amplifier gain. The DC
modulator gain of the LM5118 is as follows:
RLOAD x VIN
DCGain(MOD) =
10RS(VIN + 2VOUT)
(39)
The dominant, low frequency pole of the modulator is determined by the load resistance (RLOAD) and output
capacitance (COUT). The corner frequency of this pole is:
1 DMAX
fP(MOD)
2S u RLOAD u COUT
(40)
For this example, RLOAD = 4 Ω, DMAX = 0.705, and COUT = 454 µF, therefore:
fP(MOD) = 149 Hz
DC Gain(MOD) = 4.598 = 13.25 dB
(41)
(42)
Additionally, there is a right-half plane (RHP) zero associated with the modulator. The frequency of the RHP zero
is:
fRHPzero =
RLOAD (1 - D)2
2S x L x D
(43)
(44)
fRHPzero = 7.8 kHz
The output capacitor ESR produces a zero given by:
ESRzero =
1
2S x ESR x COUT
(45)
(46)
ESRZERO = 76 kHz
The RHP zero complicates compensation. The best design approach is to reduce the loop gain to cross zero at
about 25% of the calculated RHP zero frequency. The Type ll error amplifier compensation provided by R4, C18
and C17 places one pole at the origin for high DC gain. The 2nd pole should be located close to the RHP zero.
The error amplifier zero (Equation 47) should be placed near the dominate modulator pole. This is a good
starting point for compensation. Refer to the on-line LM5118 Quick-Start calculator for ready to use equations
and more details.
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Typical Application (continued)
Components R4 and C18 configure the error amplifier as a type II configuration which has a DC pole and a zero
at:
1
fz =
2 x S x R4 x C18
(47)
C17 introduces an additional pole used to cancel high frequency switching noise. The error amplifier zero
cancels the modulator pole leaving a single pose response at the crossover frequency of the loop gain if the
crossover frequency is much lower than the right half plane zero frequency. A single pole response at the
crossover frequency yields a very stable loop with 90 degrees of phase margin.
For the design example, a target loop bandwidth (crossover frequency) of 2.0 kHz was selected (about 25% of
the right-half-plane zero frequency). The error amplifier zero (fz) should be selected at a frequency near that of
the modulator pole and much less than the target crossover frequency. This constrains the product of R4 and
C18 for a desired compensation network zero to be less than 2 kHz. Increasing R4, while proportionally
decreasing C18 increases the error amp gain. Conversely, decreasing R4 while proportionally increasing C18
decreases the error amp gain. For the design example C18 was selected for 100 nF and R4 was selected to be
10 kΩ. These values set the compensation network zero at 159 Hz. The overall loop gain can be predicted as
the sum (in dB) of the modulator gain and the error amp gain.
If a network analyzer is available, the modulator gain can be measured and the error amplifier gain can be
configured for the desired loop transfer function. If a network analyzer is not available, the error amplifier
compensation components can be designed with the guidelines given. Step load transient tests can be
performed to verify acceptable performance. The step load goal is minimal overshoot with a damped response.
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Typical Application (continued)
10.2.3 Application Curves
The plots in Figure 21 through Figure 26 illustrate the gain and phase diagrams of the design example. The
overall bandwidth is lower in a buck-boost application due the compensation challenges associated with the
right-half-plane zero. For a pure buck application, the bandwidth could be much higher. The LM5116 datasheet is
a good reference for compensation design of a pure buck mode regulator.
Figure 21. Modulator Gain and Phase - Buck Mode
Figure 22. Modulator Gain and Phase - Buck-Boost Mode
Figure 23. Error Amplifier Gain and Phase - Buck Mode
Figure 24. Error Amplifier Gain and Phase - Buck-Boost
Mode
Figure 25. Overall Loop Gain and Phase - Buck Mode
Figure 26. Overall Loop Gain and Phase - Buck Boost
Mode
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11 Power Supply Recommendations
11.1 Thermal Considerations
The highest power dissipating components are the two power MOSFETs, the recirculating diode, and the output
diode. The easiest way to determine the power dissipated in the MOSFETs is to measure the total conversion
losses (PIN - POUT), then subtract the power losses in the Schottky diodes, output inductor and any snubber
resistors. An approximation for the recirculating Schottky diode loss is:
P = (1-D) x IOUT x VFWD.
(48)
The boost diode loss is
P = IOUT x VFWD.
(49)
If a snubber is used, the power loss can be estimated with an oscilloscope by observation of the resistor voltage
drop at both turn-on and turn-off transitions. The LM5118 package has an exposed thermal pad to aid power
dissipation. Selecting diodes with exposed pads will aid the power dissipation of the diodes as well. When
selecting the MOSFETs, pay careful attention to RDS(ON) at high temperature. Also, selecting MOSFETs with low
gate charge will result in lower switching losses.
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11.2 Bias Power Dissipation Reduction
Buck or Buck-boost regulators operating with high input voltage can dissipate an appreciable amount of power
while supplying the required bias current of the IC. The VCC regulator must step-down the input voltage VIN to a
nominal VCC level of 7 V. The large voltage drop across the VCC regulator translates into high power dissipation
in the VCC regulator. There are several techniques that can significantly reduce this bias regulator power
dissipation. Figure 27 and Figure 28 depict two methods to bias the IC, one from the output voltage and one from
a separate bias supply. In the first case, the internal VCC regulator is used to initially bias the VCC pin. After the
output voltage is established, the VCC pin bias current is supplied through the VCCX pin, which effectively
disables the internal VCC regulator. Any voltage greater than 4.0 V can supply VCC bias through the VCCX pin.
However, the voltage applied to the VCCX pin should never exceed 15 V. The voltage supplied through VCCX
must be large enough to drive the switching MOSFETs into full saturation.
HB
VIN
HO
Q1
D2
VOUT
L1
HS
D1
LM5118
Cout
CS
CSG
LO
Q2
GND
VCC
VCCX
Figure 27. VCC Bias from VOUT 4 V < VOUT < 15 V
HB
VIN
Q1
D2
HO
VOUT
L1
HS
LM5118
D1
CS
Cout
Q2
LO
VOUT
CSG
VCC
VCCX
VBIAS
Figure 28. VCC Bias with Additional Bias Supply
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Bias Power Dissipation Reduction (continued)
In a buck-boost regulator, there are two loops where currents are switched very fast. The first loop starts from the
input capacitors, and then to the buck switch, the inductor, the boost switch then back to the input capacitor. The
second loop starts from the inductor, and then to the output diode, the output capacitor, the recirculating diode,
and back to the inductor. Minimizing the PC board area of these two loops reduces the stray inductance and
minimizes noise and the possibility of erratic operation. A ground plane in the PC board is recommended as a
means to connect the input filter capacitors to the output filter capacitors and the PGND pins of the LM5118.
Connect all of the low current ground connections (CSS, RT, CRAMP) directly to the regulator AGND pin. Connect
the AGND and PGND pins together through topside copper area covering the entire underside of the device.
Place several vias in this underside copper area to the ground plane of the input capacitors.
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12 Layout
12.1 Layout Guidelines
In a buck-boost regulator, there are two loops where currents are switched very fast. The first loop starts from the
input capacitors, and then to the buck switch, the inductor, the boost switch then back to the input capacitor. The
second loop starts from the inductor, and then to the output diode, the output capacitor, the re-circulating diode,
and back to the inductor. Minimizing the PC board area of these two loops reduces the stray inductance and
minimizes noise and the possibility of erratic operation. A ground plane in the PC board is recommended as a
means to connect the input filter capacitors to the output filter capacitors and the PGND pins of the LM5118.
Connect all of the low current ground connections (CSS, RT, CRAMP) directly to the regulator AGND pin. Connect
the AGND and PGND pins together through topside copper area covering the entire underside of the device.
Place several vias in this underside copper area to the ground plane of the input capacitors.
12.2 Layout Example
Inductor
DBUCK
QBOOST
DBOOST
QBUCK
RSENSE
COUT
CIN
CIN
VIN
COUT
Controller
GND
GND
VOUT
Figure 29. LM5118 Layout Example
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13 Device and Documentation Support
13.1 Related Links
The table below lists quick access links. Categories include technical documents, support and community
resources, tools and software, and quick access to sample or buy.
Table 1. Related Links
PARTS
PRODUCT FOLDER
SAMPLE & BUY
TECHNICAL
DOCUMENTS
TOOLS &
SOFTWARE
SUPPORT &
COMMUNITY
LM5118
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
LM5118-Q1
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
13.2 Trademarks
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
13.3 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
13.4 Glossary
SLYZ022 — TI Glossary.
This glossary lists and explains terms, acronyms, and definitions.
14 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information
The following pages include mechanical, packaging, and orderable information. This information is the most
current data available for the designated devices. This data is subject to change without notice and revision of
this document. For browser-based versions of this data sheet, refer to the left-hand navigation.
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PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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12-Jun-2014
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status
(1)
Package Type Package Pins Package
Drawing
Qty
Eco Plan
Lead/Ball Finish
MSL Peak Temp
(2)
(6)
(3)
Op Temp (°C)
Device Marking
(4/5)
LM5118MH/NOPB
ACTIVE
HTSSOP
PWP
20
73
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
-40 to 125
LM5118
MH
LM5118MHX/NOPB
ACTIVE
HTSSOP
PWP
20
2500
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
-40 to 125
LM5118
MH
LM5118Q1MH/NOPB
ACTIVE
HTSSOP
PWP
20
73
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
-40 to 125
LM5118
Q1MH
LM5118Q1MHX/NOPB
ACTIVE
HTSSOP
PWP
20
2500
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
-40 to 125
LM5118
Q1MH
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability
information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that
lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between
the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight
in homogeneous material)
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
(4)
There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device.
(5)
Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. Only one Device Marking contained in parentheses and separated by a "~" will appear on a device. If a line is indented then it is a continuation
of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire Device Marking for that device.
(6)
Lead/Ball Finish - Orderable Devices may have multiple material finish options. Finish options are separated by a vertical ruled line. Lead/Ball Finish values may wrap to two lines if the finish
value exceeds the maximum column width.
Addendum-Page 1
Samples
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
12-Jun-2014
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
OTHER QUALIFIED VERSIONS OF LM5118, LM5118-Q1 :
• Catalog: LM5118
• Automotive: LM5118-Q1
NOTE: Qualified Version Definitions:
• Catalog - TI's standard catalog product
• Automotive - Q100 devices qualified for high-reliability automotive applications targeting zero defects
Addendum-Page 2
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com
1-Nov-2014
TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION
*All dimensions are nominal
Device
Package Package Pins
Type Drawing
SPQ
Reel
Reel
A0
Diameter Width (mm)
(mm) W1 (mm)
LM5118MHX/NOPB
HTSSOP
PWP
20
2500
330.0
16.4
LM5118Q1MHX/NOPB
HTSSOP
PWP
20
2500
330.0
16.4
Pack Materials-Page 1
B0
(mm)
K0
(mm)
P1
(mm)
W
Pin1
(mm) Quadrant
6.95
7.1
1.6
8.0
16.0
Q1
6.95
7.1
1.6
8.0
16.0
Q1
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com
1-Nov-2014
*All dimensions are nominal
Device
Package Type
Package Drawing
Pins
SPQ
Length (mm)
Width (mm)
Height (mm)
LM5118MHX/NOPB
HTSSOP
PWP
20
2500
367.0
367.0
38.0
LM5118Q1MHX/NOPB
HTSSOP
PWP
20
2500
367.0
367.0
35.0
Pack Materials-Page 2
MECHANICAL DATA
PWP0020A
MXA20A (Rev C)
www.ti.com
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