a FEATURES Monolithic 14-Bit, 1.25 MSPS A/D Converter Low Power Dissipation: 60 mW Single +5 V Supply Integral Nonlinearity Error: 2.5 LSB Differential Nonlinearity Error: 0.6 LSB Input Referred Noise: 0.36 LSB Complete: On-Chip Sample-and-Hold Amplifier and Voltage Reference Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio: 78.0 dB Spurious-Free Dynamic Range: 88.0 dB Out-of-Range Indicator Straight Binary Output Data 44-Pin MQFP Complete 14-Bit, 1.25 MSPS Monolithic A/D Converter AD9241 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM AVDD CLK DVDD DRVDD SHA VINA MDAC1 GAIN = 16 VINB CML A/D MDAC2 GAIN = 8 5 A/D 5 CAPT 4 MDAC3 GAIN = 8 A/D 4 4 A/D 4 4 CAPB DIGITAL CORRECTION LOGIC VREF 14 OUTPUT BUFFERS OTR SENSE MODE SELECT BIT 1 (MSB) 1V AD9241 REFCOM AVSS BIT 14 (LSB) DVSS DRVSS PRODUCT DESCRIPTION PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS The AD9241 is a 1.25 MSPS, single supply, 14-bit analog-todigital converter (ADC). It combines a low cost, high speed CMOS process and a novel architecture to achieve the resolution and speed of existing hybrid implementations at a fraction of the power consumption and cost. It is a complete, monolithic ADC with an on-chip, high performance, low noise sample-and-hold amplifier and programmable voltage reference. An external reference can also be chosen to suit the dc accuracy and temperature drift requirements of the application. The device uses a multistage differential pipelined architecture with digital output error correction logic to guarantee no missing codes over the full operating temperature range. The AD9241 offers a complete single-chip sampling 14-bit, analog-to-digital conversion function in a 44-pin Metric Quad Flatpack. Low Power and Single Supply The AD9241 consumes only 60 mW on a single +5 V power supply. Excellent DC Performance Over Temperature The AD9241 provides no missing codes, and excellent temperature drift performance over the full operating temperature range. Excellent AC Performance and Low Noise The AD9241 provides nearly 13 ENOB performance and has an input referred noise of 0.36 LSB rms. Flexible Analog Input Range The versatile onboard sample-and-hold (SHA) can be configured for either single-ended or differential inputs of varying input spans. Flexible Digital Outputs The digital outputs can be configured to interface with +3 V and +5 V CMOS logic families. The input of the AD9241 is highly flexible, allowing for easy interfacing to imaging, communications, medical, and dataacquisition systems. A truly differential input structure allows for both single-ended and differential input interfaces of varying input spans. The sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) is equally suited for both multiplexed systems that switch full-scale voltage levels in successive channels as well as sampling single-channel inputs at frequencies up to and beyond the Nyquist rate. Also, the AD9241 performs well in communication systems employing Direct-IF Down Conversion since the SHA in the differential input mode can achieve excellent dynamic performance well beyond its specified Nyquist frequency of 0.625 MHz. A single clock input is used to control all internal conversion cycles. The digital output data is presented in straight binary output format. An out-of-range (OTR) signal indicates an overflow condition which can be used with the most significant bit to determine low or high overflow. REV. 0 Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 617/329-4700 World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com Fax: 617/326-8703 © Analog Devices, Inc., 1997 AD9241–SPECIFICATIONS (AVDD = +5 V, DVDD = +5 V, DRVDD = +5 V, fSAMPLE = 1.25 MSPS, VREF = 2.5 V, VINB = 2.5 V, MIN to TMAX unless otherwise noted) DC SPECIFICATIONS T Parameter AD9241 Units RESOLUTION 14 Bits min MAX CONVERSION RATE 1.25 MHz min INPUT REFERRED NOISE VREF = 1 V VREF = 2.5 V 0.9 0.36 LSB rms typ LSB rms typ INL1 DNL1 No Missing Codes Zero Error (@ +25°C) Gain Error (@ +25°C)2 Gain Error (@ +25°C)3 ± 2.5 ± 0.6 ± 1.0 ± 2.5 ± 0.7 14 0.3 1.5 0.75 LSB typ LSB typ LSB max LSB typ LSB typ Bits Guaranteed % FSR max % FSR max % FSR max TEMPERATURE DRIFT Zero Error Gain Error2 Gain Error3 3.0 20.0 5.0 ppm/°C typ ppm/°C typ ppm/°C typ POWER SUPPLY REJECTION 0.1 % FSR max 2 5 0 AVDD 16 V p-p min V p-p max V min V max pF typ INTERNAL VOLTAGE REFERENCE Output Voltage (1 V Mode) Output Voltage Tolerance (1 V Mode) Output Voltage (2.5 V Mode) Output Voltage Tolerance (2.5 V Mode) Load Regulation4 1 ± 14 2.5 ± 35 5.0 Volts typ mV max Volts typ mV max mV max REFERENCE INPUT RESISTANCE 5 kΩ typ +5 +5 +5 V (± 5% AVDD Operating) V (± 5% DVDD Operating) V (± 5% DRVDD Operating) 13.0 1.0 3.0 mA max (10 mA typ ) mA max (1 mA typ ) mA max (2 mA typ ) 65 85 mW typ mW max ACCURACY Integral Nonlinearity (INL) Differential Nonlinearity (DNL) ANALOG INPUT Input Span (with VREF = 1.0 V) Input Span (with VREF = 2.5 V) Input (VINA or VINB) Range Input Capacitance POWER SUPPLIES Supply Voltages AVDD DVDD DRVDD Supply Current IAVDD IDRVDD IDVDD POWER CONSUMPTION NOTES 1 VREF =1 V. 2 Including internal reference. 3 Excluding internal reference. 4 Load regulation with 1 mA load current (in addition to that required by the AD9241). Specification subject to change without notice. –2– REV. 0 AD9241 (AVDD = +5 V, DVDD = +5 V, DRVDD = +5 V, fSAMPLE = 1.25 MSPS, VREF = 2.5 V, AIN = –0.5 dBFS, AC Coupled/ MIN to TMAX unless otherwise noted) AC SPECIFICATIONS Differential Input, T Parameter SIGNAL-TO-NOISE AND DISTORTION RATIO (S/N+D) fINPUT = 100 kHz fINPUT = 500 kHz EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF BITS (ENOB) fINPUT = 100 kHz fINPUT = 500 kHz SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR) fINPUT = 100 kHz fINPUT = 500 kHz TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD) fINPUT = 100 kHz fINPUT = 500 kHz SPURIOUS FREE DYNAMIC RANGE fINPUT = 100 kHz fINPUT = 500 kHz DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE Full Power Bandwidth Small Signal Bandwidth Aperture Delay Aperture Jitter Acquisition to Full-Scale Step (0.0025%) Overvoltage Recovery Time AD9241 Units 78.0 74.5 77.0 dB typ dB min dB typ 12.7 12.1 12.5 Bits typ Bits min Bits typ 79.0 75.5 79.0 dB typ dB min dB typ –88.0 –77.5 –88.0 dB typ dB max dB typ 88.0 86.0 dB typ dB typ 25 25 1 4 240 167 MHz typ MHz typ ns typ ps rms typ ns typ ns typ Specifications subject to change without notice. DIGITAL SPECIFICATIONS (AVDD = +5 V, DVDD = +5 V, T MIN to TMAX unless otherwise noted) Parameters Symbol AD9241 Units LOGIC INPUTS High Level Input Voltage Low Level Input Voltage High Level Input Current (VIN = DVDD) Low Level Input Current (VIN = 0 V) Input Capacitance VIH VIL IIH IIL CIN +3.5 +1.0 ± 10 ± 10 5 V min V max µA max µA max pF typ LOGIC OUTPUTS (with DRVDD = 5 V) High Level Output Voltage (IOH = 50 µA) High Level Output Voltage (IOH = 0.5 mA) Low Level Output Voltage (IOL = 1.6 mA) Low Level Output Voltage (IOL = 50 µA) Output Capacitance VOH VOH VOL VOL COUT +4.5 +2.4 +0.4 +0.1 5 V min V min V max V max pF typ LOGIC OUTPUTS (with DRVDD = 3 V) High Level Output Voltage (IOH = 50 µA) Low Level Output Voltage (IOL = 50 µA) VOH VOL +2.4 +0.7 V min V max Specifications subject to change without notice. REV. 0 –3– AD9241 SWITCHING SPECIFICATIONS (TMIN to TMAX with AVDD = +5 V, DVDD = +5 V, DRVDD = +5 V, CL = 20 pF) Parameters 1 Clock Period CLOCK Pulse Width High CLOCK Pulse Width Low Output Delay Symbol AD9241 Units tC tCH tCL tOD 800 360 360 8 13 19 3 ns min ns min ns min ns min ns typ ns max Clock Cycles Pipeline Delay (Latency) NOTES 1 The clock period may be extended to 1 ms without degradation in specified performance @ +25 °C. Specifications subject to change without notice. THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS S1 tCH Thermal Resistance 44-Pin MQFP θJA = 53.2°C/W θJC = 19°C/W S4 tC tCL S3 INPUT CLOCK tOD DATA OUTPUT ORDERING GUIDE DATA 1 Figure 1. Timing Diagram ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS* –40oC to +85oC Evaluation Board 44-Pin MQFP S-44 *S = Metric Quad Flatpack. NC NC CAPT CAPB NC NC 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 DVSS 1 33 REFCOM PIN 1 IDENTIFIER AVSS 2 32 VREF 31 SENSE DVDD 3 AVDD 4 30 NC DRVSS 5 AD9241 29 AVSS DRVDD 6 TOP VIEW (Not to Scale) 28 AVDD CLK 7 27 NC 26 NC NC 8 °C NC 9 25 OTR NC 10 24 BIT 1 (MSB) 23 BIT 2 (LSB) BIT 14 11 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 5 BIT 13 BIT 6 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 *Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum ratings for extended periods may effect device reliability. BIT 7 +300 PIN CONNECTION CML V V V V V V V V V V V V V °C °C BIT 8 +6.5 +6.5 +0.3 +6.5 +6.5 +0.3 +0.3 DVDD + 0.3 DRVDD + 0.3 AVDD + 0.3 AVDD + 0.3 AVDD + 0.3 AVDD + 0.3 +150 +150 VINA Units VINB Max BIT 9 –65 AD9241AS AD9241EB BIT 11 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 –6.5 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 Package Option* BIT 10 AVSS DVSS DVSS DVDD DRVSS AVSS AVSS DVSS DRVSS AVSS AVSS AVSS AVSS Package Description NC AVDD DVDD AVSS AVDD DRVDD DRVSS REFCOM CLK Digital Outputs VINA, VINB VREF SENSE CAPB, CAPT Junction Temperature Storage Temperature Lead Temperature (10 sec) Temperature Range NC Parameter With Respect to Min Model BIT 12 ANALOG INPUT S2 NC = NO CONNECT CAUTION ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although the AD9241 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality. –4– WARNING! ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE REV. 0 AD9241 PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS Pin Number 1 2, 29 3 4, 28 5 6 7 8–10 11 12–23 24 25 26, 27, 30 31 32 33 34, 35, 38 40, 43, 44 36 37 39 41 42 Name Description DVSS AVSS DVDD AVDD DRVSS DRVDD CLK NC BIT 14 BIT 13–BIT 2 BIT 1 OTR NC SENSE VREF REFCOM NC Digital Ground Analog Ground +5 V Digital Supply +5 V Analog Supply Digital Output Driver Ground Digital Output Driver Supply Clock Input Pin No Connect Least Significant Data Bit (LSB) Data Output Bits Most Significant Data Bit (MSB) Out of Range No Connect Reference Select Reference I/O Reference Common No Connect CAPB CAPT CML VINA VINB Noise Reduction Pin Noise Reduction Pin Common-Mode Level (Midsupply) Analog Input Pin (+) Analog Input Pin (–) overvoltage (50% greater than full-scale range), measured from the time the overvoltage signal reenters the converter’s range. TEMPERATURE DRIFT The temperature drift for zero error and gain error specifies the maximum change from the initial (+25°C) value to the value at TMIN or TMAX. POWER SUPPLY REJECTION The specification shows the maximum change in full scale, from the value with the supply at the minimum limit to the value with the supply at its maximum limit. APERTURE JITTER Aperture jitter is the variation in aperture delay for successive samples and is manifested as noise on the input to the A/D. APERTURE DELAY Aperture delay is a measure of the sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) performance and is measured from the rising edge of the clock input to when the input signal is held for conversion. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE AND DISTORTION (S/N+D, SINAD) RATIO S/N+D is the ratio of the rms value of the measured input signal to the rms sum of all other spectral components below the Nyquist frequency, including harmonics but excluding dc. The value for S/N+D is expressed in decibels. EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF BITS (ENOB) DEFINITIONS OF SPECIFICATION INTEGRAL NONLINEARITY (INL) INL refers to the deviation of each individual code from a line drawn from “negative full scale” through “positive full scale.” The point used as “negative full scale” occurs 1/2 LSB before the first code transition. “Positive full scale” is defined as a level 1 1/2 LSB beyond the last code transition. The deviation is measured from the middle of each particular code to the true straight line. DIFFERENTIAL NONLINEARITY (DNL, NO MISSING CODES) An ideal ADC exhibits code transitions that are exactly 1 LSB apart. DNL is the deviation from this ideal value. Guaranteed no missing codes to 14-bit resolution indicates that all 16384 codes, respectively, must be present over all operating ranges. ZERO ERROR The major carry transition should occur for an analog value 1/2 LSB below VINA = VINB. Zero error is defined as the deviation of the actual transition from that point. GAIN ERROR The first code transition should occur at an analog value 1/2 LSB above negative full scale. The last transition should occur at an analog value 1 1/2 LSB below the nominal full scale. Gain error is the deviation of the actual difference between first and last code transitions, and the ideal difference between first and last code transitions. OVERVOLTAGE RECOVERY TIME For a sine wave, SINAD can be expressed in terms of the number of bits. Using the following formula, N = (SINAD – 1.76)/6.02 it is possible to get a measure of performance expressed as N, the effective number of bits. Thus, the effective number of bits for a device for sine wave inputs at a given input frequency can be calculated directly from its measured SINAD. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD) THD is the ratio of the rms sum of the first six harmonic components to the rms value of the measured input signal; this is expressed as a percentage or in decibels. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR) SNR is the ratio of the rms value of the measured input signal to the rms sum of all other spectral components below the Nyquist frequency, excluding the first six harmonics and dc. The value for SNR is expressed in decibels. SPURIOUS FREE DYNAMIC RANGE (SFDR) SFDR is the difference in dB between the rms amplitude of the input signal and the peak spurious signal. TWO-TONE SFDR The ratio of the rms value of either input tone to the rms value of the peak spurious component. The peak spurious component may or may not be an IMD product. It may be reported in dBc (i.e., degrades as signal level is lowered) or in dBFS (always related back to converter full scale). Overvoltage recovery time is defined as that amount of time required for the ADC to achieve a specified accuracy after an REV. 0 –5– AD9241 Typical Differential AC Characterization Curves/Plots –50 –6.0dBFS –60 65 60 THD – dB SINAD – dB 70 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90 –100 –110 –120 –130 –140 –150 –160 –170 –40 –0.5dBFS 75 –20dBFS 55 AMPLITUDE – dB 80 (AVDD = +5 V, DVDD = +5 V, DRVDD = +5 V, fSAMPLE = 1.25 MSPS, TA = +258C, Differential Input) –20.0dBFS –70 –6.0dBFS –80 50 –90 45 40 0.01 –0.5dBFS 1.0 0.1 INPUT FREQUENCY – MHz 10.0 Figure 2. SINAD vs. Input Frequency (Input Span = 5 V, VCM = 2.5 V) –100 0.01 10.0 0.1 1.0 INPUT FREQUENCY – MHz Figure 3. THD vs. Input Frequency (Input Span = 5 V, VCM = 2.5 V) 80 –50 55 –20.0dBFS –70 –80 –20.0dBFS –6.0dBFS 50 –90 45 40 0.01 –0.5dBFS 0.1 1.0 INPUT FREQUENCY – MHz 10.0 Figure 5. SINAD vs. Input Frequency (Input Span = 2 V, VCM = 2.5 V) –100 0.01 –50 100 SFDR – dBc AND dBFS 110 –70 –80 5V SPAN –90 0.1 1.0 INPUT FREQUENCY – MHz 10.0 Figure 6. THD vs. Input Frequency (Input Span = 2 V, VCM = 2.5 V) –40 –60 THD – dB AMPLITUDE – dB –6.0dBFS dBFS - 5V 90 80 70 dBc - 5V dBFS - 5V 60 dBc - 2V 50 2V SPAN –100 0.1 1.0 10.0 SAMPLE RATE – MSPS Figure 8. THD vs. Sample Rate (fIN = 0.3 MHz, AIN = –0.5 dBFS, VCM = 2.5 V) 40 –45 –39 –33 –27 –21 –15 AIN – dBFS –9 –3 0 Figure 9. Single Tone SFDR (fIN = 0.6 MHz, VCM = 2.5 V) –6– 100 6 3 7 4 9 200 300 400 500 FREQUENCY – kHz 600 FUND 2 3 8 7 5 0 100 6 4 9 200 300 400 500 FREQUENCY – kHz 600 Figure 7. Typical FFT, fIN > 500 kHz (Input Span = 2 V, VCM = 2.5 V) WORST CASE SPURIOUS – dBc AND dBFS 60 THD – dB SINAD – dB –0.5dBFS –60 0 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90 –100 –110 –120 –130 –140 –150 –160 –170 –40 65 2 5 8 Figure 4. Typical FFT, fIN > 500 kHz (Input Span = 5 V, VCM = 2.5 V) 75 70 FUND 110 105 5V SPAN - dBFS 100 95 2V SPAN - dBFS 90 85 80 75 70 5V SPAN - dBc 2V SPAN - dBc 65 60 –40 –35 –30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 INPUT POWER LEVEL (f1 = f2) – dBFS 0 Figure 10. Dual Tone SFDR (f1 = 0.5 MHz, f2 = 0.6 MHz, VCM = 2.5 V) REV. 0 AD9241 (AVDD = +5 V, DVDD = +5 V, DRVDD = +5 V, fSAMPLE = 1.25 MSPS, TA = +258C, Other Characterization Curves/Plots Single-Ended Input) 100% 3.0 1.0 2.5 0.6 1.5 0.4 DNL – LSB 1.0 0.5 0.0 –0.5 0.2 HITS INL – LSB 12,901,627 0.8 2.0 0.0 –0.2 –1.0 –0.4 –1.5 –2.0 –0.6 –2.5 –0.8 –3.0 0 1,137,700 –1.0 16383 N–1 16383 0 CODE 40 –40 85 N+1 Figure 13. “Grounded-Input” Histogram (Input Span = 5 V) Figure 12. Typical DNL (Input Span = 5 V) 90 N CODE CODE Figure 11. Typical INL (Input Span = 5 V) 1,146,291 –50 50 80 70 –6.0dBFS 65 –70 –20dBFS –6dBFS 80 –90 55 1.0 0.1 INPUT FREQUENCY – MHz 10.0 Figure 14. SINAD vs. Input Frequency (Input Span = 2 V, VCM = 2.5 V) –100 0.01 0.1 1.0 INPUT FREQUENCY – MHz 90 0.01 10.0 Figure 15. THD vs. Input Frequency (Input Span = 2 V, VCM = 2.5 V) 90 –50 0.004 –6dBFS –20dBFS –70 VREF ERROR – V –60 THD – dB SINAD – dB 0.006 –0.5dBFS –20dBFS –6dBFS –80 55 0.002 0 –0.002 –0.004 –0.5dBFS 50 –0.006 –90 45 –0.008 0.1 1.0 INPUT FREQUENCY – MHz 10.0 Figure 17. SINAD vs. Input Frequency (Input Span = 5 V, VCM = 2.5 V) REV. 0 100 0.008 65 40 0.01 1.0 10.0 FREQUENCY – MHz 0.01 –40 75 60 0.1 Figure 16. CMR vs. Input Frequency (Input Span = 2 V, VCM = 2.5 V) 85 70 70 –0.5dBFS 60 80 60 –80 –20.0dBFS 50 0.01 CMR – dB –0.5dBFS THD – dB SINAD – dB –60 75 –100 0.01 0.1 1.0 INPUT FREQUENCY – MHz 10.0 Figure 18. THD vs. Input Frequency (Input Span = 5 V, VCM = 2.5 V) –7– –0.01 –60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 TEMPERATURE – 8C Figure 19. Typical Voltage Reference Error vs. Temperature AD9241 INTRODUCTION converter. Specifically, the input to the A/D core is the difference of the voltages applied at the VINA and VINB input pins. Therefore, the equation, The AD9241 uses a four-stage pipeline architecture with a wideband input sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) implemented on a cost-effective CMOS process. Each stage of the pipeline, excluding the last, consists of a low resolution flash A/D connected to a switched capacitor DAC and interstage residue amplifier (MDAC). The residue amplifier amplifies the difference between the reconstructed DAC output and the flash input for the next stage in the pipeline. One bit of redundancy is used in each of the stages to facilitate digital correction of flash errors. The last stage simply consists of a flash A/D. VCORE = VINA – VINB (1) defines the output of the differential input stage and provides the input to the A/D core. The voltage, VCORE , must satisfy the condition, –VREF ≤ VCORE ≤ VREF (2) where VREF is the voltage at the VREF pin. While an infinite combination of VINA and VINB inputs exist to satisfy Equation 2, an additional limitation is placed on the inputs by the power supply voltages of the AD9241. The power supplies bound the valid operating range for VINA and VINB. The condition, The pipeline architecture allows a greater throughput rate at the expense of pipeline delay or latency. This means that while the converter is capable of capturing a new input sample every clock cycle, it actually takes three clock cycles for the conversion to be fully processed and appear at the output. This latency is not a concern in most applications. The digital output, together with the out-of-range indicator (OTR), is latched into an output buffer to drive the output pins. The output drivers can be configured to interface with +5 V or +3.3 V logic families. AVSS – 0.3 V < VINA < AVDD + 0.3 V (3) AVSS – 0.3 V < VINB < AVDD + 0.3 V where AVSS is nominally 0 V and AVDD is nominally +5 V, defines this requirement. Thus, the range of valid inputs for VINA and VINB is any combination that satisfies both Equations 2 and 3. The AD9241 uses both edges of the clock in its internal timing circuitry (see Figure 1 and specification page for exact timing requirements). The A/D samples the analog input on the rising edge of the clock input. During the clock low time (between the falling edge and rising edge of the clock), the input SHA is in the sample mode; during the clock high time it is in the hold mode. System disturbances just prior to the rising edge of the clock and/or excessive clock jitter may cause the input SHA to acquire the wrong value and should be minimized. For additional information showing the relationship between VINA, VINB, VREF and the digital output of the AD9241, see Table IV. Refer to Table I and Table II for a summary of the various analog input and reference configurations. ANALOG INPUT OPERATION ANALOG INPUT AND REFERENCE OVERVIEW Figure 21 shows the equivalent analog input of the AD9241, which consists of a differential sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA). The differential input structure of the SHA is highly flexible, allowing the devices to be easily configured for either a differential or single-ended input. The dc offset, or commonmode voltage, of the input(s) can be set to accommodate either single-supply or dual supply systems. Also, note that the analog inputs, VINA and VINB, are interchangeable, with the exception that reversing the inputs to the VINA and VINB pins results in a polarity inversion. Figure 20, a simplified model of the AD9241, highlights the relationship between the analog inputs, VINA, VINB, and the reference voltage, VREF. Like the voltage applied to the top of the resistor ladder in a flash A/D converter, the value VREF defines the maximum input voltage to the A/D core. The minimum input voltage to the A/D core is automatically defined to be –VREF. AD9241 +VREF VINA VCORE VINB A/D CORE 14 CH QS2 –VREF CPIN+ CPAR CS QS1 VINA Figure 20. Equivalent Functional Input Circuit QS1 VINB The addition of a differential input structure gives the user an additional level of flexibility that is not possible with traditional flash converters. The input stage allows the user to easily configure the inputs for either single-ended operation or differential operation. The A/D’s input structure allows the dc offset of the input signal to be varied independently of the input span of the QH1 CS – CPIN CPAR QS2 CH Figure 21. Simplified Input Circuit –8– REV. 0 AD9241 The input SHA of the AD9241 is optimized to meet the performance requirements for some of the most demanding communication, imaging and data acquisition applications, while maintaining low power dissipation. Figure 22 is a graph of the full-power bandwidth of the AD9241, typically 40 MHz. Note that the small signal bandwidth is the same as the full-power bandwidth. The settling time response to a full-scale stepped input is shown in Figure 23 and is typically less than 80 ns to 0.0025%. The low input referred noise of 0.36 LSB’s rms is displayed via a grounded histogram and is shown in Figure 13. 1 V and 2.5 V. Note the difference in the amount of degradation in THD performance as the input frequency increases. Similarly, note how the THD performance at lower frequencies becomes less sensitive to the common-mode voltage. As the input frequency approaches dc, the distortion will be dominated by static nonlinearities such as INL and DNL. It is important to note that these dc static nonlinearities are independent of any RON modulation. –40 –45 2 –50 0 THD – dB –55 AMPLITUDE – dB –2 –4 –70 –75 VCM = 1V –80 –85 0.01 –10 –12 0.01 0.1 1.0 FREQUENCY – MHz 10.0 100 Figure 22. Full-Power Bandwidth 12000 8000 10.0 Figure 24. THD vs. Frequency for VCM = 2.5 V and 1.0 V (AIN = –0.5 dB, Input Span = 2.0 V p-p) The optimum noise and dc linearity performance for either differential or single-ended inputs is achieved with the largest input signal voltage span (i.e., 5 V input span) and matched input impedance for VINA and VINB. Note that only a slight degradation in dc linearity performance exists between the 2 V and 5 V input span as specified in AD9241 DC SPECIFICATIONS. 4000 0 VCM = 2.5V 0.1 1.0 FREQUENCY – MHz Due to the high degree of symmetry within the SHA topology, a significant improvement in distortion performance for differential input signals with frequencies up to and beyond Nyquist can be realized. This inherent symmetry provides excellent cancellation of both common-mode distortion and noise. In addition, the required input signal voltage span is reduced by a factor of two, which further reduces the degree of RON modulation and its effects on distortion. 16000 CODE –65 –6 –8 0 10 20 30 40 50 SETTLING TIME – ns 60 70 80 Figure 23. Settling Time The SHA’s optimum distortion performance for a differential or single-ended input is achieved under the following two conditions: (1) the common-mode voltage is centered around midsupply (i.e., AVDD/2 or approximately 2.5 V) and (2) the input signal voltage span of the SHA is set at its lowest (i.e., 2 V input span). This is due to the sampling switches, QS1, being CMOS switches whose RON resistance is very low but has some signal dependency causing frequency-dependent ac distortion while the SHA is in the track mode. The RON resistance of a CMOS switch is typically lowest at its midsupply, but increases symmetrically as the input signal approaches either AVDD or AVSS. A lower input signal voltage span centered at midsupply reduces the degree of RON modulation. Figure 24 compares the AD9241’s THD vs. frequency performance for a 2 V input span with a common-mode voltage of REV. 0 –60 Referring to Figure 21, the differential SHA is implemented using a switched-capacitor topology. Hence, its input impedance and its subsequent effects on the input drive source should be understood to maximize the converter’s performance. The combination of the pin capacitance, CPIN, parasitic capacitance CPAR, and the sampling capacitance, CS, is typically less than 16 pF. When the SHA goes into track mode, the input source must charge or discharge the voltage stored on CS to the new input voltage. This action of charging and discharging CS, which is approximately 4 pF, averaged over a period of time and for a given sampling frequency, FS, makes the input impedance appear to have a benign resistive component (i.e., 83 kΩ at FS = 1.25 MSPS). However, if this action is analyzed within a sampling period (i.e., T = <1/FS), the input impedance is dynamic due to the instantaneous requirement of charging and discharging CS. A series resistor inserted between the input drive source and the SHA input, as shown in Figure 25, provides effective isolation. –9– AD9241 VCC The noise or small-signal bandwidth of the AD9241 is the same as its full-power bandwidth. For noise sensitive applications, the excessive bandwidth may be detrimental and the addition of a series resistor and/or shunt capacitor can help limit the wideband noise at the A/D’s input by forming a low-pass filter. Note, however, that the combination of this series resistance with the equivalent input capacitance of the AD9241 should be evaluated for those time-domain applications that are sensitive to the input signal’s absolute settling time. In applications where harmonic distortion is not a primary concern, the series resistance may be selected in combination with the SHA’s nominal 16 pF of input capacitance to set the filter’s 3 dB cutoff frequency. AD9241 RS* VINA RS* VINB VEE VREF 10µF 0.1µF SENSE REFCOM *OPTIONAL SERIES RESISTOR Figure 25. Series Resistor Isolates Switched-Capacitor SHA Input from Op Amp. Matching Resistors Improve SNR Performance A better method of reducing the noise bandwidth, while possibly establishing a real pole for an antialiasing filter, is to add some additional shunt capacitance between the input (i.e., VINA and/or VINB) and analog ground. Since this additional shunt capacitance combines with the equivalent input capacitance of the AD9241, a lower series resistance can be selected to establish the filter’s cutoff frequency while not degrading the distortion performance of the device. The shunt capacitance also acts as a charge reservoir, sinking or sourcing the additional charge required by the hold capacitor, CH, further reducing current transients seen at the op amp’s output. The optimum size of this resistor is dependent on several factors, including the AD9241 sampling rate, the selected op amp and the particular application. In most applications, a 30 Ω to 50 Ω resistor is sufficient. Some applications may require a larger resistor value to reduce the noise bandwidth or possibly limit the fault current in an overvoltage condition. Other applications may require a larger resistor value as part of an antialiasing filter. In any case, since the THD performance is dependent on the series resistance and the above mentioned factors, optimizing this resistor value for a given application is encouraged. A slight improvement in SNR performance and dc offset performance is achieved by matching the input resistance connected to VINA and VINB. The degree of improvement is dependent on the resistor value and the sampling rate. For series resistor values greater than 100 Ω, the use of a matching resistor is encouraged. The effect of this increased capacitive load on the op amp driving the AD9241 should be evaluated. To optimize performance when noise is the primary consideration, increase the shunt capacitance as much as the transient response of the input signal will allow. Increasing the capacitance too much may adversely affect the op amp’s settling time, frequency response and distortion performance. Table I. Analog Input Configuration Summary Input Connection Single-Ended Single-Ended Differential 1 Input Coupling Span (V) DC 2 AC AC or DC Input Range (V) VINA1 VINB1 0 to 2 1 Figure # 32, 33 2 × VREF 0 to 2 × VREF VREF 32, 33 Same as above but with improved noise performance due to increase in dynamic range. Headroom/settling time requirements of ± 5 V op amp should be evaluated. 5 0 to 5 2.5 32, 33 Optimum noise performance, excellent THD performance. Requires op amp with VCC > +5 V due to insufficient headroom @ 5 V. 2 × VREF 2.5 – VREF to 2.5 + VREF 2.5 39 Optimum THD performance with VREF = 1, noise performance improves while THD performance degrades as VREF increases to 2.5 V. Single supply operation (i.e., +5 V) for many op amps. 2 or 2 × VREF 0 to 1 or 1 or VREF 0 to 2 × VREF 34 Suboptimum ac performance due to input common-mode level not biased at optimum midsupply level (i.e., 2.5 V). 5 0 to 5 2.5 34 Optimum noise performance, excellent THD performance. 2 × VREF 2.5 – VREF to 2.5 + VREF 2.5 35 Flexible input range, Optimum THD performance with VREF = 1. Noise performance improves while THD performance degrades as VREF increases to 2.5 V. 2 2 to 3 3 to 2 29–31 Optimum full-scale THD and SFDR performance well beyond the A/Ds Nyquist frequency. 2 × VREF 2.5 – VREF/2 to 2.5 + VREF/2 2.5 + VREF/2 to 2.5 – VREF/2 29–31 Same as 2 V to 3 V input range with the exception that full-scale THD and SFDR performance can be traded off for better noise performance. 5 1.25 to 3.75 3.75 to 1.25 29–31 Widest dynamic range (i.e., ENOBs) due to Optimum Noise performance. Comments Best for stepped input response applications, suboptimum THD and noise performance, requires ± 5 V op amp. VINA and VINB can be interchanged if signal inversion is required. –10– REV. 0 AD9241 REFERENCE OPERATION The AD9241 contains an onboard bandgap reference that provides a pin-strappable option to generate either a 1 V or 2.5 V output. With the addition of two external resistors, the user can generate reference voltages other than 1 V and 2.5 V. Another alternative is to use an external reference for designs requiring enhanced accuracy and/or drift performance. See Table II for a summary of the pin-strapping options for the AD9241 reference configurations. Figure 26 shows a simplified model of the internal voltage reference of the AD9241. A pin-strappable reference amplifier buffers a 1 V fixed reference. The output from the reference amplifier, A1, appears on the VREF pin. The voltage on the VREF pin determines the full-scale input span of the A/D. This input span equals, Full-Scale Input Span = 2 × VREF AD9241 TO A/D 5kΩ CAPT 5kΩ A2 5kΩ connected to the internal resistor network thus providing a VREF of 2.5 V. If the SENSE pin is tied to the VREF pin via a short or resistor, the switch is connected to the SENSE pin. A short will provide a VREF of 1.0 V while an external resistor network will provide an alternative VREF between 1.0 V and 2.5 V. The second comparator controls internal circuitry that will disable the reference amplifier if the SENSE pin is tied to AVDD. Disabling the reference amplifier allows the VREF pin to be driven by an external voltage reference. The actual reference voltages used by the internal circuitry of the AD9241 appear on the CAPT and CAPB pins. For proper operation when using the internal or an external reference, it is necessary to add a capacitor network to decouple these pins. Figure 27 shows the recommended decoupling network. This capacitive network performs the following three functions: (1) in conjunction with the reference amplifier, A2, it provides a low source impedance over a large frequency range to drive the A/D internal circuitry, (2) it provides the necessary compensation for A2, and (3) it bandlimits the noise contribution from the reference. The turn-on time of the reference voltage appearing between CAPT and CAPB is approximately 15 ms and should be evaluated in any power-down mode of operation. 0.1µF CAPB 5kΩ DISABLE A2 CAPT LOGIC AD9241 0.1µF 10µF CAPB VREF 0.1µF A1 1V 7.5kΩ Figure 27. Recommended CAPT/CAPB Decoupling Network SENSE DISABLE A1 LOGIC 5kΩ REFCOM Figure 26. Equivalent Reference Circuit The voltage appearing at the VREF pin, and the state of the internal reference amplifier, A1, are determined by the voltage appearing at the SENSE pin. The logic circuitry contains two comparators that monitor the voltage at the SENSE pin. The comparator with the lowest set point (approximately 0.3 V) controls the position of the switch within the feedback path of A1. If the SENSE pin is tied to REFCOM, the switch is The A/D’s input span may be varied dynamically by changing the differential reference voltage appearing across CAPT and CAPB symmetrically around 2.5 V (i.e., midsupply). To change the reference at speeds beyond the capabilities of A2, it will be necessary to drive CAPT and CAPB with two high speed, low noise amplifiers. In this case, both internal amplifiers (i.e., A1 and A2) must be disabled by connecting SENSE to AVDD and VREF to REFCOM, and the capacitive decoupling network removed. The external voltages applied to CAPT and CAPB must be 2.5 V + Input Span/4 and 2.5 V – Input Span/4, respectively where the input span can be varied between 2 V and 5 V. Note that those samples within the pipeline A/D during any reference transition will be corrupted and should be discarded. Table II. Reference Configuration Summary Reference Operating Mode Input Span (VINA–VINB) (V p-p) Required VREF (V) Connect To INTERNAL INTERNAL INTERNAL 2 5 2 ≤ SPAN ≤ 5 AND SPAN = 2 × VREF 1 2.5 1 ≤ VREF ≤ 2.5 AND VREF = (1 + R1/R2) SENSE SENSE R1 R2 VREF REFCOM VREF AND SENSE SENSE AND REFCOM EXTERNAL (NONDYNAMIC) 2 ≤ SPAN ≤ 5 1 ≤ VREF ≤ 2.5 SENSE VREF AVDD EXT. REF. EXTERNAL (DYNAMIC) 2 ≤ SPAN ≤ 5 CAPT and CAPB Externally Driven SENSE VREF EXT. REF. 1 EXT. REF. 2 AVDD REFCOM CAPT CAPB REV. 0 –11– AD9241 AVDD DRIVING THE ANALOG INPUTS VCC INTRODUCTION The AD9241 has a highly flexible input structure allowing it to interface with single-ended or differential input interface circuitry. The applications shown in sections Driving the Analog Inputs and Reference Configurations, along with the information presented in Input and Reference Overview of this data sheet, give examples of both single-ended and differential operation. Refer to Tables I and II for a list of the different possible input and reference configurations and their associated figures in the data sheet. The optimum mode of operation, analog input range and associated interface circuitry, will be determined by the particular applications performance requirements as well as power supply options. For example, a dc coupled single-ended input may be appropriate for many data acquisition and imaging applications. Also, many communication applications requiring a dc coupled input for proper demodulation can take advantage of the excellent single-ended distortion performance of the AD9241. The input span should be configured so the system’s performance objectives and the headroom requirements of the driving op amp are simultaneously met. Alternatively, the differential mode of operation provides the best THD and SFDR performance over a wide frequency range. A transformer coupled differential input should be considered for the most demanding spectral-based applications that allow ac coupling (e.g., Direct IF to Digital Conversion). The dc coupled differential mode of operation also provides an enhancement in distortion and noise performance at higher input spans. Furthermore, it allows the AD9241 to be configured for a 5 V span using op amps specified for +5 V or ± 5 V operation. Single-ended operation requires that VINA be ac or dc coupled to the input signal source, while VINB of the AD9241 be biased to the appropriate voltage corresponding to a midscale code transition. Note that signal inversion may be easily accomplished by transposing VINA and VINB. Differential operation requires that VINA and VINB be simultaneously driven with two equal signals that are in and out of phase versions of the input signal. Differential operation of the AD9241 offers the following benefits: (1) Signal swings are smaller and therefore linearity requirements placed on the input signal source may be easier to achieve, (2) Signal swings are smaller and therefore may allow the use of op amps that may otherwise have been constrained by headroom limitations, (3) Differential operation minimizes even-order harmonic products and (4) Differential operation offers noise immunity based on the device’s common-mode rejection as shown in Figure 16. As is typical of most CMOS devices, exceeding the supply limits will turn on internal parasitic diodes resulting in transient currents within the device. Figure 28 shows a simple means of clamping a dc coupled input with the addition of two series resistors and two diodes. Note that a larger series resistor could be used to limit the fault current through D1 and D2, but should be evaluated since it can cause a degradation in overall performance. D2 1N4148 RS1 30Ω RS2 20Ω AD9243 D1 1N4148 VEE Figure 28. Simple Clamping Circuit DIFFERENTIAL MODE OF OPERATION Since not all applications have a signal preconditioned for differential operation, there is often a need to perform a single-endedto-differential conversion. A single-ended-to-differential conversion can be realized with an RF transformer or a dual op amp differential driver. The optimum method depends on whether the application requires the input signal to be ac or dc coupled to AD9241. AC Coupling via an RF Transformer In applications that do not need to be dc coupled, an RF transformer with a center tap is the best method of generating differential inputs for the AD9241. It provides all the benefits of operating the A/D in the differential mode without contributing additional noise or distortion. An RF transformer has the added benefit of providing electrical isolation between the signal source and the A/D. Figure 29 shows the schematic of the suggested transformer circuit. The circuit uses a Mini-Circuits RF transformer, model #T4-6T, which has an impedance ratio of four (turns ratio of 2). The schematic assumes that the signal source has a 50 Ω source impedance. The 1:4 impedance ratio requires the 200 Ω secondary termination for optimum power transfer and VSWR. The centertap of the transformer provides a convenient means of level-shifting the input signal to a desired common-mode voltage. Optimum performance can be realized when the centertap is tied to CML of the AD9241 which is the common-mode bias level of the internal SHA. VINA 50Ω CML 200Ω AD9241 0.1µF VINB MINI-CIRCUITS T4-6T Figure 29. Transformer Coupled Input Transformers with other turns ratios may also be selected to optimize the performance of a given application. For example, a given input signal source or amplifier may realize an improvement in distortion performance at reduced output power levels and signal swings. Hence, selecting a transformer with a higher impedance ratio (i.e., Mini-Circuits T16-6T with a 1:16 impedance ratio) effectively “steps up” the signal level, further reducing the driving requirements of the signal source. –12– REV. 0 AD9241 390Ω DC Coupling with Op Amps Applications that require dc coupling can also benefit by driving the AD9241 differentially. Since the signal swing requirements of each input is reduced by a factor of two in the differential mode, the AD9241 can be configured for a 5 V input span in a +5 V or ± 5 V system. This allows various high performance op amps specified for +5 V and ± 5 V operation to be configured in various differential driver topologies. The optimum op amp driver topology depends on whether the common-mode voltage of the single-ended-input signal requires level-shifting. AVDD 0.1µF 390Ω AD8047 220.2Ω VCML–VIN 33Ω VINA 390Ω VIN 390Ω AVDD 390Ω 220.2Ω 390Ω AD9241 0.1µF VCML+VIN AD8047 33Ω Figure 30 shows a cross-coupled differential driver circuit best suited for systems in which the common-mode signal of the input is already biased to approximately midsupply (i.e., 2.5 V). The common-mode voltage of the differential output is set by the voltage applied to the “+” input of A2. The closed loop gain of this symmetrical driver can easily be set by RIN and RF. For more insight into the operation of this cross-coupled driver, please refer to the AD8042 data sheet. VINB 390Ω 2.5kΩ 390Ω 0.1µF 100Ω CML 0.1µF 1µF OP113 Figure 31. Differential Driver with Level-Shifting 1kΩ RF VIN 1kΩ SINGLE-ENDED MODE OF OPERATION VCML+VIN AD8042 RIN VINA A1 33Ω 1kΩ 1kΩ 1kΩ CF* AD9241 1kΩ VCML–VIN 33Ω A2 AD8042 VINB AVDD/2 CML 0.1µF *OPTIONAL NOISE/BAND LIMITING CAPACITOR Figure 30. Cross-Coupled Differential Driver The driver circuit shown in Figure 31 is best suited for systems in which the bipolar input signal is referenced to AGND and requires proper level shifting. This driver circuit provides the ability to level-shift the input signal to within the commonmode range of the AD9241. The two op amps are configured as matched difference amplifiers, with the input signal applied to opposing inputs to provide the differential output. The commonmode offset voltage is applied to the noninverting resistor network that provides the proper level-shifting. The circuit also employs optional diodes and pull-up resistors that may help improve the op amps’ distortion performance by reducing their headroom requirements. Rail-to-rail output amplifiers such as the AD8042 have sufficient headroom and do not require these optional components. REV. 0 The AD9241 can be configured for single-ended operation using dc or ac coupling. In either case, the input of the A/D must be driven from an operational amplifier that will not degrade the A/D’s performance. Because the A/D operates from a single supply, it will be necessary to level-shift ground-based bipolar signals to comply with its input requirements. Both dc and ac coupling provide this necessary function, but each method results in different interface issues that may influence the system design and performance. DC COUPLING AND INTERFACE ISSUES Many applications require the analog input signal to be dc coupled to the AD9241. An operational amplifier can be configured to rescale and level-shift the input signal to make it compatible with the selected input range of the A/D. The input range to the A/D should be selected on the basis of system performance objectives as well as the analog power supply availability since this will place certain constraints on the op amp selection. Many of the new high performance op amps are specified for only ± 5 V operation and have limited input/output swing capabilities. Hence, the selected input range of the AD9241 should be sensitive to the headroom requirements of the particular op amp to prevent clipping of the signal. Also, since the output of a dual supply amplifier can swing below –0.3 V, clamping its output should be considered in some applications. In some applications, it may be advantageous to use an op amp specified for single supply +5 V operation since it will inherently limit its output swing to within the power supply rails. Rail-to-rail output amplifiers such as the AD8041 allow the AD9241 to be configured with larger input spans, which improves the noise performance. –13– AD9241 If the application requires the largest single-ended input range (i.e., 0 V to 5 V) of the AD9241, the op amp will require larger supplies to drive it. Various high speed amplifiers in the Op Amp Selection Guide of this data sheet can be selected to accommodate a wide range of supply options. Once again, clamping the output of the amplifier should be considered for these applications. Alternatively, a single-ended-to-differential op amp driver circuit using the AD8042 could be used to achieve the 5 V input span while operating from a single +5 V supply, as discussed in the previous section. 500Ω* +VCC 0.1µF +VREF 0VDC –VREF 500Ω* 2 NC 7 RS 1 RP** A1 3 AVDD 0.1µF VINA 6 500Ω* 5 4 NC 500Ω* AD9241 RS VREF Two dc coupled op amp circuits using a noninverting and inverting topology are discussed below. Although not shown, the noninverting and inverting topologies can easily be configured as part of an antialiasing filter by using a Sallen-Key or Multiple-Feedback topology, respectively. An additional R-C network can be inserted between the op amp’s output and the AD9241 input to provide a real pole. Simple Op Amp Buffer In the simplest case, the input signal to the AD9241 will already be biased at levels in accordance with the selected input range. It is merely a matter of providing an adequately low source impedance for the VINA and VINB analog input pins of the A/D. Figure 32 shows the recommended configuration for a single-ended drive using an op amp. In this case, the op amp is shown in a noninverting unity gain configuration driving the VINA pin. The internal reference drives the VINB pin. Note that the addition of a small series resistor of 30 Ω to 50 Ω connected to VINA and VINB will be beneficial in nearly all cases. Refer to section Analog Input Operation for a discussion on resistor selection. Figure 32 shows the proper connection for a 0 V to 5 V input range. Alternative single ended input ranges of 0 V to 2 × VREF can also be realized with the proper configuration of VREF (refer to the section Using the Internal Reference). +V 5V 0V AD9241 RS VINA U1 RS VINB –V 2.5V VREF 10µF 0.1µF SENSE VINB *OPTIONAL RESISTOR NETWORK-OHMTEK ORNA500D **OPTIONAL PULL-UP RESISTOR WHEN USING INTERNAL REFERENCE Figure 33. Single-Ended Input With DC-Coupled Level Shift AC COUPLING AND INTERFACE ISSUES For applications where ac coupling is appropriate, the op amp’s output can easily be level-shifted to the common-mode voltage, VCM, of the AD9241 via a coupling capacitor. This has the advantage of allowing the op amps common-mode level to be symmetrically biased to its midsupply level (i.e., (VCC + VEE)/2). Op amps that operate symmetrically with respect to their power supplies typically provide the best ac performance as well as the greatest input/output span. Hence, various high speed/performance amplifiers that are restricted to +5 V/–5 V operation and/or specified for +5 V single-supply operation can easily be configured for the 5 V or 2 V input span of the AD9241, respectively. The best ac distortion performance is achieved when the A/D is configured for a 2 V input span and common-mode voltage of 2.5 V. Note that differential transformer coupling, another form of ac coupling, should be considered for optimum ac performance. Simple AC Interface Figure 34 shows a typical example of an ac-coupled, singleended configuration. The bias voltage shifts the bipolar, groundreferenced input signal to approximately VREF. The value for C1 and C2 will depend on the size of the resistor, R. The capacitors, C1 and C2, are typically a 0.1 µF ceramic and 10 µF tantalum capacitor in parallel to achieve a low cutoff frequency while maintaining a low impedance over a wide frequency range. The combination of the capacitor and the resistor form a highpass filter with a high-pass –3 dB frequency determined by the equation, f–3 dB = 1/(2 × π × R × (C1 + C2)) Figure 32. Single-Ended AD9241 Op Amp Drive Circuit Op Amp with DC Level Shifting Figure 33 shows a dc-coupled level shifting circuit employing an op amp, A1, to sum the input signal with the desired dc offset. Configuring the op amp in the inverting mode with the given resistor values results in an ac signal gain of –1. If the signal inversion is undesirable, interchange the VINA and VINB connections to reestablish the original signal polarity. The dc voltage at VREF sets the common-mode voltage of the AD9241. For example, when VREF = 2.5 V, the output level from the op amp will also be centered around 2.5 V. The use of ratio matched, thin-film resistor networks will minimize gain and offset errors. Also, an optional pull-up resistor, RP, may be used to reduce the output load on VREF to ±1 mA. The low impedance VREF voltage source both biases the VINB input and provides the bias voltage for the VINA input. Figure 34 shows the VREF configured for 2.5 V. Thus the input range C1 +5V +VREF 0V –VREF C2 VIN RS AD9241 VINA R –5V RS VINB VREF C2 C1 SENSE Figure 34. AC-Coupled Input –14– REV. 0 AD9241 of the A/D is 0 V to 5 V. Other input ranges could be selected by changing VREF, but the A/D’s distortion performance will degrade slightly as the input common-mode voltage deviates from its optimum level of 2.5 V. AD812: Dual, 145 MHz Unity GBW, Single-Supply Current Feedback, +5 V to ± 15 V Supplies Best Applications: Differential and/or Low Impedance Input Drivers Limits: THD above 1 MHz AD8011: f –3 dB = 300 MHz, +5 V or ± 5 V Supplies, Current Feedback Best Applications: Single-Supply, AC/DC-Coupled, Good AC Specs, Low Noise, Low Power (5 mW) Limits: THD above 5 MHz, Usable Input/Output Range AD8013: Triple, f –3 dB = 230 MHz, +5 V or ± 5 V supplies, Current Feedback, Disable Function Best Applications: 3:1 Multiplexer, Good AC Specs Limits: THD above 5 MHz, Input Range AD9631: 220 MHz Unity GBW, 16 ns Settling to 0.01%, ±5 V Supplies Best Applications: Best AC Specs, Low Noise, AC-Coupled Limits: Usable Input/Output Range, Power Consumption AD8047: 130 MHz Unity GBW, 30 ns Settling to 0.01%, ± 5 V Supplies Best Applications: Good AC Specs, Low Noise, AC-Coupled Limits: THD > 5 MHz, Usable Input Range AD8041: Rail-to-Rail, 160 MHz Unity GBW, 55 ns Settling to 0.01%, +5 V Supply, 26 mW Best Applications: Low Power, Single-Supply Systems, DC-Coupled, Large Input Range Limits: Noise with 2 V Input Range AD8042: Dual AD8041 Best Applications: Differential and/or Low Impedance Input Drivers Limits: Noise with 2 V Input Range Alternative AC Interface Figure 35 shows a flexible ac coupled circuit that can be configured for different input spans. Since the common-mode voltage of VINA and VINB are biased to midsupply independent of VREF, VREF can be pin-strapped or reconfigured to achieve input spans between 2 V and 5 V p-p. The AD9241’s CMRR, along with the symmetrical coupling R-C networks, will reject both power supply variations and noise. The resistors, R, establish the common-mode voltage. They may have a high value (e.g., 5 kΩ) to minimize power consumption and establish a low cutoff frequency. The capacitors, C1 and C2, are typically a 0.1 µF ceramic and 10 µF tantalum capacitor in parallel to achieve a low cutoff frequency while maintaining a low impedance over a wide frequency range. RS isolates the buffer amplifier from the A/D input. The optimum performance is achieved when VINA and VINB are driven via symmetrical networks. The high-pass f –3 dB point can be approximated by the equation, f–3 dB = 1/(2 × π × R/2 × (C1 + C2)) +5V +5V R C1 VIN AD9241 RS VINA C2 R –5V RS R VINB +5V R C2 C1 Figure 35. AC-Coupled Input-Flexible Input Span, VCM = 2.5 V OP AMP SELECTION GUIDE Op amp selection for the AD9241 is highly dependent on a particular application. In general, the performance requirements of any given application can be characterized by either time domain or frequency domain parameters. In either case, one should carefully select an op amp that preserves the performance of the A/D. This task becomes challenging when one considers the high performance capabilities of the AD9241, coupled with other external system level requirements such as power consumption and cost. The ability to select the optimal op amp may be further complicated by limited power supply availability and/or limited acceptable supplies for a desired op amp. Newer, high performance op amps typically have input and output range limitations in accordance with their lower supply voltages. As a result, some op amps will be more appropriate in systems where ac-coupling is allowable. When dc-coupling is required, op amps without headroom constraints, such as rail-to-rail op amps or those where larger supplies can be used, should be considered. The following section describes some op amps currently available from Analog Devices. The system designer is always encouraged to contact the factory or local sales office to be updated on Analog Devices’ latest amplifier product offerings. Highlights of the areas where the op amps excel, and where they may limit the performance of the AD9241, are also included. REV. 0 REFERENCE CONFIGURATIONS The figures associated with this section on internal and external reference operation do not show recommended matching series resistors for VINA and VINB for the purpose of simplicity. Please refer to section Driving the Analog Inputs, Introduction, for a discussion of this topic. Also, the figures do not show the decoupling network associated with the CAPT and CAPB pins. Please refer to the Reference Operation section for a discussion of the internal reference circuitry and the recommended decoupling network shown in Figure 27. USING THE INTERNAL REFERENCE Single-Ended Input with 0 to 2 3 VREF Range Figure 36 shows how to connect the AD9241 for a 0 V to 2 V or 0 V to 5 V input range via pin strapping the SENSE pin. An intermediate input range of 0 to 2 × VREF can be established using the resistor programmable configuration in Figure 38 and connecting VREF to VINB. In either case, both the common-mode voltage and input span are directly dependent on the value of VREF. More specifically, the common-mode voltage is equal to VREF while the input span is equal to 2 × VREF. Thus, the valid input range extends from 0 to 2 × VREF. When VINA is ≤ 0 V, the digital output will be 0000 Hex; when VINA is ≥ 2 × VREF, the digital output will be 3FFF Hex. –15– AD9241 Shorting the VREF pin directly to the SENSE pin places the internal reference amplifier in unity-gain mode and the resultant VREF output is 1 V. Therefore, the valid input range is 0 V to 2 V. However, shorting the SENSE pin directly to the REFCOM pin configures the internal reference amplifier for a gain of 2.5 and the resultant VREF output is 2.5 V. Thus, the valid input range becomes 0 V to 5 V. The VREF pin should be bypassed to the REFCOM pin with a 10 µF tantalum capacitor in parallel with a low-inductance 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor. VINA VINB 10µF 0.1µF VREF AD9241 SHORT FOR 0 TO 2V INPUT SPAN VREF = 1 V × (1 + R1/R2), to determine appropriate values for R1 and R2. These resistors should be in the 2 kΩ to 100 kΩ range. For the example shown, R1 equals 2.5 kΩ and R2 equals 5 kΩ. From the equation above, the resultant reference voltage on the VREF pin is 1.5 V. This sets the input span to be 3 V p-p. To assure stability, place a 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor in parallel with R1. The common-mode voltage can be set to VREF by connecting VINB to VREF to provide an input span of 0 to 2 × VREF. Alternatively, the common-mode voltage can be set to 2.5 V by connecting VINB to a low impedance 2.5 V source. For the example shown, the valid input signal range for VINA is 1 V to 4 V since VINB is set to an external, low impedance 2.5 V source. The VREF pin should be bypassed to the REFCOM pin with a 10 µF tantalum capacitor in parallel with a low inductance 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor. 2xVREF 0V ternal resistors and a bypass capacitor. Use the equation, SENSE SHORT FOR 0 TO 5V INPUT SPAN REFCOM 4V VINA 1V Figure 36. Internal Reference (2 V p-p Input Span, VCM = 1 V, or 5 V p-p Input Span, VCM = 2.5 V) VINB 2.5V 1.5V VREF 10µF Single-Ended or Differential Input, V CM = 2.5 V Figure 37 shows the single-ended configuration that gives the best SINAD performance. To optimize dynamic specifications, center the common-mode voltage of the analog input at approximately 2.5 V by connecting VINB to VREF, a lowimpedance 2.5 V source. As described above, shorting the SENSE pin directly to the REFCOM pin results in a 2.5 V reference voltage and a 5 V p-p input span. The valid range for input signals is 0 V to 5 V. The VREF pin should be bypassed to the REFCOM pin with a 10 µF tantalum capacitor in parallel with a low inductance 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor. 0.1µF R1 2.5kΩ C1 0.1µF AD9241 SENSE R2 5kΩ REFCOM Figure 38. Resistor Programmable Reference (3 V p-p Input Span, VCM = 2.5 V) USING AN EXTERNAL REFERENCE This reference configuration could also be used for a differential input wherein VINA and VINB are driven via a transformer as shown in Figure 29. In this case, the common-mode voltage, VCM, is set at midsupply by connecting the transformers center tap to CML of the AD9241. VREF can be configured for 1 V or 2.5 V by connecting SENSE to either VREF or REFCOM respectively. Note that the valid input range for each of the differential inputs is one half of the single-ended input and thus becomes VCM – VREF/2 to VCM + VREF/2. Using an external reference may enhance the dc performance of the AD9241 by improving drift and accuracy. Figures 39 through 41 show examples of how to use an external reference with the A/D. Table III is a list of suitable voltage references from Analog Devices. To use an external reference, the user must disable the internal reference amplifier and drive the VREF pin. Connecting the SENSE pin to AVDD disables the internal reference amplifier. Table III. Suitable Voltage References 5V VINA 0V Output Voltage Drift (ppm/8C) Initial Accuracy % (max) Operating Current (mA) 1.00 1.235 1.225 2.048 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 26 10–100 50–100 5–25 26 5–25 10–25 3–7 1.4 1.2–2.8 0.08–0.8 0.1–0.5 1.4 0.08–0.4 0.06–0.1 0.04–0.2 N/A 50 50 45 N/A 45 600 1000 VINB AD9241 2.5V VREF 10µF 0.1µF SENSE REFCOM Figure 37. Internal Reference—5 V p-p Input Span, VCM = 2.5 V Resistor Programmable Reference Figure 38 shows an example of how to generate a reference voltage other than 1 V or 2.5 V with the addition of two ex- Internal AD589 AD1580 REF191 Internal REF192 REF43 AD780 The AD9241 contains an internal reference buffer, A2 (see Figure 26), that simplifies the drive requirements of an external reference. The external reference must be able to drive a ≈5 kΩ (± 20%) load. Note that the bandwidth of the reference buffer is –16– REV. 0 AD9241 deliberately left small to minimize the reference noise contribution. As a result, it is not possible to change the reference voltage rapidly in this mode without removing the CAPT/CAPB Decoupling Network and driving these pins directly. Variable Input Span with V CM = 2.5 V Figure 39 shows an example of the AD9241 configured for an input span of 2 × VREF centered at 2.5 V. An external 2.5 V reference drives the VINB pin thus setting the common-mode voltage at 2.5 V. The input span can be independently set by a voltage divider consisting of R1 and R2, which generates the VREF signal. A1 buffers this resistor network and drives VREF. Choose this op amp based on accuracy requirements. It is essential that a minimum of a 10 µF capacitor in parallel with a 0.1 µF low inductance ceramic capacitor decouple the reference output to ground. Low Cost/Power Reference The external reference circuit shown in Figure 41 uses a low cost 1.225 V external reference (e.g., AD580 or AD1580) along with an op amp and transistor. The 2N2222 transistor acts in conjunction with 1/2 of an OP282 to provide a very low impedance drive for VINB. The selected op amp need not be a high speed op amp and may be selected based on cost, power and accuracy. 3.75V VINA 1.25V 820Ω 1kΩ +5V 0.1µF 1kΩ 7.5kΩ VINA 1/2 OP282 2.5V REF 1.225V 22µF 0.1µF SENSE DIGITAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS Digital Outputs Single-Ended Input with 0 to 2 3 VREF Range Figure 40 shows an example of an external reference driving both VINB and VREF. In this case, both the common mode voltage and input span are directly dependent on the value of VREF. More specifically, the common-mode voltage is equal to VREF while the input span is equal to 2 × VREF. Thus, the valid input range extends from 0 to 2 × VREF. For example, if the REF191, a 2.048 external reference, was selected, the valid input range extends from 0 V to 4.096 V. In this case, 1 LSB of the AD9241 corresponds to 0.250 mV. It is essential that a minimum of a 10 µF capacitor in parallel with a 0.1 µF low inductance ceramic capacitor decouple the reference output to ground. The AD9241 output data is presented in positive true straight binary for all input ranges. Table IV indicates the output data formats for various input ranges, regardless of the selected input range. A twos-complement output data format can be created by inverting the MSB. Table IV. Output Data Format Input (V) Condition (V) Digital Output OTR VINA –VINB VINA –VINB VINA –VINB VINA –VINB VINA –VINB < – VREF = – VREF =0 = + VREF – 1 LSB ≥ + VREF 00 0000 0000 0000 00 0000 0000 0000 10 0000 0000 0000 11 1111 1111 1111 11 1111 1111 1111 1 0 0 0 1 +FS –1 1/2 LSB OTR DATA OUTPUTS 2xREF VINA 0V 1 0 111111 1111 1111 111111 1111 1111 0 111111 1111 1110 0.1µF OTR –FS+1/2 LSB VINB 10µF AD9241 0 0 1 VREF 000000 0000 0001 000000 0000 0000 000000 0000 0000 0.1µF –FS –FS –1/2 LSB +5V SENSE +5V Figure 41. External Reference Using the AD1580 and Low Impedance Buffer Figure 39. External Reference, VCM = 2.5 V (2.5 V on VINB, Resistor Divider to Make VREF) VREF VREF VREF R2 +5V 0.1µF 0.1µF AD9241 0.1µF R1 A1 +5V 10µF VINB 0.1µF AD9241 316Ω +5V AD1580 +5V 0.1µF 2N2222 1kΩ 2.5V+VREF 2.5V 2.5V–VREF VINB 10µF +FS +FS –1/2 LSB SENSE Figure 42. Output Data Format Figure 40. Input Range = 0 V to 2 × VREF Out Of Range (OTR) An out-of-range condition exists when the analog input voltage is beyond the input range of the converter. OTR is a digital output that is updated along with the data output corresponding to the particular sampled analog input voltage. Hence, OTR has the same pipeline delay (latency) as the digital data. It is LOW when the analog input voltage is within the analog input range. REV. 0 –17– AD9241 It is HIGH when the analog input voltage exceeds the input range as shown in Figure 42. OTR will remain HIGH until the analog input returns within the input range and another conversion is completed. By logical ANDing OTR with the MSB and its complement, overrange high or underrange low conditions can be detected. Table V is a truth table for the over/underrange circuit in Figure 43, which uses NAND gates. Systems requiring programmable gain conditioning of the AD9241 input signal can immediately detect an out-of-range condition, thus eliminating gain selection iterations. Also, OTR can be used for digital offset and gain calibration. with a total rms jitter of 15 ps, the SNR performance of the A/D will be limited to 80.5 dB. Undersampling applications are particularly sensitive to jitter. Table V. Out-of-Range Truth Table Most of the power dissipated by the AD9241 is from the analog power supply. However, lower clock speeds will slightly reduce digital current. Figure 44 shows the relationship between power and clock rate. OTR MSB Analog Input Is 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 In Range In Range Underrange Overrange The clock input should be treated as an analog signal in cases where aperture jitter may affect the dynamic range of the AD9241. As such, supplies for clock drivers should be separated from the A/D output driver supplies to avoid modulating the clock signal with digital noise. Low jitter crystal controlled oscillators make the best clock sources. If the clock is generated from another type of source (by gating, dividing or other method), it should be retimed by the original clock at the last step. 150 140 130 POWER – mW 120 MSB OVER = “1” OTR UNDER = “1” MSB 5V p-p 110 2V p-p 100 90 Figure 43. Overrange or Underrange Logic 80 Digital Output Driver Considerations (DRVDD) 70 The AD9241 output drivers can be configured to interface with +5 V or 3.3 V logic families by setting DRVDD to +5 V or 3.3 V respectively. The AD9241 output drivers are sized to provide sufficient output current to drive a wide variety of logic families. However, large drive currents tend to cause glitches on the supplies and may affect SINAD performance. Applications requiring the AD9241 to drive large capacitive loads or large fanout may require additional decoupling capacitors on DRVDD. In extreme cases, external buffers or latches may be required. Clock Input and Considerations The AD9241 internal timing uses the two edges of the clock input to generate a variety of internal timing signals. The clock input must meet or exceed the minimum specified pulse width high and low (tCH and tCL) specifications for the given A/D, as defined in the Switching Specifications section at the beginning of the data sheet, to meet the rated performance specifications. For example, the clock input to the AD9241 operating at 1.25 MSPS may have a duty cycle between 45% to 55% to meet this timing requirement since the minimum specified tCH and tCL is 360 ns. For clock rates below 1.25 MSPS, the duty cycle may deviate from this range to the extent that both tCH and tCL are satisfied. 60 0 1 2 3 7 6 4 5 CLOCK RATE – MHz 8 9 10 Figure 44. AD9241 Power Consumption vs. Clock Frequency GROUNDING AND DECOUPLING Analog and Digital Grounding Proper grounding is essential in any high speed, high resolution system. Multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs) are recommended to provide optimal grounding and power schemes. The use of ground and power planes offers distinct advantages: 1. The minimization of the loop area encompassed by a signal and its return path. 2. The minimization of the impedance associated with ground and power paths. 3. The inherent distributed capacitor formed by the power plane, PCB insulation and ground plane. These characteristics result in both a reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and an overall improvement in performance. All high speed, high resolution A/Ds are sensitive to the quality of the clock input. The degradation in SNR at a given full-scale input frequency (fIN) due only to aperture jitter (tA) can be calculated with the following equation: SNR = 20 log10 [1/(2 π fIN tA)] In the equation, the rms aperture jitter, tA, represents the rootsum square of all the jitter sources including the clock input, analog input signal and A/D aperture jitter specification. For example, if a 1.0 MHz full-scale sine wave is sampled by an A/D It is important to design a layout that prevents noise from coupling onto the input signal. Digital signals should not be run in parallel with input signal traces, and should be routed away from the input circuitry. While the AD9241 features separate analog and digital ground pins, it should be treated as an analog component. The AVSS, DVSS and DRVSS pins must be joined together directly under the AD9241. A solid ground plane under the A/D is acceptable if the power and ground return currents are carefully managed. Alternatively, the ground plane under –18– REV. 0 AD9241 the A/D may contain serrations to steer currents in predictable directions where cross-coupling between analog and digital would otherwise be unavoidable. The AD9241/EB ground layout shown in Figure 52 depicts the serrated type of arrangement. The analog and digital grounds are connected by a jumper below the A/D. The CML is an internal analog bias point used internally by the AD9241. This pin must be decoupled with at least a 0.1 µF capacitor as shown in Figure 47. The dc level of CML is approximately AVDD/2. This voltage should be buffered if it is to be used for any external biasing. Analog and Digital Supply Decoupling CML The AD9241 features separate analog and digital supply and ground pins, helping to minimize digital corruption of sensitive analog signals. 0.1µF Figure 47. CML Decoupling 120 The digital activity on the AD9241 chip falls into two general categories: correction logic and output drivers. The internal correction logic draws relatively small surges of current, primarily during the clock transitions. The output drivers draw large current impulses while the output bits are changing. The size and duration of these currents are a function of the load on the output bits: large capacitive loads are to be avoided. Note that the internal correction logic of the AD9241 is referenced DVDD while the output drivers are referenced to DRVDD. DVDD PSRR – dBFS 100 AVDD 80 60 40 1 10 100 1000 FREQUENCY – kHz Figure 45. PSRR vs. Frequency The decoupling shown in Figure 48 (a 0.1 µF ceramic chip capacitor) is appropriate for a reasonable capacitive load on the digital outputs (typically 20 pF on each pin). Applications involving greater digital loads should consider increasing the digital decoupling proportionally and/or using external buffers/ latches. Figure 45 shows the power supply rejection ratio vs. frequency for a 200 mV p-p ripple applied to both AVDD and DVDD. In general, AVDD, the analog supply, should be decoupled to AVSS, the analog common, as close to the chip as physically possible. Figure 46 shows the recommended decoupling for the analog supplies; 0.1 µF ceramic chip capacitors should provide adequately low impedance over a wide frequency range. Note that the AVDD and AVSS pins are co-located on the AD9241 to simplify the layout of the decoupling capacitors and provide the shortest possible PCB trace lengths. The AD9241/EB power plane layout shown in Figure 53 depicts a typical arrangement using a multilayer PCB. DVDD 0.1µF DRVDD AD9241 DVSS 0.1µF DRVSS Figure 48. Digital Supply Decoupling A complete decoupling scheme will also include large tantalum or electrolytic capacitors on the PCB to reduce low-frequency ripple to negligible levels. Refer to the AD9241/EB schematic and layouts in Figures 49–53 for more information regarding the placement of decoupling capacitors. AVDD 0.1µF AVSS AD9241 AVDD 0.1µF AVSS Figure 46. Analog Supply Decoupling REV. 0 AD9241 –19– AGND J7 DGND J6 +5_OR _+3 J11 –VEE J5 +VCC J4 +5D J3 +5A J2 VINB1 VINB2 VINA1 VINA2 CML TP23 TP22 TP27 TP21 TP20 TP19 TP18 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 2 + JP5 JP4 JP3 C5 10µF 16V JP6 3 1 C40 0.1µF A C35 0.1µF A C34 0.1µF A C33 0.1µF A C32 0.1µF 2 + A VCC A C2 0.1µF +DRVDD C6 0.1µF A C1 10µF 16V 5 SETS OF PADS TO CONNECT GROUNDS +DRVDD VEE VCC +5VD +5VA 1 A JP11 B C7 0.1µF C4 0.1µF JG1-WIRE ETCH CKT SIDE C39 22µF 25V A C31 22µF 25V A C30 22µF 25V C29 22µF 25V A A C28 22µF 25V 3 A C3 0.1µF A +5VA A JP12 B A A R2 10kΩ R1 10kΩ + + + + + C41 0.1µF SJ1 JG1 TPD SJ3 CAPB CAPT REFCOM SENSE 5 C12 0.1µF A 2 4 6 2 C8 0.1µF JP7 29 OTR A 25 TP24 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 A +5VA 29 J8 30 J8 31 J8 8 J8 10 J8 12 J8 34 J8 36 J8 NC 37 J8 38 J8 20 J8 22 J8 24 J8 NC 35 J8 18 J8 16 J8 32 J8 28 J8 6 J8 14 J8 26 J8 3 NC 39 J8 A 1 2 2 J8 R35 50Ω A R5 10kΩ JP10 PRI +5VD CLKIN T1 R3 15kΩ 4 5 A JP1 JP22 JP21 C37 15pF R38 33Ω C36 15pF R37 33Ω C13 10µF 16V A A R36 200Ω C42 0.1µF A SEC 6 R4 50Ω A 2 3 7 TPC A CML 6 1 9 13 U8 3 U8 11 TPC 12 4 R9 50Ω A A R8 316Ω A U6 A C38 ? C18 0.1µF 3 1 5 2 3 4 2 6 R13 10kΩ JP23 74HC04 U5 U5 U5 1 JP14 B A A C22 0.1µF +5VD U5 DECOUPLING C20 0.1µF R10 500Ω DIRECT COUPLE OPTION R11 500Ω SJ6 TP26 A VEE 4 AD845 7 VCC C21 0.1µF 6 C19 0.1µF R34 TP9 22.1Ω R33 TP8 22.1Ω R32 TP7 22.1Ω R31 TP6 22.1Ω A A R30 TP17 22.1Ω R29 TP5 22.1Ω R28 TP4 22.1Ω R27 TP3 22.1Ω R26 TP16 22.1Ω R25 TP15 22.1Ω R24 TP14 22.1Ω R23 TP13 22.1Ω R22 TP12 22.1Ω R21 TP11 22.1Ω R20 TP10 22.1Ω 40 J8 CW 3 2 U4 JP18 JP17 BUFFER R14 10kΩ C25 0.1µF 20 +DRVDD 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 C24 0.1µF 20 +DRVDD 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 TPD 74HC541N G1 Y7 G2 Y6 A7 Y5 A6 Y4 A5 Y3 A4 Y2 A3 Y1 A2 Y0 A1 A0 GND +5VD U7 74HC541N G1 Y7 G2 Y6 A7 Y5 A6 Y4 A5 Y3 A4 Y2 A3 Y1 A2 Y0 A1 A0 GND +5VD AC COUPLE OPTION JP24 Q1 2N2222 C17 10µF 16V SPARE GATES A C26 0.1µF +5VA 1 19 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 1 19 CLK 9 D0 8 D1 7 D2 6 D3 5 D4 4 D5 3 D6 2 10 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 JP13 A TP25 U8 DECOUPLING VIN R7 1kΩ J1 R41 ? R40 ? CLK JP16 CLKB JP15 C16 0.1µF TPD 10 A R18 5kΩ CW 74HC14 U8 2 U8 8 U8 A A 8 12 R16 5kΩ R6 820Ω C15 0.1µF VINB1 TPD R17 1kΩ C14 0.1µF VINA1 VEE 4 AD817 U3 VCC U5 U5 +5VA C23 0.1µF 5 +5VA R19 50Ω A 13 10 9 U8 U5 TP2 6 11 ADC_CLK J9 ADC_CLK D13 EXTERNAL REFERENCE DRIVE C11 0.1µF A 7 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 JP8 CLK BIT2 BIT3 BIT4 BIT5 BIT6 BIT7 BIT8 BIT9 BIT10 BIT11 BIT12 BIT13 BIT14 4 J8 AIN J10 A GND 4 3 VOUT 6 REF43 U2 C10 0.1µF VIN 1 VINA VINB CML AVDD1 U1 24 D13 AD9241MQFP BIT1 28 C9 0.1µF VREF C43 0.1µF 42 41 39 36 37 33 31 32 A DVSS JP2 SJ2 AVSS2 TPC SJ5 –20– SJ4 DRVDD AVDD2 DRVSS AVSS1 DVDD TP1 A D2 1N5711 D1 1N5711 +5VA R15 33Ω A D4 1N5711 D3 1N5711 AC COUPLE OPTION +5VA R39 ? R12 33Ω 15 J8 17 J8 19 J8 21 J8 23 J8 25 J8 27 J8 33 J8 1 J8 3 J8 5 J8 7 J8 9 J8 11 J8 13 J8 VINB2 VINA2 AD9241 Figure 49. Evaluation Board Schematic REV. 0 AD9241 Figure 50. Evaluation Board Component Side Layout (Not to Scale) Figure 51. Evaluation Board Solder Side Layout (Not to Scale) REV. 0 –21– AD9241 Figure 52. Evaluation Board Ground Plane Layout (Not to Scale) Figure 53. Evaluation Board Power Plane Layout (Not to Scale) –22– REV. 0 AD9241 OUTLINE DIMENSIONS Dimensions shown in mm and (inches). 44-Pin Metric Quad Flatpack (MQFP) (S-44) 13.45 (0.529) 12.95 (0.510) 2.45 (0.096) MAX 1.03 (0.041) 0.73 (0.029) 10.1 (0.398) 9.90 (0.390) 0° MIN 44 34 1 33 SEATING PLANE 8.45 (0.333) 8.3 (0.327) TOP VIEW (PINS DOWN) 11 0.25 (0.01) MIN 0.23 (0.009) 0.13 (0.005) 2.1 (0.083) 1.95 (0.077) REV. 0 23 12 22 0.8 (0.031) BSC –23– 0.45 (0.018) 0.3 (0.012) –24– PRINTED IN U.S.A. C2961–10–4/97