LINER LT3995 60v, 3a, 2mhz step-down switching regulator with 2.7a quiescent current Datasheet

LT3995
60V, 3A, 2MHz Step-Down
Switching Regulator with
2.7µA Quiescent Current
FEATURES
DESCRIPTION
Ultralow Quiescent Current:
2.7µA IQ at 12VIN to 3.3VOUT
n Low Ripple Burst Mode® Operation
Output Ripple < 15mVP-P
n Wide Input Range: Operation from 4.3V to 60V
n 3A Maximum Output Current
n Excellent Start-Up and Dropout Performance
n Adjustable Switching Frequency: 200kHz to 2MHz
n Synchronizable Between 250kHz to 2MHz
n Accurate Programmable Undervoltage Lockout
n Low Shutdown Current: I = 700nA
Q
n Power Good Flag
n Soft-Start Capability
n Thermal Shutdown Protection
n Current Limit Foldback with SS Override
n Saturating Switch Design: 85mΩ On Resistance
n Small, Thermally Enhanced 16-Lead MSOP Package
The LT®3995 is an adjustable frequency monolithic buck
switching regulator that accepts a wide input voltage range
up to 60V. Low quiescent current design consumes only
2.7µA of supply current while regulating with no load. Low
ripple Burst Mode operation maintains high efficiency at
low output currents while keeping the output ripple below
15mV in a typical application. The LT3995 can supply up
to 3A of load current and has current limit foldback to
limit power dissipation during short circuit. A low dropout
voltage of 500mV is maintained when the input voltage
drops below the programmed output voltage, such as
during automotive cold crank.
n
APPLICATIONS
n
n
n
Automotive Battery Regulation
Portable Products
Industrial Supplies
L, LT, LTC, LTM, Burst Mode, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks
of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective
owners.
An internally compensated current mode topology is used
for fast transient response and good loop stability. A high
efficiency 85mΩ switch is included on the die along with a
boost Schottky diode and the necessary oscillator, control,
and logic circuitry. An accurate 1.02V threshold enable pin
can be driven directly from a microcontroller or used as a
programmable undervoltage lockout. A capacitor on the
SS pin provides a controlled inrush current (soft-start).
A power good flag signals when VOUT reaches 91.6% of
the programmed output voltage. The LT3995 is available
in a small 16-lead MSOP package with exposed pad for
low thermal resistance.
TYPICAL APPLICATION
No-Load Supply Current
3.3V Step-Down Converter
4.5
IN REGULATION
4.0
INPUT CURRENT (µA)
VIN
4.3V TO 60V
VIN
OFF ON
EN
BOOST
PG
SW
10µF
10nF
RT
SYNC
182k
f = 300kHz
PDS560
LT3995
SS
0.47µF 8.2µH
OUT
FB
GND
VOUT
3.3V
3A
47µF
1210
×2
1M
10pF
576k
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
3995 TA01a
3995 TA01b
3995f
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
1
LT3995
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
(Note 1)
VIN, EN Voltage (Note 3)............................................60V
BOOST Pin Voltage....................................................75V
BOOST Pin Above SW Pin..........................................30V
FB, RT, SYNC, SS Voltage............................................6V
PG Voltage.................................................................30V
OUT Voltage...............................................................16V
Operating Junction Temperature Range (Note 2)
LT3995E............................................. –40°C to 125°C
LT3995I.............................................. –40°C to 125°C
LT3995H............................................. –40°C to 150°C
Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................... 300°C
PIN CONFIGURATION
TOP VIEW
FB
SS
OUT
BOOST
SW
SW
SW
NC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
17
GND
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
SYNC
PG
RT
EN
VIN
VIN
VIN
NC
MSE PACKAGE
16-LEAD PLASTIC MSOP
θJA = 40°C/W
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB
ORDER INFORMATION
LEAD FREE FINISH
TAPE AND REEL
PART MARKING*
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
TEMPERATURE RANGE
LT3995EMSE#PBF
LT3995EMSE#TRPBF
3995
16-Lead Plastic MSOP
–40°C to 125°C
LT3995IMSE#PBF
LT3995IMSE#TRPBF
3995
16-Lead Plastic MSOP
–40°C to 125°C
LT3995HMSE#PBF
LT3995HMSE#TRPBF
3995
16-Lead Plastic MSOP
–40°C to 150°C
Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container.
Consult LTC Marketing for information on non-standard lead based finish parts.
For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/
For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 2)
PARAMETER
Minimum Input Voltage
Dropout Comparator Threshold
Dropout Comparator Threshold Hysteresis
Quiescent Current from VIN
FB Pin Current
Feedback Voltage
CONDITIONS
(Note 3)
(VIN – OUT) Falling
VEN Low
VEN High, VSYNC Low
VEN High, VSYNC Low
VFB = 1.5V
MIN
l
430
l
l
l
FB Voltage Line Regulation
Switching Frequency
4.3V < VIN < 60V (Note 3)
RT = 11.8k
RT = 41.2k
RT = 294k
Minimum Switch On-Time
Minimum Switch Off-Time (Note 4)
TYP
4
500
25
0.7
1.6
1.183
1.173
1.8
0.8
160
0.1
1.197
1.197
0.0003
2.25
1
200
130
180
MAX
4.3
570
1.3
2.7
30
12
1.212
1.222
0.01
2.7
1.2
240
280
UNITS
V
mV
mV
µA
µA
µA
nA
V
V
%/V
MHz
MHz
kHz
ns
ns
3995f
2
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
LT3995
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 2)
Switch Current Limit
Foldback Switch Current Limit
Switch VCESAT
Switch Leakage Current
Boost Schottky Forward Voltage
Boost Schottky Reverse Leakage
Minimum Boost Voltage (Note 5)
BOOST Pin Current
EN Voltage Threshold
EN Voltage Hysteresis
EN Pin Current
PG Threshold Offset from VFB
PG Hysteresis as % of Output Voltage
PG Leakage
PG Sink Current
SYNC Low Threshold
SYNC High Threshold
SYNC Pin Current
SS Source Current
VFB = 1V
VFB = 0V
ISW = 1A
4.7
ISH = 100mA
VREVERSE = 12V
l
ISW = 1A, VBOOST – VSW = 3V
EN Falling, VIN ≥ 4.3V
l
VFB Falling
5
VPG = 3V
VPG = 0.4V
l
VSYNC = 6V
VSS = 0.5V
Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute
Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device
reliability and lifetime.
Note 2: The LT3995E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications
from 0°C to 125°C junction temperature. Specifications over the –40°C
to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design,
characterization, and correlation with statistical process controls. The
LT3995I is guaranteed over the full –40°C to 125°C operating junction
temperature range. The LT3995H is guaranteed over the full –40°C to
150°C operating junction temperature range. High junction temperatures
degrade operating lifetimes. Operating lifetime is derated at junction
temperatures greater than 125°C. The junction temperature (TJ, in °C) is
calculated from the ambient temperature (TA, in °C) and power dissipation
(PD, in Watts) according to the formula:
TJ = TA + (PD • θJA)
where θJA (in °C/W) is the package thermal impedance.
0.92
125
0.6
0.9
6.3
3.1
100
0.02
800
0.02
1.3
22
1.02
60
0.2
8.4
1.7
0.02
480
1.0
1.18
0.1
1.8
7.9
1
2
1.8
35
1.12
20
13
1
1.5
2.6
A
A
mV
μA
mV
μA
V
mA
V
mV
nA
%
%
µA
μA
V
V
nA
μA
Note 3: Minimum input voltage depends on application circuit.
Note 4: The LT3995 contains circuitry that extends the maximum duty
cycle if there is sufficient voltage across the boost capacitor. See the
Application Information section for more details.
Note 5: This is the minimum voltage across the boost capacitor needed to
guarantee full saturation of the switch.
Note 6: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended
to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Junction
temperature will exceed the maximum operating junction temperature
when overtemperature protection is active. Continuous operation above
the specified maximum operating junction temperature may impair device
reliability or permanently damage the device.
3995f
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
3
LT3995
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Efficiency at 5VOUT
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Efficiency at 3.3VOUT
Efficiency at 5VOUT
95
85
90
90
80
80
85
75
70
80
75
70
65
12V
24V
36V
48V
60
L: MSS1260-682ML
fSW = 500kHz
55
50
0.5
0
1.5
2
1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
70
65
60
55
12V
24V
36V
48V
50
L: MSS1260-822ML
fSW = 300kHz
45
40
3
2.5
EFFICIENCY (%)
100
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
100
0
0.5
1.5
2
1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
60
50
40
12V
24V
36V
48V
10
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
1
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
INPUT CURRENT (µA)
EFFICIENCY (%)
70
3.0
2.5
2.0
0
1
–55
0.15
VIN = 12V
VOUT = 5V
0.10
0.10
0.05
0
–0.05
1.190
1.185
125
155
–0.20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
LOAD CURRENT (A)
3995 G07
125
155
VOUT = 5V
LOAD = 1A
0.05
0
–0.10
–0.15
1.175
5
35
95
65
TEMPERATURE (°C)
–0.05
–0.10
1.180
–25
3975 G06
CHANGE IN VOUT (%)
CHANGE IN VOUT (%)
REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V)
1.220
65
35
5
95
TEMPERATURE (°C)
10
Line Regulation
0.15
1.195
DUE TO CATCH
DIODE LEAKAGE
100
Load Regulation
1.225
–25
1000
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
0.20
1.200
1000 10000
FRONT PAGE APPLICATION
VIN = 12V
VOUT = 3.3V
3995 G05
Reference Voltage
1.170
–55
10000
3.5
1.0
1.230
1.205
10
100
1
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
No-Load Supply Current
3995 G04
1.210
0.1
1.5
1000 10000
1.215
12V
24V
36V
48V
3995 G03
IN REGULATION
VOUT = 3.3V
4.0
80
20
0
0.01
3
No-Load Supply Current
4.5
L: MSS1260-822ML
fSW = 300kHz
30
30
10
INPUT CURRENT (µA)
90
50
40
3995 G02
Efficiency at 3.3VOUT
100
60
20
2.5
3995 G01
L: MSS1260-682ML
fSW = 500kHz
3995 G08
–0.15
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
INPUT VOLAGE (V)
3995 G09
3995f
4
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
LT3995
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Derating
LIMITED BY MAXIMUM JUNCTION
TEMPERATURE θJA = 40°C/W
2.5
2.0
H-GRADE
12VIN
24VIN
36VIN
48VIN
1.0
60VIN
0.5 VOUT = 3.3V
fSW = 300kHz
2.5in × 2.5in 4-LAYER BOARD
0
100
75
0
25
50
1.5
150
125
Switch Current Limit
7.0
LIMITED BY MAXIMUM JUNCTION
TEMPERATURE θJA = 40°C/W
3.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
LOAD CURRENT (A)
3.0
Thermal Derating
3.5
6.5
2.5
CURRENT LIMIT (A)
3.5
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
2.0
H-GRADE
12VIN
24VIN
36VIN
48VIN
1.0
60VIN
0.5 VOUT = 5V
fSW = 500kHz
2.5in × 2.5in 4-LAYER BOARD
0
100
75
0
25
50
1.5
TEMPERATURE (°C)
5.0
4.5
5
4
3
2
125
0
155
0
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
FB PIN VOLTAGE (V)
2
100
50
3
3995 G15
0.5
1
1.5
200
50
40
30
20
0
2.5
2
Minimum On-Time
225
VSYNC = 0V
fSW = 2MHz
175
LOAD = 1A
150
125
LOAD = 2A
100
10
2.5
0
3995 G14
MINIMUM ON-TIME (ns)
BOOST PIN CURRENT (mA)
250
SWITCH DROP (mV)
3
3995 G13
60
1
1.5
2
SWITCH CURRENT (A)
VFB = 0.2V
4
BOOST Pin Current
150
VFB = 1V
SS PIN VOLTAGE (V)
70
200
30% DUTY CYCLE
5
0
1.2
1.0
3995 G12
Switch VCESAT
1.0
0.8
1
1
0.5
0.4
0.6
DUTY CYCLE
6
CURRENT LIMIT (A)
CURRENT LIMIT (A)
CURRENT LIMIT (A)
5.5
0
0.2
Soft-Start
7
30% DUTY CYCLE
VSS = 3V
6
6.0
0
0
3995 G11
Current Limit Foldback
7
6.5
300
4.0
150
125
3995 G38
30% DUTY CYCLE
65
35
95
5
TEMPERATURE (°C)
5.0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
Switch Current Limit
4.0
–55 –25
5.5
4.5
3995 G10
7.0
6.0
0
0.5
2
1.5
1
SWITCH CURRENT (A)
3
2.5
3995 G16
75
–55 –25
65
35
95
5
TEMPERATURE (°C)
125
155
3995 G17
3995f
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
5
LT3995
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
LOAD = 2A
200
LOAD = 1A
175
150
125
100
–55 –25
65
35
95
5
TEMPERATURE (°C)
125
300
720
660
600
540
480
65
35
95
5
TEMPERATURE (°C)
125
RT = 78.7k
600
EN Threshold
1.09
400
300
200
EN RISING
1.08
1.07
EN THRESHOLD (V)
500
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (MHz)
3995 G20
5
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
100
0
155
6
4
3
2
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1
100
0
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
FB PIN VOLTAGE (V)
0
–55 –25
1.2
1
65
35
95
5
TEMPERATURE (°C)
125
6.5
5.0
1.06
TO RUN/TO START
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
FB FALLING
1.07
5.5
5.0
95
65
35
TEMPERATURE (°C)
5
125
155
3995 G24
4.0
VOUT = 3.3V
FRONT PAGE APPLICATION
TO RUN/TO START
4.0
3.5
3.0
4.5
1.05
155
4.5
6.0
1.10
1.08
125
Minimum Input Voltage,
VOUT = 3.3V
VOUT = 5V
fSW = 500kHz
1.11
FB RISING
95
65
35
TEMPERATURE (°C)
5
3995 G23
Minimum Input Voltage,
VOUT = 5V
1.12
1.04
–55 –25
1.01
–55 –25
155
3995 G22
PG Thresholds
1.09
EN FALLING
1.02
3995 G21
PG THRESHOLD (V)
150
Internal Undervoltage Lockout
(UVLO)
Frequency Foldback
0
200
3995 G19
3995 G18
700
250
50
420
–55 –25
155
350
RT = 78.7k
RT RESISTOR (kΩ)
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
MINIMUM OFF-TIME (ns)
780
VSYNC = 0V
fSW = 2MHz
225
RT Programmed Switching
Frequency
Switching Frequency
Minimum Off-Time
250
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
2.5
3.0
3995 G25
2.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
2.5
3.0
3995 G26
3995f
6
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
LT3995
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
SS Pin Current
Burst Frequency
2.6
500
VOUT = 5V
fSW = 500kHz
L = 10µH
400
300
VOUT = 3.3V
fSW = 300kHz
L = 8.2µH
200
100
50
Boost Capacitor Charger
160
VSS = 0.5V
2.4
140
2.2
120
OUT PIN CURRENT (mA)
VIN = 12V
SS PIN CURRENT (µA)
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
600
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
0
20
40
60
80
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
100
1.0
–55 –25
120
100
80
60
40
95
65
35
TEMPERATURE (°C)
5
125
155
0
0
1.6
580
DROPOUT THRESHOLD (mV)
600
1.4
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
4
8
10 12
6
OUT PIN VOLTAGE (V)
560
VIN
VOUT
VOUT
2V/DIV
VOUT RISING
520
16
Dropout Performance
VIN
2V/DIV
540
14
3995 G29
Dropout Comparator Thresholds
1.8
1.2
2
3995 G28
Boost Diode Forward Voltage
BOOST DIODE VOLTAGE (V)
VBST = VIN
20
3995 G27
0
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
500
480
VOUT FALLING
460
1kΩ LOAD
100ms/DIV
(12mA IN REGULATION)
440
3995 G32
420
0
1
0.5
1.5
BOOST DIODE CURRENT (A)
2
400
–55
–25
65
35
5
95
TEMPERATURE (°C)
155
3995 G31
3995 G30
Full Frequency Switching
Waveforms
Burst Mode Switching Waveforms
VSW
20V/DIV
125
Dropout Switching
Waveforms
VSW
20V/DIV
VSW
2V/DIV
IL
1A/DIV
IL
1A/DIV
IL
1A/DIV
VOUT
50mV/DIV
VOUT
50mV/DIV
VOUT
50mV/DIV
VIN = 48V
VOUT = 3.3V
ILOAD = 70mA
COUT = 47µF
5µs/DIV
3995 G33
VIN = 48V
VOUT = 3.3V
ILOAD = 1A
COUT = 47µF
2µs/DIV
3995 G34
VIN = 5V
5µs/DIV
VOUT SET FOR 5V
ILOAD = 0.3A
COUT = 47µF
3995 G35
3995f
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
7
LT3995
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Load Transient: 0.5A to 2.5A
Load Transient: 10mA to 2A
IL
1A/DIV
IL
1A/DIV
VOUT
200mV/DIV
VOUT
200mV/DIV
VIN = 48V
VOUT = 3.3V
COUT = 47µF ×2
20µs/DIV
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
3995 G36
VIN = 48V
VOUT = 3.3V
COUT = 47µF ×2
20µs/DIV
3995 G37
PIN FUNCTIONS
FB (Pin 1): The LT3995 regulates the FB pin to 1.197V.
Connect the feedback resistor divider tap to this pin. Also,
connect a phase lead capacitor between FB and the output.
Typically, this capacitor is 10pF.
SS (Pin 2): A capacitor is tied between SS and ground to
slowly ramp up the peak current limit of the LT3995 on
start-up. There is an internal 1.8μA pull-up on this pin.
The soft-start capacitor is actively discharged when the
EN pin goes low, during undervoltage lockout or thermal
shutdown. Float this pin to disable soft-start.
OUT (Pin 3): This pin is an input to the dropout comparator
which maintains a minimum dropout of 500mV between
VIN and OUT. The OUT pin connects to the anode of the
internal boost diode. This pin also supplies the current to
the LT3995’s internal regulator when OUT is above 3.2V.
Connect this pin to the output when the programmed
output voltage is less than 16V.
BOOST (Pin 4): This pin is used to provide a drive voltage, higher than the input voltage, to the internal bipolar
NPN power switch.
SW (Pins 5, 6, 7): The SW pin is the output of an internal
power switch. Connect these pins to the inductor, catch
diode, and boost capacitor.
NC (Pins 8, 9): No Connects. These pins are not connected
to internal circuitry.
VIN (Pins 10, 11, 12): The VIN pin supplies current to the
LT3995’s internal circuitry and to the internal power switch.
These pins must be locally bypassed.
EN (Pin 13): The part is in shutdown when this pin is low
and active when this pin is high. The hysteretic threshold
voltage is 1.08V going up and 1.02V going down. The
EN threshold is only accurate when VIN is above 4.3V. If
VIN is lower than 3.9V, internal UVLO will place the part
in shutdown. Tie to VIN if shutdown feature is not used.
RT (Pin 14): A resistor is tied between RT and ground to
set the switching frequency.
PG (Pin 15): The PG pin is the open-drain output of an
internal comparator. PGOOD remains low until the FB pin
is within 8.4% of the final regulation voltage. PGOOD is
valid when VIN is above 2V.
SYNC (Pin 16): This is the external clock synchronization
input. Ground this pin for low ripple Burst Mode operation
at low output loads. Tie to a clock source for synchronization, which will include pulse skipping at low output
loads. When in pulse-skipping mode, quiescent current
increases to 11µA in a typical application at no load. Do
not float this pin.
GND (Exposed Pad Pin 17): Ground. The exposed pad
must be soldered to the PCB.
3995f
8
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
LT3995
BLOCK DIAGRAM
OUT
VIN
C1
INTERNAL 1.197V REF
EN
1.02V
+
–
+
SHDN
RT
0.5V
–
+
SLOPE COMP
OSCILLATOR
200kHz TO 2MHz
RT
SYNC
+
–
+
–
VIN
SWITCH
LATCH
BOOST
R
S
C3
Q
SW
Burst Mode
DETECT
PG
ERROR AMP
+
–
+
–
1.097V
VC
L1
VOUT
D1 C2
VC CLAMP
1.8µA
SS
SHDN
C4
OPT
FB
GND
R2
R1
3995 BD
C5
3995f
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9
LT3995
OPERATION
The LT3995 is a constant frequency, current mode stepdown regulator. An oscillator, with frequency set by RT,
sets an RS flip-flop, turning on the internal power switch.
An amplifier and comparator monitor the current flowing
between the VIN and SW pins, turning the switch off when
this current reaches a level determined by the voltage at
VC (see Block Diagram). An error amplifier measures the
output voltage through an external resistor divider tied
to the FB pin and servos the VC node. If the error amplifier’s output increases, more current is delivered to the
output; if it decreases, less current is delivered. An active
clamp on the VC pin provides current limit. The VC pin is
also clamped by the voltage on the SS pin; soft-start is
implemented by generating a voltage ramp at the SS pin
using an external capacitor.
An internal regulator provides power to the control circuitry.
The bias regulator normally draws power from the VIN
pin, but if the OUT pin is connected to an external voltage higher than 3.2V, bias power will be drawn from the
external source (typically the regulated output voltage).
This improves efficiency.
If the EN pin is low, the LT3995 is shut down and draws
700nA from the input. When the EN pin falls below 1.02V,
the switching regulator will shut down, and when the EN
pin rises above 1.08V, the switching regulator will become
active. This accurate threshold allows programmable
undervoltage lockout.
The switch driver operates from either VIN or from the
BOOST pin. An external capacitor is used to generate a
voltage at the BOOST pin that is higher than the input
supply. This allows the driver to fully saturate the internal
bipolar NPN power switch for efficient operation.
To further optimize efficiency, the LT3995 automatically
switches to Burst Mode operation in light load situations.
Between bursts, all circuitry associated with controlling
the output switch is shut down reducing the input supply
current to 1.7μA. In a typical application, 2.7μA will be
consumed from the supply when regulating with no load.
The oscillator reduces the LT3995’s operating frequency
when the voltage at the FB pin is low. This frequency
foldback helps to control the output current during startup and overload.
The LT3995 can provide up to 3A of output current. A current limit foldback feature throttles back the current limit
during overload conditions to limit the power dissipation.
When SS is below 2V, the LT3995 overrides the current limit
foldback circuit to avoid interfering with start-up. Thermal
shutdown further protects the part from excessive power
dissipation, especially in elevated ambient temperature
environments.
If the input voltage decreases towards the programmed
output voltage, the LT3995 will start to skip switch-off
times and decrease the switching frequency to maintain
output regulation. As the input voltage decreases below
the programmed output voltage, the output voltage will be
regulated 500mV below the input voltage. This enforced
minimum dropout voltage limits the duty cycle and keeps
the boost capacitor charged during dropout conditions.
Since sufficient boost voltage is maintained, the internal
switch can fully saturate yielding low dropout performance.
The LT3995 contains a power good comparator which
trips when the FB pin is at 91.6% of its regulated value.
The PG output is an open-drain transistor that is off when
the output is in regulation, allowing an external resistor
to pull the PG pin high. Power good is valid when VIN is
above 2V. When the LT3995 is shut down the PG pin is
actively pulled low.
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Achieving Ultralow Quiescent Current
To enhance efficiency at light loads, the LT3995 operates
in low ripple Burst Mode operation, which keeps the output capacitor charged to the desired output voltage while
minimizing the input quiescent current. In Burst Mode
operation the LT3995 delivers single pulses of current to
the output capacitor followed by sleep periods where the
output power is supplied by the output capacitor. When in
sleep mode the LT3995 consumes 1.7μA, but when it turns
on all the circuitry to deliver a current pulse, the LT3995
consumes several mA of input current in addition to the
switch current. Therefore, the total quiescent current will
be greater than 1.7μA when regulating.
As the output load decreases, the frequency of single current pulses decreases (see Figure 1) and the percentage
of time the LT3995 is in sleep mode increases, resulting
in much higher light load efficiency. By maximizing the
time between pulses, the converter quiescent current
gets closer to the 1.7μA ideal. Therefore, to optimize the
quiescent current performance at light loads, the current
in the feedback resistor divider and the reverse current
in the catch diode must be minimized, as these appear
to the output as load currents. Use the largest possible
feedback resistors and a low leakage Schottky catch diode
in applications utilizing the ultralow quiescent current
performance of the LT3995. The feedback resistors should
preferably be on the order of MΩ and the Schottky catch
diode should have less than a few µA of typical reverse
leakage at room temperature. These two considerations
are reiterated in the FB Resistor Network and Catch Diode
Selection sections.
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
600
VIN = 12V
500
VOUT = 5V
fSW = 500kHz
L = 10µH
400
300
VOUT = 3.3V
fSW = 300kHz
L = 8.2µH
200
100
50
0
20
40
60
80
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
100
120
3995 F01
It is important to note that another way to decrease the
pulse frequency is to increase the magnitude of each
single current pulse. However, this increases the output
voltage ripple because each cycle delivers more power to
the output capacitor. The magnitude of the current pulses
was selected to ensure less than 30mV of output ripple
with one 47µF ceramic output capacitor in a typical application. See Figure 2.
VSW
20V/DIV
IL
1A/DIV
VOUT
50mV/DIV
VIN = 48V
VOUT = 3.3V
ILOAD = 70mA
COUT = 47µF
5µs/DIV
3995 F02
Figure 2. Burst Mode Operation
While in Burst Mode operation, the burst frequency and
the charge delivered with each pulse will not change with
output capacitance. Therefore, the output voltage ripple
will be inversely proportional to the output capacitance.
In a typical application with two 47µF output capacitors,
the output ripple is about 15mV, and with four 47µF output
capacitors the output ripple is about 7.5mV. The output
voltage ripple can continue to be decreased by increasing the output capacitance, though care must be taken
to minimize the effects of output capacitor ESR and ESL.
At higher output loads (above 90mA for the front page
application) the LT3995 will be running at the frequency
programmed by the RT resistor, and will be operating in
standard PWM mode. The transition between PWM and
low ripple Burst Mode operation is seamless, and will not
disturb the output voltage.
To ensure proper Burst Mode operation, the SYNC pin must
be grounded. When synchronized with an external clock,
the LT3995 will pulse skip at light loads. At very light loads,
the part will go to sleep between groups of pulses, so the
quiescent current of the part will still be low, but not as
low as in Burst Mode operation. The quiescent current in
a typical application when synchronized with an external
Figure 1. Switching Frequency in Burst Mode Operation
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3995f
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LT3995
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
clock is 11µA. Holding the SYNC pin DC high yields no
advantages in terms of output ripple or minimum load to
full frequency, so is not recommended.
FB Resistor Network
The output voltage is programmed with a resistor divider
between the output and the FB pin. Choose the resistor
values according to:
RT =
51.1
( fSW )
1.09
– 9.27
where fSW is the desired switching frequency in MHz and
RT is in kΩ.
Operating Frequency Trade-Offs
 V

R1= R2  OUT – 1
 1.197V 
Reference designators refer to the Block Diagram. 1%
resistors are recommended to maintain output voltage
accuracy.
The total resistance of the FB resistor divider should be
selected to be as large as possible to enhance low current
performance. The resistor divider generates a small load
on the output, which should be minimized to optimize the
low supply current at light loads.
When using large FB resistors, a 10pF phase lead capacitor
should be connected from VOUT to FB.
Setting the Switching Frequency
The LT3995 uses a constant frequency PWM architecture
that can be programmed to switch from 200kHz to 2MHz
by using a resistor tied from the RT pin to ground. A table
showing the necessary RT value for a desired switching
frequency is in Table 1.
Table 1. Switching Frequency vs RT Value
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (MHz)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
To estimate the required RT value, use the following
equation:
RT VALUE (kΩ)
294
182
130
78.7
54.9
41.2
32.4
26.1
21.5
17.8
14.7
12.4
Selection of the operating frequency is a trade-off between
efficiency, component size, minimum dropout voltage, and
maximum input voltage. The advantage of high frequency
operation is that smaller inductor and capacitor values
may be used. The disadvantages are lower efficiency, and
lower maximum input voltage. The highest acceptable
switching frequency (fSW(MAX)) for a given application
can be calculated as follows:
fSW(MAX) =
VOUT + VD
tON(MIN) ( VIN – VSW + VD )
where VIN is the typical input voltage, VOUT is the output
voltage, VD is the catch diode drop (~0.5V), and VSW is
the internal switch drop (~0.24V at max load). This equation shows that slower switching frequency is necessary
to safely accommodate high VIN/VOUT ratio. This is due
to the limitation on the LT3995’s minimum on-time. The
minimum on-time is a strong function of temperature.
Use the typical minimum on-time curve to design for an
application’s maximum temperature, while adding about
30% for part-to-part variation. The minimum duty cycle that
can be achieved taking minimum on time into account is:
DCMIN = fSW • tON(MIN)
where fSW is the switching frequency, the tON(MIN) is the
minimum switch on-time.
A good choice of switching frequency should allow adequate input voltage range (see next two sections) and
keep the inductor and capacitor values small.
Maximum Input Voltage Range
The LT3995 can operate from input voltages of up to 60V.
Often the highest allowed VIN during normal operation
(VIN(OP-MAX)) is limited by the minimum duty cycle rather
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than the absolute maximum ratings of the VIN pin. It can
be calculated using the following equation:
VIN(OP-MAX) =
VOUT + VD
–V +V
fSW • tON(MIN) D SW
where tON(MIN) is the minimum switch on-time. A lower
switching frequency can be used to extend normal operation to higher input voltages.
The circuit will tolerate inputs above the maximum operating input voltage and up to the absolute maximum
ratings of the VIN and BOOST pins, regardless of chosen
switching frequency. However, during such transients
where VIN is higher than VIN(OP-MAX), the LT3995 will enter
pulse-skipping operation where some switching pulses are
skipped to maintain output regulation. The output voltage
ripple and inductor current ripple will be higher than in
typical operation. Do not overload when VIN is greater
than VIN(OP-MAX).
Minimum Input Voltage Range
The minimum input voltage is determined by either the
LT3995’s minimum operating voltage of 4.3V, its maximum
duty cycle, or the enforced minimum dropout voltage.
See the Typical Performance Characteristics section for
the minimum input voltage across load for outputs of
3.3V and 5V.
The duty cycle is the fraction of time that the internal
switch is on during a clock cycle. Unlike many fixed frequency regulators, the LT3995 can extend its duty cycle
by remaining on for multiple clock cycles. The LT3995
will not switch off at the end of each clock cycle if there
is sufficient voltage across the boost capacitor (C3 in
the Block Diagram). Eventually, the voltage on the boost
capacitor falls and requires refreshing. When this occurs,
the switch will turn off, allowing the inductor current to
recharge the boost capacitor. This places a limitation on
the maximum duty cycle as follows:
DCMAX =
β SW
β SW + 1
where βSW is equal to the beta of the internal power switch.
The beta of the power switch is typically about 50, which
leads to a DCMAX of about 98%. This leads to a minimum
input voltage of approximately:
VIN(MIN1) =
VOUT + VD
– VD + VSW
DCMAX
where VOUT is the output voltage, VD is the catch diode
drop, VSW is the internal switch drop and DCMAX is the
maximum duty cycle.
The final factor affecting the minimum input voltage is
the minimum dropout voltage. When the OUT pin is tied
to the output, the LT3995 regulates the output such that
it stays 500mV below VIN. This enforced minimum dropout voltage is due to reasons that are covered in the next
section. This places a limitation on the minimum input
voltage as follows:
VIN(MIN2) = VOUT + VDROPOUT(MIN)
where VOUT is the programmed output voltage and
VDROPOUT(MIN) is the minimum dropout voltage of 500mV.
Combining these factors leads to the overall minimum
input voltage:
VIN(MIN) = Max (VIN(MIN1), VIN(MIN2), 4.3V)
Minimum Dropout Voltage
To achieve a low dropout voltage, the internal power switch
must always be able to fully saturate. This means that the
boost capacitor, which provides a base drive higher than
VIN, must always be able to charge up when the part starts
up and then must also stay charged during all operating
conditions.
During start-up if there is insufficient inductor current, such
as during light load situations, the boost capacitor will be
unable to charge. When the LT3995 detects that the boost
capacitor is not charged, it activates a 100mA (typical)
pull-down on the OUT pin. If the OUT pin is connected to
the output, the extra load will increase the inductor current
enough to sufficiently charge the boost capacitor. When
the boost capacitor is charged, the current source turns
off, and the part may re-enter Burst Mode operation.
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LT3995
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To keep the boost capacitor charged regardless of load
during dropout conditions, a minimum dropout voltage
is enforced. When the OUT pin is tied to the output, the
LT3995 regulates the output such that:
VIN – VOUT > VDROPOUT(MIN)
where VDROPOUT(MIN) is 500mV. The 500mV dropout voltage limits the duty cycle and forces the switch to turn off
regularly to charge the boost capacitor. Since sufficient
voltage across the boost capacitor is maintained, the switch
is allowed to fully saturate and the internal switch drop
stays low for good dropout performance. Figure 3 shows
the overall VIN to VOUT performances during start-up and
dropout conditions.
VIN
2V/DIV
VIN
VOUT
VOUT
2V/DIV
100ms/DIV
3995 F03
Figure 3. VIN to VOUT Performance
It is important to note that the 500mV dropout voltage
specified is the minimum difference between VIN and
VOUT. When measuring VIN to VOUT with a multimeter,
the measured value will be higher than 500mV because
you have to add half the ripple voltage on the input and
half the ripple voltage on the output. With the normal
ceramic capacitors specified in the data sheet, this measured dropout voltage can be as high as 650mV at high
load. If some bulk electrolytic capacitance is added to the
input and output the voltage ripple, and subsequently the
measured dropout voltage, can be significantly reduced.
Additionally, when operating in dropout at high currents,
high ripple voltage on the input and output can generate
audible noise. This noise can also be significantly reduced
by adding bulk capacitance to the input and output to
reduce the voltage ripple.
Inductor Selection and Maximum Output Current
For a given input and output voltage, the inductor value
and switching frequency will determine the ripple current.
The ripple current increases with higher VIN or VOUT and
decreases with higher inductance and faster switching
frequency. A good first choice for the inductor value is:
L=
VOUT + VD
1.5 • fSW
where fSW is the switching frequency in MHz, VOUT is the
output voltage, VD is the catch diode drop (~0.5V) and L
is the inductor value is μH.
The inductor’s RMS current rating must be greater than
the maximum load current and its saturation current
should be about 30% higher. For robust operation in fault
conditions (start-up or short circuit) and high input voltage (>30V), the saturation current should be above 9A.
To keep the efficiency high, the series resistance (DCR)
should be less than 0.1Ω, and the core material should
be intended for high frequency applications. Table 2 lists
several inductor vendors.
Table 2. Inductor Vendors
VENDOR
URL
Coilcraft
www.coilcraft.com
Sumida
www.sumida.com
Toko
www.tokoam.com
Würth Elektronik
www.we-online.com
Coiltronics
www.cooperet.com
Murata
www.murata.com
The inductor value must be sufficient to supply the desired
maximum output current (IOUT(MAX)), which is a function
of the switch current limit (ILIM) and the ripple current.
IOUT(MAX) = ILIM –
∆IL
2
The LT3995 limits its peak switch current in order to protect
itself and the system from overload faults. The LT3995’s
switch current limit (ILIM) is typically 6.3A at low duty
cycles and decreases linearly to 5.25A at DC = 0.8.
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When the switch is off, the potential across the inductor
is the output voltage plus the catch diode drop. This gives
the peak-to-peak ripple current in the inductor:
∆IL =
(1–DC) • ( VOUT + VD )
L • fSW
where fSW is the switching frequency of the LT3995, DC is
the duty cycle and L is the value of the inductor. Therefore,
the maximum output current that the LT3995 will deliver
depends on the switch current limit, the inductor value,
and the input and output voltages. The inductor value may
have to be increased if the inductor ripple current does
not allow sufficient maximum output current (IOUT(MAX))
given the switching frequency, and maximum input voltage
used in the desired application.
The optimum inductor for a given application may differ
from the one indicated by this simple design guide. A larger
value inductor provides a higher maximum load current and
reduces the output voltage ripple. If your load is lower than
the maximum load current, than you can relax the value of
the inductor and operate with higher ripple current. This
allows you to use a physically smaller inductor, or one with
a lower DCR resulting in higher efficiency. Be aware that if
the inductance differs from the simple rule above, then the
maximum load current will depend on the input voltage. In
addition, low inductance may result in discontinuous mode
operation, which further reduces maximum load current.
For details of maximum output current and discontinuous
operation, see Linear Technology’s Application Note 44.
Finally, for duty cycles greater than 50% (VOUT/VIN > 0.5),
a minimum inductance is required to avoid sub-harmonic
oscillations, see Application Note 19.
One approach to choosing the inductor is to start with
the simple rule given above, look at the available inductors, and choose one to meet cost or space goals. Then
use the equations above to check that the LT3995 will be
able to deliver the required output current. Note again
that these equations assume that the inductor current is
continuous. Discontinuous operation occurs when IOUT
is less than ΔIL/2.
Current Limit Foldback and Thermal Protection
The LT3995 has a large peak current limit to ensure a 3A
max output current across duty cycle and current limit
distribution, as well as allowing a reasonable inductor
ripple current. During a short-circuit fault, having a large
current limit can lead to excessive power dissipation and
temperature rise in the LT3995, as well as the inductor and
catch diode. To limit this power dissipation, the LT3995
starts to fold back the current limit when the FB pin falls
below 0.8V. The LT3995 typically lowers the peak current
limit about 50% from 6.3A to 3.1A when FB goes to 0V.
During start-up, when the output voltage and FB pin are low,
current limit foldback could hinder the LT3995’s ability to
start up into a large load. To avoid this potential problem,
the LT3995’s current limit foldback will be disabled until
the SS pin has charged above 2V. Therefore, the use of
a soft-start capacitor will keep the current limit foldback
feature out of the way while the LT3995 is starting up.
The LT3995 has thermal shutdown to further protect the
part during periods of high power dissipation, particularly
in high ambient temperature environments. The thermal
shutdown feature detects when the LT3995 is too hot
and shuts the part down, preventing switching. When the
thermal event passes and the LT3995 cools, the part will
restart and resume switching. A thermal shutdown event
actively discharges the soft-start capacitor.
Input Capacitor
Bypass the input of the LT3995 circuit with a ceramic capacitor of X7R or X5R type. Y5V types have poor performance
over temperature and applied voltage, and should not be
used. A 4.7μF to 10μF ceramic capacitor is adequate to
bypass the LT3995 and will easily handle the ripple current. Note that larger input capacitance is required when
a lower switching frequency is used (due to longer on
times). If the input power source has high impedance, or
there is significant inductance due to long wires or cables,
additional bulk capacitance may be necessary. This can
be provided with a low performance electrolytic capacitor.
3995f
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LT3995
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Step-down regulators draw current from the input supply in pulses with very fast rise and fall times. The input
capacitor is required to reduce the resulting voltage
ripple at the LT3995 and to force this very high frequency
switching current into a tight local loop, minimizing EMI.
A 4.7μF capacitor is capable of this task, but only if it is
placed close to the LT3995 (see the PCB Layout section).
A second precaution regarding the ceramic input capacitor
concerns the maximum input voltage rating of the LT3995.
A ceramic input capacitor combined with trace or cable
inductance forms a high quality (under damped) tank
circuit. If the LT3995 circuit is plugged into a live supply,
the input voltage can ring to twice its nominal value, possibly exceeding the LT3995’s voltage rating. If the input
supply is poorly controlled or the user will be plugging
the LT3995 into an energized supply, the input network
should be designed to prevent this overshoot. See Linear
Technology Application Note 88 for a complete discussion.
operating conditions (applied voltage and temperature).
A physically larger capacitor or one with a higher voltage
rating may be required. Table 3 lists several capacitor
vendors.
Output Capacitor and Output Ripple
A final precaution regarding ceramic capacitors concerns
the maximum input voltage rating of the LT3995. As previously mentioned, a ceramic input capacitor combined
with trace or cable inductance forms a high quality (under
damped) tank circuit. If the LT3995 circuit is plugged into a
live supply, the input voltage can ring to twice its nominal
value, possibly exceeding the LT3995’s rating. If the input
supply is poorly controlled or the user will be plugging
the LT3995 into an energized supply, the input network
should be designed to prevent this overshoot. See Linear
Technology Application Note 88 for a complete discussion.
The output capacitor has two essential functions. Along
with the inductor, it filters the square wave generated by the
LT3995 to produce the DC output. In this role it determines
the output ripple, so low impedance (at the switching
frequency) is important. The second function is to store
energy in order to satisfy transient loads and stabilize the
LT3995’s control loop. Ceramic capacitors have very low
equivalent series resistance (ESR) and provide the best
ripple performance. A good starting value is:
COUT =
200
VOUT • fSW
Table 3. Recommended Ceramic Capacitor Vendors
MANUFACTURER
URL
AVX
www.avxcorp.com
Murata
www.murata.com
Taiyo Yuden
www.t-yuden.com
Vishay Siliconix
www.vishay.com
TDK
www.tdk.com
Ceramic Capacitors
When in dropout, the LT3995 can excite ceramic capacitors
at audio frequencies. At high load, this could be unacceptable. Simply adding bulk input capacitance to the input and
output will significantly reduce the voltage ripple and the
audible noise generated at these nodes to acceptable levels.
Catch Diode Selection
where fSW is in MHz, and COUT is the recommended output
capacitance in μF. Use X5R or X7R types. This choice will
provide low output ripple and good transient response.
Transient performance can be improved with a higher value
capacitor if combined with a phase lead capacitor (typically
10pF) between the output and the feedback pin. A lower
value of output capacitor can be used to save space and
cost but transient performance will suffer.
When choosing a capacitor, look carefully through the
data sheet to find out what the actual capacitance is under
The catch diode (D1 from the Block Diagram) conducts
current only during the switch off time. Average forward
current in normal operation can be calculated from:
 V –V 
ID(AVG) = IOUT  IN OUT 
VIN


where IOUT is the output load current. The current rating of
the diode should be selected to be greater than or equal to
the application’s output load current, so that the diode is
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robust for a wide input voltage range. A diode with even
higher current rating can be selected for the worst-case
scenario of overload, where the max diode current can then
increase to the typical peak switch current. Short circuit is
not the worst-case condition due to current limit foldback.
Peak reverse voltage is equal to the regulator input voltage.
For inputs up to 60V, a 60V diode is adequate.
An additional consideration is reverse leakage current.
When the catch diode is reversed biased, any leakage
current will appear as load current. When operating under
light load conditions, the low supply current consumed
by the LT3995 will be optimized by using a catch diode
with minimum reverse leakage current. Low leakage
Schottky diodes often have larger forward voltage drops
at a given current, so a trade-off can exist between low
load and high load efficiency. Often Schottky diodes with
larger reverse bias ratings will have less leakage at a given
output voltage than a diode with a smaller reverse bias
rating. Therefore, superior leakage performance can be
achieved at the expense of diode size. Table 4 lists several
Schottky diodes and their manufacturers.
BOOST and OUT Pin Considerations
Capacitor C3 and the internal boost Schottky diode (see the
Block Diagram) are used to generate a boost voltage that
is higher than the input voltage. In most cases a 0.47μF
capacitor will work well. The BOOST pin must be more
than 1.8V above the SW pin for best efficiency and more
than 2.6V above the SW pin to allow the LT3995 to skip
off times to achieve very high duty cycles. For outputs
between 3.2V and 16V, the standard circuit with the OUT
pin connected to the output (Figure 4a) is best. Below 3.2V
the internal Schottky diode may not be able to sufficiently
charge the boost capacitor. Above 16V, the OUT pin abs
max is violated. For outputs between 2.5V and 3.2V, an
external Schottky diode to the output is sufficient because
an external Schottky will have much lower forward voltage
drop than the internal boost diode.
Table 4. Schottky Diodes. The Reverse Current Values Listed
Are Estimates Based Off of Typical Curves for Reverse Current
vs Reverse Voltage at 25°C
VF at
3A MAX
25°C
(mV)
IR at
VR = 20V
25°C
(µA)
620
0.45
VR (V)
IAVE (A)
VF at 3A
TYP 25°C
(mV)
PDS360
60
3
570
PDS560
60
5
540
B360A
60
3
600
700
50
SBR3U60P1
60
3
580
650
1.7
PART NUMBER
0.9
For output voltages less than 2.5V, there are two options.
An external Schottky diode can charge the boost capacitor from the input (Figure 4c) or from an external voltage
source (Figure 4d). Using an external voltage source is the
better option because it is more efficient than charging the
boost capacitor from the input. However, such a voltage
rail is not always available in all systems. For output voltages greater than 16V, an external Schottky diode from
an external voltage source should be used to charge the
boost capacitor (Figure 4e). In applications using an external voltage source, the supply should be between 3.1V
and 16V. When using the input, the input voltage may not
exceed 30V. In all cases, the maximum voltage rating of
the BOOST pin must not be exceeded.
When the output is above 16V, the OUT pin can not be tied
to the output or the OUT pin abs max will be violated. It
should instead be tied to GND (Figure 4e). This is to prevent the dropout circuitry from interfering with switching
behavior and to prevent the 100mA active pull-down from
drawing power. It is important to note that when the output
is above 16V and the OUT pin is grounded, the dropout
circuitry is not connected, so the minimum dropout will
be about 1.5V, rather than 500mV. If the output is less than
3.2V and an external Schottky is used to charge the boost
capacitor, the OUT pin should still be tied to the output
even though the minimum input voltage of the LT3995 will
be limited by the 4.3V minimum rather than the minimum
dropout voltage.
3995f
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
17
LT3995
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
VIN
VIN
BOOST
SW
VIN
VIN
LT3995
GND
BOOST
SW
VIN
VIN
LT3995
OUT
VOUT
GND
(4a) For 3.2V ≤ VOUT ≤ 16V
BOOST
SW
LT3995
OUT
VOUT
GND
(4b) For 2.5V ≤ VOUT ≤ 3.2V
OUT
(4c) For VOUT < 2.5V, VIN < 30V
VS
VIN
VIN
BOOST
VS
SW
VIN
BOOST
VIN
LT3995
SW
LT3995
OUT
GND
VOUT
VOUT
GND
OUT
VOUT
3995 F04
(4d) For VOUT < 2.5V, 3.1V ≤ VS ≤ 16V
(4e) For VOUT > 16V, 3.1V ≤ VS ≤ 16V
Figure 4. Five Circuits for Generating the Boost Voltage
Minimum Input Voltage, VOUT = 3.3V
Minimum Input Voltage, VOUT = 5V
6.5
5.0
VOUT = 5V
fSW = 500kHz
4.5
TO RUN/TO START
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
6.0
5.5
5.0
TO RUN/TO START
4.0
3.5
3.0
4.5
4.0
VOUT = 3.3V
FRONT PAGE APPLICATION
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
2.5
3.0
2.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
2.5
3.0
3995 F05b
3995 F05a
Figure 5. The Minimum Input Voltage Depends on Output Voltage and Load Current
With the OUT pin connected to the output, a 100mA active load will charge the boost capacitor during light load
start-up and an enforced 500mV minimum dropout voltage
will keep the boost capacitor charged across operating
conditions (see Minimum Dropout Voltage section). This
yields excellent start-up and dropout performance. Figure 5
shows the minimum input voltage for 3.3V and 5V outputs.
Enable and Undervoltage Lockout
The LT3995 is in shutdown when the EN pin is low and
active when the pin is high. The falling threshold of the
EN comparator is 1.02V, with 60mV of hysteresis. The EN
pin can be tied to VIN if the shutdown feature is not used.
Undervoltage lockout (UVLO) can be added to the LT3995
as shown in Figure 6. Typically, UVLO is used in situa3995f
18
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
LT3995
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
VIN
R3
LT3995
1.02V
EN
+
–
IL
1A/DIV
SHDN
VOUT
3.3V/DIV
R4
LT3995 F06
VSS
0.5V/DIV
Figure 6. Undervoltage Lockout
1ms/DIV
tions where the input supply is current limited, or has a
relatively high source resistance. A switching regulator
draws constant power from the source, so source current increases as source voltage drops. This looks like a
negative resistance load to the source and can cause the
source to current limit or latch low under low source voltage
conditions. UVLO prevents the regulator from operating
at source voltages where the problems might occur. The
UVLO threshold can be adjusted by setting the values R3
and R4 such that they satisfy the following equation:
Figure 7. Soft-Start Waveforms for the Front-Page Application
with a 10nF Capaacitor on SS. EN Is Pulsed High for About
6ms with a 1.65Ω Load Resistor
 R3 +R4 
VUVLO = VEN(THRESH) 
 R4 
where VEN(THRESH) is the falling threshold of the EN pin,
which is approximately 1.02V, and where switching should
stop when VIN falls below VUVLO. Note that due to the
comparator’s hysteresis, switching will not start until the
input is about 6% above VUVLO.
When operating in Burst Mode operation for light load
currents, the current through the UVLO resistor network
can easily be greater than the supply current consumed
by the LT3995. Therefore, the UVLO resistors should be
large to minimize their effect on efficiency at low loads.
Soft-Start
The SS pin can be used to soft start the LT3995 by throttling the maximum input current during start-up and reset.
An internal 1.8μA current source charges an external
capacitor generating a voltage ramp on the SS pin. The
SS pin clamps the internal VC node, which slowly ramps
up the current limit. Maximum current limit is reached
when the SS pin is about 1.5V or higher. By selecting a
large enough capacitor, the output can reach regulation
without overshoot. Figure 7 shows start-up waveforms
for a typical application with a 10nF capacitor on SS for
a 1.65Ω load when the EN pin is pulsed high for 6ms.
3995 F07
The external SS capacitor is actively discharged when the
EN pin is low, or during overvoltage lockout, or during
thermal shutdown. The active pull-down on the SS pin
has a resistance of about 150Ω.
Synchronization
To select low ripple Burst Mode operation, tie the SYNC
pin below 0.5V (this can be ground or a logic output).
Synchronizing the LT3995 oscillator to an external frequency can be done by connecting a square wave (with
20% to 80% duty cycle) to the SYNC pin. The square
wave amplitude should have valleys that are below 0.5V
and peaks above 1.5V (up to 6V).
The LT3995 will pulse skip at low output loads while synchronized to an external clock to maintain regulation. At
very light loads, the part will go to sleep between groups
of pulses, so the quiescent current of the part will still be
low, but not as low as in Burst Mode operation. The quiescent current in a typical application when synchronized
with an external clock is 11µA. Holding the SYNC pin DC
high yields no advantages in terms of output ripple or
minimum load to full frequency, so is not recommended.
Never float the SYNC pin.
The LT3995 may be synchronized over a 250kHz to 2MHz
range. The RT resistor should be chosen to set the LT3995
switching frequency 20% below the lowest synchronization
input. For example, if the synchronization signal will be
250kHz and higher, the RT should be selected for 200kHz.
To assure reliable and safe operation the LT3995 will only
synchronize when the output voltage is near regulation
as indicated by the PG flag. It is therefore necessary to
choose a large enough inductor value to supply the required
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
3995f
19
LT3995
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
output current at the frequency set by the RT resistor (see
Inductor Selection section). The slope compensation is set
by the RT value, while the minimum slope compensation
required to avoid subharmonic oscillations is established
by the inductor size, input voltage and output voltage.
Since the synchronization frequency will not change the
slopes of the inductor current waveform, if the inductor
is large enough to avoid subharmonic oscillations at the
frequency set by RT, than the slope compensation will be
sufficient for all synchronization frequencies.
Power Good Flag
The PG pin is an open-drain output which is used to indicate
to the user when the output voltage is within regulation.
When the output is lower than the regulation voltage by
more than 8.4%, as determined from the FB pin voltage,
the PG pin will pull low to indicate the power is not good.
Otherwise, the PG pin will go high impedance and can
be pulled logic high with a resistor pull-up. The PG pin is
only comparing the output voltage to an accurate reference when the LT3995 is enabled and VIN is above 4.3V.
When the part is shutdown, the PG is actively pulled low to
indicate that the LT3995 is not regulating the output. The
input voltage must be greater than 1.4V to fully turn-on
the active pull-down device. Figure 8 shows the status of
the PG pin as the input voltage is increased.
Shorted and Reversed Input Protection
If the inductor is chosen so that it won’t saturate excessively,
a LT3995 buck regulator will tolerate a shorted output and
the power dissipation will be limited by current limit foldback (see Current Limit Foldback and Thermal Protection
section). There is another situation to consider in systems
where the output will be held high when the input to the
LT3995 is absent. This may occur in battery charging applications or in battery backup systems where a battery
or some other supply is diode ORed with the LT3995’s
output. If the VIN pin is allowed to float and the EN/UVLO
pin is held high (either by a logic signal or because it is
tied to VIN), then the LT3995’s internal circuitry will pull its
quiescent current through its SW pin. This is fine if your
system can tolerate a few μA in this state. If you ground
the EN pin, the SW pin current will drop to essentially
zero. However, if the VIN pin is grounded while the output
is held high, regardless of EN, parasitic diodes inside the
LT3995 can pull current from the output through the SW
pin and the VIN pin. Figure 9 shows a circuit that will run
only when the input voltage is present and that protects
against a shorted or reversed input.
D4
PDS360
VIN
EN
PG PIN VOLTAGE (V)
4
3
BOOST
VIN
LT3995
GND
VOUT
SW
OUT
FB
+
BACKUP
2
3995 F09
1
0
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
4 4.5
5
Figure 9. Diode D4 Prevents a Shorted Input from Discharging
a Backup Battery Tied to the Output. It Also Protects the Circuit
from a Reversed Input. The LT3995 Runs Only When the Input
Is Present
3995 F08
Figure 8. PG Pin Voltage Versus Input Voltage when PG
Is Connected to 3V Through a 150k Resistor. The FB Pin
Voltage Is 1.15V
3995f
20
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
LT3995
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
For proper operation and minimum EMI, care must be
taken during printed circuit board layout. Figure 10 shows
a sample component placement with trace, ground plane
and via locations, which serves as a good PCB layout
example. Note that large, switched currents flow in the
LT3995’s VIN and SW pins, the catch diode (D1), and the
input capacitor (C1). The loop formed by these components should be as small as possible. These components,
along with the inductor and output capacitor, should be
placed on the same side of the circuit board, and their
connections should be made on that layer. Place a local,
unbroken ground plane below these components. The SW
and BOOST nodes should be as small as possible. Finally,
keep the FB and RT nodes small so that the ground traces
will shield it from the SW and BOOST nodes. The exposed
pad on the bottom of the package must be soldered to
ground so that the pad acts as a heat sink. To keep thermal
resistance low, extend the ground plane as much as possible, and add thermal vias under and near the LT3995 to
additional ground planes within the circuit board and on
the bottom side.
SS
these layers will spread the heat dissipated by the LT3995.
Placing additional vias can reduce the thermal resistance
further. When operating at high ambient temperatures, the
maximum load current should be derated as the ambient
temperature approaches the maximum junction rating.
(See the Thermal Derating curve in the Typical Performance
Characteristics section.)
Power dissipation within the LT3995 can be estimated by
calculating the total power loss from an efficiency measurement and subtracting the catch diode loss and inductor
loss. The die temperature is calculated by multiplying the
LT3995 power dissipation by the thermal resistance from
junction to ambient. The temperature rise of the LT3995
for a 3.3V and 5V application is measured using a thermal
camera and is shown in Figure 11.
70
CHIP TEMPERATURE RISE (°C)
PCB Layout
FB
OUT BST
17
•••
•••
•• •• ••
•• •• ••
•• •• ••
•••
•••
•••
SW
40
30
20
10
1
VOUT
PG
1.5
2
2.5
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
3
3395 F11a
RT
Figure 11a. Temperature Rise of the LT3995
in the Front Page Application
VIN
EN
3995 F10
Figure 10. Layout Showing a Good PCB Design
High Temperature Considerations
For higher ambient temperatures, care should be taken in
the layout of the PCB to ensure good heat sinking of the
LT3995. The exposed pad on the bottom of the package
must be soldered to a ground plane. This ground should
be tied to large copper layers below with thermal vias;
90
CHIP TEMPERATURE RISE (°C)
VOUT
50
0
SYNC
VOUT = 3.3V
fSW = 300kHz
2.5in x 2.5in 4-LAYER BOARD
12V
24V
36V
48V
60V
60
VOUT = 5V
80 fSW = 500kHz
2.5in x 2.5in 4-LAYER BOARD
70
12V
24V
60
36V
48V
50
60V
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
1.5
2.5
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
3
3995 F11b
Figure 11b. Temperature Rise of the LT3995
in a 5VOUT Application
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
3995f
21
LT3995
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Also keep in mind that the leakage current of the power
Schottky diode goes up exponentially with junction temperature. When the power switch is off, the power Schottky
diode is in parallel with the power converter’s output
filter stage. As a result, an increase in a diode’s leakage
current results in an effective increase in the load, and a
corresponding increase in the input quiescent current.
Therefore, the catch Schottky diode must be selected
with care to avoid excessive increase in light load supply
current at high temperatures.
Other Linear Technology Publications
Application Notes 19, 35 and 44 contain more detailed
descriptions and design information for buck regulators
and other switching regulators. The LT1376 data sheet
has a more extensive discussion of output ripple, loop
compensation and stability testing. Design Note 318
shows how to generate a bipolar output supply using a
buck regulator.
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
5V Step-Down Converter
4V Step-Down Converter with a High Impedance Input Source
VIN
5.7V TO 60V
+
VIN
OFF ON
V
EN
BOOST
PG
SW
10µF
10nF
OUT
RT
SYNC
24V
FB
GND
97.6k
VOUT
5V
3A
22µF
1210
×2
1M
10pF
316k
3975 TA02
f = 500kHz
VIN
5.49M
+
PDS360
LT3995
SS
0.47µF 6.8µH
–
CBULK
100µF
PG
BOOST
EN
SW
499k
PDS360
LT3995
SS
10µF
0.47µF 4.7µH
OUT
RT
SYNC
47nF
10pF
54.9k
432k
3995 TA05
f = 800kHz
12V Step-Down Converter
VOUT
4V
3A
47µF
1210
×2
1M
FB
GND
2.5V Step-Down Converter
VIN
12.9V TO 60V
VIN
4.3V TO 60V
VIN
OFF ON
BOOST
PG
SW
10µF
RT
SYNC
54.9k
f = 800kHz
0.47µF
OFF ON
10µH
OUT
FB
GND
BOOST
EN
10µF
10µH
10pF
110k
3995 TA03
10nF
RT
SYNC
226k
f = 250kHz
PDS360
LT3995
SS
VOUT
12V
2.5A (3A TRANSIENTS)
22µF
1210
×2
1M
0.47µF
SW
PG
PDS360
LT3995
SS
10nF
VIN
EN
OUT
FB
GND
VOUT
2.5V
3A
47µF
1210
×2
1M
10pF
909k
3995 TA06
3995f
22
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
LT3995
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings.
MSE Package
16-Lead Plastic MSOP, Exposed Die Pad
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1667 Rev E)
BOTTOM VIEW OF
EXPOSED PAD OPTION
2.845 ±0.102
(.112 ±.004)
5.23
(.206)
MIN
2.845 ±0.102
(.112 ±.004)
0.889 ±0.127
(.035 ±.005)
8
1
1.651 ±0.102
(.065 ±.004)
1.651 ±0.102 3.20 – 3.45
(.065 ±.004) (.126 – .136)
0.305 ±0.038
(.0120 ±.0015)
TYP
16
0.50
(.0197)
BSC
4.039 ±0.102
(.159 ±.004)
(NOTE 3)
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT
0.254
(.010)
0.35
REF
0.12 REF
DETAIL “B”
CORNER TAIL IS PART OF
DETAIL “B” THE LEADFRAME FEATURE.
FOR REFERENCE ONLY
9
NO MEASUREMENT PURPOSE
0.280 ±0.076
(.011 ±.003)
REF
16151413121110 9
DETAIL “A”
0° – 6° TYP
3.00 ±0.102
(.118 ±.004)
(NOTE 4)
4.90 ±0.152
(.193 ±.006)
GAUGE PLANE
0.53 ±0.152
(.021 ±.006)
DETAIL “A”
1.10
(.043)
MAX
0.18
(.007)
SEATING
PLANE
0.17 – 0.27
(.007 – .011)
TYP
1234567 8
0.50
(.0197)
BSC
NOTE:
1. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETER/(INCH)
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS.
MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE
4. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS.
INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE
5. LEAD COPLANARITY (BOTTOM OF LEADS AFTER FORMING) SHALL BE 0.102mm (.004") MAX
6. EXPOSED PAD DIMENSION DOES INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH ON E-PAD SHALL
NOT EXCEED 0.254mm (.010") PER SIDE.
0.86
(.034)
REF
0.1016 ±0.0508
(.004 ±.002)
MSOP (MSE16) 0911 REV E
3995f
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection
of its circuits
as described
herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
For more
information
www.linear.com/LT3995
23
LT3995
TYPICAL APPLICATION
5V, 2MHz Step-Down Converter with Power Good
VIN
5.9V TO 16V
TRANSIENT
TO 60V)
VIN
OFF ON
BOOST
EN
SW
PDS360
LT3995
4.7µF
RT
SYNC
FB
GND
14.7k
150k
PGOOD
PG
OUT
SS
10nF
0.47µF
2.2µH
VOUT
5V
3A
1M
10pF
47µF
1210
316k
3995 TA04
f = 2MHz
RELATED PARTS
PART NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
COMMENTS
LT3975
42V, 2.5A, 2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down DC/DC
Converter with IQ = 2.7µA
VIN: 4.3V to 40V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.8µA, ISD < 1µA,
MSOP-16E Package
LT3976
40V, 5A, 2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down DC/DC
Converter with IQ = 3.3µA
VIN: 4.3V to 40V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.8µA, ISD < 1µA,
MSOP-16E Package
LT3970
40V, 350mA, 2.2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down
DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5µA
VIN: 4.2V to 40V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.21V, IQ = 2.5µA, ISD < 1µA,
3mm × 2mm DFN-10, MSOP-10 Packages
LT3990
62V, 350mA, 2.2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down
DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5µA
VIN: 4.2V to 62V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.21V, IQ = 2.5µA, ISD < 1µA,
3mm × 2mm DFN-10, MSOP-10 Packages
LT3971
38V, 1.2A, 2.2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down
DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.8µA
VIN: 4.3V to 38V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.8µA, ISD < 1µA,
3mm × 3mm DFN-10, MSOP-10E Packages
LT3991
55V, 1.2A, 2.2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down
DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.8µA
VIN: 4.3V to 55V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.8µA, ISD < 1µA,
3mm × 3mm DFN-10, MSOP-10E Packages
LT8611
42V, 2.5A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower
Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5µA and Input/Output
Current Limit/Monitor
VIN: 3.4V to 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.985V, IQ = 2.5µA, ISD < 1µA,
3mm × 5mm QFN-24 Package
LT8610
42V, 2.5A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower
Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5µA and Input/Output
Current Limit/Monitor
VIN: 3.4V to 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.985V, IQ = 2.5µA, ISD < 1µA,
MSOP-16E Package
LT3480
36V with Transient Protection to 60V, 2A (IOUT), 2.4MHz, High
Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter with Burst Mode Operation
VIN: 3.6V to 36V Transient to 60V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.78V, IQ = 70µA,
ISD < 1µA, 3mm × 3mm DFN-10, MSOP-10E Packages
LT3980
58V with Transient Protection to 80V, 2A (IOUT), 2.4MHz, High
Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter with Burst Mode Operation
VIN: 3.6V to 58V Transient to 80V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.78V, IQ = 85µA,
ISD < 1µA, 3mm × 4mm DFN-16, MSOP-16E Packages
3995f
24
Linear Technology Corporation
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
For more information www.linear.com/LT3995
(408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507
●
www.linear.com/LT3995
LT 0513 • PRINTED IN USA
 LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2013