MOTOROLA MC68322

Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Microprocessor and Memory
Technologies Group
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MC68322
Product Brief
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Integrated Printer Processor
The MC68322 is a high-performance integrated printer processor, which combines an MC68000 compatible
EC000 Core processor, a RISC graphics processor (RGP) and a print engine video controller (PVC) with
numerous system integration features on a single integrated circuit. It is the first of Motorola's M68000 family
designed specifically for laser printers. The MC68322 provides a unique solution for new designs as well as
an excellent migration path for existing M68000-powered printers. Additionally, the new chip will find ready
application to the inkjet printer and multifunction-peripheral (Fax/Modem/Printer) markets and other
embedded control applications, which require very fast bit manipulations. The MC68322 provides
outstanding performance at an extremely affordable price.
Historically, printer applications have been solved using a single general purpose processor and external
application specific circuitry. The MC68322 employs a highly specialized, multi-processor architecture, which
enables the user to take advantage of memory reduction techniques. This design implementation provides a
technically superior and more cost effective system solution. Specialized display list banding techniques
executed by the dedicated RISC graphics processor enable system memory requirements to be significantly
reduced.
The use of software memory reduction techniques alone, an approach taken by conventional controllers,
lack the power needed to handle complex pages, causing the controller to fall back to lower resolution or
reduced page throughput. By integrating an EC000 Core, RGP, and PVC using a unique dual bus
architecture, the MC68322 optimizes overall system performance. The dual bus architecture eliminates bus
contention between processing units creating a true parallel processing environment. The additional
bandwidth allows each processing unit to operate at peak performance. Working in conjunction with an onchip, programmable, bursting DRAM controller, the processing units are capable of achieving outstanding
throughput. These dedicated processing units enable the MC68322 to produce 600 dot per inch images
using substantially less memory than conventional controllers. The MC68322 extends these benefits to lowcost 4–8 page per minute printers.
The MC68322 significantly reduces component count, board space, power consumption and their inherent
costs while yielding higher reliability and shorter design time. The MC68322 provides support for toner
conservation, enabling the print controller to conserve toner when printing in draft mode. The MC68322
provides the perfect printing environment for users of complex page description languages (such as PCL
and PostScript) and less scaleable graphics imaging models such as Windows Printing System and
QuickDraw). Complete code compatibility with the M68000 Family provides the designer access to a broad
base of established real-time kernels, operating systems, languages, applications and development tools,
many of which are optimized for embedded processing and printing applications. Figure 1 shows a block
diagram of the MC68322.
This document contains information on a product under development. Motorola reserves the right to change or discontinue this product without
notice.Company and product names that appear in this document are for identification purposes and should be considered registered trademarks of their
respective owners.
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PARALLEL PORT
IEEE 1284
GRAPHICS
EXECUTION UNIT (GEU)
PARALLEL PORT
DMA
STATIC
EC000 CORE
RISC GRAPHICS
PROCESSOR (RGP)
DMA
SYSTEM
INTEGRATION
MODULE (SIM)
PROM
BUS
INTERFACE UNIT
GRAPHICS BUS
EC000 BUS
SCSI
ETHERNET
SERIAL
LOCAL TALK
PERIPHERAL
(OPTIONAL)
DRAM CONTROL
IN-CIRCUIT
EMULATION
(OPTIONAL)
CLOCK
PRINT ENGINE VIDEO
CONTROLLER (PVC)
DRAM
PRINT ENGINE
Figure 1. System Block Diagram
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FEATURES
• Static EC000 Core Processor
– Complete Code Compatibility with M68000 Family
– Glueless Interface to Peripherals
– 256 Mbyte Address Range
• Graphics Execution Unit (GEU)
– Memory Reduction Techniques
- Run Length Encoded Scan Line Tables
– RISC Graphics Processor (RGP)
- Processes Multi-Operation Graphics Orders from Display List
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- Produces Compressed Bit Map Image using Hardware Banding
- Dedicated Graphics Bus Allows up to 8 PPM Performance at 600 DPI Resolution
– Print Engine Video Controller (PVC)
- Converts Bit Map Image to Serial Data Stream and Feeds Print Engine
- Generic, Programmable, Non-Impact Printer Communications Interface
- Toner Conservation Technique
– Dedicated High-Performance DMA Controller for GEU Operations
• Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
– Dual Bus Architecture Allows Separate Buses to Function Independently
– Distributed Processing Optimizes System Performance
• System Integration Module (SIM)
– 8 Programmable Chip Selects
– 256 Kbytes to 512 Mbytes of PROM Address Space
– Independently Programmable Timing Parameters for each ROM Bank
– Integrated System Timer
• DRAM System Integration Module (DSIM)
– Supports 512 Kbyte, 2 Mbyte, and 8 Mbyte DRAM Bank Sizes
– Directly Controls up to 6 Banks of DRAM; Supports up to 48 Mbytes of DRAM
– Programmable Transparent Refresh of DRAM Banks
– Bursting DRAM Interface
• General-Purpose DMA Controller Module
– Provides High Speed Downloads Without Impact to Core Processor Performance
• IEEE 1284 Parallel Port Controller Module
– DMA Controller Supports 2 Mbyte/sec Bidirectional Communication Transfers
• 16MHz or 20MHz Operation
• 160 Pin Plastic Quad Flat Pack (QFP)
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MC68322 SIGNAL DESCRIPTION
Figure 2 illustrates the MC68322 input and output signals within their functional groups. Table 1 lists the
signal names, mnemonics, and functional descriptions of the MC68322 signals.
PD7–PD0
A25–A1
ADDRESS BUS
D15–D0
DATA BUS
SELECTIN
STROBE
AUTOFD
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PARALLEL PORT
INTERFACE
INIT
ACK
BUSY
SELECT
PERROR
FAULT
VCLK
PVC
INTERFACE
FSYNC
LSYNC
EC000 CORE
INTERFACE
CLK2
RESET
TEST
SYSTEM
INTERFACE
MA10–MA0
MEMORY ADDRESS BUS
PRINT
MD15–MD0
MEMORY DATA BUS
CCLK
RAS5–RAS0
CAS1–CAS0
WE
VIDEO
PRINTER
COMMUNICATION
INTERFACE
CS7–CS0
RD
WRU
WRL
WAIT
IRQ1–IRQ0
CBSY
SBSY
CMD/STS
STS
MC68322
DREQ
DACK
DRAM
INTERFACE
DMA
INTERFACE
AS
R/W
EDTACK
BR
EXTERNAL
BUS MASTER
INTERFACE
BG
Figure 2. MC68322 Functional Signal Groups
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Table 1. Signal Index
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Signal Name
Mnemonic
Function
Address Bus
A25–A1
25-bit external address bus.
Address Strobe
AS
Indicates a valid address is on the bus.
Auto Feed Control
AUTOFD
Parallel port control signal.
Bus Grant
BG
Asserted to grant bus mastership to an external device.
Bus Request
BR
Asserted by an external device to request bus master ship.
Chip Select
CS7–CS0
PROM and I/O chip selects.
Clock
CLK2
2× system clock.
Column Address Strobe CAS1, CAS0
DRAM column address strobes.
Command Busy
CBSY
Command busy indicates that a command will be sent to the printer.
Command Clock
CCLK
Command clock is the command/status clock to/from the printer.
Command/Status Data
CMD /STS
Command/status data is the synchronous communications and data out to
the printer, or the bidirectional command/status data to or from the printer.
Data Bus
D15–D0
16-bit data bus used for byte or word transfers.
DMA Acknowledge
DACK
Output that indicates data transfer is complete.
DMA Request
DREQ
Input that starts a DMA transfer.
DRAM Address Bus
MA10–MA0
Multiplexed DRAM address bus.
DRAM Data Bus
MD15–MD0
16-bit DRAM data bus.
External Master DTACK EDTACK
External master support signal.
Frame Sync
FSYNC
Indicates the top of the page in response to a print request.
Initialization Input
INIT
Parallel port initialize control.
Interrupt Request
IRQ1, IRQ0
Interrupt request input.
Line Sync
LSYNC
Indicates the left edge of the page.
PPI Data Bus
PD7–PD0
Parallel port interface bidirectional data bus.
Print Request
PRINT
Print request requests a page to be printed.
Printer Busy
BUSY
Parallel port printer busy.
Printer Data Strobe
STROBE
Parallel port signal that latches incoming data.
Printer Error
FAULT
Parallel port printer error.
Printer Paper Path Error PERROR
Parallel port paper error.
Printer Select
SELECTIN
Parallel port request for "on-line" status.
Printer Selected
SELECT
Printer "on-line".
Read Enable
RD
PROM and I/O read enable strobe.
Read/Write
R/W
Identifies the transfer as a read or write.
Reset
RESET
Processor reset.
Row Address Strobe
RAS5–RAS0
DRAM row address strobe.
Status Busy
SBSY
Indicates a status wants to be received from the printer.
Status Data
STS
Status data is the synchronous status data from the printer.
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Table 1. Signal Index (Continued)
Signal Name
Mnemonic
Function
Test
TEST
Test mode pin.
Transfer Acknowledge
ACK
Parallel port transfer acknowledge.
Video
VIDEO
Video is the digital serial video image.
Video Clock
VCLK
Video clock is used to shift the video image.
Wait
WAIT
PROM and I/O wait.
Write Enable
WE
DRAM write enable strobe.
Write Enable – Lower
WRL
PROM and I/O write enable strobe indicates valid data on D7–D0.
Write Enable – Upper
WRU
PROM and I/O write enable strobe indicates valid data on D15–D8.
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TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
BANDING
Banding is the process of building an image out of strips called bands. These bands, which describe the
graphics operations necessary to construct the bit-mapped image for the page, are represented in an
intermediate form called a display list. The printer display language (PDL) emulator firmware running on the
EC000 Core generates the display list before the print engine begins the actual printing process. Generally,
band n + 1 is being composed while band n is being output to the print engine.
Banding is desirable in printer controllers because the resulting system cost can be greatly reduced due to
the significant memory savings associated with this technique. For banding to be viable, the display list must
meet two requirements: it must fit in considerably less memory than the full-page image would require and
the commands required to generate a band (called graphic orders) must be executable within the time it
takes to print the previous band.
RUN-LENGTH ENCODING (RLE)
The scanline graphics orders contained within the display list reference a set of associated tables located in
memory. These scanline tables contain bitstring specifiers that are run-length encoded in order to
characterize an extremely compact representation of a bit-mapped image. The combination of run length
compressed graphics data and the elimination of redundant information in the display list enables the
display list to be significantly smaller than the actual bit-mapped image.
EC000 CORE PROCESSOR UNIT
The EC000 Core is a static, low-power, 32-bit general purpose microprocessor. It has a 28-bit address
range for internal register decoding of chip selects and DRAM controller functions. This address range
allows for full code compatibility with existing M68000 family based designs and future upward compatibility
to higher performance designs. The EC000 Core is register and memory map compatible with the industry
standard MC68000 and MC68HC000 processors.
The EC000 Core performs general purpose computing, I/O handling, exception handling, and display list
rendering. For more information about the EC000 Core, refer to the MC68322 User's Manual .
The MC68322 was designed to support EC000 Core in-circuit emulation so that new hardware and software
designs, which are being ported to the MC68322, can be tested rapidly. This is accomplished by providing
additional signals in a 208-pin pin grid array (PGA) package that are not available in the 160-pin quad flat
pack (QFP) package.
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GRAPHICS EXECUTION UNIT (GEU)
The GEU is comprised of two independent processing units, the RGP and the PVC. The GEU performs all
graphics functions required by complex PDLs. One of these functions is the bit-block transfer (BitBLT). The
MC68322 performs extremely fast BitBLT operations. One, two, and three operand BitBLT operations are
supported yielding 256 logical BitBLT operation combinations. The MC68322 also provides flexibility,
through control registers, to provide many configurations. These control registers provide printer video
characteristics (such as margins, width, and height), system memory timing, wait states, access auto
termination, DRAM control, and external device access control.
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GEU OPERATION
The RGP and PVC perform burst read and write accesses to DRAM through the DRAM controller. The RGP
interprets a display list, which the EC000 Core or host application generates, to render a banded bit map
page image. After a page image (or band image) is rendered by the RGP, the PVC converts the bitmap
image into a serial data stream and transfers the rendered page image through the video interface to the
print engine. The software interfaces to the RGP and PVC employ a combination of resources, including
MC68322 registers and interrupts. The RGP and PVC require only a minimal amount of initialization and
intervention by the EC000 Core to produce a banded page image and to transfer the image to the print
engine. A functional block diagram depicting the GEU operations of the MC68322 is illustrated in Figure 3.
PROM
MC68322
DRAM
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
GRAPHICS
EXECUTION UNIT (GEU)
•
•
RISC GRAPHICS
PROCESSOR (RGP)
EC000
CORE
DRAM
CONTROL
PRINT ENGINE VIDEO
CONTROLLER (PVC)
DISPLAY
LIST
•
•
BAND1
•
BAND0
•
PRINT ENGINE
Figure 3. MC68322 Functional Block Diagram
RISC GRAPHICS PROCESSOR (RGP)
The RGP is a high-performance bit-image processor optimized for the 16-bit DRAM interface on the
MC68322. The RGP achieves performance levels that enable the MC68322 to be used effectively in
banding applications or in other high-speed or high-density bit-mapped graphics products. The RGP is
comprised of several major blocks: graphic order parser, graphic order execution unit, write back logic and
band control registers. The software interface to the RGP consists of three registers: RGP start register
(RSR), RGP diagnostic register (RDR), and the RGP interrupt event register (RIER).
The RGP is activated when the EC000 Core writes the starting address of a display list into the RSR. A
display list is a list of special instructions called graphic orders. The RGP executes these graphic orders to
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render a page or band image. When the end of the display list is reached, the RGP generates an interrupt
and waits for another display list address. The RSR is double buffered so a second display list address can
be loaded while the RGP is working on the first display list. Upon completion of the first display list, an
interrupt is generated and the second display list begins executing immediately.
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The RGP can render an entire page from a display list or multiple bands from a single banded display list. A
banded display list contains band information near the beginning of the display list. This band information
includes the address and size of the band as well as the band number that is to be processed. The RGP
uses this information to determine which orders from the display list to process and where in memory to
create the bit map image for this specific band. The write back logic of the RGP automatically updates any
graphic orders that cross band boundaries in order to prepare them for execution during rendering of the
following band. This is done without any intervention from software running on the EC000 Core. After one
band is fully rendered and the RGP generates an interrupt, software simply adjusts the display list to reflect
the next band information and then restarts the RGP.
PRINT ENGINE VIDEO CONTROLLER (PVC)
The PVC is started by loading a set of registers, known as the printer control block (PCB) with the
dimensions and location of the print image. When the last register is loaded, the PVC fetches the first page
band image data from memory and waits for the print engine to signal start-of-page via frame synchronize
(FSYNC). When FSYNC is detected, the PVC generates a band begin interrupt and transmits the page
image video data to the print engine. When the entire page band image is transmitted, a page end interrupt
is generated allowing software to reclaim the image memory space.
The MC68322 contains a generic non-impact printer video interface, suitable for virtually all printers currently
on the market. The video interface supports most laser printer and various inkjet interfaces. The PVC moves
rasterized data from DRAM to the video port automatically. A digital phase locked loop is provided for those
printers that do not supply a video clock source. The generic video interface consists of the I/O signals
defined in Table 4.
Table 4. MC68322 PVC I/O Signals
Signal
I/O
Description
PRINT
O
Print Request requests a page to be printed.
FSYNC
I
Frame Sync indicates the top of the page in response to a print request.
LSYNC
I
Line Sync indicates the left edge of the page.
VIDEO
O
Video is the digital serial video image.
VCLK
I
Video Clock is used to shift the video image (either from the printer, or an 8x
clock used for the digital phase locked loop).
PRINTER COMMUNICATION INTERFACE
The MC68322 provides signals for printer communications interfacing to 8-bit synchronous full duplex
interface printers. Interrupts, if enabled, indicate when a serial command has been sent or a serial status
has been received. For synchronous operation, the signals are defined in Table 5.
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Table 5. MC68322 Printer Communications Interface I/O Signals
Signal
I/O
Description
CBSY
O
Command busy indicates that a command will be sent to the printer.
SBSY
I
Status busy indicates the printer is ready to receive status.
CMD/STS
I/O
STS
I
CCLK
I/O
Command/Status Data is the synchronous command data out to the printer, or
the bi-directional command/status data to/from the printer.
Status Data is the synchronous status data from the printer.
Command Clock is the command/status clock to/from the printer.
The MC68322 contains two 8-bit registers for synchronous communications, a command register and a
status register. When the command register is written, the CBSY signal is brought active and the command
data is sent as a serial stream on the CMD line with CCLK toggling high-to-low and low-to-high once per
command bit. When the print engine is ready to respond with status, it does so by activating the SBSY
signal. This causes the MC68322 to toggle CCLK high-to-low and low-to-high eight times (once per status
bit) and assemble serial data from the STS line into the status register.
ON-CHIP PERIPHERALS
To improve total system throughput and reduce part count, board size, and cost of system implementation,
the M68300 family integrates on-chip, intelligent peripheral modules and typical glue logic. The MC68322
has five modules to assist the EC000 Core and GEU. These five modules are the bus interface unit (BIU),
system integration module (SIM), DRAM system integration module (DSIM), general purpose direct memory
access (DMA) controller, and parallel port interface (PPI).
BUS INTERFACE UNIT (BIU)
The dual bus architecture of the MC68322 allows the printing workload to be distributed among processing
units and executed in parallel. Because studies have shown that 70% of all MC68000 bus accesses are
instruction fetches, the MC68322 has been designed so that the EC000 Core bus traffic to DRAM is less
than 30% of all EC000 bus accesses.
The BIU allows the EC000 Core and GEU, which reside on separate bus structures, to function
independently by handling general purpose DMA, and EC000 Core accesses to DRAM. The EC000 Core
can perform instruction and PROM data fetches without impacting GEU bus operations. However, the GEU
has a higher priority than the EC000 Core for DRAM accesses in order to print pages correctly.
The BIU, in conjunction with the SIM, also allows SRAM to be added to the EC000 Core bus for system
stack space, temporary data storage, or as a buffer for peripheral data.
SYSTEM INTEGRATION MODULE
The SIM provides the ROM, PROM, and I/O chip selects. It contains eight chip selects that can be
programmed to decode the address and internally supply the DTACK after the appropriate number of wait
states. Each chip select can be programmed to support up to 64 Mbytes of address space.
CHIP-SELECT BANKS AND REGISTERS
The eight chip-selects directly support ROM, PROM and I/O chip-select banks. Each ROM or I/O bank is
pointed to by a corresponding chip-select register through the base address field. These eight chip-select
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banks are individually programmable for an address range of 256 Kbytes to 64 Mbytes.
Each ROM or I/O bank can be a different size or disabled. On reset, chip-select bank 0 is set to 8 Mbytes
and chip-select banks 7 through 1 are disabled. They can also be individually located anywhere within the
256 Mbyte memory map and can be contiguous or disjoint, as required by the operating environment.
The chip-selects for each bank can be selected to provide a wide range of timing parameters. The timing
parameters that can be programmed are set up time, access time, hold time, and recovery time for both
reads and writes. The SIM on the MC68322 provides internal bus cycle auto-acknowledge and wait states,
which can be inserted as required.
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DRAM SYSTEM INTEGRATION MODULE (DSIM)
A fully integrated bursting DRAM controller is on-chip to provide a cost-effective and efficient DRAM
interface to the MC68322. The DRAM controller has six RAS signals to provide for multiple DRAM banks of
different sizes. With six RAS signals, multiple banks of DRAM can be supported to allow end users to add
DRAM SIMM modules for more expandability. The DRAM controller also has upper and lower CAS signals
to perform DRAM byte selects. A CAS before RAS refresh is programmable along with bank sizes and
access timer. The DRAM controller multiplexes addresses to provide up to 8 Mbytes of DRAM address
space per bank. Additionally, the DRAM controller provides a separate 16-bit DRAM data path and a write
enable signal for a glueless DRAM interface.
DRAM BANKS AND REGISTERS
The MC68322 directly supports up to six DRAM banks with a bursting read and write interface. Each DRAM
bank is pointed to by a corresponding DRAM register through the base address field. Each DRAM register
contains a base address field containing the internal address bits A27–A19 in the DRAM bank's starting
address. These six DRAM banks can be contiguous or disjoint as required by the operating environment.
DRAM sizes are programmed through encoding the size fields of each DRAM register. The MC68322 allows
for up to 8 Mbytes of DRAM in each of the eight banks. The timing parameters for each DRAM bank are
preprogrammed to provide a 2, 3, or 4 clock access. On reset, all DRAM banks are disabled.
DRAM REFRESH
Refresh cycles are carried out with CAS before RAS refresh cycles. DRAMs that support CAS before RAS
refresh contain an internal row address counter, which is automatically selected and incremented when the
CAS signal is asserted, and followed by asserting the RAS signal. The DRAM refresh rate is fully
programmable. The DRAM controller performs refreshes from system reset until the DRAM controller is
initialized.
GENERAL PURPOSE DMA CONTROLLER
The MC68322 has a single-ended general purpose DMA controller integrated on-chip. The DMA can be
programmed to transfer data from a high-speed I/O peripheral to DRAM with minimal intervention from the
EC000 Core.
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PARALLEL PORT INTERFACE (PPI)
The MC68322 contains a direct, IEEE 1284 Level 2 compliant, bi-directional 8-bit PPI. The PPI supports four
IEEE 1284 communications modes: compatibility (Centronics), nibble, byte, and enhanced capabilities port
(ECP). It also fully supports all variants of these modes, including device ID requests and run-length
encoded data compression.
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The PPI contains specialized hardware to provide automatic handshaking during forward data transfers.
When hardware handshaking is used in conjunction with the parallel port's dedicated DMA controller,
transfer rates as high as 2 Mbytes/sec can be achieved in the ECP forward mode. The hardware
handshaking can also be completely disabled to allow software to directly control the parallel port interface
signals and to support new protocols. Control and data signals are brought out to provide a glueless
interface to the parallel port.
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The following table identifies the operating frequency, voltage, and available package type for the MC68322.
MC68322 Package/Frequency Availability
Package
16 MHz –5 V
20 MHz–5 V
Plastic Quad Flat Pack (FT)
The documents listed in the following table contain detailed information on the MC68322. These documents
may be obtained from the Literature Distribution Centers at the addresses listed at the bottom of this page.
Documentation
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Document Title
M68000 Family Programmer's Reference Manual
The 68K Source
MC68322 User's Manual
Order Number
M68000PM/AD
BR729/D
MC68322UM/AD
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