Lighting Imaging Telecom Sensors Channel Photomultipliers Channel Photomultipliers Overview and Specifications . P H O T O M U L T I P L I E R C P M C H A N N E L Description PerkinElmer Optoelectronics, formerly EG&G Optoelectronics, is pleased to introduce the Channel Photomultiplier (CPM), a new ultra high sensitivity optical detector which replaces conventional photomultipliers (PMTs) and avalanche photo diodes (APDs). This device uses a unique detector principle, resulting in a compact design with ultra high gain, high dynamic range, extremely low dark current, and fast response. Features • Ultra high anode sensitivity up to 107 A/W • Extremely low dark current, typically 3pA @ 106 gain • Very low equivalent noise input (down to 10 -17 W) • Very high stability in dark current (no ”bursts”) • High gain exceeding 108 • Very high dynamic range • Compact dimensions • Wide spectral response through multiple window materials • High resolution • Fast response time • High immunity to magnetic fields • Rugged design P R I N C I P L E This high-performance detector offers fundamental advantages for analytical instrumentation applications such as emission spectroscopy, flourescence, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and bio and chemo luminescence. The CPM also delivers important advantages in life science products, industrial and medical equipment, and highenergy physics. O F Principle of Operation The CPM, like conventional photomultiplier tubes, converts a very low light level into photoelectrons by a semitransparent photocathode deposited on the inner surface of the entrance window. On their way from the cathode to the anode the photoelectrons pass through a narrow, semiconductive channel. Each time the electrons hit the inner wall of the curved channel, multiple secondary electrons are emitted. This effect occurs multiple times along the path, leading to an avalanche effect with a gain exceeding 108. The curved shape of the glass tube improves the multiplication effect. When compared to conventional PMTs, the CPM improves anode sensitivity by one order of magnitude, while lowering dark current by one to two orders of magnitude. The noise level shows extreme stability over time, with no ”bursts.” The extremely low dark current results in a higher dynamic range than conventional PMTs and extends detectable limits for many applications. The CPM can be used in analog-DC mode, single photon counting mode, and in nuclear spectroscopy (when coupled to scintillation materials like BGO, LSO, Nal, etc.). PerkinElmer Optoelectronics offers a choice of window materials and photocathodes to cover the spectrum from 115 nm (UV range) to 900 nm (NIR). The new detector is a small, head-on type with a total diameter of 10.5 mm including encapsulation. PerkinElmer Optoelectronics also offers custom configurations for specific applications. O P E R A T I O N Physical Specification Cathode Channel-Entrance Channel-End Anode -HV red -20…-50 V black -HV +50…+300 V blue 100 V -HV 1 Mohm Proposal for Power Supply Coax M A I N F E A T U R E S 9 mm Compact Size Unpotted 1/3 inch Channel Photomultiplier Fig. 1: Typical current amplification The CPM is one of the smallest headon type detectors, with a 10.5 mm diameter including encapsulation. The photocathode has a useful diameter of more than 5 mm. The tube is smaller, easier to use, and more rugged than discrete dynode types. Only a single high voltage supply of up to 3000 volts is necessary; no external voltage divider network is required. A variety of different sizes will be available soon (1/2” and 3/4”). 1 E+09 Current Amplification 1 E+08 1 E+07 Ultra high anode sensitivity 1 E+06 1 E+05 1 E+04 1 E+03 1 E+02 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 At the maximum bias voltage of 3000 V, gains can exceed 108. At 2400 V, anode sensitivity is typically 3 x 106 A/W at a wavelength of 410 nm with a bialkali photocathode. This performance surpasses conventional PMTs by one to two orders of magnitude and beats APDs by approximately five orders of magnitude (Fig. 1). Bias Voltage (V) Extremely low dark current Fig. 2: Typical anode dark current 1 E-05 Dark Current (A) 1 E-06 1 E-07 1 E-08 1 E-09 1 E-10 C 972 C 962 C 952 C 942 C 922 1 E-11 1 E-12 1000 C 911 1500 2000 Bias Voltage (V) 2500 3000 The electron multiplication in the channel is virtually silent, so dark current depends only on the photocathode material, leakage currents are negligible. Bialkali photocathodes exhibit typical dark count rates of 10 cps at a gain of 3 x 108, while UV cathodes have dark count rates below 1 cps. In analog DC mode, the typical dark noise for a bialkali photocathode is 20 pA at a gain of 107. In general, the noise level of the PerkinElmer Optoelectronics CPM is one to two orders of magnitude lower than dynode PMTs, resulting in a significantly higher dynamic range (Fig.2). High stability in dark current level As a result of the semiconductive inner surface of the CPM, no charge-up effects occur at the glass surface. This results in a very high stability of the dark current level over time, with no sudden changes (bursts). The semiconductive surface also causes high-light recovery times to be extremely small. Fig. 3: Typical photo electron spectrum Excellent photon counting resolution 2000 At gains exceeding 107 the single photo electron pulse is perfectly separated from the electrical noise, due to a saturation effect of the channel. The CPM exhibits single photon resolution with excellent peak to valley ratios. Fig. 3 shows the single photo electron spectrum taken from a multi-channel analyzer compared to a conventional photomultiplier (Fig. 3). PMT CPM Counts 1500 1000 500 Choice of entrance window 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 The CPM is available with different window materials, which are: MgF2, Quartz, UV-glass, and Borosilicate glass. The combination of different photocathodes and entrance windows results in a spectral range from 115 nm to 900 nm. Other window materials and photocathode combinations are available on a custom basis (Fig. 4.1 and 4.2). Channel Fig. 4.1: Typical spectral response Quantumefficency (%) 100 10 C 952 C 973 1 Available related products C 922 C 911 C 972 0.1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength (nm) Fig. 4.2: Typical spectral response • High Voltage supply CHV 30N (supplies 1 CPM, negative output voltage), CHV 30P (supplies 1 CPM, positive output voltage), J4-3N (supplies 10 to 15 CPMs) Quantumefficency (%) 100 C 943 10 C 944 C 942 1 C 962 0.1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 • CPM Modules MP900-series: Photoncounting module with TTL output, including CPM, electronic and high voltage MD900-series: DC module including high voltage supply, amplifier, I/U converter, output 0 to 10 V, bandwidth 1kHz MH900-series: High voltage module, including CPM and high voltage power supply Wavelength (nm) • CPM Formats /3“ C900-series /2“ C1300-series 3 /4“ C1900-series 1 EU PerkinElmer Optoelectronics GmbH Heimann Opto 65020 Wiesbaden, Germany PO-Box 3007 http://www.perkinelmer.com/opto USA PerkinElmer Optoelectronics 2175 Mission College Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95054 Tel. ++1 (408) 565 - 0830 Fax ++1 (408) 565 - 0703 http://www.perkinelmer.com/opto 1 Datasheets on request CPM C900 Series 1/3” CPM Channel Photomultipliers · · · · Technical Specifications Dimensions (mm) High Sensitivity Optical Detector Extremely High Gain Ultra Low Noise 1/3 Inch, Head-On Type CPM C900 Series 1/3” CPM Channel Photomultipliers CPM C900 Performance Specifications Spectral response Quantumefficiency (%) 10 0 C 943 C 944 10 C 983 C 9 73 1 C 9 72 C 962 C 922 C 921 C 9 52 C 982 C 9 11 0 .1 10 0 200 C 942 300 400 50 0 600 70 0 800 900 Wavelength (nm ) Dark Current 1,E-05 1,E+08 1,E-06 Dark current (A) Current Amplification Current Amplification 1,E+09 1,E+07 1,E+06 1,E+05 1,E+04 1,E-07 1,E-08 1,E-09 C 972 1,E-10 C 962 C 952 C 942 C 982 1,E-11 1,E+03 C 911 1,E-12 1,E+02 1000 1500 2000 2500 1000 3000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Bias voltage (V) Bias Voltage (V) Magnetic Field Effects Equivalent Noise Input 120 1E-14 CPM -axial magn field CPM -transverse magn field 1E-15 C 972 C 962 1E-16 C 952 Relative output (%) 100 ENI (W) C 922 80 60 40 C 982 C 942 1E-17 20 C 911 C 922 0 -400 1E-18 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 -300 -200 -100 0 100 Magnetic field (Gauss) 200 300 400 Wavelength (nm) CAUTION: High Voltage Warning! This product is operated at high voltage. Extreme care must be taken to ensure operator safety and to avoid damage to other instruments. Avoid direct contact with the photomultiplier when high voltage is applied. Avoid placing conductive material close to the cathode. All given values are nominal/typical @ 20 °C ambient temperature; specifications subject to change without notice. CPM C1300 Series 1/2” CPM Channel Photomultipliers · · · · Technical Specifications Dimensions (mm) High Sensitivity Optical Detector Extremely High Gain Ultra Low Noise 1/2 Inch, Head-On Type CPM C1300 Series 1/2” CPM Channel Photomultipliers CPM C1300 Performance Specifications Spectral response Quantumefficiency (%) 10 0 C 13 4 3 C 13 4 4 10 C 13 8 3 C 13 73 1 C 13 72 C 13 6 2 C 13 2 2 C 13 2 1 C 13 52 C 13 8 2 C 13 11 0 .1 10 0 200 300 C 13 4 2 400 50 0 600 70 0 800 900 Wavelength (nm ) Dark Current 1,E-05 1,E+08 1,E-06 Dark current (A) Current Amplification Current Amplification 1,E+09 1,E+07 1,E+06 1,E+05 1,E+04 1,E-07 1,E-08 C 1362 1,E-09 C 1352 C 1372 C 1342 1,E-10 1,E+03 1,E-11 1,E+02 1,E-12 C 1382 C 1322 C 1311 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 1000 1500 2000 Bias Voltage (V) 2500 3000 Bias voltage (V) Typical Photo Electron Spectrum Equivalent Noise Input 2000 1E -14 C 13 72 1E -15 CPM 1500 C 13 6 2 1000 C 13 52 Counts 1E -16 C 13 4 2 1E -17 C 13 8 2 C 13 2 2 C 13 11 500 0 1E -18 0 100 300 500 W avelength (nm ) 700 900 50 100 150 200 250 300 Channel CAUTION: High Voltage Warning! This product is operated at high voltage. Extreme care must be taken to ensure operator safety and to avoid damage to other instruments. Avoid direct contact with the photomultiplier when high voltage is applied. Avoid placing conductive material close to the cathode. All given values are nominal/typical @ 20 °C ambient temperature; specifications subject to change without notice. CPM C1900 Series 3/4” CPM Channel Photomultipliers · · · · Technical Specifications Dimensions (mm) High Sensitivity Optical Detector Extremely High Gain Ultra Low Noise 3/4 Inch, Head-On Type CPM C1900 Series 3/4” CPM Channel Photomultipliers CPM C1900 Performance Specifications Spectral response Quantumefficiency (%) 10 0 C 19 4 3C 19 4 4 10 C 19 8 3 C 19 73 1 C 19 72 C 19 6 2 C 13 2 2 C 19 2 1 0 .1 10 0 C 19 52 C 19 8 2 C 19 11 200 C 19 4 2 300 400 50 0 600 70 0 800 900 Wavelength (nm ) Dark Current 1,E-05 1,E +0 8 1,E-06 Dark current (A) Current Amplification Current Am plification 1,E +0 9 1,E +0 7 1,E +0 6 1,E +0 5 1,E +0 4 1,E-07 C 1962 1,E-08 C 1952 1,E-09 1,E-10 C 1972 C 1982 C 1922 C 1911 1,E-11 1,E +0 3 1,E +0 2 10 0 0 1,E-12 150 0 2000 2 50 0 1000 3000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Bias voltage (V) Bias Voltage (V) Typical Photo Electron Spectrum Equivalent Noise Input 2000 1E-14 C 1972 1E-15 C 1962 C 1952 1E-16 CPM 1500 1000 C 1942 Counts ENI (W) C 1942 C 1982 C 1911C 1922 1E-17 500 0 1E-18 100 300 500 W avelength (nm ) 700 900 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Channel CAUTION: High Voltage Warning! This product is operated at high voltage. Extreme care must be taken to ensure operator safety and to avoid damage to other instruments. Avoid direct contact with the photomultiplier when high voltage is applied. Avoid placing conductive material close to the cathode. All given values are nominal/typical @ 20 °C ambient temperature; specifications subject to change without notice. USA: PerkinElmer Optoelectronics 2175 Mission College Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95054 Phone: (408) 565-0850 Fax: (408) 565-0793 EUROPE: PerkinElmer Optoelectronics GmbH Wenzel-Jaksch-Str. 31 65199 Wiesbaden Germany Phone: +49 611 492 534 Fax: +49 611 492 578 ASIA: PerkinElmer Optoelectronics 47 Ayer Rajah Crescent #06-12 Singapore 139947 Phone: +65 775 2022 Fax: +65 775 1008 . DS-291 Rev A 1101 © 2001 PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. w w w. p e r k i n e l m e r. c o m / o p t o