A Product Line of
Diodes Incorporated
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Description
Pin Assignments
ZXCT1107
Top View
NEW PRODUCT
The ZXCT1107/09/10 are high side unipolar current sense
monitors. These devices eliminate the need to disrupt the
ground plane when sensing a load current.
The wide common-mode input voltage range and low
quiescent current coupled with SOT23 packages make
them suitable for a range of applications; including
adapters, automotive and systems operating from industrial
24V rails.
OUT
•
•
•
•
3
S+
ZXCT1109
Top View
2 S+
OUT
1
Features
•
S-
1
The device is line powered and as such doesn’t need a
separate supply rail.
Quiescent current is only 3µA thereby minimising current
sensing error. One external gain setting resistor increases
versatility by permitting wide gain ranges.
2
3
Wide supply and common-mode voltage range:
2.5V to 36V
SOT23 packages
o 3-pin
ZXCT1107/09
o 5-pin
ZXCT1110
Low quiescent current (3µA).
Extended industrial temperature range -40 to 125°C
AEC-Q100 Grade1 Automotive qualified variants
S-
ZXCT1110
Top View
NC
1
GND
2
OUT
3
5
S-
4
S+
Applications
•
•
•
•
•
Automotive current measurement
Industrial applications current measurement
Battery management
Over current monitor
Power Management
Typical Application Circuit
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Pin Descriptions
NEW PRODUCT
Package
Name
OUT
SOT23
ZXCT1107
ZXCT1109
11
11
S+
3
2
S-
2
3
GND
NC
-
-
Notes.
SOT23-5
Description
ZXCT1110
3
Output pin. Current output.
This is the positive input of the current monitor and has a wide
common-mode input range. This also acts as the analog supply and
4
provides power to internal circuitry. The current through this pin
varies with differential sense voltage.
This is the negative input of the current monitor and has a wide
5
common-mode input range.
2
Ground pin and substrate connection.
1
No connection
1. For the ZXCT1107 and ZXCT1109 pin 1 (OUT) acts as both the output pin and substrate connection. This means that for the
ZXCT1107 and ZXCT1109 the minimum rail voltage that can be used is 2.5V + VOUT (see applications section for more details).
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Description
Voltage on S- and S+ relative to OUT (ZXCT1107/9)
Voltage on S- and S+ relative to GND (ZXCT1110)
Voltage on OUT to GND (ZXCT1110)
Differential Sense Voltage, VSENSE2,3
Current into S+ and S-3
Storage Temperature
Maximum Junction Temperature
Package Power Dissipation (TA = 25°C)
SOT23
SOT23-5
ESD Ratings
Human Body Model
Machine Model
Rating
-0.3 to 40
-0.3 to 40
-0.3 to VS+
-0.3 to 0.8
±8.5
-55 to 150
150
Unit
V
V
V
V
mA
°C
°C
300 (De-rate to Zero at 150°C)
300 (De-rate to Zero at 150°C)
mW
1000
150
V
V
Operation above the absolute maximum rating may cause device failure. Operation at the absolute maximum ratings,
for extended periods, may reduce device reliability.
Notes:
2. VSENSE = VS+ - VS3. The differential input voltage limit, VS+ - VS-, may be exceeded provided that the input current limit into S+ or S- is not exceeded.
Recommended Operating Conditions
Symbol
VS+
VSENSE
VOUT
TA
Notes.
Parameter
Common-mode input range4:
Min
Max
ZXCT1110
2.5
36
ZXCT1107/9
VOUT(MAX)
+ 2.5
36
Differential Sense Input voltage range (VS+-VS-)
Output voltage range (0 ≤ VSENSE ≤ 100mV)
Unit
V
0
0.5
ZXCT1110
0
VS- - 1
ZXCT1107/9
0
VS+ - 2.5
-40
125
Ambient temperature range
V
V
°C
4. For the ZXCT1107 and ZXCT1109 pin 1 (OUT) acts as both the output pin and substrate connection. This means that for the
ZXCT1107 and ZXCT1109 the minimum rail voltage that can be used is 2.5V + VOUT (see applications section for more details).
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Electrical Characteristics (TA = 25°C, VS+ = 20V, VSENSE5 = 100mV, RGAIN = 0 unless otherwise stated)
ZXCT1107, ZXCT1109
NEW PRODUCT
Symbol
IS-
Parameter
S- input current
Conditions
VSENSE5 = 0V
VSENSE5 = 0mV
VSENSE5 = 10mV
5
VSENSE = 30mV
IOUT
Output current6
5
VSENSE = 100mV
VSENSE5 = 200mV
VSENSE5 = 500mV
IOUT -TC
CMSR
BW
Output current temperature coefficient
Common-Mode Sense rejection
VS+ = 2.5V to 36V
-3dB Small Signal Bandwidth
VSENSE5 (AC) = 10mVPP
RGAIN = 2.5kΩ
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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TA
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
full range
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
Min
1
37
115
394
787
1.965
Typ
19
16
35
3
2.2
5.5
45
42
49
124
119
129
408
396
420
810
785
832
2.015
1.965
2.065
370
0.1
0.13
0.05
0.65
Max
100
Units
nA
10
54
134
µA
422
832
2.064
mA
ppm/ºC
0.4
µA/V
MHz
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ZXCT1107/1109/1110
LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Electrical Characteristics (TA = 25°C, VS+ = 20V, VSENSE5 = 100mV, RGAIN = 0 unless otherwise stated) (cont.)
ZXCT1110
Symbol
NEW PRODUCT
IQ
Parameter
Conditions
GND pin current
5
VSENSE = 0V
IS-
CMSR
S- input current
Common-Mode Sense rejection
VS+ = 2.5V to 36V
Output Offset current6,7
VSENSE5 = 10mV
GT
Transconductance
VSENSE5 = 10mV to
150mV
GE
Transconductance error
VSENSE5 = 10mV to
150mV
IOO
IOUT GT-TC
Transconductance temp.co
TA
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
-40°C
125°C
25°C
BW
Notes.
Output relative to VS-
-3dB Small Signal Bandwidth
3.928
VSENSE5 (AC) = 10mVPP,
RGAIN = 2.5kΩ
Typ
3
2.2
5.8
19
16
35
0.1
0.13
0.05
0
-1.8
+2.5
4
3.9
4.08
-1.8
25°C
25°C
VOUTH
Min
Max
5
µA
100
nA
0.4
µA/V
±4
µA
4.072
mA/V
1.8
265
-1
Units
%
ppm/ºC
-0.78
-40°C
-0.88
125°C
-0.63
25°C
0.65
V
MHz
5. VSENSE = “VSENSE+” – “VSENSE-“
6. Output current characteristic measured with low impedance ammeter connected to GND
7. Defined as difference between actual output current and 40 µA; measured at VSENSE =10mV. This will include an error due to bias
currents of the device.
8. For VSENSE > 10mV, the internal voltage-current converter is fully linear. This enables a true offset to be defined and used.
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Typical Characteristics
9.0
12
V OUT = 0V
V SENSE = 0V
TA = 125°C
V SENSE = 0V
V OUT = 0V
8.0
10
VS+ = 20V
7.0
IS+ (µA)
IS+ (µA)
6.0
TA = 85°C
6
5.0
VS+ = 3.7V
4.0
TA = 25°C
4
3.0
2.0
2
TA = -40°C
TA = 0°C
0
0
10
20
30
VS+ (V)
Input Current vs. VS+
1.0
0.0
-40 -25 -10 5
40
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
Input Current vs. Ambient Temperature
4.0
1.8
3.5
1.6
TA = 25°C
VOUT = 0V
VSENSE = 0V
1.4
3.0
1.2
IS- (nA)
IS+ (µA)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.4
TA = 25°C
V OUT = 0V
V SENSE = 0V
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0
10
20
30
VS+ (V)
IS+ Current vs. VS+
40
0
10
20
30
VS+ (V)
IS- Current vs. VS+
40
450
2500
TA = 85°C
V S+ = 20V
V OUT = 0V
400
TA = 125°C
2000
1500
TA = 0°C
TA = -40°C
1000
OUTPUT CURRENT (µA)
350
TA =25°C
IOUT (µA)
NEW PRODUCT
8
500
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
VSENSE (mV)
Output Current vs. VSENSE
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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0
0.0
0.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Output Current vs. Output Voltage
4.0
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Typical Characteristics (cont.)
2500
700
600
2000
IOUT (µA)
1500
IOUT (µA)
400
300
1000
200
500
100
0
0
-40 -25 -10
-40 -25 -10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
TEMPERATURE(°C)
Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
TEMPERATURE(°C)
Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature
700
5
2500
TA = 25°C
VOUT = 0V
600
VSENSE = 500mV
2000
IOUT (µA)
IOUT (µA)
500
400
300
1500
1000
V SENSE = 5mV
V SENSE = 150mV
V SENSE = 10mV
VSENSE = 100mV
200
500
100
0
VSENSE = 30mV
0
4.20
10
20
30
VS+ (V)
Output Current vs. VS+
0
40
0
10
20
30
VS+ (V)
Output Current vs. VS+
TA 85°C
4.05
TA = 25°C
IOUT Error [VS+ = 20V] (%)
4.10
4.00
TA = 0°C
3.95
VSENSE = 500mV
0.10% V
SENSE = 100mV
0.05%
TA = -40°C
200
300
400
500
VSENSE (mV)
Differential Gain vs. VSENSE
-0.05%
-0.10%
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
Document number: DS35033 Rev. 1 - 2
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600
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VSENSE = 150mV
0.00%
-0.15%
3.90
100
40
0.20%
TA = 125°C
0.15%
3.85
0
V SENSE = 50mV
0.25%
VS+ = 20V
VOUT = 0V
4.15
DIFFERENTIAL GAIN (mA/V)
NEW PRODUCT
500
-0.25%
0
VSENSE = 30mV
TA = 25°C
VOUT = 0V
VSENSE = 50mV
10
20
30
VS+ (V)
Output Current Error vs. VS+
40
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ZXCT1107/1109/1110
LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Typical Characteristics (cont.)
4.00%
VSENSE = 100mV, VOUT = 0V
TA = 125°C
IOUT ERROR [VS+ = 20V] (%)
NEW PRODUCT
3.00%
TA = 85°C
2.00%
1.00%
TA = 25°C
0.00%
TA = 0°C
-1.00%
-2.00%
TA = -40°C
-3.00%
-4.00%
0
10
20
30
VS+ (V)
Output Current Error vs. VS+
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Typical AC Characteristics
-2
-2.5
Input
-70
0
5
-3.5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TIME (µs)
Small Signal Pulse Response
0
-200
5
-15
-94
Output
-16
-96
-16.5
Input
-18
Input
-10
-19
-15
Output
5
-20
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TIME (µs)
Small Signal Pulse Response
-15
VS+ = 0V,
GND = -20V
RGAIN = 10k
-100
-15.5
-92
-25
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TIME (µs)
Large Signal Pulse Response
5
-98
VS+ = 0V,
GND = -20V
RGAIN = 10k
-90
-21
VS+ = 0V,
GND = -20V
RGAIN = 10k
-25
0
-20
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TIME (µs)
Large Signal Pulse Response
-88
Input
-20
-18
-250
0
-98
SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)
Input
SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)
SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)
-16
-150
-17
-5
-12
-14
-100
-150
0
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Output
-50
-13
-250
0
-10
VS+ = 0V,
GND = -20V
RGAIN = 10k
-100
-200
-3
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
-40
-9
Output
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
-1.5
-50
SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)
-30
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
-1
-50
VS+ = 0V,
GND = -20V
RGAIN = 10k
-0.5
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)
Output
-20
-60
SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)
NEW PRODUCT
-10
-5
0
0
VS+ = 0V,
GND = -3.7V
RGAIN = 10k
-102
-15.2
-15.4
-15.6
Output
-104
-15.8
-16
-106
-16.2
Input
-108
-16.4
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
0
-16.6
-110
-100
-102
0
5
-17
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TIME (µs)
Small Signal Pulse Response
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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-16.8
0
5
-17
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TIME (µs)
Small Signal Pulse Response
10 15
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
NEW PRODUCT
Typical AC Characteristics (cont.)
Test Circuit for Pulse Response
80
70
60
CMRR (dB)
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
10
100 1k
10k 100k 1M 10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR
Test circuit for CMRR
30
20
GAIN (dB)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
10
TA =25°C
VS+ = 20V
VSENSE DC = 100mV
VSENSE AC = 10mVpp
RGAIN = 2.5K
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Small Signal Bandwidth
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
Document number: DS35033 Rev. 1 - 2
10M
Test circuit for Small signal bandwidth
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Application Information
NEW PRODUCT
Description
The current monitor ICs ZXCT1107, ZXCT1109 and ZXCT1110 all use a similar application circuit topology for high-side
current sensing, with small differences. The ZXCT1110 has a separate ground pin whereas the ZXCT1107 and ZXCT1109
do not. The use of ZXCT1110 allows reduction of the absolute current measurement error in some applications by providing
a reduced output offset current. The ZXCT1107 provides a mirror image pin assignment of the ZXCT1109 to ease PCB
layout in very small equipment designs.
The basic application circuit for each device is shown in Figure 1. Two external resistors are required. The resistor RSENSE is
connected in the path of the current to be monitored. The resistor RGAIN converts the device output current to a voltage for
convenient processing by a further device, such as a comparator, amplifier or analog-to-digital converter within a
microcontroller system.
The current monitor output current is defined through the nominal transconductance of 4mA/V.
IOUT = 0.004 * VSENSE
Amp
Equation 1
Then the resistors determine the output voltage as described below.
VSENSE
RSENSE
VSUPPLY
ZXCT1110
S+
S-
GND
OUT
ILOAD
LOAD
OUTPUT
VOUT
RGAIN
GND
Figure 1. Basic Application Circuit
Calculation of Resistor Values
In order to select RSENSE, a choice of sense voltage is required. This often involves a compromise between power efficiency
and accuracy for the given temperature range. The resistor must be small enough to avoid excessive volt drop between the
power supply and the load. However, the resistor must be large enough to avoid excessive current measurement error,
particularly random errors.
In a typical application, a digital system, perhaps a microcontroller, is set up to monitor the current. At a certain threshold
current level, ILOADT, the system is required to disconnect the load or report a fault. At this current level, the current
measurement error must be limited to a known value. The total percentage error comprises the inherent error in the
ZXCT1107/1109/1110 device and the tolerances of the two resistors RSENSE and RGAIN. The ZXCT1107/ZXCT1109 absolute
error is shown in Table 1 with error limits drawn from the table of Electrical Characteristics above. This error varies with
VSENSE.
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Application Information (cont.)
The ZXCT1110 is highly linear and has a transconductance of 4mA/V ±1.8% and an output of 40µA ±4µA at VSENSE=10mV.
The output current can therefore be calculated (Standard International Units) as:
-6
IOUT = (40 +/-4)*10 + (VSENSE-0.01)*(0.004 +/- 0.000072) Amp
NEW PRODUCT
The worst-case current error is then
IOUTERROR = IOUT – IOUTIDEAL = +/- { 4*10-6 + (VSENSE-0.01) * 0.000072 } Amp
or
IOUTERROR = +/- { 3.28*10-6 + VSENSE * 0.000072 } A
The percentage error is
ε=
IOUTERROR
IOUTERROR
* 100% =
* 100%
IOUTIDEAL
VSENSE * 0.004
Then
ε=±
3.28 * 10 −4 + VSENSE * 0.0072
%
VSENSE * 0.004
or
ε=±
0.082
± 1.8%
VSENSE
Equation 2
This shows that the error is reduced with increasing VSENSE. Then the minimum VSENSE required to give the error ±ε % is
VSENSE =
0.082
ε − 1 .8
V
[only for ZXCT1110]
Equation 3
In the application, the effect of the external resistor tolerances must also be taken into account.
Table 1: ZXCT1107/ZXCT1109 Error
VSENSE
10mV
30mV
100mV
200mV
Mean IOUT
45.5 µA
124.5 µA
408 µA
809.8 µA
Error Band
±8.5µA
±7.6µA
±3.4µA
±22.5µA
Percent Error
±18.7%
±7.6%
±3.4%
±2.8%
Mean IOUT
40µA
120µA
400µA
800µA
Error Band
±4µA
±5.44µA
±10.48µA
±17.68µA
Percent Error
±10%
±4.53%
±2.62%
±2.21%
Table 2: ZXCT1110 Error
VSENSE
10mV
30mV
100mV
200mV
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Application Information (cont.)
Note that in order to avoid additional error, VSUPPLY must be at least 1.5V greater than VOUT. This margin depends on the
value of VSENSE. For VSENSE = 100mV, this margin can be reduced to 1.0V.
NEW PRODUCT
RSENSE is chosen based on the threshold VSENSET of sense voltage selected as above, for the chosen threshold load current,
ILOADT.
R SENSE =
VSENSET
ILOADT
Equation 4
RGAIN is chosen to give the required threshold output voltage, VOUTT. From Equation 1, the threshold output current is
IOUTT = 0.004 * VSENSET
or
R GAIN =
VOUTT
IOUTT
R GAIN =
VOUTT
0.004 * VSENSET
Equation 1a
Equation 5
Design Example
A current monitor is required to provide an output voltage of 2V ±6% when the load current of a 12V supply is 2A. Resistors
are available with 1% tolerance.
The sense and output resistors will contribute a total possible error of 2%, so the ZXCT11xx error must not exceed 4%. From
Table 1, the error of ZXCT1107/1109 will be 3.4% if the sense voltage is 100mV. This satisfies the total error requirement of
6%.
Equation 4 gives
RSENSE = 100mV/2A = 50mΩ
Equation 5 gives
R GAIN =
2
= 5kΩ
0.004 * 0.1
A suitable preferred value is 5.1kΩ. This gives a systematic error of +2%, which can be compensated elsewhere in the
system if desired. Figure 2 shows the resulting schematic.
Figure 2. Example Circuit using ZXCT1107/ZXCT1109
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Application Information (cont.)
Alternatively, the ZXCT1110 may be used with a reduced sense voltage if desired. From Equation 3, with ε=4%,
NEW PRODUCT
VSENSE =
0.082
= 0.082/(4-1.8) = 37.2mV
ε − 1 .8
Equation 4 gives
RSENSE = 37.2mV/2A = 18.6mΩ
A suitable preferred value is 20mΩ. Then the sense voltage will be 2A * 20mΩ = 40mV.
Equation 5 gives
R GAIN =
2
= 12500Ω
0.004 * 0.04
A suitable preferred value is 13kΩ.
The alternative example circuit using the ZXCT1110 with a sense voltage of 40mV is shown in Figure 3, giving the required
overall accuracy of ±6%.
20mΩ
VSUPPLY
ZXCT1110
S+
S-
GND
OUT
ILOAD
LOAD
OUTPUT
VOUT
13k
GND
Figure 3. Example Circuit using ZXCT1110
Protection Against Load Short Circuit
In the event of a load short circuit or overload, a large proportion of the supply voltage may appear between the sense
terminals. The supply may be current limited, but there is normally a large reservoir capacitor which can deliver enough
energy to damage the ZXCT11xx before the supply voltage falls to a safe level due to current limit activation.
The ZXCT11xx is rated for a maximum sense voltage of +0.8V, but is safe if the input current is limited to ±8.5mA. In Figure
4, the resistor RPROT limits the current and therefore protects the current monitor device against load short circuit without
introducing significant current measurement error.
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
Document number: DS35033 Rev. 1 - 2
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LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
NEW PRODUCT
Application Information (cont.)
Figure 4. Protection and EMC Filtering
EMC Susceptibility
In many applications, the circuit is required to operate in the presence of RF radiation. This radiation is coupled into the
circuit via the supply or load connections and will often cause significant bias shift due to rectification within the integrated
circuit. The bias shift may lead to erroneous operation of the integrated circuit. In Figure 4, a low pass filter, RPROT and C1,
provides significant attenuation in the VHF and UHF regions. The value of C1 is recommended to be in the range of 10pF to
47pF, leadless ceramic type.
PCB Layout Considerations
It is necessary to take into account a small volt drop in the PCB copper and solder joints to RSENSE. Such volt drops can
create noticeable error at currents of the order of 1A and greater. The PCB must be designed to provide the maximum
possible copper carrying current via the sense resistor, and the traces from the S+ and S- pins must be connected only to the
resistor pads. In this way, the effect of the copper is minimized.
If used, the capacitor C1 should be placed very close the input pins S+ and S-.
Application: High Voltage Current Monitor
The schematic of Figure 5 shows how the current monitor may be used in a high voltage application such as a TV LED
backlight system. In this configuration the 500V PNP transistor Q1 drops a large proportion of the supply voltage. Diode D2
limits the differential input voltage to a safe level under overload conditions. The voltage across U1 is limited by the zener
diode D1. The output current of U1 is limited to about 3mA by the D2. As RGAIN is typically a few kΩ, the output voltage is
therefore limited to a few volts. An additional output clamping diode may be required for higher gains. R1 is chosen to
give a suitable bias current in D1 for the given supply voltage range.
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
Document number: DS35033 Rev. 1 - 2
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NEW PRODUCT
LOW POWER HIGH-SIDE CURRENT MONITORS
Figure 5. 450V Current Monitor
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
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Ordering Information
Order Reference
Package
ZXCT1107SA-7
ZXCT1109SA-7
ZXCT1110W5-7
SOT23
SOT23
SOT23-5
Device
Marking
1107
1109
1110
Reel Size
7”, 180mm
7”, 180mm
7”, 180mm
Quantity
Per Reel
3000
3000
3000
Tape Width
(mm)
8
8
8
Package Outline Dimensions (All Dimensions in mm)
Package type: SOT23
Package type: SOT23-5
ZXCT1107/1109/1110
Document number: DS35033 Rev. 1 - 2
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IMPORTANT NOTICE
NEW PRODUCT
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the express written approval of the Chief Executive Officer of Diodes Incorporated. As used herein:
A. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which:
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Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems.
Copyright © 2011, Diodes Incorporated
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