AD AD7886JD Lc2mos 12-bit, 750 khz/1 mhz, sampling adc Datasheet

a
LC2MOS
12-Bit, 750 kHz/1 MHz, Sampling ADC
AD7886
FEATURES
750 kHz/1 MHz Throughput Rate
1 ms/750 ns Conversion Time
12-Bit No Missed Codes Over Temperature
67 dB SNR at 100 kHz Input Frequency
Low Power—250 mW typ
Fast Bus Access Time—57 ns max
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
VDD
R3
R5
10k
3.5k
VIN1
R4
–
+
VIN2
10k
APPLICATIONS
Digital Signal Processing
Speech Recognition and Synthesis
Spectrum Analysis
DSP Servo Control
+5REF
R1
9k
SUM
R2
6.3k
VREF
4096
RESISTOR
DAC
AGND
CLOCK
OSCILLATOR
AND TIMER
T/H
CS
RD CONVST
CONTROL
TIMER
4-BIT
LATCH
15
COMPARATORS
AND
4-BIT FLASH
LOGIC
DB11
4-BIT
LATCH
The AD7886 is a 12-bit ADC with a sample-and-hold amplifier
offering high speed performance combined with low power dissipation. The AD7886 is a triple pass flash ADC that uses 15
comparators in a 4-bit flash technique to achieve 12-bit accuracy
in 1 µs/750 ns conversion time. An on-chip clock oscillator provides the appropriate timing for each of the three conversion
stages, eliminating the need for any external clocks. Acquisition
time of the sample-and-hold amplifier gives a resulting throughput rate of 750 kHz/1 MHz.*
The AD7886 operates from ± 5 V power supplies. Pin-strappable
inputs offer a choice of three analog input ranges: 0 V to 5 V,
0 V to 10 V or ± 5 V.
In addition to the traditional dc accuracy specifications such as
linearity, offset and full-scale errors, the AD7886 is also specified for dynamic performance parameters, including harmonic
distortion and signal-to-noise ratio.
The AD7886 has a high speed digital interface with three-state
data outputs. Conversion control is provided by a CONVST input. Data access is controlled by CS and RD inputs, standard
microprocessor signals. The data access time of less than 57 ns
means that the AD7886 can interface directly to most modern
microprocessors, including DSP processors.
*Contact your local salesperson for further information on the 1 MHz
version.
THREE
STATE
OUTPUTS
DB0
4-BIT
LATCH
SEGMENT SELECT
AD7886
VSS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
BUSY
DGND
The AD7886 is fabricated in Analog Devices’ Linear Compatible CMOS process, a mixed technology process that
combines precision bipolar circuits with low power CMOS
logic.
The AD7886 is available in both a 28-pin DIP and a 28-pin
leaded chip carrier.
PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
1. Fast 1.33 µs/1 µs Throughput Time.
Fast throughput time makes the AD7886 suitable for a
wide range of data acquisition applications.
2. Dynamic Specifications for DSP Users.
The AD7886 is specified for ac parameters, including
signal-to-noise ratio, harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion. Key digital timing parameters are
also tested and guaranteed over the full operating temperature range.
3. Fast Microprocessor Interface.
Standard control signals, CS and RD, and fast bus access times make the AD7886 easy to interface to microprocessors.
4. Low Power.
LC2MOS fabrication process gives low power dissipation of 250 mW.
REV. B
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 617/329-4700
World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com
Fax: 617/326-8703
© Analog Devices, Inc., 1997
(V = +5 V 6 5%, V = –5 V 6 5%, A6ND = DGND = O V, V = –3.5 V, connected
AD7886–SPECIFICATIONS
as shown in Figure 2. All Specifications T to T unless otherwise noted. Specifications apply for 750 kHz version.)
DD
MIN
SS
REF
MAX
J Version1
K, B Versions1
T Version1
Units
Test Conditions/Comments
65
–75
–77
67
–75
–77
65
–75
–77
dB min
dB typ
dB typ
VIN = 100 kHz Sine Wave, fSAMPLE = 750 kHz
VIN = 100 kHz Sine Wave, fSAMPLE = 750 kHz
VIN = 100 kHz Sine Wave, fSAMPLE = 750 kHz
–80
–80
–80
–80
–80
–80
dB typ
dB typ
fa = 96 kHz, fb = 103 kHz, fSAMPLE = 750 kHz
12
12
±2
12
±2
Bits
LSB max
12
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
12
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
+5
12
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
±5
Bits
LSB max
LSB max
LSB max
LSB max
LSB max
LSB max
LSB max
LSB max
ANALOG INPUT
Unipolar Input Current
Bipolar Input Current
1.5
± 0.75
1.5
± 0.75
1.5
± 0.75
mA max
mA max
Input Ranges: 0 V to 5 V or 0 V to 10 V
Input Range: ± 5 V
REFERENCE INPUT
VREF
Input Reference Current
R1, Resistance
R2, Resistance
R2/R1 Ratio
–3.5
–10
9
6.3
0.7
–3.5
–10
9
6.3
0.7
–3.5
–10
9
6.3
0.7
Volts
mA max
kΩ nom
kΩ nom
nom
± 2% For Specified Performance
± 25%
± 25%
± 0.1%
VDD Only, (FS Change)
VSS Only, (FS Change)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
LSB typ
LSB typ
VSS = –5 V, VDD = +4.75 V to +5.25 V
VDD = +5 V, VSS = –4.75 V to –5.25 V
LOGIC INPUTS
Input High Voltage, VINH
Input Low Voltage, VINL
Input Current, IIN
Input Capacitance, CIN4
2.4
0.8
± 10
10
2.4
0.8
± 10
10
2.4
0.8
± 10
10
V min
V max
µA max
pF max
VDD = 5 V ± 5%
VDD = 5 V ± 5%
VIN = 0 V to VDD
4
0.4
4
0.4
4
0.4
V min
V max
ISOURCE = 200 µA
ISINK = 1.6 mA
± 10
15
± 10
15
± 10
15
pA max
pF max
+5
–5
35
–35
250
350
+5
–5
35
–35
250
350
+5
–5
35
–35
250
350
V nom
V nom
mA max
mA max
mW typ
mW max
Parameter
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE2
Signal-to-Noise Ratio3 (SNR)
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Peak Harmonic or Spurious Noise
Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)
Second Order Terms
Third Order Terms
ACCURACY
Resolution
Integral Linearity TMIN to TMAX
Minimum Resolution for Which
No Missing Codes Are Guaranteed
Unipolar Offset Error @ +25°C
TMIN to TMAX
Bipolar Offset Error @ +25°C
TMIN to TMAX
Unipolar Gain Error @ +25°C
TMIN to TMAX
Bipolar Gain Error @ +25°C
TMIN to TMAX
Input Range: 0 V to 5 V or 0 V to 10 V
Input Range: ± 5 V
Input Range: 0 V to 5 V or 0 V to 10 V
Input Range: ± 5 V
POWER SUPPLY REJECTION
LOGIC OUTPUTS
DB11–DB0, BUSY
Output High Voltage, VOH
Output Low Voltage, VOL
DB11–DB0
Floating-State Leakage Current
Floating-State Output Capacitance4
POWER REQUIREMENTS
VDD
VSS
IDD
ISS
Power Dissipation
± 5% for Specified Performance
± 5% for Specified Performance
Typically 25 mA, CONVST = CS = RD = VDD
Typically 25 mA, CONVST = CS = RD = VDD
CONVST = CS = RD = VDD
NOTES
I
Temperature ranges are as follows: J, K Versions: 0°C to +70°C; B Version: –40°C to +85°C; T Version: –55°C to + 125°C.
2
Applies to all three input ranges, V IN = 0 to FS, pk-to-pk V.
3
SNR calculation includes distortion and noise components.
4
Sample tested @ +25°C to ensure compliance.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
–2–
REV. B
AD7886
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS1 (V
Parameter
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7 3
t8
t9 3
t10
t11
t12
t13
tCONV
DD
= +5 V 6 5%, VSS = –5 V 6 5%, AGND = DGND = 0 V)
Limit at
Limit at
TMIN, TMAX
TMIN, TMAX
(J, K Versions) (B Version)
Limit at
TMIN, TMAX
(T Version)
Units
Conditions/Comments
50
1
0
0
60
100
57
10
50
20
10
10
100
0
0
250
1.333
950
1000
50
1
0
0
75
100
70
10
60
14
0
10
100
0
0
250
1.333
950
1000
ns min
Fs max
ns min
ns min
ns min
ns max
ns max
ns min
ns max
ns min
ns min
ns min
ns max
ns min
ns min
ns typ
µs min
ns typ
ns max
CONVST Pulse Width
50
1
0
0
60
100
57
10
50
20
10
10
100
0
0
250
1.333
950
1000
CS to RD Setup Time
CS to RD Hold Time
RD Pulse Width
CONVST to BUSY Propagation Delay, (CL = 10 pF)
Data Access Time After RD
Bus Relinquish Time After RD
Data Setup Time Prior to BUSY, (CL = 20 pF)
Data Setup Time Prior to BUSY, (CL = 100 pF)
Bus Relinquish Time After CONVST
CS High to CONVST Low
BUSY High to RD Low
BUSY High to CONVST Low, SHA Acquisition Time
Sampling Interval
Conversion Time
NOTES
1
Timing specifications in bold print are 100% production tested. All other times are sample tested at +25°C to ensure compliance. All input signals are specified with tr =
tf = 5 ns (10% to 90% of 5 V) and timed from a voltage level of 1.6 V.
2
t6 is measured with the load circuit of Figure 1 and defined as the time required for an output to cross 0.8 V or 2.4 V.
3
t7 and t9 are derived from the measured time taken by the data outputs to change by 0.5 V when loaded with the circuit of Figure 1. The measured number is then extrapolated back to remove the effects of charging or discharging the load capacitor, C L. This means that the times, t7 and t9, quoted in the timing characteristics are the true bus
relinquish times of the part and as such are independent of external bus loading capacitances.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
I OL
TO OUTPUT
PIN
+2.1V
CL
IOH
Figure 1. Load Circuit for Bus Access and Relinquish Time
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS 1, 2
(TA= +25°C unless otherwise noted)
VDD to AGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.3 V to +7 V
VSS to AGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +0.3 V to –7 V
AGND to DGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.3 V to VDD +0.3 V
VIN1, VIN2, SUM, +5REF to AGND . . . . . . –15 V to +15 V
VREF to AGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VSS –0.3 V to VDD +0.3 V
Digital Inputs to DGND
CS, RD, CONVST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.3 V to VDD +0.3 V
Digital Outputs to DGND
DB0 to DB11, BUSY . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.3 V to VDD +0.3 V
Operating Temperature Range
Commercial (J, K Versions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to +70°C
Industrial (B Version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –40°C to +85°C
Extended (T Version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –55°C to +125°C
Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . .–65°C to + 150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 secs) . . . . . . . . . . . . +300°C
Power Dissipation (Any Package) to +75°C . . . . . . 1000 mW
Derates above +75°C by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 mW/°C
NOTES
1
Stresses above those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause
permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation
of the device at these or any other conditions above those listed in the operational
sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating
conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
2
If VSS is open circuited with V DD and AGND applied, the V SS pin will be pulled
positive, exceeding the Absolute Maximum Ratings. If this possibility exists, a
Schottky diode from V SS to DGND (cathode end to GND) ensures that the
CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection.
Although the AD7886 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may
occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD
precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.
REV. B
–3–
WARNING!
ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE
AD7886
ORDERING GUIDE
Model1, 2
Temperature
Range
SNR
(dBs)
AD7886JD
AD7886KD
AD7886JP
AD7886KP
AD7886BD
AD7886TD
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
–40°C to +85°C
–55°C to +125°C
65
67
65
67
67
65
Integral
Nonlinearity
(LSBs)
± 2.0
± 2.0
± 2.0
± 2.0
Package
Option3
D-28
D-28
P-28A2
P-28A2
D-28
D-28
NOTES
1Contact your sales office for availability of AD7886BD, AD7886TD and 1 MHz version.
2
Analog Devices reserves the right to ship J-Leaded Ceramic Chip Carrier (JLCCC) in lieu of PLCC packages.
3
D = Ceramic DIP; P = Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier.
PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
DIP Pin
Number
Mnemonic
Power Supply
10 & 19
VDD
15 & 24
VSS
16 & 23
AGND
5
DGND
Description
Positive Power Supply, +5 V ± 5%. Both VDD pins must be tied together.
Negative Power Supply, –5 V ± 5%. Both VSS pins must be tied together.
Analog Ground. Both AGND pins must be tied together.
Digital Ground.
Analog and Reference Inputs
17 & 18
VIN
Analog Inputs, VIN1 and VIN2. The part can be pin strapped for any one of three analog input ranges;
20
+5REF
21
SUM
22
VREF
Interface and Control
1–4,
DB7–DB4
6–9,
DB3–DB0
25–28
DB11–DB8
11
BUSY
12
CS
13
RD
14
CONVST
Range
Pin Strap
Signal Input
0 V to 5 V
0 V to 10 V
±5 V
Connect VIN2 to VIN1
Connect VIN2 to GND
Connect VIN2 to +5 V
VIN1 & VIN2
VIN1
VIN1
+5 V Reference input. This input is used in conjunction with SUM and VREF inputs to scale an external
+5 V reference to –3.5 V, the required reference for the part (see Figure 2).
Summing Point. This input is used in conjunction with +5REF and VREF inputs to scale an external
+5 V reference to –3.5 V, the required reference for the part (see Figure 2).
Voltage Reference Input. The AD7886 is specified with VREF = –3.5 V.
Three-state data outputs.
These outputs are controlled by CS and RD. DB11 is the Most Significant Bit (MSB).
BUSY Output indicates converter status. BUSY is low during conversion.
Chip Select Input. The device is selected when this input is low.
Read Input. This active low signal, in conjunction with CS, is used to enable the output data three-state
drivers.
Conversion Start Input. This input is used to start conversion.
–4–
REV. B
AD7886
PIN CONFIGURATIONS
PLCC
DB7
1
28 DB8
DB4
DB5
DB6
DB7
DB8
DB9
DB10
DIP
DB6
2
27 DB9
4
3
2
1
28
27
26
DB5
3
26 DB10
DB4
4
25 DB11
DGND
5
25 DB11
DGND
5
24 VSS
DB3
6
24 VSS
DB3
6
23 AGND
DB2
7
DB2
7
DB1
8
DB1
8
DB0
9
DB0
9
21 SUM
20 +5REF
CONVST 14
12
13
15 VSS
14
15
16
17
18
VIN2
16 AGND
VIN1
RD 13
19 VDD
BUSY 11
AGND
17 VIN1
20 +5REF
VSS
CS 12
21 SUM
CONVST
18 VIN2
22 VREF
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
VDD 10
19 VDD
BUSY 11
23 AGND
AD7886
RD
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
22 VREF
CS
VDD 10
AD7886
TERMINOLOGY
Unipolar Offset Error
The ideal first code transition should occur when the analog
input is 1 LSB above AGND. The deviation of the actual transition from that point is termed the offset error.
Bipolar Zero Error
The ideal midscale transition (i.e., 0111 1111 1111 to 1000
0000 0000) for the +5 V range should occur when the analog
input is at zero volts. Bipolar zero error is the deviation of the
actual transition from that point.
Gain Error
In the unipolar mode, gain error is measured with respect to the
first and last code transition points. The ideal difference between these points is FS–2 LSBs. For bipolar applications, the
gain error is measured from the midscale transition to both the
first and last code transitions. The ideal difference in this case is
FS/2–1 LSB. The gain error is defined as the deviation between
the ideal difference, given above, and the measured difference.
For the bipolar case, there are two gain errors; the figure in the
specification page represents the worst case. Ideal FS depends
on the +5REF input; for the 0 V to 5 V input, ideal FS = +5REF
and for the 0 V to 10 V and +5 V ranges, ideal FS = 2 × + 5REF.
result. The 12 bits of data are then stored internally in a threestate output latch.
REFERENCE INPUT
The AD7886 operates from a 3.5 V reference, which must be
provided at the VREF input. Two on-chip resistors for use with
an external amplifier can be used for deriving 3.5 V from standard 5 V references. Figure 2 shows an example with the AD586
which a is a high performance voltage reference exhibiting
excellent stability performance, 5 ppm/°C max. The external
amplifier serves a second function of force/sensing the VREF
input. Force/sensing minimizes error contributions from
+V
+VIN
VOUT
AD586
R1
9k
GND
SUM
CONVERTER DETAILS
–
+
–3.5V
AD7886*
R2
6.3k
AD707
The AD7886 is a triple-pass flash ADC that uses 15 comparators in a 4-bit flash technique to perform the 12-bit conversion
procedure. Each of the 4096 quantization levels is realized internally with a precision resistor DAC.
VREF
TO DAC
AGND
The fifteen comparators first compare the analog input voltage
to the VREF/16 voltages of the resistor array. This determines the
four most significant bits and selects 1 out of 16 voltage segments. The comparators are then switched to 15 subvoltages on
that segment to determine the next four bits and select 1 out of
256 voltage segments. A further switching of the comparators to
another 15 subvoltages produces the complete 12-bit conversion
REV. B
+5REF
+5V
C1
10µF
C2
0.1µF
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
Figure 2. Typical Reference Circuitry
–5–
AD7886
this amplifier typically by 20 MHz which is much greater than
the Nyquist limit of the ADC; as a result, it can be used for
undersampling applications. The track-and-hold amplifier acquires the input signal to 12-bit accuracy in less than 333 ns.
The overall throughput time is equal to the conversion time
plus the track/ hold amplifier acquisition time, which is 1.333 µs
for the AD7886.
+ 5V
AIN
VDD
VIN1
0 TO 5V
OR
0 TO 10V
VIN2**
AGND
+V
The operation of the track/hold amplifier is essentially transparent to the user. The track-to-hold transition occurs at the start
of conversion on the falling edge of CONVST. The conversion
procedure does not start until the rising edge of CONVST. The
width of the CONVST pulse low time determines the track-to
hold settling time. The track/hold reverts back to the track
mode at the end of conversion when BUSY has returned high.
AD7886*
+VIN
VOUT + 5V
+ 5REF
AD586
GND
SUM
AD707
0 TO 5V ANALOG INPUT RANGE
–
3.5k
VIN1
VIN2
10k
10k
+
C1
10µF
– 5V
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
**0 TO 5V RANGE: CONNECT VIN2 TO VIN1
0 TO 10V RANGE: CONNECT VIN2 TO AGND
3.5k
VIN2
C2
0.1µF
TO
COMPARATORS
0 TO 10V ANALOG INPUT RANGE
VIN1
VREF
VSS
–
0 TO 5V
0 TO 10V
– 3.5V
+
Figure 4. Unipolar Operation
10k
–
10k
+
OUTPUT
CODE
TO
COMPARATORS
11...111
11...110
±5V ANALOG INPUT RANGE
11...101
3.5k
11...100
±5V
+5V
VIN1
VIN2
10k
–
1LSB =
00...011
10k
+
TO
COMPARATORS
FS
4096
00...010
00...001
Figure 3. Analog Input Range Configurations
00...000
1
ANALOG INPUT RANGES
2
FS
3
VIN, INPUT VOLTAGE (LSBS)
The AD7886 has three user selectable analog input ranges: 0 V
to 5 V, 0 V to 10 V and ± 5 V. Figure 3 shows how to configure
the two analog inputs (VIN1 and VIN2) for these ranges.
FS – 1LSB
Figure 5. Ideal Input/Output Transfer Characteristic for
Unipolar Operation
UNIPOLAR OPERATION
Figure 4 shows a typical unipolar circuit for the AD7886. The
ideal input/output characteristic is shown in Figure 5. The
designed code transitions occur on integer multiples of 1 LSB.
The output code is natural binary with 1 LSB = FS/4096. FS is
either +5 V or +10 V, depending on how the analog inputs are
configured.
–6–
REV. B
AD7886
OFFSET AND GAIN ADJUSTMENT
BIPOLAR OPERATION
In most digital signal processing (DSP) applications, offset and
full-scale errors have little or no effect on system performance.
Offset error can usually be eliminated in the analog domain by
ac coupling. Full-scale errors do not cause problems as long as
the input signal is within the full dynamic range of the ADC.
For applications requiring that the input signal range match the
full analog input dynamic range of the ADC, offset and fullscale errors must be adjusted to zero.
Bipolar operation is achieved by providing a +10 V span on
the VIN1 input while offsetting the VIN2 input by +5 V. A
typical circuit is shown in Figure 7. The output code is offset binary. The ideal input/output transfer characteristic is
shown in Figure 8. The LSB size is (10/4096) V = 2.44 mV.
+ 5V
VDD
UNIPOLAR OFFSET AND GAIN ERROR ADJUSTMENT
AIN
If absolute accuracy is an application requirement, offset and
gain can be adjusted to zero. Offset error must be adjusted before gain error. Zero offset is achieved by adjusting the offset of
the op amp driving the analog input (i.e., A1 in Figure 6). For
zero offset error, apply a voltage of 1 LSB to AIN and adjust
the op amp offset until the ADC output code flickers between
0000 0000 0000 and 0000 0000 0001.
VIN2
+V
AGND
+VIN
VOUT
+ 5V
+ 5REF
AD586
0 V to 5 V Range: 1 LSB = 1.22 mV
0 V to 10 V Range: 1 LSB = 2.44 mV
GND
SUM
For zero gain, error apply an analog input voltage equal to
FS–1 LSB (last code transition) at AIN and adjust R3 until the
ADC output code flickers between 1111 1111 1110 and 1111
1111 1111.
0 V to 5 V Range:
VIN1
± 5V
AD7886*
AD707
–
– 3.5V
+
FS–1 LSB = 4.99878 V
VREF
VSS
0 V to 10 V Range: FS–1 LSB = 9.99756 V
C1
10µF
+ 5V
C2
0.1µF
– 5V
AD845
AIN
VDD
+
0 TO 5V
OR
0 TO 10V
A1
VIN1
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
–
Figure 7. Bipolar Operation
VIN2**
OUTPUT
CODE
+V
AGND
+VIN
11...111
11...110
+ 5V
VOUT
+ 5REF
11...101
R1
82k
AD586
10...010
SUM
GND
AD707
R3
5k
–
+
10...001
– 3.5V
10...000
V REF
+1LSB
01...110
C1
10µF
C2
0.1µF
–1LSB
+ FS
– 1LSB
2
01...111
AD7886*
R2
56k
– FS
+1LSB
2
VSS
01...101
FS = 10V
1LSB =
FS
4096
00...001
– 5V
00...000
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
**0 TO 5V RANGE: CONNECT VIN2 TO VIN1
0 TO 10V RANGE: CONNECT VIN2 TO AGND
VIN, INPUT VOLTAGE – LSBs
Figure 8. Ideal Input/Output Characteristics for
Bipolar Operation
Figure 6. Unipolar Operation with Gain Error Adjust
REV. B
–7–
AD7886
BIPOLAR OFFSET AND GAIN ADJUSTMENT
In applications where absolute accuracy is important, offset and
gain error can be adjusted to zero. Offset is adjusted by trimming the voltage at the VIN1 or VIN2 input when the analog input is at zero volts. This can be achieved by adjusting the offset
of an external amplifier used to drive either of these inputs (see
A1 in Figure 9). The trim procedure is as follows:
Apply zero volts at AIN and adjust the offset of A1 until the
ADC output code flickers between 0111 1111 1111 and 1000
0000 0000.
Gain error can be adjusted at either the first code transition
(ADC negative full scale) or the last code transition (ADC positive full scale). Adjusting the reference, as in Figure 9, will trim
the positive gain error only. The trim procedure is as follows:
Data read operations are controlled by the CS and RD inputs.
These digital inputs, when low, enable the AD7886’s threestate output latches. Note, these latches cannot be enabled during conversion. In applications where CS and RD are tied permanently low, as in Figure 11, the data bus will go into the
three-state condition at the start of conversion and return to its
active state when conversion is complete. Tying CS and RD
permanently low is useful when external latches are used to
store the conversion results. The data bus becomes active before
BUSY returns high at the end of conversion, so that BUSY can
be used as a clocking signal for the external latches.
A typical DSP application would have a timer connected to the
CONVST input for precise sampling intervals. BUSY would be
connected to the interrupt of a microprocessor that would be
asserted at the end of every conversion. The microprocessor
would then assert the CS and RD inputs and read the data from
the ADC. For applications where both data reading and conversion control need to be managed by a microprocessor, a CONVST
pulse can be decoded from the address bus. One decoding possibility is that a write instruction to the ADC address starts a
conversion, and a read instruction reads the conversion result.
Apply a voltage of 4.99756 V, (FS/2–1 LSB) at AIN and
adjust R3 until the output code flickers between 1111 1111
1110 and 1111 11111111.
If the first code transition needs adjusting, a gain trim must be
included in the analog signal path. The trim procedure will then
consist of applying an analog signal of –4.99756 V (–FS/2+1 LSB)
and adjusting the trim until the output code flickers between
0000 0000 0000 and 0000 0000 0001.
TRACK-TO-HOLD
TRANSITION
+ 5V
t 13
AD845
AIN
+
± 5V
VDD
t1
CONVST
–
t 10
HOLD TO
TRACK
TRANSITION
CS
VIN2
t12
CONVERSION
START
VIN1
A1
+V
t2
AGND
+VIN
VOUT
RD
+ 5V
+ 5REF
R1
82k
AD586
GND
R3
5k
C1
10µF
C2
0.1µF
t11
BUSY
SUM
t7
t6
DATA
AD7886*
R2
56k
t4
t5
t CONV
AD707
– 3.5V
–
VREF
+
t3
DATA
VALID
HIGH IMPEDANCE
Figure 10. Conversion Start and Data Read Timing
Diagram
VSS
– 5V
TRACK-TO-HOLD
TRANSITION
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
t 13
Figure 9. Bipolar Operation with Gain Error Adjust
CONVST
t1
TIMING AND CONTROL
Conversion start is controlled by the CONVST input (see Figures 10 and 11). A high to low going edge on the CONVST input puts the track/hold amplifier into the hold mode. The ADC
conversion procedure does not begin until a rising CONVST
pulse edge occurs. The width of the CONVST pulse low time
determines the track-to-hold settling time. The BUSY output,
which indicates the status of the ADC, goes low while conversion is in progress. At the end of conversion BUSY returns high,
indicating that new data is available on the AD7886’s output
latches. The track/hold amplifier returns to the track mode at
the end of conversion and remains there until the next
CONVST pulse. Conversion starts must not be attempted while
conversion is in progress as this will cause erroneous results.
t5
CONVERSION
START
t 12
t CONV
BUSY
t9
DATA
t8
HIGH IMPEDANCE
HOLD TO TRACK
TRANSITION
DATA
VALID
Figure 11. Conversion Start and Data Read
Timing Diagram, (CS = RD = 0 V)
–8–
REV. B
AD7886
Figure 13 shows a typical plot of effective number of bits versus
frequency for a sampling frequency of 750 kHz. Input frequency
range for this particular graph was limited by the test equipment
to FS/4. The effective number of bits typically falls between
10.9 and 11.2, corresponding to SNR figures of 67.38 dB and
69.18 dB.
12
EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF BITS
AD7886 DYNAMIC SPECIFICATIONS
The AD7886 is specified for dynamic performance specifications as well as traditional dc specifications such as integral and
differential nonlinearity. These ac specifications are required for
signal processing applications such as speech recognition, spectrum analysis and high speed modems. These applications require
information on the ADC’s effect on the spectral content of the
input signal. Hence, the parameters for which the AD7886 is
specified include SNR, harmonic distortion, intermodulation
distortion and peak harmonics. These terms are discussed in
more detail in the following sections.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
SNR is the measured signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the
ADC. The signal is the rms magnitude of the fundamental.
Noise is the rms sum of all the nonfundamental signals up to
half the sampling frequency (FS/2), excluding dc. SNR is dependent upon the number of quantization levels used in the
digitization process; the more levels, the smaller the quantization noise. The theoretical signal to noise ratio for a sine wave
input is given by
SNR = (6.02N + 1.76) dB
11.5
11
10.5
SAMPLING FREQUENCY = 750kHz
TA = 25 C
10
0
(1)
FS/4
INPUT FREQUENCY
Figure 13. Effective Number of Bits vs. Frequency
where N is the number of bits. Thus, for an ideal 12-bit converter, SNR = 74 dB.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
The output spectrum from the ADC is evaluated by applying a
sine wave signal of very low distortion to the VIN input, which
is sampled at a 750 kHz sampling rate. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plot is generated from which the SNR data can be
obtained. Figure 12 shows a typical 2048 point FFT plot with
an input signal of 100 kHz and a sampling frequency of 750 kHz.
THD is the ratio of the rms sum of harmonics to the fundamental. For the AD7886, THD is defined as
2
THD = 20 log
2
2
2
V 2 +V 3 +V 4 +V 5 +V 6
V1
2
(3)
where V1 is the rms amplitude of the fundamental and V2, V3,
V4, V5 and V6 are the rms amplitudes of the second through the
sixth harmonic. The THD is also derived from the FFT plot of
the ADC output spectrum.
Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)
With inputs consisting of sine waves at two frequencies, fa and
fb, any active device with nonlinearities will create distortion
products at sum and difference frequencies of mfa ± nfb where
m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. Intermodulation terms are those for which
neither m nor n are equal to zero. For example, the second order terms include (fa + fb) and (fa – fb) while the third order
terms include (2fa + fb), (2fa – fb), (fa + 2fb) and (fa – 2fb).
Figure 12. AD7886 FFT Plot
The SNR obtained from this graph is 68 dB. It should be noted
that the harmonics are taken into account when calculating the
SNR.
Effective Number of Bits
The formula given in Equation 1 relates the SNR to the number
of bits. Rewriting the formula, as in Equation 2, it is possible to
obtain a measure of performance expressed in effective number of bits (N).
N=
SNR –1.76
6.02
(2)
The effective number of bits for a device can be calculated directly from its measured SNR.
REV. B
Using the CCIF standard, where two input frequencies near the
top end of the input bandwidth are used, the second and third
order terms are of different significance. The second order terms
are usually distanced in frequency from the original sine waves,
while the third order terms are usually at a frequency close to
the input frequencies. As a result, the second and third order
terms are specified separately. The calculation of the intermodulation distortion is per the THD specification where it is the
ratio of the rms sum of the individual distortion products to the
rms amplitude of the fundamental, expressed in dBs. In this
case, the input consists of two, equal amplitude, low distortion
sine waves. Figure 14 shows a typical IMD plot for the AD7886.
Peak Harmonic or Spurious Noise
Peak harmonic or spurious noise is defined as the ratio of the
rms value of the next largest component in the ADC output
spectrum (up to FS/2 and excluding dc) to the rms value of the
fundamental. Normally, the value of this specification will be
–9–
AD7886
determined by the largest harmonic in the spectrum, but for
parts where the harmonics are buried in the noise floor, the peak
will be a noise peak.
TIMER
PA2
PA0
MEN
ADDRESS BUS
ADDR
ENCODE
CONVST
EN
CS
AD7886*
TMS320C10
INT
BUSY
DEN
RD
DB11
DB0
D15
DATA BUS
D0
Figure 14. AD7886 IMD Plot
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
Figure 15. AD7886-TMS320C10 Interface
MICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING
The AD7886 is designed to interface to microprocessors as a
memory mapped device. Its CS and RD control inputs are common to all memory peripheral interfacing. Figures 15 to 21
demonstrate typical interfaces for the AD7886.
TIMER
A15
ADDRESS BUS
A0
AD7886–TMS320C10/TMS32020
Figures 15 and 16 show typical interfaces for the TMS320C10
and the TMS32020 DSP processors. An external timer controls
conversion start to the processor. At the end of each conversion,
the ADC’s BUSY output interrupts the microprocessor. The
conversion result can then be read from the ADC with the following instruction:
IN D,ADC (ADC = ADC address)
IS
ADDR
ENCODE
CONVST
EN
CS
AD7886*
TMS32020
INTn
BUSY
STRB
RD
R/W
AD788S ADSP-2100/TMS320C25/DSP56000
DB11
DB0
Some of the faster DSP processors have data access times outside the capabilities of the AD7886. Interfacing to such processors requires the use of either a single WAIT state or external
latches. Examples are shown in Figures 17, 18 and 19.
D15
DATA BUS
D0
The use of a single WAIT state for the TMS320C25 and the
ADSP-2100 interfaces extends the read instruction to the ADC
by one processor CLK OUT cycle. In the DSP56000 example,
the ADC’s data is first clocked into 74HC374 latches before being read by the processor. The AD7886’s CS and RD inputs are
tied permanently low, and the rising edge of BUSY updates the
latches at the end of conversion. Both methods of overcoming
the very fast data access time required by these processors are
interchangeable, i.e., a WAIT state can be used for the DSP56000,
eliminating the need for latches or vice or versa, for the other
two interfaces.
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
Figure 16. AD7886-TMS32020 Interface
For all three interfaces, an external timer controls conversion
start; the processor is interrupted at the end of each conversion
by the ADC’s BUSY output. The following instruction then
reads data from the ADC:
ADSP-2100 – MR = DM(ADC)
TMS320C25 – IN D,ADC
DSP56000 – MOVEP Y:ADC,XO
Assuming the ADC is memory mapped into the top
64 locations in Y memory space. (ADC = ADC address)
–10–
REV. B
AD7886
TIMER
CLK
OUT
DMA13
ADDRESS BUS
DMA0
CONVST
CS
ADDR
ENCODE
DMS
EN
AD7886*
+ 5V
DMACK
Q
CLR
74HC74 D
ADSP-2100
CLK
IRQn
BUSY
DMRD
RD
DB11
DB0
DMD15
DATA BUS
DMD0
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
AD7886–MC68000
Applications requiring conversions to be initiated by the microprocessor rather than an external timer may decode a CONVST
signal from the address bus. An example is given in Figure 20
with the MC68000 processor. A write instruction starts conversion while a read instruction reads the data when conversion is
complete. A delay at least as long as the ADC conversion time
must be allowed between initiating a conversion and reading the
ADC data into the processor. In Figure 20, BUSY is used to
drive the processor into a WAIT state if the processor attempts
to read data before conversion is complete.
Conversion is initiated with a write instruction to the ADC:
Move.W D0,ADC
(ADC = ADC address)
Data is transferred to the processor with a read instruction;
BUSY will force the processor to WAIT for the end of conversion if a conversion is in progress.
Move.W ADC,DO
(ADC = ADC address)
Figure 17. AD7886–ADSP-2100 Interface
A15
A15
A0
ADDRESS BUS
TMS320C25
IS
ADDRESS BUS
TIMER
A0
ADDR
ENCODE
CONVST
ADDR
ENCODE
CS
CS
EN
AS
EN
CONVST
READY
AD7886*
G2
RD
R/W
MSC
BUSY
DTACK
STRB
RD
R/W
AD7886*
DB11
MC68000
BUSY
INT
DB0
DB11
DB0
D11
D15
DATA BUS
D0
DATA BUS
D0
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
Figure 20. AD7886–MC68000 Interface
Figure 18. AD7886–TMS320C25 Interface
AD7886–Z-80/8085A
TIMER
A15
A0
X/Y
DS
ADDRESS BUS
EN1
CONVST
ADDR
ENCODE
CS
EN2
RD
IRQ
BUSY
AD7886*
RD
DSP56000
OE
CLK
Q11
D11
DB11
Q0
D0
DB0
2X
74HC374
D23
For 8-bit processors, an external latch is required to store four
bits of the conversion result (4 LSBs in Figure 21). The data is
then read in two bytes: one read from the ADC and a second
from the latch.
Figure 21 shows a typical interface suitable for the Z-80 or the
8085A. Not shown in the Figure is the 8-bit latch needed to
demultiplex the 8085A common address/data bus. The following LOAD instruction reads the conversion result into the HL
register pair:
For the 8085A–LHLD
For the Z-80–LDHL
This is a two byte read instruction. The first byte to be read has
to be the high byte (DB11 to DB4). At the end of the first read
operation, the rising edge of CS and RD clocks the 4 LSBs into
74HC374 latches. The second byte (4 LSBs) is then read from
these latches.
DATA BUS
D0
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
Figure 19. AD7886–DSP56000 Interface
REV. B
(ADC) (ADC = ADC address)
(ADC) (ADC = ADC address)
–11–
AD7886
DATA ACQUISITION BOARD
A15
ADDRESS BUS
A0
ADDR
ENCODE
TIMER
Figure 23 shows a typical data acquisition circuit designed for a
microprocessor environment. The corresponding PC board layout and silkscreen are shown in Figures 24 to 26.
CONVST
The analog input to the AD7886 is buffered with an AD845 op
amp. A component grid is provided near the analog input on the
PC board that may be used for an antialiasing filter or any other
conditioning circuitry. To facilitate this option, a link (labeled
LK4) is required on the analog input.
CS
EN
MREQ
RD
RD
INT
BUSY
OE
Z-80
8085A
CLK
Q3
D3
DB3
Q0
D0
DB0
74HC374
An AD586 voltage reference and an AD707 op amp provide the
appropriate reference biasing required by the AD7886. The
ADC’s data outputs are buffered with 74HC374 latches. These
provide data bus isolation and improve data access time. Data
access time is reduced to under 30 ns, allowing interfacing to
virtually any microprocessor, including the high speed DSP processors. Data format can be either a complete parallel load for
16-bit processors or a two-byte load for 8-bit processors.
AD7886*
DB11
DB4
D7
DATA BUS
D0
*ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY
Figure 21. AD7886–Z-80/8085A Interface
APPLICATION HINTS
Good printed circuit (PC) board layout is as important as the
circuit design itself in achieving high speed A/D performance.
The AD7886’s comparators are required to make bit decisions
on an LSB size of 1.22 mV. To achieve this, the designer has to
be conscious of noise in both the ADC itself and in the preceding analog circuitry. Switching mode power supplies are not recommended as the switching spikes will feed through to the
comparator, causing noisy code transitions. Other causes of concern are ground loops and digital feedthrough from microprocessors. These are factors that influence any ADC, and a proper
PC board layout that minimizes these effects is essential for best
performance.
LAYOUT HINTS
Ensure that the layout for the printed circuit board has the digital and analog signal lines separated as much as possible. Take
care not to run any digital track alongside an analog signal track.
Guard (screen) the analog input with AGND.
INTERFACE CONNECTIONS
There are two connectors labeled SKT3 and SKT4. SKT3 is a
96-contact (3-row) connector, which is directly compatible with
the ADSP-2100 evaluation board prototype expansion connector. The expansion connector on the ADSP-2100 board has
eight decoded chip enable outputs labeled ECE1 to ECE8.
ECE6 is used to select the AD7886 data acquisition board. To
avoid selecting on-board RAM sockets at the same time, LK6
on the ADSP-2100 board must be removed. In addition, the
ADSP-2100 expansion connector has four interrupts labeled
EIRQ0 to EIRQ3. The AD7886’s BUSY output connects to
EIRQ0. SKT3 pinout is shown in Figure 23.
Data format to the ADSP-2100 connector is left justified, i.e.,
DB11 of the conversion result is connected to DMD15 of the
connector. DMD3 to DMD0 are always zero.
SKT4 is a 22-way (2 row) pin-header connector. This connector contains all the signal contacts as SKT3 with the exception
of EDMACK and the 4 trailing zeros of the 16-bit data word.
Only the 12-bit conversion results go to SKT4. The pinout is
shown in Figure 22.
Establish a single point analog ground (star ground) separate
from the logic system ground at the AD7886 AGND or as close
as possible to the AD7886. Connect all other grounds and the
AD7886 DGND to this single analog ground point. Do not
connect any other digital grounds to this analog ground point.
Because low impedance analog and digital power supply common returns are essential to low noise operation of the ADC,
make the foil width for these tracks as wide as possible. The use
of ground planes minimizes impedance paths and also guards
the analog circuitry from digital noise. The circuit layout of Figures 25 and 26 have both analog and digital ground planes that are
kept separated and only joined together at the AD7886 AGND.
NOISE
Keep the input signal leads to VIN and signal return leads from
AGND as short as possible to minimize input noise coupling. In
applications where this is not possible, use a shielded cable between the source and the ADC. Reduce the ground circuit impedance as much as possible since any potential difference in
grounds between the signal source and the ADC appears as an
error voltage in series with the input signal.
–12–
DB0
22
21
DB1
DB2
20
19
DB3
DB4
18
17
DB5
DB6
16
15
DB7
DB8
14
13
DB9
DB10
12
11
DB11
BUSY
10
9
OUT1
CS
8
7
OUT2
NC
6
5
RD
VCC
4
3
VCC
DGND
2
1
DGND
NC = NO CONNECT
Figure 22. SKT4 Pinout
REV. B
AD7886
POWER SUPPLY CONNECTIONS
The PC board requires two analog power supplies and one 5 V
digital supply. Connections to the analog supply are made directly to the PC board as shown on the silkscreen in Figure 24.
The connections are labeled V+ and V–, and the range for both
of these supplies is 12 V to 15 V. Connection to the 5 V digital
supply is made through either of the two connectors (SKT3 or
SKT4). The +5 V analog supplies required by the AD7886 are
generated from voltage regulators on the V– and V+ power
supplies.
these latches are not required, they may be removed and the
data digital paths shorted out, i.e., latch inputs Dx shorted to
outputs Qx using wire links in the latch sockets. When using the
latches, the AD7886 control inputs, CS and RD, must be tied
low via links 2 and 3. The latches are updated by the rising edge
of the BUSY signal at the end of every conversion. Data is then
read by asserting the latch output enable signals. The alternative
is to remove the latches and assert the ADC’s control inputs
from either of the connectors, SKT3 or SKT4, as outlined in
the data sheet.
Latches Included
Insert Link 2
Insert Link 3
LINK OPTIONS
There are five link options, labeled LK1 to LK5, which must be
set before using the board.
LK4 Analog Input Option
LK1 Input Range Select
The AD7886 can accommodate three possible analog input
ranges: 0 V to 5 V, 0 to 10 V and +5 V. The link options are as
follows:
0 V to 5 V
0 V to 10 V
±5 V
Use Link C
Use Link B
Use Link A
LK2 and LK3 Control Input Options
The evaluation board includes two latches to increase the data
access time when interfacing to the faster DSP machines. If
SKT3
96-WAY
CONNECTOR
A31
B11
B18
C22
+V
+ 5V
VCC
DMD15
Q7
D7
74HC374
Q0
IC8
DMD8
ECE6 (OUT1)
O/P
EDMACK
GND
B6
B20
B27
OUT2
DMD7
DMD0
A9
C14
C13
C12
Data format can be 16-bits parallel or two bytes for 8-bit processors. There are two data enable controls for the 74HC374
latches, labeled OUT1 and OUT2. OUT1 enables the 8 MSBs
(IC8), and OUT2 enables the 4 LSBs (IC9). Link options are:
for 16-bit format, include LK5, for a two byte read format,
remove LK5.
C8
0.1µF
VDD
VDD
DB11
+ 5REF
C7
10µF
+V
C14
0.1µF
C13
10µF
VOUT
DB4
IC4
VREF
CLK
+ 5V
IC1
AD7886
VCC
D7
74HC374
D4
IC9
D3
O/P
D2
Q7
D1
D0
Q0
GND
LK5
DB3
DB0
AD707
–
+
C10
0.1µF
C11
10µF
C15
10µF
C16
0.1µF
VIN1
+V
VIN2
A
B
LK1
C4
0.1µF
BUSY
C
IC2
–
AD845 +
–V
C2
0.1µF
CS
RD
RD
CONVST
AGND
CONVST
VSS
VSS
LK3
–V
IN
– 5V
OUT
79L05
IC6
C9/C17
10µF
C10/C18
0.1µF
GND
CONVST
SKT1
Figure 23. Data Acquisition Circuit Using the AD7886
REV. B
C3
10µF
DGND
CLK
CS
DIGITAL
GND
C5
10µF
GND
AGND
LK2
+V
C6
0.1µF
–V
EIRQ0
A32/B32/
C32
+VIN
AD586
IC3
SUM
D0
C23
0.1µF
LK5
C11
OUT
78L05
IC5
GND
+ 5V
LK4 connects the analog input to a component grid or to a
buffer amplifier that drives the ADC input.
+ 5V
IN
C19
10µF
C20
0.1µF
+ 5V
Latches Removed
Remove Link 2
Remove Link 3
–13–
LK4
C1
10µF
SKT2
ANALOG
INPUT
AD7886
COMPONENT LIST
IC1
IC2
IC3
IC4
IC5
IC6
IC7
IC8, IC9
AD7886, 12-Bit Sampling ADC
AD845, Op Amp
AD586, Precision Voltage Reference
AD707, Op Amp
MC78L05, + 5 V Regulator
MC79L05, –5 V Regulator
74HC04, Hex Inverter
74HC374, Octal Latches with Three-State
Outputs
C1, C3, C5, C7,
C9, C11, C13, C15
C17, C19, C21
C2, C4, C6, C8,
C10, C12, C14,
C16, C18, C20,
C22, C23
SKT1, SKT2
SKT3
SKT4
10 µF Capacitors
0.1 µF Capacitors
BNC Sockets
96-Contact (3 Row) Eurocard Connector
22-Way (2 Row) Pin Header and Socket
Figure 24. PC Board Silkscreen for Figure 23
–14–
REV. B
AD7886
Figure 25. PC Board Component Side Layout for Figure 23
Figure 26. PC Board Solder Side Layout for Figure 23
REV. B
–15–
AD7886
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).
C1485b–10–4/91
28-Pin Ceramic DIP (D-28)
28-Pin PLCC (P-28A)
0.048 (1.21)
0.042 (1.07)
4
5
PIN 1
IDENTIFIER
0.056 (1.42)
0.042 (1.07)
26
25
0.020
(0.50)
R
0.021 (0.53)
0.013 (0.33)
0.050
(1.27)
BSC
TOP VIEW
(PINS DOWN)
11
12
0.025 (0.63)
0.015 (0.38)
0.032 (0.81)
0.026 (0.66)
19
18
0.430 (10.92)
0.390 (9.91)
0.040 (1.01)
0.025 (0.64)
0.456 (11.58)
SQ
0.450 (11.43)
0.495 (12.57)
SQ
0.485 (12.32)
0.110 (2.79)
0.085 (2.16)
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
0.048 (1.21)
0.042 (1.07)
0.180 (4.57)
0.165 (4.19)
–16–
REV. B