Phototubes - Hamamatsu Photonics

Phototubes
PHOTOTUBES
■FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
High sensitivity and high stability make phototubes very useful in chemical and medical analytical instruments
which require high reliability.
Phototubes feature a wide dynamic range from several picoamperes to several microamperes, providing signal
Wide dynamic range
output with excellent linearity.
Superior temperature stability Phototubes show virtually no fluctuation with changes in the ambient temperature.
Compared to semiconductor sensors, phototubes offer larger photosensitive area.
Large photosensitive area
Phototubes are designed to operate at a low voltage.
Low voltage operation
High sensitivity and high stability
SPECTRAL RESPONSE RANGE AND APPLICATIONS
Spectral Range
Photocathode
Spectral response in
vacuum UV region only
Cs-I
Vacuum UV region only
Diamond
Solar blind spectral
response
Au (single metal)
Wide spectral response
from UV to infrared
Cs-Te
Sb-Cs
Window
Material
MgF2
Quartz
MgF2
Quartz
Quartz
Quartz
UV glass
UV glass
Borosilicate
Spectral
Response
115 nm to 200 nm
160 nm to 200 nm
115 nm to 220 nm
160 nm to 220 nm
160 nm to 240 nm
160 nm to 350 nm
185 nm to 350 nm
185 nm to 650 nm
300 nm to 650 nm
Applicable Phototube
Type No.
Typical Applications
q
w
e
r
t
y
u
i
o
R1187
R5764
172 nm monitor for excimer lamp
R6800U-26
185 nm monitor for sterilizing mercury lamp R6800U-16
185 nm monitor for sterilizing mercury lamp R4044
Monitor for 185 nm, 254 nm mercury line spectrum R765, R6800U-11
Ozone monitor
R1107, R1228, R6800U-01
Spectrophotometer
R840, R727
Blood analyzer
R414
Vacuum UV spectrophotometer
■GLOSSARY OF TERMS
●Spectral response characteristic:
When light (photons) enters the photocathode, it is converted into
electrons emitting from the photocathode at a certain ratio. This ratio depends on the wavelength of incident light. The relationship between the ratio and the wavelength is called spectral response
characteristic.
●Peak wavelength:
The wavelength gives the maximum sensitivity to the photocathode. In this catalog, the peak wavelength for radiant sensitivity
(A/W) is listed.
●Absolute maximum ratings:
The limiting values of the operating and environmental conditions
applied to a phototube. Any conditions shall not exceed these ratings even instantaneously.
●Anode supply voltage:
The voltage applied across the anode and the cathode. Normally,
the cathode is used at ground potential, so the anode supply
voltage equals the potential difference between the anode and
ground.
●Peak cathode current:
The peak current that can be allowed from the cathode when it is
of pulse waveform.
●Average cathode current:
The average current that can be allowed from the cathode.
Normally, it is the average for 30 seconds.
●Average cathode current density:
The average cathode current per unit surface area on the
photocathode.
1
●Luminous sensitivity:
The ratio of photocurrent in amperes (A) flowing in the
photocathode to the incident luminous flux in lumens (lm).
Current (A)
Luminous sensitivity (A/lm) =
Luminous flux (lm)
●Radiant sensitivity:
The ratio of photocurrent in amperes (A) flowing in the photocathode to the intensity of the incident light in watts (W).
Radiant sensitivity (A/W) =
Current (A)
Light intensity (W)
●Dark Current:
The current flowing between the anode and the cathode when light
is removed.
●Interelectrode capacitance:
The electrostatic capacitance between the anode and the cathode.
●Recommended operating voltage:
The lifetime of a phototube tends to become shortened as the supply voltage increases. The supply voltage should be made as low
as possible as compared to the maximum ratings, in order to
lengthen useful life. However, if the supply voltage is too low, the
voltagecurrent characteristics fall outside the saturation region, and
undersirable phenomena such as hysteresis (Note 1) may occur.
Considering these effects, the recommended operating voltage for
each type of phototube is listed in this catalog.
(Note 1) Hysteresis: The temporary instability in output signal when
light is applied to a phototube, showing
"overshoot" or "undershoot" without being proportional to light input.
■SPECTRAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
102
TPT B0001ED
8
9
CATHODE RADIANT SENSITIVITY (mA/W)
6
7
101
1
3
100
2
4
10-1
5
1Cs-I_MgF2
2Cs-I_Quartz
3Diamond_MgF2
4Diamond_Quartz
5Au_Quartz
6Cs-Te_Quartz
7Cs-Te_UV glass
8Sb-Cs_UV glass
9Sb-Cs_Borosilicate
10-2
10-3
100
200
300
400
500 600
800 1000
WAVELENGTH (nm)
2
PHOTOTUBES
■CHARACTERISTICS
A
Type No.
Spectral
Response
Peak
Wavelength
(nm)
(nm)
Outline
Tube Photocathode
Diagram
Diameter
Area
No.
Min.
(nm)
(mm)
Input
Window Material
Absolute Maximum Ratings
B
C
Average
Anode
Peak Cathode Average Ambient
Supply Cathode Current Cathode Temperature
Voltage Current Density Current
(V)
(µA)
(µA/cm2)
(µA)
(°C)
●GLASS BULB TYPE
For Vacuum UV (Cs-I Photocathode)
R1187
115 to 200
130
e
15
8
MgF2
100
1
0.5
0.1
-80 to +50
R5764
160 to 200
161
e
15
8
Quartz
100
1
0.5
0.1
-80 to +50
Quartz
100
1.2
5
0.4
-80 to +50
UV glass
100
0.5
5
0.15
-80 to +50
For UV / High Power (Au Single Metal Photocathode)
R4044
160 to 240
e
185
15
8
For UV / General Purpose (Cs-Te Photocathode)
R1107
185 to 350
240
q
10
6
R765
160 to 350
240
w
15
8
Quartz
100
1.2
5
0.4
-80 to +50
R1228
185 to 350
240
w
15
8
UV glass
100
1.2
5
0.4
-80 to +50
For UV to Visible (Sb-Cs Photocathode)
R414
300 to 650
400
q
10
6
Borosilicate glass
100
1
5
0.3
-80 to +50
R840
185 to 650
340
w
15
8
UV glass
100
2
5
0.5
-80 to +50
R727
185 to 650
340
r
20
15
UV glass
100
6
5
2
-80 to +50
●METAL PACKAGE TYPE
For Vacuum UV (Diamond Photocathode)
R6800U-26
115 to 220
135
t
16
6
MgF2
30
1.2
5
0.4
-80 to +50
R6800U-16
160 to 220
161
t
16
6
Quartz
30
10
50
4
-80 to +50
For UV / General Purpose (Cs-Te Photocathode)
R6800U-11
160 to 350
240
y
16
8
Quartz
30
1.2
5
0.4
-80 to +50
R6800U-01
185 to 350
240
u
16
8
UV glass
30
1.2
5
0.4
-80 to +50
NOTE: ASee spectral response characteristics on page 2.
BOutput current averaged over 1 second time interval. The whole photocathode is
uniformly illuminated.
CWhen a tube is operated below -35 °C see page 6, "Caution".
■DIMENSIONAL OUTLINES (Unit: mm)
q R414, R1107
w R765, R1228, R840
e R5764, R4044, R1187
r R727
21 MAX.
15 MIN.
PHOTOCATHODE
FLEXIBLE LEAD
CATHODE (GREEN)
FLEXIBLE LEAD
5 MAX.
38 MAX.
32 MAX.
7±1
ANODE (RED)
CATHODE (GREEN)
40 MIN.
ANODE (RED)
14.5 MAX.
8 MIN.
5 MAX.
7±1
CATHODE (GREEN)
FLEXIBLE LEAD
CATHODE (GREEN)
5 MAX.
FLEXIBLE LEAD
ANODE (RED)
PHOTOCATHODE
40 MIN.
14.5 MAX.
8 MIN.
30 MAX.
20 MAX.
3
40 MIN.
PHOTOCATHODE
40 MIN.
10 MAX.
6 MIN.
5 MAX.
PHOTOCATHODE
ANODE (RED)
TPT A0002EA
3
TPT A0003EB
TPT A0014EC
TPT A0006EB
Characteristics at 25 °C
D
Radiant Sensitivity
E
Luminous Sensitivity
Typ.
(µA/lm)
Min.
(µA/lm)
122 nm
254 nm
Typ.
Min.
Typ.
Min.
Typ.
Min.
(mA/W) (mA/W) (mA/W) (mA/W) (mA/W) (mA/W)
—
8
2
—
Recommended
Operating
Voltage
Interelectrode
Capacitance
Max.
(pA)
(V)
(pF)
Dark Current
Pt Peak
—
Type No.
2
15
2.4
R1187
—
—
—
5
1
2
15
2.4
R5764
—
—
—
0.1
0.02
1
15
2.4
R4044
—
—
15
10
—
2
15
2.0
R1107
—
—
20
10
—
1
15
2.4
R765
—
—
20
10
—
1
15
2.4
R1228
80
40
—
—
—
5
15
2.0
R414
80
40
—
—
—
2
15
2.4
R840
110
40
—
—
—
2
15
2.0
R727
—
—
1
15
3
R6800U-26
1
15
3
R6800U-16
—
3
1
—
—
—
3
1
—
—
20
10
—
1
15
3
R6800U-11
—
—
20
10
—
1
15
3
R6800U-01
DThe photocurrent from the photocathode per incident light flux (10-5 to 10-2 lumens) from a tungsten filament lamp operated at a distribution
temperature of 2856 K.
ESee peak wavelength.
y R6800U-11
8 MIN.
u R6800U-01
8 MIN.
12- 0.45
0.5 ± 0.2
11.5 ± 0.4
12- 0.45
SHORT PIN
Bottom View
GUIDE MARK
ANODE
SHORT PIN
SHORT PIN
5.08
10.16
10.16
TPT A0026EB
5.0 ± 0.7
Side View
CATHODE
INSULATION
COVER
(Polyoxymethylene)
4.0 ± 0.3
5.4 ± 0.3
5.08
10.16
5±1
12.8 ± 0.5
INSULATION
COVER
(Polyoxymethylene)
GUIDE MARK
ANODE
SHORT PIN
SHORT PIN
PHOTOCATHODE
5.08
CATHODE
15.9 ± 0.4
WINDOW
9.4 ± 0.4
4.0 ± 0.3
Side View
5.08
Bottom View
5±1
5.4 ± 0.3
10.16
5.08
12- 0.45
0.3 ± 0.2
INSULATION
COVER
(Polyoxymethylene)
GUIDE MARK
ANODE
SHORT PIN
7.7 ± 0.3
PHOTOCATHODE
5.08
Side View
CATHODE
Top View
INSULATION
COVER
(Teflon)
10.16
5±1
5.4 ± 0.3
WINDOW
11.0 ± 0.4
4.0 ± 0.3
PHOTOCATHODE
15.9 ± 0.4
INSULATION
COVER
(Teflon)
7.7 ± 0.3
WINDOW
11.0 ± 0.4
EFFECTIVE
AREA
Top View
12.8 ± 0.5
15.9 ± 0.4
EFFECTIVE
AREA
6 MIN.
Top View
0.3 ± 0.2
EFFECTIVE
AREA
10.16
t R6800U-16, -26
Bottom View
TPT A0045EB
TPT A0022EC
NOTE: Don't use pins excepting ANODE and CATHODE pins.
4
PHOTOTUBES
■EXAMPLE OF OPERATING CIRCUITS
OPERATING CIRCUITS FOR PHOTOTUBES
Figure 1 shows an operating circuit example using the phototube bias voltage also for the power to an operational amplifier.
The feedback resistance Rf should be chosen so that the output voltage becomes 0.1 V to 1 V. Cf must be placed for stable operation and should be between 10 pF and 100 pF. It is
recommended to use a low-bias, low-offset-current FET input
operational amplifier. For the input terminal (pin 2), a guard
pattern should be provided on the printed circuit board or a
stand-off terminal made of Teflon should be used.
Figure 2 shows an operating circuit in which a low-impedance
voltage is output from an operation amplifier after the signal
current has been converted into a voltage through the road
resistance RL. The operational amplifier should be a low-bias,
low-offset-current type which can be operated on a single
power.
Figure 2: Operating Circuit Operating on Signal Power
+15 V
Figure 1: When Pulse / Minus Powers Are Available
ANODE
Cf
SIGNAL
CURRENT
PHOTOTUBE
Ip
Rf
SIGNAL CURRENT
Ip
CATHODE
2
7
–
6
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
OP AMP
GUARD +15 V
PATTERN
3
Eo=RL•Ip
+
4
7
2
–
RL
6
OP AMP
CATHODE
ANODE
3
PHOTOTUBE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Eo=-Rf•Ip
+
GND
4
GND
(Impedance conversion circuit)
-15 V
TPT C0002EC
(Inverting current-voltage conversion circuit)
TPT C0001EC
NOTE: The operational amplifiers that can be used in these circuits differ in such factors as operating temperature range, bias
current, phase compensation, and offset adjustment method, depending on the type used. Please refer to the catalog
or data sheet available from the manufacturer.
Sample circuits listed in this catalog introduce typical applications and do not cover any guarantee of the circuit design.
No patent rights are granted to any of the circuits described herein.
5
■
CAUTIONS
● Maximum ratings
Always operate the phototube within the maximum rating
listed in this catalog.
● The light input surface area should be as large as possible
The output current available from a phototube is determined by the maximum average cathode current and
maximum average cathode current density. If the light input surface area is small, even if the output current is below the maximum average cathode current, the maximum
average cathode current density may be exceeded.
Therefore, the light input surface area should be as large
as possible to decrease the cathode current per unit surface area. This is important also, from the standpoint of
photocathode uniformity (i.e., variation in sensitivity with
respect to incident light position).
● Handle tubes with extreme care
Phototubes have evacuated glass envelopes. Allowing
the glass to be scratched or to be subjected to shock can
cause cracks. Extreme care should be taken in handling,
especially for tubes with graded sealing of synthetic silica.
● Avoid mechanical vibration
Mechanical vibration can cause microphonic noise (sensitivity fluctuation caused by vibration of the electrode.) and
variation in sensitivity caused by displacement of the incident light position.
● keep faceplate and base clean
Do not touch the faceplate and base with bare hands. Dirt
and fingerprints on the faceplate cause loss of transmittance and dirt on the base may cause ohmic leakage.
Should they become soiled, wipe it clean using alcohol.
● Avoid direct sunlight and other high-intensity light
Avoid subjecting the phototube to direct sunlight or other
high-intensity light, as this can adversely affect the photocathode, causing not only loss of sensitivity but instability
as well.
● Handling of tubes with a glass base
A glass base (also called button stem) is weak, so care
should be taken in handling this type of tube.
● Cooling of tubes
When cooling a phototube, the photocathode section is
usually cooled. However, if you suppose that the base is
also cooled down to -35 °C or below, please consult our
sales office in advance.
● Helium permeation through silica bulb
Helium will permeate through the silica bulb, leading to an
increase in noise. Avoid operating or storing tubes in an
environment where helium is present.
Data and specifications listed in this catalog are subject
to change due to product improvement and other factors. Before specifying any of the types in your production equipment, please consult our sales office.
■WARRANTY
In general, Hamamatsu products listed in this catalog are warranted for a period of one year from time of delivery. This
warranty is limited to replacement for the defective product. Note, however, that this warranty will not apply to failures caused
by natural calamity or misuse.
■CE MARKING
This catalog contains products which are subject to CE Marking of European
Union Directives. For further details, please consult Hamamatsu sales offices.
6
PHOTOTUBES
Subject to local technical requirements and regulations, availability of products included in this promotional material may vary. Please consult with our sales office.
Information furnished by HAMAMATSU is believed to be reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for possible inaccuracies or omissions. Specifications are
subject to change without notice. No patent rights are granted to any of the circuits described herein. ©2011 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K.
www.hamamatsu.com
HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K., Electron Tube Division
314-5, Shimokanzo, Iwata City, Shizuoka Pref., 438-0193, Japan, Telephone: (81)539/62-5248, Fax: (81)539/62-2205
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TPT 1001E09
Italy: Hamamatsu Photonics Italia: S.R.L.: Strada della Moia, 1/E, 20020 Arese, (Milano), Italy, Telephone: (39)02-935 81 733, Fax: (39)02-935 81 741 E-mail: [email protected]
SEPT. 2011 IP