Isolated Energy Metering Chipset for Polyphase Shunt Meters ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet FEATURES Operating temperature: −40°C to +85°C Flexible I2C, SPI, and HSDC serial interfaces Safety and regulatory approvals (pending) UL recognition 5000 V rms for 1 minute per UL 1577 CSA Component Acceptance Notice #5A IEC 61010-1: 400 V rms VDE certificate of conformity DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10):2006-12 VIORM = 846 V peak Enables shunt current sensors in polyphase energy meters Immune to magnetic tampering Highly accurate; supports EN 50470-1, EN 50470-3, IEC 62053-21, IEC 62053-22, IEC 62053-23, ANSI C12.20, and IEEE 1459 standards Compatible with 3-phase, 3- or 4-wire (delta or wye) meters and other 3-phase services Computes active, reactive, and apparent energy on each phase and on the overall system Less than 0.2% error in active and reactive energy over a dynamic range of 2000 to 1 at TA = 25°C Less than 0.1% error in voltage rms over a dynamic range of 500 to 1 at TA = 25°C Less than 0.25% error in current rms over a dynamic range of 500 to 1 at TA = 25°C Power quality measurements including THD Single 3.3 V supply APPLICATIONS Shunt-based polyphase meters Power quality monitoring Solar inverters Process monitoring Protective devices Isolated sensor interfaces Industrial PLCs TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT NEUTRAL PHASE A PHASE B PHASE C ISOLATION BARRIER 3.3V V1P VM IM PHASE A IP ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P GNDISO_A GNDMCU 3.3V V1P VM ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P GNDISO_B GNDMCU 3.3V V1P VM IM PHASE C IP ADE7932/ ADE7933 3.3V ADE7978 ENERGY METERING IC I2C/HSDC OR SPI IRQ0, IRQ1 SYSTEM MICROCONTROLLER IP DIGITAL INTERFACE IM PHASE B GNDMCU 3.3V GNDMCU V2P GNDISO_C GNDMCU 3.3V V1P VM NEUTRAL LINE IM ADE7932/ ADE7933 IP (OPTIONAL) V2P GNDISO_N GNDMCU 11116-001 LOAD EARTH Figure 1. 3-Phase, 4-Wire Meter with Four ADE7933/ADE7932 Devices and One ADE7978 1 Protected by U.S. Patents 5,952,849; 6,873,065; 7,075,329; 6,262,600; 7,489,526; and 7,558,080. Other patents are pending. Rev. 0 Document Feedback Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 ©2013 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Technical Support www.analog.com ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet TABLE OF CONTENTS Features .............................................................................................. 1 Active Power Calculation .............................................................. 52 Applications ....................................................................................... 1 Total Active Power Calculation ................................................ 52 Typical Application Circuit ............................................................. 1 Fundamental Active Power Calculation.................................. 53 Revision History ............................................................................... 3 Active Power Gain Calibration ................................................. 53 General Description ......................................................................... 4 Active Power Offset Calibration............................................... 54 Functional Block Diagrams ............................................................. 5 Sign of Active Power Calculation ............................................. 54 Specifications..................................................................................... 7 Active Energy Calculation ........................................................ 54 System Specifications, ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 ... 7 Integration Time Under Steady Load ...................................... 55 ADE7978 Specifications .............................................................. 9 Energy Accumulation Modes ................................................... 56 ADE7933/ADE7932 Specifications .......................................... 13 Line Cycle Active Energy Accumulation Mode ..................... 56 Absolute Maximum Ratings .......................................................... 16 Reactive Power Calculation .......................................................... 58 Thermal Resistance .................................................................... 16 Total Reactive Power Calculation ............................................ 58 ESD Caution ................................................................................ 16 Fundamental Reactive Power Calculation .............................. 58 Pin Configurations and Function Descriptions ......................... 17 Reactive Power Gain Calibration ............................................. 58 Typical Performance Characteristics ........................................... 21 Reactive Power Offset Calibration ........................................... 58 Test Circuit ...................................................................................... 26 Sign of Reactive Power Calculation ......................................... 59 Terminology .................................................................................... 27 Reactive Energy Calculation ..................................................... 59 Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 30 Integration Time Under Steady Load ...................................... 60 ADE7933/ADE7932 Analog Inputs ......................................... 30 Energy Accumulation Modes ................................................... 61 Analog-to-Digital Conversion .................................................. 30 Line Cycle Reactive Energy Accumulation Mode ................. 61 Current Channel ADC............................................................... 32 Apparent Power Calculation ......................................................... 62 Voltage Channel ADCs .............................................................. 35 Apparent Power Gain Calibration............................................ 62 Changing the Phase Voltage Datapath .................................... 39 Apparent Power Offset Calibration ......................................... 62 Reference Circuits ...................................................................... 39 Apparent Power Calculation Using VNOM ........................... 62 Phase Compensation.................................................................. 40 Apparent Energy Calculation ................................................... 63 Digital Signal Processor ............................................................. 41 Integration Time Under Steady Load ...................................... 64 Power Quality Measurements ....................................................... 42 Energy Accumulation Mode ..................................................... 64 Zero-Crossing Detection ........................................................... 42 Line Cycle Apparent Energy Accumulation Mode ................ 64 Period Measurement .................................................................. 44 Phase Voltage Sag Detection ..................................................... 45 Power Factor Calculation and Total Harmonic Distortion Calculation ................................................................... 65 Peak Detection ............................................................................ 46 Power Factor Calculation .......................................................... 65 Overvoltage and Overcurrent Detection................................. 47 Total Harmonic Distortion Calculation .................................. 66 Neutral Current Mismatch ........................................................ 48 Waveform Sampling Mode ............................................................ 67 Root Mean Square Measurement ................................................. 49 Energy-to-Frequency Conversion ................................................ 68 Current RMS Calculation .......................................................... 49 TERMSELx[2:0] Bits .................................................................. 68 Voltage RMS Calculation .......................................................... 50 CFxSEL[2:0] Bits ........................................................................ 68 Voltage RMS in Delta Configurations ..................................... 51 Energy-to-Frequency Conversion Process ............................. 69 Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Synchronizing Energy Registers with the CFx Outputs ........69 Applications Information ............................................................... 82 Energy Registers and CFx Outputs for Various Accumulation Modes .................................................................70 ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 in Polyphase Energy Meters.............................................................................. 82 Sign of Sum of Phase Powers in the CFx Datapath ................72 ADE7978 Quick Setup as an Energy Meter ............................ 85 No Load Condition .........................................................................73 Bit Stream Communication Between the ADE7978 and the ADE7933/ADE7932 ..................................................... 86 No Load Detection Based on Total Active and Reactive Powers ...................................................................73 ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 Clocks ............................. 87 No Load Detection Based on Fundamental Active and Reactive Powers .......................................................73 Insulation Lifetime ...................................................................... 87 No Load Detection Based on Apparent Power .......................74 ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 Evaluation Board .......... 90 Interrupts ..........................................................................................75 ADE7978 Die Version ................................................................ 90 Using the Interrupts with an MCU...........................................76 Serial Interfaces ............................................................................... 91 Power Management.........................................................................77 Serial Interface Selection ............................................................ 91 DC-to-DC Converter .................................................................77 Communication Verification .................................................... 91 Magnetic Field Immunity ..........................................................78 I2C-Compatible Interface ........................................................... 91 Power-Up Procedure ..................................................................79 SPI-Compatible Interface........................................................... 94 Initializing the Chipset ...............................................................79 HSDC Interface ........................................................................... 96 Hardware Reset............................................................................80 Checksum Register ..................................................................... 98 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Chipset Software Reset........81 Register List...................................................................................... 99 ADE7933/ADE7932 Software Reset.........................................81 Outline Dimensions ......................................................................118 Low Power Mode.........................................................................81 Ordering Guide .........................................................................118 Layout Guidelines ....................................................................... 88 REVISION HISTORY 11/13—Revision 0: Initial Version Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet GENERAL DESCRIPTION The ADE7978 and the ADE7933/ADE7932 form a chipset dedicated to measuring 3-phase electrical energy using shunts as current sensors. The ADE7933/ADE7932 are isolated, 3-channel sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters (Σ-Δ ADCs) for polyphase energy metering applications that use shunt current sensors. The ADE7932 features two 24-bit ADCs, and the ADE7933 features three 24-bit ADCs. One channel is dedicated to measuring the voltage across the shunt when a shunt is used for current sensing. This channel provides a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 67 dB over a 3.3 kHz signal bandwidth. Up to two additional channels are dedicated to measuring voltages, which are usually sensed using resistor dividers. These channels provide an SNR of 75 dB over a 3.3 kHz signal bandwidth. One voltage channel can be used to measure the temperature of the die via an internal sensor. The ADE7933 includes three channels: one current channel and two voltage channels. The ADE7932 includes one current channel and one voltage channel, but is otherwise identical to the ADE7933. The ADE7933/ADE7932 include isoPower®, an integrated, isolated dc-to-dc converter. Based on the Analog Devices, Inc., iCoupler® technology, the dc-to-dc converter provides the regulated power required by the first stage of the ADCs at a 3.3 V input supply. The ADE7933/ADE7932 eliminate the need for an external dc-to-dc isolation block. The iCoupler chip scale transformer technology is used to isolate the logic signals between the first and second stages of the ADC. The result is a small form factor, total isolation solution. The ADE7933/ADE7932 contain a digital interface that is specially designed to interface with the ADE7978. Using this interface, the ADE7978 accesses the ADC outputs and configuration settings of the ADE7933/ADE7932. The ADE7933/ADE7932 are available in a 20-lead, Pb-free, widebody SOIC package with increased creepage. The ADE7978 is a high accuracy, 3-phase electrical energy measurement IC with serial interfaces and three flexible pulse outputs. The ADE7978 can interface with up to four ADE7933/ ADE7932 devices. The ADE7978 incorporates all the signal processing required to perform total (fundamental and harmonic) active, reactive, and apparent energy measurement and rms calculations, as well as fundamental-only active and reactive energy measurement and rms calculations. A fixed function digital signal processor (DSP) executes this signal processing. The ADE7978 measures the active, reactive, and apparent energy in various 3-phase configurations, such as wye or delta services, with both three and four wires. The ADE7978 provides system calibration features for each phase, gain calibration, and optional offset correction. Phase compensation is also available, but it is not necessary because the currents are sensed using shunts. The CF1, CF2, and CF3 logic outputs provide a wide selection of power information: total active, reactive, and apparent powers; the sum of the current rms values; and fundamental active and reactive powers. The ADE7978 incorporates power quality measurements, such as short duration low or high voltage detection, short duration high current variations, line voltage period measurement, and angles between phase voltages and currents. Two serial interfaces, SPI and I2C, can be used to communicate with the ADE7978. A dedicated high speed interface—the high speed data capture (HSDC) port—can be used in conjunction with I2C to provide access to the ADC outputs and real-time power information. The ADE7978 also has two interrupt request pins, IRQ0 and IRQ1, to indicate that an enabled interrupt event has occurred. The ADE7978 is available in a 28-lead, Pb-free LFCSP package. Note that throughout this data sheet, multifunction pins, such as SCLK/SCL, are referred to by the entire pin name or by a single function of the pin, for example, SCLK, when only that function is relevant. Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAMS RESET VDD GND 12 21 20 LDO DGND 22 23 ADE7978 POR LDO AV2RMSOS HPFEN BIT AV2GAIN HPF 27 X2 AV2RMS LPF XTALIN 25 ATEMP AIRMSOS XTALOUT 24 SELECTION BIT VB/TEMP SENSOR ATGAIN APGAIN X2 ATEMP0 211 VT_B 1 AIRMS LPF TEMPCO ATEMPOS DATA_B 2 X2 1 AVRMS LPF AIGAIN HPFEN BIT CF1DEN AVRMSOS RESET_EN 3 APGAIN HPF CLKOUT 4 : DFC AWATTOS 13 CF1 CF2DEN DIGITAL BLOCK HPFEN BIT APHCAL LPF HPF VT_C 6 APGAIN AV1GAIN DATA_C 7 VT_N 8 ACTIVE/REACTIVE/APPARENT TOTAL ENERGIES AND VOLTAGE/CURRENT RMS CALCULATION FOR PHASE B (SEE PHASE A FOR DETAILED DATAPATH) DATA_A 28 ACTIVE/REACTIVE/APPARENT TOTAL ENERGIES AND VOLTAGE/CURRENT RMS CALCULATION FOR PHASE C (SEE PHASE A FOR DETAILED DATAPATH) NIGAIN HPFEN BIT HPF : DFC 14 CF2 CF3DEN DFC APGAIN : 15 CF3/HSCLK 26 ZX/DREADY AFWATTOS 10 IRQ0 11 IRQ1 COMPUTATIONAL BLOCK FOR FUNDAMENTAL ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER DATA_N 9 VT_A 27 AVAROS COMPUTATIONAL BLOCK FOR TOTAL REACTIVE POWER PHASE A, PHASE B, PHASE C DATA APGAIN AFVAROS DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR TEMPCO NTEMP 17 SCLK/SCL SPI OR I2C AND HSDC 19 MOSI/SDA 18 MISO/HSD 16 SS/HSA NTEMP0 NIRMSOS 1 X2 NIRMS LPF Figure 2. ADE7978 Functional Block Diagram Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 120 11116-002 SYNC 5 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet ISOLATION BARRIER 2 20 POWER ISOLATION 8 LDO 18 ADC DATA 4 V1P ADC 7 IP 9 REF CLOCK CLOCK ADC 17 DATA DATA ISOLATION 6 IM GND LDO 5 VM VDD TEMP SENSOR 3 V2P 19 DIGITAL BLOCK AND ADE7978 INTERFACE 16 15 14 13 12 VREF 10 11 EMI_CTRL V2/TEMP RESET_EN DATA XTAL2 XTAL1 SYNC 11116-003 GNDISO GNDISO ADE7933 1 VDDISO GND Figure 3. ADE7933 Functional Block Diagram ISOLATION BARRIER GNDISO LDO V2P VM V1P IM IP REF GNDISO ADE7932 1 2 8 3 5 4 20 POWER ISOLATION 9 VDD GND LDO TEMP SENSOR 18 ADC DATA ADC CLOCK ADC 17 DATA DATA ISOLATION 6 7 19 CLOCK DIGITAL BLOCK AND ADE7978 INTERFACE 16 15 14 13 12 VREF 10 11 Figure 4. ADE7932 Functional Block Diagram Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 120 EMI_CTRL V2/TEMP RESET_EN DATA XTAL2 XTAL1 SYNC GND 11116-004 VDDISO Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 SPECIFICATIONS SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS, ADE7978 AND ADE7933/ADE7932 VDD = 3.3 V ± 10%, GND = DGND = 0 V, ADE7978 XTALIN = 16.384 MHz, TMIN to TMAX = −40°C to +85°C, TTYP = 25°C. Table 1. Parameter 1, 2 ACTIVE ENERGY MEASUREMENT Measurement Error (per Phase) Total Active Energy Unit Test Conditions/Comments 0.1 % 0.2 0.1 % % 0.2 % Over a dynamic range of 500 to 1, power factor (PF) = 1, gain compensation only Over a dynamic range of 2000 to 1, PF = 1 Over a dynamic range of 500 to 1, PF = 1, gain compensation only Over a dynamic range of 2000 to 1, PF = 1 VDD = 3.3 V + 120 mV rms at 50 Hz/100 Hz, IP = 6.25 mV rms, V1P = V2P = 100 mV rms Output Frequency Variation DC Power Supply Rejection 0.01 % Output Frequency Variation Total Active Energy Measurement Bandwidth REACTIVE ENERGY MEASUREMENT Measurement Error (per Phase) Total Reactive Power 0.01 3.3 % kHz 0.1 % 0.2 0.1 % % 0.2 % 0.01 % Fundamental Active Power Min Typ Max AC Power Supply Rejection Fundamental Reactive Power VDD = 3.3 V ± 330 mV dc, IP = 6.25 mV rms, V1P = V2P = 100 mV rms AC Power Supply Rejection Output Frequency Variation DC Power Supply Rejection Output Frequency Variation Total Reactive Energy Measurement Bandwidth RMS MEASUREMENTS Measurement Bandwidth V rms Measurement Error I rms Measurement Error Fundamental V rms Measurement Error Fundamental I rms Measurement Error WAVEFORM SAMPLING Current Channels Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR Signal-to-Noise-and-Distortion (SINAD) Ratio Total Harmonic Distortion, THD Spurious-Free Dynamic Range, SFDR Over a dynamic range of 500 to 1, PF = 0, gain compensation only Over a dynamic range of 2000 to 1, PF = 0 Over a dynamic range of 500 to 1, PF = 0, gain compensation only Over a dynamic range of 2000 to 1, PF = 0 VDD = 3.3 V + 120 mV rms at 50 Hz/100 Hz, IP = 6.25 mV rms, V1P = V2P = 100 mV rms VDD = 3.3 V ± 330 mV dc, IP = 6.25 mV rms, V1P = V2P = 100 mV rms 0.01 3.3 % kHz 3.3 0.1 0.25 0.1 0.25 kHz % % % % 67 67 dB dB −85 88 dB dBFS Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 120 I rms and V rms Over a dynamic range of 500 to 1 Over a dynamic range of 500 to 1 Over a dynamic range of 500 to 1 Over a dynamic range of 500 to 1 Sampling CLKIN/2048 (16.384 MHz/2048 = 8 kSPS) See the Waveform Sampling Mode section ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Parameter 1, 2 Voltage Channels Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR Signal-to-Noise-and-Distortion (SINAD) Ratio Total Harmonic Distortion, THD Spurious-Free Dynamic Range, SFDR Bandwidth (−3 dB) TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN PHASE SIGNALS Measurement Error CF1, CF2, CF3 PULSE OUTPUTS Maximum Output Frequency Min Duty Cycle Data Sheet Typ Max 1 2 Test Conditions/Comments 75 74 dB dB −81 81 3.3 dB dBFS kHz 0.3 Degrees Line frequency = 45 Hz to 65 Hz, HPF on 68.8 kHz 50 % WTHR = VARTHR = VATHR = 3, CFxDEN = 1, full scale current and voltage, PF = 1, one phase only CF1, CF2, or CF3 frequency > 6.25 Hz, CFxDEN is even and > 1 CF1, CF2, or CF3 frequency > 6.25 Hz, CFxDEN is odd and > 1 CF1, CF2, or CF3 frequency < 6.25 Hz CF1, CF2, or CF3 frequency = 1 Hz, nominal phase currents larger than 10% of full scale (1 + 1/CFxDEN) × 50 Active Low Pulse Width Jitter Unit 80 0.04 See the Typical Performance Characteristics section. See the Terminology section for definitions of the parameters. Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 120 % ms % Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 ADE7978 SPECIFICATIONS VDD = 3.3 V ± 10%, GND = DGND = 0 V, XTALIN = 16.384 MHz, TMIN to TMAX = −40°C to +85°C, TTYP = 25°C. Table 2. Parameter 1, 2 CLOCK INPUT Input Clock Frequency, CLKIN XTALIN Logic Inputs Input High Voltage, VINH Input Low Voltage, VINL XTALIN Total Capacitance 3 XTALOUT Total Capacitance3 CLOCK OUTPUT Output Clock Frequency at CLKOUT Pin Duty Cycle Output High Voltage, VOH ISOURCE Output Low Voltage, VOL ISINK LOGIC INPUTS—MOSI/SDA, SCLK/SCL, SS/HSA, DATA_A, DATA_B, DATA_C, DATA_N Input High Voltage, VINH Input Current, IIN Input Low Voltage, VINL Input Current, IIN Input Capacitance, CIN LOGIC INPUT—RESET Input High Voltage, VINH Input Current, IIN Input Low Voltage, VINL Input Current, IIN Input Capacitance, CIN LOGIC OUTPUTS—IRQ0, IRQ1, MISO/HSD, CLKOUT, SYNC, VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, VT_N, ZX/DREADY, RESET_EN Output High Voltage, VOH ISOURCE Output Low Voltage, VOL ISINK CF1, CF2, CF3/HSCLK Output High Voltage, VOH ISOURCE Output Low Voltage, VOL ISINK POWER SUPPLY VDD Pin IDD Min Typ Max Unit 16.22 16.384 16.55 MHz 2.4 0.8 40 40 4.096 50 4.8 0.4 4.8 40 0.8 180 10 V nA V nA pF VDD = 3.3 V ± 10% Input = VDD = 3.3 V VDD = 3.3 V ± 10% Input = 0 V, VDD = 3.3 V 160 0.8 +11 10 V nA V µA pF VDD = 3.3 V ± 10% Input = VDD = 3.3 V VDD = 3.3 V ± 10% Input = 0 V, VDD = 3.3 V 2.4 5 2.4 80 −8 V V pF pF MHz % V mA V mA 2.4 2 Test Conditions/Comments All specifications for CLKIN = 16.384 MHz Minimum = 16.384 MHz − 1%; maximum = 16.384 MHz + 1% VDD = 3.3 V ± 10% 2.4 4.8 0.4 4.8 V mA V mA 8 0.4 8.5 V mA V mA 3.63 V 15.5 mA 2.4 2.97 10.6 VDD = 3.3 V VDD = 3.3 V ± 10% VDD = 3.3 V ± 10% VDD = 3.3 V ± 10% For specified performance Minimum = 3.3 V − 10%; maximum = 3.3 V + 10% See the Typical Performance Characteristics section. See the Terminology section for a definition of the parameters. 3 XTALIN/XTALOUT total capacitances refer to the net capacitances on each pin. Each capacitance is the sum of the parasitic capacitance at the pin and the capacitance of the ceramic capacitor connected between the pin and GND. See the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 Clocks section for more information. 1 2 Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet I2C Interface Timing Parameters VDD = 3.3 V ± 10%, GND = DGND = 0 V, XTALIN = 16.384 MHz, TMIN to TMAX = −40°C to +85°C. Table 3. Parameter SCL Clock Frequency Hold Time for Start and Repeated Start Conditions Low Period of SCL Clock High Period of SCL Clock Set-Up Time for Repeated Start Condition Data Hold Time Data Setup Time Rise Time of SDA and SCL Signals Fall Time of SDA and SCL Signals Setup Time for Stop Condition Bus Free Time Between a Stop and Start Condition Pulse Width of Suppressed Spikes Min 0 4.0 4.7 4.0 4.7 0 250 Standard Mode Max 100 3.45 1000 300 4.0 4.7 N/A 1 Min 0 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.6 0 100 20 20 0.6 1.3 Fast Mode Max 400 0.9 300 300 50 Unit kHz μs µs µs µs µs ns ns ns µs µs ns N/A means not applicable. SDA tSU;DAT tF tLOW tR tHD;STA tSP tr tBUF tF SCL tHD;STA START CONDITION tHD;DAT tHIGH tSU;STA REPEATED START CONDITION Figure 5. I2C Interface Timing Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 120 tSU;STO STOP START CONDITION CONDITION 11116-005 1 Symbol fSCL tHD;STA tLOW tHIGH tSU;STA tHD;DAT tSU;DAT tR tF tSU;STO tBUF tSP Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 SPI Interface Timing Parameters VDD = 3.3 V ± 10%, GND = DGND = 0 V, XTALIN = 16.384 MHz, TMIN to TMAX = −40°C to +85°C. Table 4. Parameter SS to SCLK Edge SCLK Period SCLK Low Pulse Width SCLK High Pulse Width Data Output Valid After SCLK Edge Data Input Setup Time Before SCLK Edge Data Input Hold Time After SCLK Edge Data Output Fall Time Data Output Rise Time SCLK Rise Time SCLK Fall Time MISO Disable After SS Rising Edge SS High After SCLK Edge tSL tSH tDAV tDSU tDHD tDF tDR tSR tSF tDIS tSFS Min 50 0.4 175 175 Max Unit ns μs ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns μs ns 40001 130 100 50 20 20 20 20 1 100 Guaranteed by design. SS tSS tSFS SCLK tSL tSH tDAV tSF tSR tDIS MSB MISO INTERMEDIATE BITS tDF LSB tDR INTERMEDIATE BITS LSB IN MSB IN MOSI tDSU 11116-006 1 Symbol tSS tDHD Figure 6. SPI Interface Timing Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet HSDC Interface Timing Parameters VDD = 3.3 V ± 10%, GND = DGND = 0 V, XTALIN = 16.384 MHz, TMIN to TMAX = −40°C to +85°C. Table 5. Parameter HSA to HSCLK Edge HSCLK Period HSCLK Low Pulse Width HSCLK High Pulse Width Data Output Valid After HSCLK Edge Data Output Fall Time Data Output Rise Time HSCLK Rise Time HSCLK Fall Time HSD Disable After HSA Rising Edge HSA High After HSCLK Edge Symbol tSS Min 0 125 50 50 tSL tSH tDAV tDF tDR tSR tSF tDIS tSFS Max Unit ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 40 20 20 10 10 5 0 HSA tSS tSFS HSCLK tSL tDAV tSH tSF tSR tDIS INTERMEDIATE BITS LSB tDR tDF Figure 7. HSDC Interface Timing 2mA TO OUTPUT PIN IOL 1.6V CL 50pF 800µA IOH Figure 8. Load Circuit for Timing Specifications Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 120 11116-007 MSB 11116-009 HSD Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 ADE7933/ADE7932 SPECIFICATIONS VDD1 = 3.3 V ± 10%, GND = 0 V, on-chip reference, XTAL1 = 4.096 MHz, TMIN to TMAX = −40°C to +85°C, TTYP = 25°C. Table 6. Parameter 1 ANALOG INPUTS Pseudo Differential Signal Voltage Range Between IP and IM Pins Between V1P and VM Pins and Between V2P and VM Pins Maximum VM and IM Voltage Crosstalk Input Impedance to GNDISO (DC) IP, IM, V1P, and V2P Pins VM Pin Current Channel ADC Offset Error Voltage Channel ADC Offset Error ADC Offset Drift over Temperature Gain Error Gain Drift over Temperature Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions/Comments +31.25 +500 mV peak mV peak IM pin connected to GNDISO Pseudo differential inputs between V1P and VM pins and between V2P and VM pins, VM pin connected to GNDISO +25 −90 mV dB −105 dB −31.25 −500 −25 AC Power Supply Rejection −90 kΩ kΩ mV mV ppm/°C % ppm/°C ppm/°C dB DC Power Supply Rejection −80 dB ±5 °C TEMPERATURE SENSOR Accuracy CLOCK INPUT Input Clock Frequency, XTAL1 XTAL1 Duty Cycle XTAL1 Logic Inputs Input High Voltage, VINH Input Low Voltage, VINL XTAL1 Total Capacitance 2 XTAL2 Total Capacitance2 LOGIC INPUTS—SYNC, V2/TEMP, RESET_EN, EMI_CTRL Input High Voltage, VINH Input Low Voltage, VINL Input Current, IIN Input Capacitance, CIN LOGIC OUTPUTS—DATA Output High Voltage, VOH Output Low Voltage, VOL 480 280 −2 −35 −500 −4 −135 −65 +500 +4 +135 +65 3.6 4.096 4.21 MHz 45 50 55 % 2.4 0.8 40 40 2.4 V V nA pF 0.4 V V Rev. 0 | Page 13 of 120 V2 channel applies to the ADE7933 only V1 channel only Current channel V1 and V2 channels VDD = 3.3 V + 120 mV rms at 50 Hz/100 Hz, IP = V1P = V2P = GNDISO VDD = 3.3 V ± 330 mV dc, IP = 6.25 mV rms, V1P = V2P = 100 mV rms All specifications for XTAL1 = 4.096 MHz Nominal value provided by the ADE7978; min and max values apply if the ADE7933/ ADE7932 are used without the ADE7978 Values apply if the ADE7933/ADE7932 are used without the ADE7978 V V pF pF 0.8 15 10 2.5 IP and IM inputs set to 0 V (GNDISO), V1P and V2P inputs at full scale V2P or V1P and VM inputs set to 0 V (GNDISO), IP and V1P or V2P inputs at full scale ISOURCE = 800 µA ISINK = 2 mA ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Parameter 1 POWER SUPPLY VDD Pin Data Sheet Min 2.97 IDD 1 2 Typ 12.5 50 Max Unit 3.63 V 19 mA µA Test Conditions/Comments For specified performance Minimum = 3.3 V − 10%; maximum = 3.3 V + 10% Bit 6 (CLKOUT_DIS) and Bit 7 (ADE7933_ SWRST) in the CONFIG3 register set to 1 See the Terminology section for definitions of the parameters. XTAL1/XTAL2 total capacitances refer to the net capacitances on each pin. Each capacitance is the sum of the parasitic capacitance at the pin and the capacitance of the ceramic capacitor connected between the pin and GND. See the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 Clocks section for more information. Regulatory Approvals (Pending) The ADE7933/ADE7932 are pending approval by the organizations listed in Table 7. See Table 12 and the Insulation Lifetime section for more information about the recommended maximum working voltages for specific cross-isolation waveforms and insulation levels. Table 7. UL Recognized under UL 1577 component recognition program 1 Single protection, 5000 V rms isolation voltage 1 2 CSA Approved under CSA Component Acceptance Notice #5A Basic insulation per IEC 61010-1, 400 V rms (564 V peak) maximum working voltage VDE Certified according to DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10):2006-12 2 Reinforced insulation, 846 V peak In accordance with UL 1577, each ADE7933/ADE7932 is proof tested by applying an insulation test voltage ≥ 6000 V rms for 1 sec (current leakage detection limit = 10 µA). In accordance with DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10):2006-12, each ADE7933/ADE7932 is proof tested by applying an insulation test voltage ≥ 1590 V peak for 1 sec (partial discharge detection limit = 5 pC). The asterisk (*) marking branded on the component designates DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10):2006-12 approval. Insulation and Safety Related Specifications Table 8. Critical Safety Related Dimensions and Material Properties Parameter Rated Dielectric Insulation Voltage Minimum External Air Gap (Clearance) Symbol L(I01) Value 5000 8.3 Unit V rms mm Minimum External Tracking (Creepage) L(I02) 8.3 mm Minimum Internal Gap (Internal Clearance) Tracking Resistance (Comparative Tracking Index) Isolation Group CTI 0.017 min >600 II mm V Rev. 0 | Page 14 of 120 Test Conditions/Comments 1-minute duration Measured from input terminals to output terminals, shortest distance through air along the PCB mounting plane, as an aid to PCB layout Measured from input terminals to output terminals, shortest distance path along body Insulation distance through insulation IEC 60112 Material Group DIN VDE 0110, 1/89, Table 1 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10):2006-12 Insulation Characteristics The ADE7933/ADE7932 are suitable for reinforced electrical isolation only within the safety limit data. Maintenance of the safety data is ensured by the protective circuits. Table 9. Description Installation Classification per DIN VDE 0110 For Rated Mains Voltage ≤ 150 V rms For Rated Mains Voltage ≤ 300 V rms For Rated Mains Voltage ≤ 400 V rms Climatic Classification Pollution Degree per DIN VDE 0110, Table 1 Maximum Working Insulation Voltage Input-to-Output Test Voltage, Method B1 Test Conditions/Comments VIORM × 1.875 = Vpd(m), 100% production test, tini = tm = 1 sec, partial discharge < 5 pC Input-to-Output Test Voltage, Method A After Environmental Tests Subgroup 1 Symbol Characteristic Unit VIORM Vpd(m) I to IV I to IV I to III 40/105/21 2 846 1592 V peak V peak 1273 V peak 1018 V peak VIOTM VIOSM 6000 6000 V peak V peak TS PS RS 150 2.78 >109 °C W Ω Vpd(m) VIORM × 1.5 = Vpd(m), tini = 60 sec, tm = 10 sec, partial discharge < 5 pC VIORM × 1.2 = Vpd(m), tini = 60 sec, tm = 10 sec, partial discharge < 5 pC After Input and/or Safety Tests Subgroup 2 and Subgroup 3 Highest Allowable Overvoltage Surge Isolation Voltage Safety Limiting Values VPEAK = 10 kV; 1.2 µs rise time; 50 µs, 50% fall time Maximum value allowed in the event of a failure (see Figure 9) Maximum Junction Temperature Total Power Dissipation at 25°C Insulation Resistance at TS VIO = 500 V 3.0 SAFE LIMITING POWER (W) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0 0 50 100 150 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (ºC) 200 11116-010 0.5 Figure 9. Thermal Derating Curve, Dependence of Safety Limiting Values on Case Temperature, per DIN EN 60747-5-2 Rev. 0 | Page 15 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. −0.3 V to +3.7 V −0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V −0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. −0.3 V to +3.7 V −2 V to +2 V θJA and θJC are specified for the worst-case conditions, that is, a device soldered in a circuit board for surface-mount packages. −0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V −0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V −0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V −100 kV/µs to +100 kV/µs Package Type 28-Lead LFCSP (ADE7978) 20-Lead SOIC (ADE7933/ADE7932) Table 10. Parameter ADE7978 VDD to GND Digital Input Voltage to DGND Digital Output Voltage to DGND ADE7933/ADE7932 VDD to GND Analog Input Voltage to GNDISO, IP, IM, V1P, V2P, VM Reference Input Voltage to GNDISO Digital Input Voltage to GND Digital Output Voltage to GND Common-Mode Transients1 Operating Temperature Industrial Range Storage Temperature Range Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)2 ADE7978 ADE7933/ADE7932 Rating −40°C to +85°C −65°C to +150°C THERMAL RESISTANCE Table 11. Thermal Resistance θJA 29.3 48.0 ESD CAUTION 300°C 260°C Refers to common-mode transients across the insulation barrier. Commonmode transients exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may cause latch-up or permanent damage. 2 Analog Devices recommends that reflow profiles used in soldering RoHS compliant parts conform to JEDEC J-STD 20. For the latest revision of this standard, refer to JEDEC. 1 Table 12. ADE7933/ADE7932 Maximum Continuous Working Voltage Supporting a 50-Year Minimum Lifetime1 Parameter AC Voltage, Bipolar Waveform DC Voltage Basic Insulation 1 Max 564 Unit V peak 600 V peak Applicable Certification All certifications, 50-year operation Refers to the continuous voltage magnitude imposed across the isolation barrier. For more information, see the Insulation Lifetime section. Rev. 0 | Page 16 of 120 θJC 1.8 6.2 Unit °C/W °C/W Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 23 DGND 22 LDO 26 ZX/DREADY 25 XTALIN 24 XTALOUT 28 DATA_A 27 VT_A PIN CONFIGURATIONS AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS 21 VDD VT_B 1 DATA_B 2 CLKOUT 4 SYNC 5 20 GND 19 MOSI/SDA ADE7978 18 MISO/HSD 17 SCLK/SCL TOP VIEW (Not to Scale) VT_C 6 16 SS/HSA DATA_C 7 CF1 13 CF2 14 RESET 12 IRQ0 10 IRQ1 11 VT_N DATA_N 8 9 15 CF3/HSCLK NOTES 1. CREATE A SIMILAR PAD ON THE PCB UNDER THE EXPOSED PAD. SOLDER THE EXPOSED PAD TO THE PAD ON THE PCB TO CONFER MECHANICAL STRENGTH TO THE PACKAGE. CONNECT THE PADS TO DGND AND GND. 11116-011 RESET_EN 3 Figure 10. Pin Configuration, ADE7978 Table 13. Pin Function Descriptions, ADE7978 Pin No. 1 Mnemonic VT_B 2 DATA_B 3 RESET_EN 4 5 CLKOUT SYNC 6 VT_C 7 DATA_C 8 VT_N 9 DATA_N 10, 11 IRQ0, IRQ1 12 RESET 13, 14, 15 CF1, CF2, CF3/HSCLK SS/HSA SCLK/SCL 16 17 Description Selects the second voltage input (V2P) or the temperature measurement on the Phase B ADE7933/ADE7932. Connect this pin to the V2/TEMP pin of the Phase B ADE7933/ADE7932. If no ADE7933/ADE7932 is used to sense Phase B—as in the 3-phase, 3-wire delta configuration—leave this pin unconnected. Receives the bit streams from the Phase B ADE7933/ADE7932. Connect this pin to the DATA pin of the Phase B ADE7933/ADE7932. If no ADE7933/ADE7932 is used to sense Phase B—as in the 3-phase, 3-wire delta configuration—connect this pin to VDD. Reset Output Enable. Connect this pin to the RESET_EN pins of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. This pin is used by the ADE7978 to reset the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices (see the Hardware Reset section). 4.096 MHz Output Clock Signal. Connect this pin to the XTAL1 pins of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. Clock Output (1.024 MHz). This pin is the clock for serial communication with the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. Connect this pin to the SYNC pins of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. Selects the second voltage input (V2P) or the temperature measurement on the Phase C ADE7933/ADE7932. Connect this pin to the V2/TEMP pin of the Phase C ADE7933/ADE7932. If no ADE7933/ADE7932 is used to sense Phase C, leave this pin unconnected. Receives the bit streams from the Phase C ADE7933/ADE7932. Connect this pin to the DATA pin of the Phase C ADE7933/ADE7932. If no ADE7933/ADE7932 is used to sense Phase C, connect this pin to VDD. Selects the second voltage input (V2P) or the temperature measurement on the neutral line ADE7933/ADE7932. Connect this pin to the V2/TEMP pin of the neutral line ADE7933/ADE7932. If no ADE7933/ADE7932 is used to sense the neutral line, leave this pin unconnected. Receives the bit streams from the neutral line ADE7933/ADE7932. Connect this pin to the DATA pin of the neutral line ADE7933/ADE7932. If no ADE7933/ADE7932 is used to sense the neutral line, connect this pin to VDD. Interrupt Request Outputs. These pins are active low logic outputs. For information about the events that can trigger an interrupt, see the Interrupts section. Reset Input, Active Low. Set this pin low for at least 10 µs to trigger a hardware reset (see the Hardware Reset section). Calibration Frequency (CF) Logic Outputs. These outputs provide power information and are used for operational and calibration purposes. CF3 is multiplexed with the serial clock output of the HSDC port. Slave Select for the SPI Port/HSDC Port Active. Serial Clock Input for the SPI Port/Serial Clock Input for the I2C Port. This pin has a Schmitt trigger input for use with clock sources that have a slow edge transition time, for example, opto-isolator outputs. The default functionality of this pin is SCL. Rev. 0 | Page 17 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Pin No. 18 19 20 21 Mnemonic MISO/HSD MOSI/SDA GND VDD 22 LDO 23 24 DGND XTALOUT 25 XTALIN 26 ZX/DREADY 27 VT_A 28 DATA_A EP Exposed Pad Data Sheet Description Data Output for the SPI Port/Data Output for the HSDC Port. Data Input for the SPI Port/Data Output for the I2C Port. The default functionality of this pin is SDA. Ground Reference for the Input Circuitry. Supply Voltage. This pin provides the supply voltage. For specified operation, maintain the supply voltage at 3.3 V ± 10%. Decouple this pin to GND with a 10 µF capacitor in parallel with a ceramic 100 nF capacitor. 1.8 V Output of the Digital Low Dropout (LDO) Regulator. Decouple this pin with a 4.7 µF capacitor in parallel with a ceramic 100 nF capacitor. Do not connect active external circuitry to this pin. Ground Reference for the Digital Circuitry. A crystal with a maximum drive level of 0.5 mW and an equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 20 Ω can be connected across this pin and the XTALIN pin to provide a clock source for the ADE7978. Master Clock. An external clock can be provided at this logic input. Alternatively, a crystal with a maximum drive level of 0.5 mW and an ESR of 20 Ω can be connected across XTALIN and XTALOUT to provide a clock source for the ADE7978. The clock frequency for specified operation is 16.384 MHz. For more information, see the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 Clocks section. Zero-Crossing (ZX) Output Pin. The ZX pin goes high on the positive-going edge of the selected phase voltage zero crossing; the pin goes low on the negative-going edge of the zero crossing (see the Zero-Crossing Detection section for more information). DREADY is an active low signal that is generated approximately 70 ns after Bit 17 (DREADY) in the STATUS0 register is set to 1. This pin has a frequency of 8 kHz and stays low for 10 µs every period. The default functionality of this pin is DREADY. Selects the second voltage input (V2P) or the temperature measurement on the Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932. Connect this pin to the V2/TEMP pin of the Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932. If no ADE7933/ADE7932 is used to sense Phase A, leave this pin unconnected. Receives the bit streams from the Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932. Connect this pin to the DATA pin of the Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932. If no ADE7933/ADE7932 is used to sense Phase A, connect this pin to VDD. Create a similar pad on the PCB under the exposed pad. Solder the exposed pad to the pad on the PCB to confer mechanical strength to the package. Connect the pads to DGND and GND. Rev. 0 | Page 18 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 VDDISO 1 20 GND GNDISO 2 19 VDD V2P 3 18 EMI_CTRL 17 V2/TEMP 16 RESET_EN 15 DATA IP 7 14 XTAL2 LDO 8 13 XTAL1 REF 9 12 SYNC GNDISO 10 11 GND ADE7932/ ADE7933 V1P 4 VM 5 TOP VIEW (Not to Scale) IM 6 11116-012 Data Sheet Figure 11. Pin Configuration, ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 14. Pin Function Descriptions, ADE7933/ADE7932 Pin No. 1 Mnemonic VDDISO 2, 10 GNDISO 3, 4, 5 V2P, V1P, VM 6, 7 IM, IP 8 LDO 9 REF 11, 20 12 GND SYNC 13 XTAL1 14 XTAL2 15 DATA 16 RESET_EN 17 V2/TEMP Description Isolated Secondary Side Supply Voltage. This pin provides access to the 3.3 V on-chip isolated power supply. Do not connect active external circuitry to this pin. Decouple this pin with a 10 µF capacitor in parallel with a ceramic 0.1 µF capacitor. Ground Reference for the Isolated Secondary Side. This pin provides the ground reference for the analog circuitry. Use this quiet ground reference for all analog circuitry. Analog Inputs for the Voltage Channels. These channels are used with voltage transducers and are referred to in this data sheet as the voltage channels. These inputs are pseudo differential voltage inputs with a maximum signal level of ±0.5 V with respect to VM for specified operation. Use these pins with the related input circuitry, as shown in Figure 34. The second voltage channel (V2P) is available on the ADE7933 only. If the V1P or V2P pin is not used on the ADE7933, connect the pin to the VM pin. On the ADE7932, the V2P pin must always be connected to the VM pin. Analog Inputs for the Current Channel. This channel is used with shunts and is referred to in this data sheet as the current channel. These inputs are pseudo differential voltage inputs with a maximum differential level of ±31.25 mV. Use these pins with the related input circuitry, as shown in Figure 34. 2.5 V Output of the Analog Low Dropout (LDO) Regulator. Decouple this pin with a 4.7 µF capacitor in parallel with a ceramic 100 nF capacitor using GNDISO (Pin 10). Do not connect active external circuitry to this pin. Voltage Reference. This pin provides access to the on-chip voltage reference. The on-chip reference has a nominal value of 1.2 V. Decouple this pin to GNDISO (Pin 10) with a 4.7 µF capacitor in parallel with a ceramic 100 nF capacitor. Primary Ground Reference. Synchronization Pin. The 4.096 MHz clock signal generated by the ADE7978 is used for serial communication between the ADE7933/ADE7932 and the ADE7978. Connect the ADE7933/ADE7932 SYNC pin to the SYNC pin of the ADE7978. Master Clock. Connect this pin to the ADE7978 CLKOUT pin. The clock frequency for specified operation is 4.096 MHz. When the ADE7933/ADE7932 and the ADE7978 are used as a chipset, the ADE7933/ADE7932 must function synchronously with the ADE7978; therefore, the XTAL1 pin of the ADE7933/ADE7932 must be connected to the CLKOUT pin of the ADE7978. If the ADE7933/ADE7932 are used as standalone chips, a crystal with a maximum drive level of 0.5 mW and an ESR of 20 Ω can be connected across XTAL1 and XTAL2 to provide a clock source for the ADE7933/ADE7932. The clock frequency for specified operation is 4.096 MHz, but lower frequencies down to 3.6 MHz can be used. For more information, see the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 Clocks section. Leave this pin open when the ADE7933/ADE7932 are used with the ADE7978. If the ADE7933/ADE7932 are used as standalone chips, a crystal with a maximum drive level of 0.5 mW and an ESR of 20 Ω can be connected across XTAL1 and XTAL2 to provide a clock source for the ADE7933/ADE7932. Data Output for Communication with the ADE7978. Connect the DATA pin to one of the following pins on the ADE7978: DATA_A, DATA_B, DATA_C, or DATA_N. Connect the DATA pin of the Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932 to the DATA_A pin of the ADE7978, and so on. Reset Input Enable, Active Low. The ADE7933/ADE7932 is reset by setting the RESET_EN pin low and toggling the V2/TEMP pin four times with a frequency of 4.096 MHz. The reset ends when this pin and the V2/TEMP pin are set high (see the Hardware Reset section). This input pin selects the signal that is converted at the second voltage channel of the ADE7933. (In the ADE7932, the temperature sensor is always converted by the second voltage channel.) When this pin is high, the voltage input V2P is sensed; when this pin is low, the temperature sensor is measured. The V2/TEMP pin is also used during the ADE7933/ADE7932 reset procedure. For both the ADE7933 and ADE7932, the V2/TEMP pin must always be connected to one of the following pins on the ADE7978: VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, or VT_N. Connect the V2/TEMP pin of the Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932 to the VT_A pin of the ADE7978, and so on. For more information, see the Second Voltage Channel and Temperature Measurement section. Rev. 0 | Page 19 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Pin No. 18 Mnemonic EMI_CTRL 19 VDD Data Sheet Description Emissions Control Pin. This pin manages the emissions of the ADE7933/ADE7932. When the pin is connected to GND, the PWM control block of the dc-to-dc converter generates pulses during Slot 0, Slot 2, Slot 4, and Slot 6. When the pin is connected to VDD, the PWM control block of the dc-to-dc converter generates pulses during Slot 1, Slot 3, Slot 5, and Slot 7. (For more information, see the DC-to-DC Converter section.) Do not leave this pin floating. Primary Supply Voltage. This pin provides the supply voltage for the ADE7933/ADE7932. For specified operation, maintain the supply voltage at 3.3 V ± 10%. Decouple this pin to GND with a 10 µF capacitor in parallel with a ceramic 100 nF capacitor. Rev. 0 | Page 20 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Figure 12 through Figure 17 were generated using the following conditions: sinusoidal voltage with an amplitude of 50% of full scale and a frequency of 50 Hz; sinusoidal current with variable amplitudes from 100% of full scale down to 0.033% of full scale and with a frequency of 50 Hz; offset compensation executed. 1.0 0 –0.5 –0.5 –1.0 –1.0 –1.5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) –1.5 0.01 1.5 1.0 1.5 TA = –40°C TA = +25°C TA = +85°C 1.0 –1.0 –1.0 0.1 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) –1.5 0.01 11116-114 ERROR (%) ERROR (%) –0.5 VDD = 2.97V VDD = 3.30V VDD = 3.63V 0.1 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) Figure 13. Total Reactive Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Temperature, PF = 0 Figure 16. Total Reactive Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Power Supply, PF = 0, TA = 25°C 1.5 TA = –40°C TA = +25°C TA = +85°C 1.0 VDD = 2.97V VDD = 3.30V VDD = 3.63V 0.5 ERROR (%) 0.5 0 0 –0.5 –1.0 –1.0 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) 11116-115 –0.5 –1.5 0.1 100 0 –0.5 1.0 10 0.5 0 1.5 1 Figure 15. Total Active Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Power Supply, PF = 1, TA = 25°C 0.5 –1.5 0.01 0.1 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) Figure 12. Total Active Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Temperature, PF = 1 ERROR (%) 0 11116-120 ERROR (%) 0.5 11116-113 ERROR (%) 0.5 VDD = 2.97V VDD = 3.30V VDD = 3.63V 11116-121 1.0 1.5 TA = –40°C TA = +25°C TA = +85°C Figure 14. Apparent Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Temperature, PF = 1 –1.5 0.1 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) Figure 17. Apparent Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Power Supply, PF = 1, TA = 25°C Rev. 0 | Page 21 of 120 11116-122 1.5 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Figure 18 through Figure 23 were generated using the following conditions: fundamental voltage component in phase with 5th harmonic; current with a 50 Hz component that has variable amplitudes from 100% of full scale down to 0.033% of full scale and a 5th harmonic with a constant amplitude of 17% of full scale; power factor equal to 1 or 0 on the fundamental and 5th harmonic. Figure 18, Figure 19, Figure 21, and Figure 22 were generated using a voltage with a 50 Hz component that has an amplitude of 50% of full scale and a 5th harmonic with an amplitude of 5% of full scale. Figure 20 and Figure 23 were generated using a voltage with a 50 Hz component that has variable amplitudes from 100% of full scale down to 0.033% of full scale and a 5th harmonic with an amplitude of 5% of full scale. 1.0 0 –0.5 –0.5 –1.0 –1.0 –1.5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) Figure 18. Fundamental Active Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Temperature, PF = 1 1.5 1.0 –1.5 0.01 1.5 1.0 –1.0 0.1 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) –1.5 0.01 11116-123 ERROR (%) ERROR (%) –1.0 Figure 19. Fundamental Active Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Power Supply, PF = 1, TA = 25°C VDD = 2.97V VDD = 3.30V VDD = 3.63V 0.1 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) Figure 22. Fundamental Reactive Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Power Supply, PF = 0, TA = 25°C 1.5 TA = –40°C TA = +25°C TA = +85°C 1.0 TA = –40°C TA = +25°C TA = +85°C 0.5 ERROR (%) 0.5 0 0 –0.5 –0.5 –1.0 –1.0 1 10 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) 100 –1.5 0.1 11116-127 –1.5 0.1 100 0 –0.5 1.0 10 0.5 –0.5 1.5 1 Figure 21. Fundamental Reactive Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Temperature, PF = 0 VDD = 2.97V VDD = 3.30V VDD = 3.63V 0 –1.5 0.01 0.1 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) 0.5 ERROR (%) 0 11116-117 ERROR (%) 0.5 11116-116 ERROR (%) 0.5 TA = –40°C TA = +25°C TA = +85°C 11116-124 1.0 1.5 TA = –40°C TA = +25°C TA = +85°C Figure 20. Fundamental Current RMS Error as a Percentage of Reading over Temperature, PF = 1 1 10 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE VOLTAGE (%) 100 11116-128 1.5 Figure 23. Fundamental Voltage RMS Error as a Percentage of Reading over Temperature, PF = 1 Rev. 0 | Page 22 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Figure 24 and Figure 25 were generated using the following conditions: sinusoidal voltage with a constant amplitude of 50% of full scale; sinusoidal current with a constant amplitude of 10% of full scale; variable frequency between 45 Hz and 65 Hz. 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 ERROR (%) 0.06 0 –0.02 0 –0.04 –0.06 –0.06 –0.08 –0.08 –0.10 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 LINE FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 24. Total Active Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Frequency, PF = −0.5, +0.5, and +1 POWER FACTOR = –0.866 POWER FACTOR = 0 POWER FACTOR = +0.866 –0.02 –0.04 11116-118 ERROR (%) 0.08 0.10 POWER FACTOR = –0.5 POWER FACTOR = +1 POWER FACTOR = +0.5 –0.10 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 LINE FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 25. Total Reactive Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading over Frequency, PF = −0.866, 0, and +0.866 Rev. 0 | Page 23 of 120 11116-119 0.10 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Figure 26 through Figure 29 were generated using the following conditions: sinusoidal current and voltage with variable amplitudes from 100% of full scale down to 0.033% of full scale. Figure 26 and Figure 28 were obtained using a frequency of 50 Hz; Figure 27 and Figure 29 were obtained using a variable frequency between 45 Hz and 65 Hz. 1.5 1.5 TA = –40°C TA = +25°C TA = +85°C 1.0 1.0 0 0 –0.5 –0.5 –1.0 –1.0 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) –1.5 0.1 Figure 26. Current RMS Error as a Percentage of Reading over Temperature 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 ERROR (%) 0.10 0 –0.02 0 –0.02 –0.04 –0.06 –0.06 –0.08 –0.08 –0.10 50 55 60 65 LINE FREQUENCY (Hz) 70 11116-129 –0.04 45 100 Figure 28. Voltage RMS Error as a Percentage of Reading over Temperature 0.08 40 10 1 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE VOLTAGE (%) Figure 27. Current RMS Error as a Percentage of Reading over Frequency –0.10 40 45 50 55 60 65 LINE FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 29. Voltage RMS Error as a Percentage of Reading over Frequency Rev. 0 | Page 24 of 120 70 11116-130 –1.5 0.1 11116-126 ERROR (%) 0.5 11116-125 ERROR (%) 0.5 ERROR (%) TA = –40°C TA = +25°C TA = +85°C Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 –0.5 –0.5 –1.0 –1.0 –1.5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) Figure 30. Total Active Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading, PF = 1 (Standard Deviation σ = 0.06% at 0.2% of Full-Scale Current and σ = 0.12% at 0.05% of Full-Scale Current) –1.5 0.01 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 ERROR (%) 1.5 –0.5 –1.0 –1.0 0.1 1 10 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) 100 Figure 31. Fundamental Active Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading, PF = 1 (Standard Deviation σ = 0.06% at 0.2% of Full-Scale Current and σ = 0.11% at 0.05% of Full-Scale Current) 10 100 0 –0.5 –1.5 0.01 1 Figure 32. Total Reactive Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading, PF = 0 (Standard Deviation σ = 0.09% at 0.2% of Full-Scale Current and σ = 0.13% at 0.05% of Full-Scale Current) 1.5 0 0.1 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) –1.5 0.01 11116-132 ERROR (%) 0 0.1 1 10 PERCENTAGE OF FULL-SCALE CURRENT (%) 100 11116-134 0 11116-133 ERROR (%) 1.5 11116-131 ERROR (%) Figure 30 through Figure 33 were generated using the following conditions: sinusoidal voltage with an amplitude of 50% of full scale and a frequency of 50 Hz; sinusoidal current with variable amplitudes from 100% of full scale down to 0.033% of full scale and with a frequency of 50 Hz; offset compensation executed. For Figure 31 and Figure 33, besides the fundamental component, the voltage contained a 5th harmonic with a constant amplitude of 5% of full scale, and the current contained a 5th harmonic with a constant amplitude of 17% of full scale. Measurements at 25°C were repeated 30 times, and the standard deviation values were extracted for current levels of 0.2% and 0.05% of full scale. Figure 33. Fundamental Reactive Energy Error as a Percentage of Reading, PF = 0 (Standard Deviation σ = 0.06% at 0.2% of Full-Scale Current and σ = 0.13% at 0.05% of Full-Scale Current) Rev. 0 | Page 25 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet TEST CIRCUIT 100nF 1kΩ IPIN_A 150Ω FERRITE 7 33nF 330kΩ 330kΩ 1kΩ 1kΩ 150Ω FERRITE 6 IMIN_A 330kΩ GNDISO IP VDD GND TS4148 150Ω FERRITE V1PIN_A VDDISO 33nF GND_A 150Ω FERRITE 2 4 EMI_CTRL IM 1kΩ V1P ADE7933A DATA TS4148 33nF TS4148 5 33nF V2/TEMP VM SYNC TS4148 330kΩ 330kΩ TS4148 3 330kΩ V2PIN_A RESET_EN V2P XTAL1 LDO XTAL2 8 1kΩ 33nF 4.7µF 4.7µF 100nF 100nF 10 9 1 2 3 4 SAME AS IN ADE7933 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 GNDISO GND 19 3.3V 20 100nF 10kΩ ADE7978 18 15 28 17 27 12 5 16 3 13 4 14 25 11 24 EMI_CTRL SYNC GNDISO V2P XTAL2 V1P RESET_EN V2/TEMP VM ADE7933B IP VDD XTAL1 GNDISO GND 2 3 4 SAME AS IN ADE7933 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 SAME AS IN ADE7933 A 6 7 8 9 10 VDDISO EMI_CTRL GNDISO SYNC V2P DATA RESET_EN V1P V2/TEMP VM IM ADE7933C VDD IP XTAL1 LDO XTAL2 REF GND GNDISO GND VDDISO EMI_CTRL GNDISO SYNC V2P XTAL2 V1P RESET_EN VM IM V2/TEMP ADE7933N IP LDO VDD XTAL1 DATA REF GND GNDISO GND 11 TO MCU 3.3V RESET_EN 1µF CLKOUT 10kΩ 3.3V 12 XTALIN RESET XTALOUT CF1 13 12 10kΩ 14 10kΩ 16 1 17 CF2 VT_B SAME AS IN ADE7933 A 19 13 CF3/HSCLK 2 SS/HSA DATA_B 3.3V 20 SCLK/SCL MISO/HSD 10kΩ 1 IRQ1 SYNC 18 DATA 11 GND REF TO MCU 20pF 15 LDO VT_A 80.6Ω 20pF VDDISO IRQ0 10 DATA_A 16.384MHz REF IM 3.3V 10µF 3.3V 10µF 18 100nF 21 20 VDD MOSI/SDA GND ZX/DREADY 14 15 16 17 18 19 26 SAME AS CF1 TO MCU TO MCU TO MCU TO MCU TO MCU TO MCU 12 7 15 DATA_C 16 6 17 19 VT_C SAME AS IN ADE7933 A 13 14 11 3.3V 4.7µF 100nF 22 23 20 LDO DGND 18 12 14 10kΩ 16 8 17 19 13 15 VT_N SAME AS IN ADE7933 A 9 DATA_N 11 20 Figure 34. Test Circuit Rev. 0 | Page 26 of 120 11116-014 1 10µF Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 TERMINOLOGY Energy Measurement Error The accuracy of the energy measurement is assessed as follows: 1. 2. 3. The voltage channel is supplied with a sinusoidal signal that has peak values equal to ±250 mV. This value represents half of the full scale. The current channel is supplied with sinusoidal signals that have peak values equal to ±31.25 mV (full scale), ±3.125 mV (1/10 of full scale), ±312.5 µV (1/100 of full scale), ±31.25 µV (1/1000 of full scale), and ±15.625 µV (1/2000 of full scale). The energy is accumulated in line cycle accumulation mode, and the accumulation time varies with the current channel signal level. The energy calculated for current peaks equal to ±3.125 mV (1/10 of full scale) is considered the reference. The energy measurement error is computed relative to a straight line that passes through this point, as follows: AccTime(I 1/10 ) I 1/10 × Energy (I x ) × Ix AccTime(I x ) − 1 × 100% (1) ε= Energy (I 1/10 ) where: Energy(Ix) is the energy measurement when the current is Ix. Energy(I1/10) is the energy measurement when the current is I1/10. This is the reference measurement. AccTime(I1/10) is the accumulation time used to measure Energy(I1/10). AccTime(Ix) is the accumulation time used to measure Energy(Ix). 2. The voltage and current channels are supplied with sinusoidal signals of various peaks, starting with the full-scale signals (±500 mV for the voltage channel and ±31.25 mV for the current channel) and ending with ±1 mV and ±62.5 µV, respectively. The rms registers are read at least once per line cycle over 1 sec and averaged. The measurement performed when the input signal has peaks equal to 1/10 of full scale is considered the reference. The rms measurement error is computed relative to a straight line that passes through this point, as follows: I 1/10 I rms(I x ) × Ix εI = − 1 × 100% I rms(I 1/10 ) (3) where: I rms(Ix) is the current rms measurement when the current is Ix. I rms(I1/10) is the current rms measurement when the current is I1/10. This is the reference measurement. V rms(Vx) is the voltage rms measurement when the voltage is Vx. V rms(V1/10) is the voltage rms measurement when the voltage is V1/10. This is the reference measurement. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) SNR is the ratio of the rms value of the actual input signal to the rms sum of all other spectral components below the Nyquist frequency, excluding harmonics and dc. The spectral components are calculated over a 2 sec window. The value for SNR is expressed in decibels. Signal-to-Noise-and-Distortion (SINAD) Ratio SINAD is the ratio of the rms value of the actual input signal to the rms sum of all other spectral components below the Nyquist frequency, including harmonics but excluding dc. The spectral components are calculated over a 2 sec window. The value for SINAD is expressed in decibels. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) THD is the ratio of the rms sum of all harmonics (excluding the noise components) to the rms value of the fundamental. The spectral components are calculated over a 2 sec window. The value for THD is expressed in decibels. I rms and V rms Measurement Error The accuracy of the rms measurement is assessed as follows: 1. V1/10 V rms(Vx ) × V x εV = − 1 × 100% V rms(V1/10 ) Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) SFDR is the ratio of the rms value of the actual input signal to the rms value of the peak spurious component over the measurement bandwidth of the waveform samples. The spectral components are calculated over a 2 sec window. The value of SFDR is expressed in decibels relative to full scale, dBFS. CF Jitter The period of pulses at one of the CF1, CF2, or CF3 pins is continuously measured. The maximum, minimum, and average values of four consecutive pulses are computed as follows: Maximum = max(Period0, Period1, Period2, Period3) Minimum = min(Period0, Period1, Period2, Period3) Average = (2) Period 0 + Period1 + Period 2 + Period 3 4 The CF jitter is then computed as follows: CFJITTER = Rev. 0 | Page 27 of 120 Maximum − Minimum Average × 100% (4) ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Pseudo Differential Signal Voltage Range Between the IP and IM Pins, V1P and VM Pins, and V2P and VM Pins This range represents the peak-to-peak pseudo differential voltage that must be applied to the ADCs to generate a full-scale response when the IM and VM pins are connected to the GNDISO pin (Pin 2). The IM and VM pins are connected to the GNDISO pin using antialiasing filters (see Figure 34). Figure 35 shows the input voltage range between the IP and IM pins. Figure 36 shows the input voltage range between the V1P and VM pins and between the V2P and VM pins. +31.25mV IP –31.25mV 0V IP – IM +31.25mV Crosstalk is equal to the ratio between the grounded ADC output value and the ADC full-scale output value. The ADC outputs are acquired for 2 sec. Crosstalk is expressed in decibels. –31.25mV 11116-015 0V Figure 35. Pseudo Differential Input Voltage Range Between the IP and IM Pins V1P, V2P 0V ADC Offset Error ADC offset error is the difference between the average measured ADC output code with both inputs connected to GNDISO and the ideal ADC output code. The magnitude of the offset depends on the input range of each channel. –500mV 0V V1P – VM, V2P – VM Input Impedance to Ground, DC The input impedance to ground represents the impedance measured at each ADC input pin (IP, IM, V1P, V2P, and VM) with respect to GNDISO (Pin 10). Differential Input Impedance, DC The differential input impedance represents the impedance measured between the ADC inputs: IP and IM, V1P and VM, and V2P and VM (ADE7933 only). +500mV VM Crosstalk Crosstalk represents the leakage of signals, usually via capacitance between circuits. Crosstalk in the current channel is measured by setting the IP and IM pins to the GNDISO pin (Pin 10), supplying a full-scale alternate differential voltage between the V1P, V2P, and VM pins of the voltage channel, and measuring the output of the current channel. Crosstalk in the V1P voltage channel is measured by setting the V1P and VM pins to the GNDISO pin (Pin 10), supplying a fullscale alternate differential voltage at the IP and V2P pins, and measuring the output of the V1P channel. Crosstalk in the V2P voltage channel is measured by setting the V2P and VM pins to the GNDISO pin (Pin 10), supplying a full-scale alternate differential voltage at the IP and V1P pins, and measuring the output of the V2P channel. 0V IM Maximum VM and IM Voltage Range The maximum VM and IM voltage range represents the maximum allowed voltage at the VM and IM pins relative to the GNDISO pin (Pin 10). ADC Offset Drift over Temperature ADC offset drift is the change in offset over temperature. ADC offset drift is determined by measuring the ADC offset at −40°C, +25°C, and +85°C. The offset drift over temperature is computed as follows: +500mV –500mV 11116-016 0V Figure 36. Pseudo Differential Input Voltage Range Between the V1P and VM Pins and Between the V2P and VM Pins Drift = Offset (− 40° C ) − Offset (25° C ) Offset (85° C ) − Offset (25° C ) max ) ), ( ) ( ( ) ( Offset 25° C × − 40° C − 25° C Offset 25° C × 85° C − 25° C Offset drift is expressed in nV/°C. Rev. 0 | Page 28 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Gain Error Gain error in the ADE7933/ADE7932 represents the difference between the measured ADC output code (minus the offset) and the ideal output code (see the Current Channel ADC and Voltage Channel ADCs sections). The difference is expressed as a percentage of the ideal code and represents the overall gain error of one current or voltage channel. Gain Drift over Temperature Gain drift is the change in gain over temperature. The gain temperature coefficient includes the temperature variation of the ADC gain and of the internal voltage reference. Gain drift over temperature represents the overall temperature coefficient of one current or voltage channel. With the internal voltage reference in use, the ADC gain is measured at −40°C, +25°C, and +85°C. The temperature coefficient is computed as follows: Drift = Gain(− 40° C ) − Gain(25° C ) Gain(85° C ) − Gain(25° C ) max , Gain(25° C ) × (− 40° C − 25° C ) Gain(25° C ) × (85° C − 25° C ) Power Supply Rejection (PSR) PSR quantifies the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 chipset measurement error as a percentage of reading when the power supplies are varied. For the ac PSR measurement, a reading at nominal supplies (3.3 V) is taken when the voltage at the input pins is 0 V. A second reading is obtained with the same input signal levels when an ac signal (120 mV rms at 50 Hz or 100 Hz) is introduced onto the supplies. Any error introduced by this ac signal is expressed as a percentage of reading (power supply rejection ratio, PSRR). PSR = 20 log10 (PSRR). For the dc PSR measurement, a reading at nominal supplies (3.3 V) is taken when the voltage between the IP and IM pins is 6.25 mV rms, and the voltages between the V1P, V2P, and VM pins are 100 mV rms. A second reading is obtained with the same input signal levels when the power supplies are varied by ±10%. Any error introduced is expressed as a percentage of the reading (PSRR). PSR = 20 log10 (PSRR). Gain drift is measured in ppm of FS/°C. Rev. 0 | Page 29 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet THEORY OF OPERATION ADE7933/ADE7932 ANALOG INPUTS V1 The ADE7933 has three analog input channels: one current channel and two voltage channels. The ADE7932 does not include the second voltage channel. The current channel has two fully differential voltage input pins, IP and IM, that accept a maximum differential signal of ±31.25 mV. +500mV VIP IM 11116-031 VIM Figure 37. Maximum Input Level, Current Channel The current channel is used to sense the voltage across a shunt. In this case, one pole of the shunt becomes the ground of the meter (see Figure 101) and, therefore, the current channel is used in a pseudo differential configuration, similar to the voltage channel configuration (see Figure 38). The voltage channels have two pseudo differential, single-ended voltage input pins: V1P and V2P. These single-ended voltage inputs have a maximum input voltage of ±500 mV with respect to VM. The maximum signal allowed at the VM input is ±25 mV. Figure 38 shows a schematic of the voltage channel inputs and their relation to the maximum VM pin voltage. ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION The ADE7933/ADE7932 have three second-order Σ-Δ ADCs. For simplicity, the block diagram in Figure 39 shows a first-order Σ-Δ ADC. The converter is composed of the Σ-Δ modulator and the digital low-pass filter, separated by the digital isolation block. For any given input value in a single sampling interval, the data from the 1-bit ADC is virtually meaningless. A meaningful result is obtained only when a large number of samples is averaged. This averaging is carried out in the second part of the ADC, the digital low-pass filter, after the data is passed through the digital isolators. By averaging a large number of bits from the modulator, the lowpass filter can produce 24-bit data-words that are proportional to the input signal level. ISOLATION BARRIER CLKIN/16 ANALOG LOW-PASS FILTER + C + – DIGITAL LOW-PASS FILTER LATCHED COMPARATOR – DIGITAL ISOLATION VREF 24 ADE7978 .....10100101..... 1-BIT DAC 11116-033 R INTEGRATOR 11116-032 Figure 38. Maximum Input Level, Voltage Channels A Σ-Δ modulator converts the input signal into a continuous serial stream of 1s and 0s at a rate determined by the sampling clock. In the ADE7933/ADE7932, the sampling clock is equal to 1.024 MHz (CLKIN/16). The 1-bit DAC in the feedback loop is driven by the serial data stream. The DAC output is subtracted from the input signal. If the loop gain is high enough, the average value of the DAC output (and, therefore, the bit stream) can approach that of the input signal level. IP 0V –31.25mV VM VM –500mV VIP = ±31.25mV MAX PEAK VIM = ±25mV MAX +31.25mV V1P OR V2P V1 0V The maximum differential signal level on the IP and IM pins with respect to GNDISO is also ±31.25 mV. However, the maximum signal allowed at the IM input is ±25 mV. Figure 37 shows a schematic of the current channel input and its relation to the maximum IM pin voltage. VIP V1 = ±500mV MAX PEAK VM = ±25mV MAX ADE7932/ADE7933 Figure 39. First-Order Σ-∆ ADC Rev. 0 | Page 30 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Oversampling Oversampling is the first technique used to achieve high resolution. Oversampling means that the signal is sampled at a rate (frequency) that is many times higher than the bandwidth of interest. For example, when CLKIN = 4.096 MHz, the sampling rate in the ADE7933/ADE7932 is 1.024 MHz, whereas the bandwidth of interest is 40 Hz to 3.3 kHz. Oversampling has the effect of spreading the quantization noise (noise due to sampling) over a wider bandwidth. With the noise spread more thinly over a wider bandwidth, the quantization noise in the band of interest is lowered (see Figure 40). Antialiasing Filter As shown in Figure 39, an external low-pass analog RC filter is required on the input to the ADE7933/ADE7932 ADC. The role of this filter is to prevent aliasing. Aliasing is an artifact of all sampled systems, as shown in Figure 41. Aliasing refers to the frequency components in the input signal to the ADC that are imaged or folded back and appear in the sampled signal at a frequency below half the sampling rate. This effect occurs with signals that are higher than half the sampling rate of the ADC (also known as the Nyquist frequency, that is, 512 kHz). ALIASING EFFECTS ANTIALIASING FILTER ADE7978 (RC) DIGITAL FILTER SHAPED NOISE SAMPLING FREQUENCY SIGNAL 0 3.3 4 512 FREQUENCY (kHz) IMAGE FREQUENCIES NOISE SAMPLING FREQUENCY 1024 11116-035 The Σ-∆ converter uses two techniques—oversampling and noise shaping—to achieve high resolution from what is essentially a 1-bit conversion technique. Figure 41. Aliasing Effects 0 3.3 4 512 FREQUENCY (kHz) 1024 HIGH RESOLUTION OUTPUT FROM ADE7978 DIGITAL LPF SIGNAL 0 3.3 4 512 FREQUENCY (kHz) 1024 11116-034 NOISE Figure 40. Noise Reduction Due to Oversampling and Noise Shaping in the Analog Modulator However, oversampling alone is not sufficient to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the bandwidth of interest. For example, an oversampling ratio of 4 is required to increase the SNR by only 6 dB (1 bit). To keep the oversampling ratio at a reasonable level, it is possible to shape the quantization noise so that the majority of the noise lies at the higher frequencies (see the Noise Shaping section). Noise Shaping Noise shaping is the second technique used to achieve high resolution. In the Σ-∆ modulator, the noise is shaped by the integrator, which has a high-pass type response for the quantization noise. The result is that most of the noise is at the higher frequencies where it can be removed by the digital low-pass filter in the ADE7978. This noise shaping is shown in Figure 40. In Figure 41, only frequencies near the sampling frequency of 1.024 MHz move into the band of interest for metering, that is, 40 Hz to 3.3 kHz. To attenuate high frequency (near 1.024 MHz) noise and prevent the distortion of the band of interest, a low-pass filter (LPF) must be introduced. It is recommended that one RC filter with a corner frequency of 5 kHz be used for the attenuation to be sufficiently high at the sampling frequency of 1.024 MHz. The 20 dB per decade attenuation of this filter is usually sufficient to eliminate the effects of aliasing for conventional current sensors. ADC Transfer Function The ADE7933/ADE7932 provide a stream of bits at the DATA pin based on the SYNC clock signal provided by the ADE7978 (see the Bit Stream Communication Between the ADE7978 and the ADE7933/ADE7932 section). The ADE7978 digital filter processes the bit streams coming from all ADE7933/ADE7932 devices in the system and produces the 24-bit signed output codes of the ADCs. With a full-scale input signal of ±31.25 mV on the current channel and ±0.5 V on the voltage channels and with an internal reference of 1.2 V, the ADC output code is nominally 5,320,000 and usually varies for each ADE7933/ADE7932 around this value. The code obtained by the ADE7978 from the ADE7933/ADE7932 ADCs can vary from 0x800000 (−8,388,608) to 0x7FFFFF (+8,388,607); this code is equivalent to an input signal level of ±49.27 mV on the current channel and ±0.788 V on the voltage channels. However, for specified performance, do not exceed the nominal range of ±31.25 mV for the current channel and ±0.5 V for the voltage channels; ADC performance is guaranteed only for input signals within these limits. Rev. 0 | Page 31 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet CURRENT CHANNEL ADC With the specified full-scale analog input signal of ±31.25 mV, the ADC produces its maximum output code value. Figure 42 shows a full-scale voltage signal applied to the differential inputs (IP and IM). The ADC output swings from −5,320,000 to +5,320,000. Note that these are nominal values, and every ADE7978/ ADE7933/ADE7932 chipset varies around these values. In this data sheet, the measurements obtained on the current channel of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices that monitor Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C are called IA, IB, and IC, respectively (see Figure 101). The measurement obtained on the current channel of the ADE7933/ADE7932 device that monitors the neutral current is called IN (see Figure 102). Input IN corresponds to the neutral current of a 3-phase system. If the neutral line is not monitored, connect the DATA_N pin of the ADE7978 to VDD. The datapath of the neutral current is similar to the path of the phase currents, as shown in Figure 43. Figure 42 shows the signal processing path for Input IA in the current channel (the path is the same for IB and IC). The ADC outputs are signed twos complement 24-bit data-words and are available at a rate 8000 samples per second (8 kSPS). ADE7978 LPF1 TEMPCO[23:0] 0x512D40 = +5,320,000 FUNDAMENTAL CURRENT RMS (AFIRMS) CALCULATION PHASE A ATEMP0[23:0] ADE7933 REFERENCE AIGAIN[23:0] DIGITAL LPF 0V CURRENT RMS (AIRMS) CALCULATIONS 1 IP Σ-Δ MODULATOR ZX SIGNAL DATA RANGE CURRENT PEAK, OVERCURRENT DETECTION ATEMP[23:0] VIN ZX DETECTION HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] IAWV WAVEFORM SAMPLE REGISTER 0xFFAED2C0 = –5,320,000 TOTAL/FUNDAMENTAL ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER CALCULATION HPF IM CURRENT CHANNEL DATA RANGE CURRENT CHANNEL DATA RANGE AFTER HPF +31.25mV 0x512D40 = +5,320,000 0x512D40 = +5,320,000 0V 0V 0V ANALOG INPUT RANGE 0xFFAED2C0 = –5,320,000 0xFFAED2C0 = –5,320,000 ADC OUTPUT RANGE Figure 42. Phase A Current Channel Signal Path ADE7978 TEMPCO[23:0] NTEMP[23:0] NEUTRAL LINE NTEMP0[23:0] ADE7933 1 REFERENCE NIGAIN[23:0] IP Σ-Δ MODULATOR VIN DIGITAL LPF HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] HPF IM Figure 43. Neutral Current Signal Path Rev. 0 | Page 32 of 120 INWV WAVEFORM SAMPLE REGISTER CURRENT RMS (NIRMS) CALCULATION 11116-037 –31.25mV 11116-036 VIN Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Current Waveform Gain Registers There is a multiplier in the signal path of each phase and neutral current. The current waveform can be changed by ±100% by writing a corresponding twos complement number to the 24-bit signed current waveform gain registers (AIGAIN, BIGAIN, CIGAIN, and NIGAIN). For example, if 0x400000 is written to these registers, the ADC output is scaled up by 50%. To scale the output by −50%, write 0xC00000 to the registers. Equation 5 describes mathematically the function of the current waveform gain registers. Current Waveform = (5) Contents of Current Gain Register ADC Output × 1 + 2 23 Changing the contents of the AIGAIN, BIGAIN, CIGAIN, or NIGAIN register affects all calculations based on the current of the corresponding phase, including the active, reactive, and apparent energy and the current rms calculations. In addition, waveform samples scale accordingly. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. The 24-bit AIGAIN, BIGAIN, CIGAIN, and NIGAIN registers are sign extended to 28 bits and padded with four 0s for transmission as 32-bit registers (see Figure 44). 28 27 24 23 0000 BIT 23 IS A SIGN BIT Figure 44. 24-Bit xIGAIN Register Transmitted as a 32-Bit Signed Word The ADE7933/ADE7932 contain a temperature sensor that is internally multiplexed with the second voltage measurement, V2P (see the Second Voltage Channel and Temperature Measurement section). The ADE7978 assumes that all shunts used in the system have the same temperature coefficient. The 24-bit signed register TEMPCO contains the value of the temperature coefficient. Assume that the shunt resistance, R, varies linearly according to the following formula: R = R0 × [1 + ε × (T − T0)] Equation 8 describes mathematically the function of the current waveform temperature compensation. Current Waveform = ADC Output × A simple approach to implement temperature compensation is to use the temperature measurements without any gain correction (see the Second Voltage Channel and Temperature Measurement section). The xTEMP and xTEMP0 registers contain the temperature sensor measurements. Set the 24-bit signed register TEMPCO to the following value: TEMPCO = ε × k × 246 (9) where: ε is the temperature coefficient of the shunt. k = 8.72101 × 10−5 is the gain correction of the temperature measurement. For example, if ε = 50 ppm/°C, TEMPCO = round(50 × 10−6 × 8.72101 × 10−5 × 246) = 306,843 = 0x4AE9B (6) where: R0 is the shunt resistance at the nominal temperature, T0. ε is the temperature coefficient of the shunt. T is the temperature of the shunt. The maximum value that can be written to the TEMPCO register is 0x7FFFFF. This value translates into a maximum temperature coefficient that can be compensated equal to To compensate for the increase in resistance, the current waveform must be divided by 1 + ε × (T − T0). Because ε is a very small number, this expression is equivalent to a multiplication by 1 − ε × (T − T0). This multiplication is introduced in the datapath signal of each phase and neutral current. Current Waveform = ADC Output × [1 − ε × (T − T0)] (8) where TEMPCO, TEMP, and TEMP0 represent the contents of the registers with the same name. 0 24-BIT NUMBER BITS[27:24] ARE EQUAL TO BIT 23 The temperature sensor measurement starts when the VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins of the ADE7978 are set low; the results are first stored in the ATEMP, BTEMP, CTEMP, and NTEMP registers after 1.024 sec (see the Second Voltage Channel and Temperature Measurement section). At this point, the temperature compensation scheme becomes active and works at an 8 kHz update rate. Therefore, ATEMP, BTEMP, CTEMP, and NTEMP represent the temperature (T) in Equation 7. IGAIN TEMPCO TEMP TEMP0 × 1 − × − 1 + 23 23 23 2 2 2 23 2 11116-038 31 The 24-bit signed ATEMP0, BTEMP0, CTEMP0, and NTEMP0 registers represent the ambient temperature (T0) at which the meter temperature sensor gain calibration was executed on every phase (see the Second Voltage Channel and Temperature Measurement section). The 24-bit signed ATEMP, BTEMP, CTEMP, and NTEMP registers represent the shunt temperatures (T) measured by the temperature sensor of every ADE7933/ ADE7932 in the system. (7) Rev. 0 | Page 33 of 120 ε MAX = 1 2 × 8.72101 × 10 −5 23 = 1367 ppm/ ° C ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet The ADC outputs may contain a dc offset that can create errors in power and rms calculations. High-pass filters (HPFs) are placed in the signal path of the phase and neutral currents and in the signal path of the phase voltages. When the HPF is enabled, the filter eliminates any dc offset on the current channel. All filters in both current and voltage channels are implemented in the DSP and are enabled by default: Bit 4 (HPFEN) of the CONFIG register (Address 0xE618) is set to 1. All filters are disabled by setting Bit 4 (HPFEN) to 0. Current Channel Sampling The waveform samples of the current channel are taken at the output of the HPF and stored in the 24-bit signed IAWV, IBWV, ICWV, and INWV registers at a rate of 8 kSPS. All power and rms calculations remain uninterrupted during this process. Bit 17 (DREADY) in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502) is set when the IAWV, IBWV, ICWV, and INWV registers are available to be read using the I2C or SPI serial port. Setting Bit 17 (DREADY) in the MASK0 register (Address 0xE50A) enables an interrupt to be set when the DREADY flag is set. For more information about the DREADY bit, see the Digital Signal Processor section. The low to high transition of the ZX/DREADY pin can be used to initiate a burst read of the waveform sample registers. For more information, see the I2C Burst Read Operation and the SPI Burst Read Operation sections. For information about using the ZX functionality at the ZX/DREADY pin (ZX_DREADY bits in the CONFIG register are set to 01, 10, or 11), see the Zero-Crossing Detection section. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. When the 24-bit signed IAWV, IBWV, ICWV, and INWV registers are read from the ADE7978, they are transmitted as sign extended 32-bit registers (see Figure 45). 31 24 23 22 0 24-BIT SIGNED NUMBER BITS[31:24] ARE EQUAL TO BIT 23 BIT 23 IS A SIGN BIT 11116-039 Current Channel HPF Figure 45. 24-Bit IxWV Register Transmitted as a 32-Bit Signed Word The ADE7978 contains a high speed data capture (HSDC) port that is specially designed to provide fast access to the waveform sample registers. For more information, see the HSDC Interface section. In addition, if Bits[1:0] (ZX_DREADY) in the CONFIG register are set to 00, the DREADY functionality is selected at the ZX/DREADY pin. In this case, the pin goes low approximately 70 ns after the DREADY bit is set to 1 in the STATUS0 register. The ZX/DREADY pin stays low for 10 µs and then returns high. Rev. 0 | Page 34 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 VOLTAGE CHANNEL ADCs The ADC outputs are signed twos complement 24-bit words and are available at a rate of 8 kSPS. In this data sheet, the measurements obtained on the voltage channel of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices that monitor Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C are called VA, VB, and VC, respectively. The measurement obtained on the voltage channel of the ADE7933/ ADE7932 device that monitors the neutral current is called VN (see Figure 102). VA, VB, VC, and VN represent the signals measured between the V1P and VM pins of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices in the system. The signals measured between the V2P and VM pins of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices are called VA2, VB2, VC2, and VN2 (see the Second Voltage Channel and Temperature Measurement section). With the specified full-scale analog input signal of ±0.5 V, the ADC produces its maximum output code value. Figure 46 shows a full-scale voltage signal applied to the differential inputs (V1P and VM). The ADC output swings from −5,320,000 to +5,320,000. Note these are nominal values, and every ADE7978/ADE7933/ ADE7932 chipset varies around these values. Input VN between the V1P and VM pins of the neutral line ADE7933/ADE7932 corresponds to the earth to neutral voltage of a 3-phase system. If no voltage is monitored at the V1P pin, connect the V1P pin to the VM pin. The datapath of the earth to neutral voltage is similar to the path of the phase voltages, as shown in Figure 47. Figure 46 shows the ADC and signal processing chain for Input VA in the voltage channel (the path is the same for VB and VC). VOLTAGE PEAK, OVERVOLTAGE, SAG DETECTION ADE7978 FUNDAMENTAL VOLTAGE RMS (AFVRMS) CALCULATION VOLTAGE RMS (AVRMS) CALCULATION PHASE A ADE7933 AVGAIN[23:0] V1P Σ-Δ MODULATOR VIN VAWV WAVEFORM SAMPLE REGISTER HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] REFERENCE DIGITAL LPF TOTAL/FUNDAMENTAL ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER CALCULATION HPF LPF1 ZX DETECTION VM ZX SIGNAL DATA RANGE VOLTAGE CHANNEL DATA RANGE +0.5V 0x512D40 = +5,320,000 0x512D40 = +5,320,000 0V 0V 0V 0xFFAED2C0 = –5,320,000 ANALOG INPUT RANGE ADC OUTPUT RANGE 0xFFAED2C0 = –5,320,000 Figure 46. Phase A to Neutral Voltage Channel Datapath ADE7978 NEUTRAL LINE ADE7933 REFERENCE NVGAIN[23:0] V1P Σ-Δ MODULATOR VIN DIGITAL LPF HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] HPF VNWV WAVEFORM SAMPLE REGISTER VOLTAGE RMS (NVRMS) CALCULATION VM VIN VOLTAGE CHANNEL DATA RANGE +0.5V 0x512D40 = +5,320,000 0V 0V –0.5V ANALOG INPUT RANGE 0xFFAED2C0 = –5,320,000 ADC OUTPUT RANGE Figure 47. Earth to Neutral Voltage Channel Datapath Rev. 0 | Page 35 of 120 11116-041 –0.5V 11116-040 VIN ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Second Voltage Channel and Temperature Measurement Although the Vx2 channel is not available on the ADE7932, the V2/TEMP pin must still be connected to the corresponding VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, or VT_N pin of the ADE7978. Figure 48 shows the ADC and signal processing chain for the Input VA2 in the voltage channel (ADE7933 only). The VB2, VC2, and VN2 channels have similar processing chains. The V2P input pin of the ADE7933/ADE7932 is multiplexed with a temperature sensor. On the ADE7932, the Vx2 channel is not available, and the V2P pin must be connected to the VM pin. On the ADE7933, if no voltage is monitored at the V2P pin, connect the V2P pin to the VM pin. The V2/TEMP pin is also used during the reset procedure of the ADE7933/ADE7932 (see the Hardware Reset section). On the ADE7978, the selection of the second voltage channel or the temperature sensor is based on Bits[3:0] (VN2_EN, VC2_EN, VB2_EN, and VA2_EN) in the CONFIG3 register (Address 0xE708). When these bits are set to 1 (the default value), the VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins are set high, and VA2, VB2, VC2, and VN2 are measured. When the bits are cleared to 0, the VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins are set low, and the temperature sensors of each ADE7933/ADE7932 are measured. This is true even on the ADE7932 where the temperature sensor is always measured. On the ADE7933/ADE7932, the selection of the second voltage channel or the temperature sensor is based on the state of the V2/TEMP pin. Connect the V2/TEMP pin of the ADE7933/ ADE7932 to the appropriate pin of the ADE7978 (see Figure 1 and Table 15). Table 15. Connecting the ADE7933/ADE7932 V2/TEMP Pin to the ADE7978 ADE7933/ADE7932 Monitors This Phase Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase N V2/TEMP Pin of the ADE7933/ADE7932 Connected to This Pin on the ADE7978 VT_A VT_B VT_C VT_N PHASE A ADE7978 ADE7933 TEMPERATURE SENSOR HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] REFERENCE AV2GAIN[23:0] V2P Σ-Δ MODULATOR VIN VM DIGITAL LPF VT_A VIN +0.5V HPF VOLTAGE RMS (AV2RMS) CALCULATION BIT 0 (VA2_EN) IN CONFIG3 REGISTER SET TO 1 VOLTAGE CHANNEL DATA RANGE WHEN V2P IS SELECTED 0x512D40 = +5,320,000 0V ANALOG INPUT RANGE 0xFFAED2C0 = –5,320,000 ADC OUTPUT RANGE Figure 48. Phase A V2P Channel Datapath (ADE7933 Only) Rev. 0 | Page 36 of 120 11116-042 0V –0.5V VA2WV WAVEFORM SAMPLE REGISTER Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 The temperature measurements are also used in the current channel datapath for the temperature compensation of the current gain (see the Current Waveform Gain Registers section). A simple approach to implement the temperature measurement is to leave the temperature gain registers at their default values so that the temperature compensation path uses the temperature measurements without any gain correction. Figure 49 shows the ADC and signal processing chain for the temperature sensor when the ADE7933/ADE7932 monitor Phase A. The temperature measurement is characterized by offset and gain errors. The offset information is calculated during the manufacturing process and is stored with a sign opposite of the calculated sign into the ADE7933/ADE7932. The ADE7978 reads the offset information using the bit stream communication (see the Bit Stream Communication Between the ADE7978 and the ADE7933/ADE7932 section for more information). The ADE7978 then stores this information in the 8-bit signed ATEMPOS, BTEMPOS, CTEMPOS, and NTEMPOS registers. The offset information is shifted left by 11 bits before it is added to the temperature datapath. The temperature measurement results are stored in the 24-bit signed ATEMP, BTEMP, CTEMP, and NTEMP registers 1.024 sec after the temperature sensor measurement is started by setting the VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins low. These registers are updated at an 8 kSPS rate. The VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins must be kept low for at least 1.024 sec for the temperature measurement results to be stored in the ATEMP, BTEMP, CTEMP, and NTEMP registers. The 24-bit signed temperature gain registers (ATGAIN, BTGAIN, CTGAIN, and NTGAIN) can be used for gain compensation to change the temperature waveform by ±100%. For example, if 0x400000 is written to these registers, the ADC output is scaled up by 50%. To scale the output by −50%, write 0xC00000 to the registers. Equation 10 describes mathematically the function of the temperature waveform gain registers. Temperature Waveform = The microcontroller can obtain the temperature measurements expressed in °C units by applying the following formula: Temperature(°C) = 8.72101 × 10−5 × TEMP − 306.47 The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the SAGLVL register shown in Figure 61, the 24-bit signed ATEMP, BTEMP, CTEMP, and NTEMP registers are transmitted as 32-bit registers with the eight MSBs padded with 0s. (10) Contents of Temp Gain Register ADC Output × 1 + 2 23 PHASE A ADE7978 ADE7933 ATEMPOS[7:0] TEMPERATURE SENSOR 211 REFERENCE ATEMP TEMPERATURE RANGE ATGAIN[23:0] V2P Σ-Δ MODULATOR VIN VM DIGITAL LPF WITH 10Hz CORNER DIGITAL LPF VT_A AIGAIN TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION BIT 0 (VA2_EN) IN CONFIG3 REGISTER CLEARED TO 0 +0.3672V 4,488,800 +0.3098V 3,800,800 +0.2472V 3,055,500 +25°C +85°C TEMPERATURE SENSOR CHARACTERISTIC 0V –40°C +25°C +85°C VOLTAGE CHANNEL DATA RANGE WHEN TEMPERATURE SENSOR IS SELECTED Figure 49. Temperature Measurement Datapath Rev. 0 | Page 37 of 120 11116-043 VIN 0V –40°C (11) ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Voltage Waveform Gain Registers Voltage Channel Sampling There is a multiplier in the signal path of each phase voltage. The voltage waveform can be changed by ±100% by writing a corresponding twos complement number to the 24-bit signed voltage waveform gain registers (AVGAIN, AV2GAIN, BVGAIN, BV2GAIN, CVGAIN, CV2GAIN, NVGAIN, and NV2GAIN). For example, if 0x400000 is written to these registers, the ADC output is scaled up by 50%. To scale the output by −50%, write 0xC00000 to the registers. Equation 12 describes mathematically the function of the voltage waveform gain registers. The waveform samples of the voltage channels are taken at the output of the HPF and are stored in the 24-bit signed VAWV, VA2WV, VBWV, VB2WV, VCWV, VC2WV, VNWV, and VN2WV registers at a rate of 8 kSPS. All power and rms calculations remain uninterrupted during this process. Voltage Waveform = (12) Contents of Voltage Gain Register ADC Output × 1 + 2 23 Changing the contents of the AVGAIN, AV2GAIN, BVGAIN, BV2GAIN, CVGAIN, CV2GAIN, NVGAIN, or NV2GAIN register affects all calculations based on the voltage of the corresponding phase, including the active, reactive, and apparent energy and the voltage rms calculations. In addition, waveform samples scale accordingly. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the xIGAIN registers shown in Figure 44, the AVGAIN, AV2GAIN, BVGAIN, BV2GAIN, CVGAIN, CV2GAIN, NVGAIN, and NV2GAIN registers are sign extended to 28 bits and padded with four 0s for transmission as 32-bit registers. Voltage Channel HPF The ADC outputs may contain a dc offset that can create errors in power and rms calculations. High-pass filters (HPFs) are placed in the signal path of the phase voltages and the phase and neutral currents. When the HPF is enabled, the filter eliminates any dc offset on the voltage channel. All filters in both voltage and current channels are implemented in the DSP and are enabled by default: Bit 4 (HPFEN) of the CONFIG register (Address 0xE618) is set to 1. All filters are disabled by setting Bit 4 (HPFEN) to 0. Bit 17 (DREADY) in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502) is set when the VAWV, VA2WV, VBWV, VB2WV, VCWV, VC2WV, VNWV, and VN2WV registers are available to be read using the I2C or SPI serial port. Setting Bit 17 (DREADY) in the MASK0 register (Address 0xE50A) enables an interrupt to be set when the DREADY flag is set. For more information about the DREADY bit, see the Digital Signal Processor section. In addition, if Bits[1:0] (ZX_DREADY) in the CONFIG register are set to 00, the DREADY functionality is selected at the ZX/DREADY pin. In this case, the pin goes low approximately 70 ns after the DREADY bit is set to 1 in the STATUS0 register. The ZX/DREADY pin stays low for 10 µs and then returns high. The low to high transition of the ZX/DREADY pin can be used to initiate a burst read of the waveform sample registers. For more information, see the I2C Burst Read Operation and the SPI Burst Read Operation sections. For information about using the ZX functionality at the ZX/DREADY pin (ZX_DREADY bits in the CONFIG register are set to 01, 10, or 11), see the Zero-Crossing Detection section. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the IxWV registers shown in Figure 45, the 24-bit signed VAWV, VA2WV, VBWV, VB2WV, VCWV, VC2WV, VNWV, and VN2WV registers are transmitted as sign extended 32-bit registers. The ADE7978 contains a high speed data capture (HSDC) port that is specially designed to provide fast access to the waveform sample registers. For more information, see the HSDC Interface section. Rev. 0 | Page 38 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 CHANGING THE PHASE VOLTAGE DATAPATH The ADE7978 can direct one phase voltage input to the computational datapath of another phase. For example, the Phase A voltage can be introduced into the Phase B computational datapath, which means that all powers computed by the ADE7978 in Phase B are based on the Phase A voltage and the Phase B current. Table 16 lists the settings of the VTOIA[1:0] bits and the configured phase voltage directed to the Phase A computational datapath. Figure 50 shows the Phase A voltage used in the Phase B datapath, the Phase B voltage used in the Phase C datapath, and the Phase C voltage used in the Phase A datapath. IA Voltage Directed to the Phase A Computational Datapath Phase A voltage Phase B voltage Phase C voltage Phase A voltage VTOIC[1:0] = 10, PHASE B VOLTAGE DIRECTED TO PHASE C 11116-044 Figure 50. Phase Voltages Used in Different Datapaths Voltage Directed to the Phase B Computational Datapath Phase B voltage Phase C voltage Phase A voltage Phase B voltage Voltage Directed to the Phase C Computational Datapath Phase C voltage Phase A voltage Phase B voltage Phase C voltage CPHCAL PHASE C COMPUTATIONAL DATAPATH VC Table 18 lists the settings of the VTOIC[1:0] bits and the configured phase voltage directed to the Phase C computational datapath. VTOIC[1:0] Bits 00 (default) 01 10 11 VTOIB[1:0] = 10, PHASE A VOLTAGE DIRECTED TO PHASE B IC Table 17. VTOIB[1:0] Bit Settings (CONFIG Register, Bits[11:10]) Table 18. VTOIC[1:0] Bit Settings (CONFIG Register, Bits[13:12]) BPHCAL PHASE B COMPUTATIONAL DATAPATH IB VTOIA[1:0] = 10, PHASE C VOLTAGE DIRECTED TO PHASE A VB Table 17 lists the settings of the VTOIB[1:0] bits and the configured phase voltage directed to the Phase B computational datapath. VTOIB[1:0] Bits 00 (default) 01 10 11 PHASE A COMPUTATIONAL DATAPATH VA Table 16. VTOIA[1:0] Bit Settings (CONFIG Register, Bits[9:8]) VTOIA[1:0] Bits 00 (default) 01 10 11 APHCAL REFERENCE CIRCUITS The nominal reference voltage at the REF pin of the ADE7933/ ADE7932 is 1.2 V. This reference voltage is used for the ADCs. Because the on chip dc-to-dc converter cannot supply external loads, the REF pin cannot be overdriven by a standalone external voltage reference. The voltage of the ADE7933/ADE7932 reference drifts slightly with temperature. Table 6 specifies the gain drift over temperature for each ADC channel. The gain drift includes the temperature variation of the ADC gain, together with the temperature variation of the internal voltage reference. The value of the gain temperature drift varies from device to device. Because the energy calculation uses two ADC channels, one for the current and one for the voltage, any x% drift in the gain results in a 2x% deviation of the meter accuracy. The reference drift resulting from temperature changes is usually very small and is typically much smaller than the drift of other components on a meter. As an alternative, the meter can be calibrated at multiple temperatures. The VA2, VB2, VC2, and VN2 voltages and the temperature sensor use the third ADC of the ADE7933/ADE7932, so any x% drift in the gain results in an x% deviation of these measurements. Rev. 0 | Page 39 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet PHASE COMPENSATION If the current leads the voltage, the result is negative, and the absolute value is written to the xPHCAL registers. If the current lags the voltage, the result is positive and 512 is added to the result before it is written to the xPHCAL registers. Typically, phase compensation is not needed in the ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 chipset. As described in the Current Channel ADC and Voltage Channel ADC sections, the same datapath is used for the phase current and phase voltages; therefore, no phase error exists between the phase current and voltage signals introduced by the ADE7978. In addition, shunts are used with the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices to sense the phase currents, eliminating the need for phase compensation. APHCAL, BPHCAL, or CHPCAL = The ADE7978 provides a means of digitally calibrating eventual phase mismatch errors. The ADE7978 allows a small time delay or time advance to be introduced into the signal processing chain to compensate for the small phase errors. Figure 52 illustrates the use of phase compensation to remove an x = −1° phase lead in IA of the current channel from the external current transducer (equivalent of 55.5 µs for 50 Hz systems). To cancel the lead (1°) in the current channel of Phase A, a phase lead must be introduced into the corresponding voltage channel. Using Equation 13, APHCAL is 57 LSBs, rounded up from 56.8. The phase lead is achieved by introducing a time delay of 55.73 µs into the Phase A current. The 10-bit phase calibration registers (APHCAL, BPHCAL, and CPHCAL) can vary the time advance in the voltage channel signal path from −374.0 µs to +374.0 μs. Negative values written to the xPHCAL registers represent a time advance, whereas positive values represent a time delay. One LSB is equivalent to 0.976 µs of time delay or time advance (assuming a clock rate of 1.024 MHz). With a line frequency of 60 Hz, this calibration gives a phase resolution of 0.0211° (360° × 60 Hz/1.024 MHz) at the fundamental and corresponds to a total correction range of −8.079° to +8.079° at 60 Hz. With a line frequency of 50 Hz, the correction range is −6.732° to +6.732°, and the resolution is 0.0176° (360° × 50 Hz/1.024 MHz). 15 10 9 0000 00 0 xPHCAL Figure 51. 10-Bit xPHCAL Register Transmitted as a 16-Bit Word PHASE A ADE7978 IP Σ-Δ MODULATOR IA PHASE CALIBRATION APHCAL = 57 IM V1P Σ-Δ MODULATOR VA VM 1° IA IA 11116-058 The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. As shown in Figure 51, the 10-bit APHCAL, BPHCAL, and CPHCAL registers are accessed as 16-bit registers with the six MSBs padded with 0s. Given a phase error of x degrees, measured using the phase voltage as the reference, the corresponding LSBs are computed by dividing x by the phase resolution (0.0211°/LSB for 60 Hz and 0.0176°/LSB for 50 Hz). Only results from −383 to +383 are allowed; values outside this range are not allowed. ADE7933 (13) x ,x≤0 phase _ resolution x x + 512 , > 0 phase resolution _ VA 11116-059 VA PHASE COMPENSATION ACHIEVED DELAYING IA BY 56µs 50Hz Figure 52. Phase Calibration Process Rev. 0 | Page 40 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR The ADE7978 contains a fixed function digital signal processor (DSP) that computes all powers and rms values. The DSP contains program memory ROM and data memory RAM. Program memory ROM stores the program used for the power and rms computations; the processor executes the program every 8 kHz. The end of the computations is signaled by setting Bit 17 (DREADY) to 1 in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502). An interrupt attached to this flag can be enabled by setting Bit 17 (DREADY) in the MASK0 register (Address 0xE50A). When the interrupt is enabled, the IRQ0 pin is set low and the DREADY status bit is set to 1 at the end of the computations. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ0 pin returns high when a 1 is written to Bit 17 (DREADY) in the STATUS0 register. In addition, when Bits[1:0] (ZX_DREADY) in the CONFIG register (Address 0xE618) are set to 00, the DREADY functionality is selected at the ZX/DREADY pin. In this case, the ZX/DREADY pin goes low approximately 70 ns after the DREADY bit is set to 1 in the STATUS0 register. The ZX/DREADY pin stays low for 10 µs and then returns high. The low to high transition of the ZX/DREADY pin can be used to initiate a burst read of the waveform sample registers. For more information, see the I2C Burst Read Operation and the SPI Burst Read Operation sections. For information about using the ZX functionality at the ZX/DREADY pin (ZX_DREADY bits in the CONFIG register are set to 01, 10, or 11), see the Zero-Crossing Detection section. The registers used as inputs by the DSP are located in the data memory RAM at addresses from 0x4380 to 0x43BF. The width of this memory is 28 bits. Within the DSP core, the DSP contains a two-stage pipeline. This means that when a single register must be initialized, two more writes are required to ensure that the value is written into RAM, and if two or more registers must be initialized, the last register must be written two more times to ensure that the values are written into RAM. At power-up or after a hardware or software reset, the DSP is in idle mode. No instruction is executed. All registers located in the data memory RAM are initialized to 0, their default values, and they can be read or written without any restriction. The run register (Address 0xE228), which is used to start and stop the DSP, is cleared to 0x0000. To protect the integrity of the data stored in the data memory RAM of the DSP (addresses from 0x4380 to 0x43BF), a write protection mechanism is available. By default, the protection is disabled and registers located from Address 0x4380 to Address 0x43BF can be written without restriction. When the protection is enabled, no writes to these registers are allowed. Registers can always be read without restriction, independent of the write protection state. To enable the protection, write 0xAD to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7FE, followed by a write of 0x80 to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7E3. It is recommended that the write protection be enabled after the registers are initialized. If any data memory RAM-based register must be changed, disable the protection, change the value, and then reenable the protection. There is no need to stop the DSP to change these registers. To disable the protection, write 0xAD to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7FE, followed by a write of 0x00 to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7E3. The recommended procedure for initializing the registers located in the data memory RAM at power-up is described in the Initializing the Chipset section. In the unlikely event that one or more registers are not initialized correctly, disable the protection by writing 0xAD to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7FE, followed by a write of 0x00 to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7E3. Reinitialize the registers, writing the last register in the queue three times. Enable the write protection by writing 0xAD to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7FE, followed by a write of 0x80 to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7E3. There is no obvious reason to stop the DSP. All ADE7978 registers, including the registers located in the data memory RAM, can be modified without stopping the DSP. However, to stop the DSP, 0x0000 must be written to the run register. To restart the DSP, one of the following procedures must be followed: • • The run register must be written with 0x0001 for the DSP to start code execution. Before writing 0x0001 to the run register, it is recommended that all ADE7978 registers located in the data memory RAM be initialized to their desired values. Next, write the last register in the queue two additional times to flush the pipeline, and then write 0x0001 to the run register. In this way, the DSP starts the computations from a desired configuration. Rev. 0 | Page 41 of 120 If the ADE7978 registers located in the data memory RAM have not been modified, write 0x0001 to the run register to start the DSP. If the ADE7978 registers located in the data memory RAM must be modified, execute a software or a hardware reset, initialize all ADE7978 registers at the desired values, enable the write protection, and then write 0x0001 into the run register to start the DSP. ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS ZERO-CROSSING DETECTION Table 19. Zero-Crossing Status Bits in the STATUS1 Register The ADE7978 has a zero-crossing (ZX) detection circuit on the phase current and phase voltage channels. The neutral current datapath and the second voltage channels do not have zerocrossing detection circuits. Zero-crossing events are used as a time base for various power quality measurements and in the calibration process. Bit No. 9 10 11 12 13 14 The output of the digital filter LPF1 is used to generate zerocrossing events. The low-pass filter is intended to eliminate all harmonics of 50 Hz and 60 Hz systems and to help identify zero-crossing events on the fundamental components of both current and voltage channels. LPF1 has a pole at 80 Hz and is clocked at 256 kHz. As a result, there is a phase lag between the analog input signal (one of IA, IB, IC, VA, VB, or VC) and the output of LPF1. The error in ZX detection is 0.0703° for 50 Hz systems and 0.0843° for 60 Hz systems. The phase lag response of LPF1 results in a time delay of approximately 31.4° (1.74 ms) at 50 Hz between the input and output. The overall delay between the zero crossing on the analog inputs and the ZX detection obtained after LPF1 is approximately 39.6° (2.2 ms) at 50 Hz. The ADC and HPF introduce the additional delay. To assure a good resolution of the ZX detection, LPF1 cannot be disabled. Figure 53 shows how the zero-crossing signal is detected. IA, IB, IC AFTER TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION OR VA, VB, VC AFTER HPF LPF1 39.6° OR 2.2ms @ 50Hz 1 0.855 IA, IB, IC, OR VA, VB, VC ZX/ DREADY PIN Zero-Crossing Event Detected on Phase A voltage Phase B voltage Phase C voltage Phase A current Phase B current Phase C current If a ZX detection bit (any of Bits[14:9]) is set in the MASK1 register (Address 0xE50B), the IRQ1 interrupt pin is driven low and the corresponding status flag is set to 1 when the configured zerocrossing event occurs. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ1 pin returns high when a 1 is written to the appropriate bit in the STATUS1 register. By default, the ZX/DREADY pin is configured for the DREADY functionality. Zero-crossing functionality can be configured for the ZX/DREADY pin by setting Bits[1:0] (ZX_DREADY) in the CONFIG register (Address 0xE618). When the ZX/DREADY pin is configured for the ZX function, the pin stays high when the phase voltage is positive and goes low when the phase voltage is negative (see Figure 53). When the ZX_DREADY bits are set to 01, zero-crossing events detected on the Phase A voltage trigger the ZX/DREADY pin to toggle simultaneously with Bit 9 (ZXVA) in the STATUS1 register being set to 1. When the ZX_DREADY bits are set to 10 or 11, zero-crossing events detected on the Phase B or Phase C voltage trigger the ZX/DREADY pin to toggle simultaneously with Bit 10 (ZXVB) or Bit 11 (ZXVC) in the STATUS1 register being set to 1. Zero-Crossing Timeout ZX ZX ZX ZX LPF1 OUTPUT 11116-045 0V ZX DETECTION Bit Name ZXVA ZXVB ZXVC ZXIA ZXIB ZXIC Figure 53. Zero-Crossing Detection on Voltage and Current Channels To provide additional protection from noise, input signals to the voltage channel with amplitudes 1000 times lower than full scale never generate zero-crossing events. The current channel ZX detection circuit is active for all input signals, regardless of their amplitudes. The ADE7978 contains six zero-crossing detection circuits, one for each phase voltage and current channel. Each circuit drives a flag in the STATUS1 register (Address 0xE503). The status bits set in the STATUS1 register when a zero-crossing detection circuit detects a zero-crossing event are listed in Table 19. Each zero-crossing detection circuit has an associated internal timeout register that starts to decrement 1 ms (sixteen cycles of a 16 kHz clock) after a zero-crossing event is triggered. This register is loaded with the value written to the 16-bit ZXTOUT register (Address 0xE60D) and is decremented by 1 LSB every 62.5 μs (16 kHz clock). The register is reset to the ZXTOUT value every time a zero crossing is detected. The default value of this register is 0xFFFF. If the timeout register decrements to 0 before a zero crossing is detected, one of Bits[8:3] of the STATUS1 register is set to 1. Rev. 0 | Page 42 of 120 Bit 3 (ZXTOVA), Bit 4 (ZXTOVB), and Bit 5 (ZXTOVC) in the STATUS1 register refer to the Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C voltage channels. Bit 6 (ZXTOIA), Bit 7 (ZXTOIB), and Bit 8 (ZXTOIC) in the STATUS1 register refer to the Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C current channels. Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 If a ZXTOIx or ZXTOVx bit (any of Bits[8:3]) is set in the MASK1 register, the IRQ1 interrupt pin is driven low when the corresponding status bit is set to 1. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ1 pin returns high when a 1 is written to the appropriate bit in the STATUS1 register. The resolution of the ZXTOUT register is 62.5 μs (16 kHz clock) per LSB. Thus, the maximum timeout period for an interrupt is 4.096 sec, that is, 216/16 kHz. Note that because the timer starts to decrement 1 ms after a zero-crossing event is triggered, the value of the ZXTOUT register is ZXTOUT = Desired ZX Timeout × 16 kHz − 16 (14) Figure 54 shows the mechanism of zero-crossing timeout detection when the voltage or current signal stays at a fixed dc level for more than 62.5 μs × ZXTOUT μs. 16-BIT INTERNAL REGISTER VALUE ZXTOUT If the sequence of zero-crossing events is, instead, Phase A followed by Phase C followed by Phase B, then Bit 19 (SEQERR) in the STATUS1 register is set. If Bit 19 (SEQERR) in the MASK1 register is set to 1 and a phase sequence error event is triggered, the IRQ1 interrupt pin is driven low. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ1 pin returns high when a 1 is written to Bit 19 (SEQERR) in the STATUS1 register. The phase sequence error detection circuit is functional only when the ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 chipset is connected in a 3-phase, 4-wire, three voltage sensor configuration (Bits[5:4], CONSEL[1:0], in the ACCMODE register at Address 0xE701 are set to 00). In all other configurations, only two voltage sensors are used; therefore, it is not recommended to use the detection circuit. In these configura-tions, use the time intervals between phase voltages to analyze the phase sequence (see the Time Interval Between Phases section). Figure 56 shows an example of the Phase A voltage followed by the Phase C voltage instead of the Phase B voltage. After this error occurs, Bit 19 (SEQERR) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1 every time a negative to positive zero crossing occurs. PHASE A VOLTAGE OR CURRENT SIGNAL PHASE C PHASE B 0V A, B, C PHASE VOLTAGES AFTER LPF1 ZXTOxy FLAG IN STATUS1[31:0], x = V, I, y = A, B, C 11116-046 ZX A IRQ1 INTERRUPT PIN ZX C ZX B BIT 19 (SEQERR) IN STATUS1 REGISTER Figure 54. Zero-Crossing Timeout Detection Phase Sequence Detection The ADE7978 has on-chip phase sequence error detection circuits. This detection works on phase voltages and considers only the zero crossings determined by their negative to positive transitions. The regular succession of these zero-crossing events is Phase A followed by Phase B followed by Phase C (see Figure 55). ZX A PHASE B ZX B PHASE C ZX C STATUS1[19] SET TO 1 STATUS1[19] CANCELLED BY A WRITE TO STATUS1 REGISTER WITH SEQERR BIT SET Figure 56. SEQERR Bit Set to 1 When Phase A Voltage Is Followed by Phase C Voltage After a phase sequence error is detected, the time measurement between various phase voltages can help to identify which phase voltage should be combined with another phase current in the computational datapath (see the Time Interval Between Phases section). Bits[9:8] (VTOIA[1:0]), Bits[11:10] (VTOIB[1:0]), and Bits[13:12] (VTOIC[1:0]) in the CONFIG register (Address 0xE618) can be used to direct one phase voltage to the datapath of another phase (see the Changing the Phase Voltage Datapath section for more information). 11116-048 PHASE A IRQ1 11116-047 When the phase voltage is 0, noise in the voltage measurement can trigger spurious zero-crossing events that may nullify the action of the ZX timeout. A threshold 1000 times lower than full scale is implemented in conjunction with this circuit. If the peak of the phase voltage is below this threshold, the ZX timeout counter begins to decrement automatically. Figure 55. Regular Succession of Zero-Crossing Events: Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C Rev. 0 | Page 43 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Time Interval Between Phases The ADE7978 can measure the time delay between phase voltages, between phase currents, or between the voltages and currents of the same phase. The negative to positive transitions identified by the zero-crossing detection circuit are used as the start and stop measuring points. Because the zero-crossing events are identified based on the fundamental components of the phase currents and voltages, the time interval measurements relate to the fundamental components. Only one set of time delay measurements is available at one time; these measurements are based on Bits[10:9] (ANGLESEL[1:0]) in the COMPMODE register (Address 0xE60E). When the ANGLESEL[1:0] bits are set to 00 (the default value), the delays between voltages and currents on the same phase are measured (see Figure 57). The delay between the Phase A voltage and Phase A current is stored in the 16-bit unsigned ANGLE0 register (Address 0xE601). The delays between the voltages and currents of Phase B and Phase C are stored in the ANGLE1 and ANGLE2 registers, respectively. The ANGLE0, ANGLE1, and ANGLE2 registers are 16-bit unsigned registers with 1 LSB corresponding to 3.90625 μs (256 kHz clock), which means a resolution of 0.0703° (360° × 50 Hz/256 kHz) for 50 Hz systems and 0.0843° (360° × 60 Hz/ 256 kHz) for 60 Hz systems. The delays between phase voltages or between phase currents are used to characterize how balanced the load is. The delays between phase voltages and currents are used to compute the fundamental power factor on each phase, as shown in Equation 15. 360 × f LINE cosφx = cos ANGLEx × 256 kHz (15) where fLINE is the line frequency. PHASE A VOLTAGE PHASE A CURRENT 11116-049 PERIOD MEASUREMENT ANGLE0 Figure 57. Delay Between Phase A Voltage and Phase A Current Is Stored in the ANGLE0 Register When the ANGLESEL[1:0] bits are set to 01, the delays between phase voltages are measured. The delay between the Phase A voltage and the Phase C voltage is stored in the ANGLE0 register. The delay between the Phase B voltage and the Phase C voltage is stored in the ANGLE1 register, and the delay between the Phase A voltage and the Phase B voltage is stored in the ANGLE2 register (see Figure 58). PHASE A PHASE B PHASE C The period measurement has a resolution of 3.90625 μs/LSB (256 kHz clock), which represents 0.0195% (50 Hz/256 kHz) when the line frequency is 50 Hz and 0.0234% (60 Hz/256 kHz) when the line frequency is 60 Hz. The value of the period registers for 50 Hz networks is approximately 5120 (256 kHz/50 Hz); the value of the period registers for 60 Hz networks is approximately 4267 (256 kHz/60 Hz). The length of the registers enables the measurement of line frequencies as low as 3.9 Hz (256 kHz/216). The period registers are stable at ±1 LSB when the line is established and the measurement does not change. Use the following equations to compute the line period and frequency using the period registers: ANGLE1 ANGLE0 The ADE7978 provides the period measurement of the line in the voltage channel. The period of each phase voltage is measured and stored in three registers: APERIOD, BPERIOD, and CPERIOD (Address 0xE905 to Address 0xE907). The 16-bit unsigned period registers are updated every line period. Because of the LPF1 filter (see Figure 53), the period measurement becomes stable after a settling time of 30 ms to 40 ms. 11116-050 ANGLE2 When the ANGLESEL[1:0] bits are set to 10, the delays between phase currents are measured. The delay between the Phase A current and the Phase C current is stored in the ANGLE0 register, the delay between the Phase B current and the Phase C current is stored in the ANGLE1 register, and the delay between the Phase A current and the Phase B current is stored in the ANGLE2 register (see Figure 58). Figure 58. Delays Between Phase Voltages or Phase Currents Rev. 0 | Page 44 of 120 TL = xPERIOD[15:0]/256E3 (sec) (16) fL = 256E3/xPERIOD[15:0] (Hz) (17) Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 The ADE7978 can be programmed to detect when the absolute value of any phase voltage falls below or rises above a specified peak value for a number of half line cycles. The phase in which this event takes place and the state of the phase voltage relative to the threshold is identified in Bits[14:12] (VSPHASE[x]) of the PHSTATUS register (Address 0xE600). An associated interrupt is triggered when any phase falls below or rises above a threshold. Bit 6 (SAGCFG) in the ACCMODE register (Address 0xE701) selects the way that Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register is generated. If the SAGCFG bit is cleared to 0 (the default value), the sag status bit is set to 1 when any phase voltage is below the SAGLVL threshold. If the SAGCFG bit is set to 1, the sag status bit is set to 1 only when a phase voltage goes below and then above the SAGLVL threshold. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 5. 6. IRQ1 PIN STATUS1[16] CANCELLED BY A WRITE TO STATUS1[31:0] WITH SAG BIT SET PHSTATUS[12] REMAINS HIGH UNTIL PHASE A VOLTAGE GOES ABOVE SAGLVL DURING ONE SAGCYC IRQ1 PIN LOW EVERY TIME PHASE A VOLTAGE STAYS BELOW SAGLVL FOR SAGCYC PERIOD PHASE A VOLTAGE FULL SCALE SAGLVL[23:0] SAGCYC[7:0] = 0x4 BIT 16 (SAG) IN STATUS1[31:0] VSPHASE[0] = PHSTATUS[12] IRQ1 PIN STATUS1[16] CANCELLED BY A WRITE TO STATUS1[31:0] WITH SAG BIT SET PHSTATUS[12] REMAINS HIGH UNTIL PHASE A VOLTAGE GOES ABOVE SAGLVL DURING ONE SAGCYC IRQ1 PIN LOW WHEN PHASE A VOLTAGE GOES BELOW AND THEN ABOVE SAGLVL FOR SAGCYC PERIOD Figure 60. Sag Detection: SAGCFG Bit in ACCMODE Register Set to 1 The SAGCYC register (Address 0xE704) represents the number of half line cycles during which the phase voltage must remain below or above the level configured in the SAGLVL register (Address 0xE509) to trigger a sag interrupt; 0 is not a valid value for SAGCYC. For example, when the sag cycle bits (SAGCYC[7:0]) contain a value of 0x07, the sag flag in the STATUS1 register is set at the end of the seventh half line cycle during which the line voltage falls below the threshold. 11116-051 VSPHASE[0] = PHSTATUS[12] 7. The VSPHASE[1] and VSPHASE[2] bits configure the sag events on Phase B and Phase C in the same way: when the Phase B or Phase C voltage stays below SAGLVL during a SAGCYC period, these bits are set to 1. When the phase voltages are above SAGLVL during a SAGCYC period, the bits are set to 0. PHASE A VOLTAGE FULL SCALE SAGLVL[23:0] BIT 16 (SAG) IN STATUS1[31:0] 2. 4. The Phase A voltage falls below the threshold set in the sag level register (SAGLVL) for four half line cycles (SAGCYC = 4). When Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1 to indicate the condition, the VSPHASE[0] bit in the PHSTATUS register is also set to 1 because the Phase A voltage is below SAGLVL. The IRQ1 interrupt pin goes low. The microcontroller writes a 1 to Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register to clear the bit and bring the IRQ1 interrupt pin back high. The VSPHASE[0] bit in the PHSTATUS register remains set. The Phase A voltage continues to stay below the SAGLVL threshold for four more half line cycles (SAGCYC = 4). Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register is again set to 1. The IRQ1 interrupt pin is again set low. The VSPHASE[0] bit in the PHSTATUS register remains set. During the next four half line cycles (SAGCYC = 4), the Phase A voltage is above the SAGLVL threshold. The VSPHASE[0] bit in the PHSTATUS register is cleared to 0 at the end of the SAGCYC period. SAGCYC[7:0] = 0x4 The Phase A voltage falls below the threshold set in the sag level register (SAGLVL) for four half line cycles (SAGCYC = 4). When Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1 to indicate the condition, the VSPHASE[0] bit in the PHSTATUS register is also set to 1 because the Phase A voltage is below SAGLVL. The IRQ1 interrupt pin goes low. The microcontroller writes a 1 to Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register to clear the bit and bring the IRQ1 interrupt pin back high. The VSPHASE[0] bit in the PHSTATUS register remains set. The Phase A voltage continues to stay below the SAGLVL threshold for four more half line cycles (SAGCYC = 4). Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register remains cleared to 0. After four more half line cycles, the Phase A voltage rises above the SAGLVL threshold. Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1. The IRQ1 interrupt pin is set low. The VSPHASE[0] bit in the PHSTATUS register is cleared to 0. 1. 3. Figure 59 shows the behavior of the ADE7978 when the SAGCFG bit is cleared to 0. 1. Figure 60 shows the behavior of the ADE7978 when the SAGCFG bit is set to 1. 11116-052 PHASE VOLTAGE SAG DETECTION Figure 59. Sag Detection: SAGCFG Bit in ACCMODE Register Cleared to 0 Rev. 0 | Page 45 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Note that the internal zero-crossing counter is always active. When the SAGLVL register is set, the first sag detection result is, therefore, not executed across a full SAGCYC period. Writing to the SAGCYC register when the SAGLVL register is already initialized resets the zero-crossing counter, thus ensuring that the first sag detection result is obtained across a full SAGCYC period. The recommended procedure to manage sag events is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Configure Bit 6 (SAGCFG) in the ACCMODE register to select the desired behavior of the sag status bit (Bit 16) in the STATUS1 register. Enable sag interrupts in the MASK1 register by setting Bit 16 (sag) to 1. When a sag event occurs, the IRQ1 interrupt pin goes low, and Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1. Read the STATUS1 register to verify that Bit 16 is set to 1. Read the PHSTATUS register (Bits[14:12]) to identify the phase or phases on which the sag event occurred. Write to the STATUS1 register with Bit 16 (sag) set to 1. The sag bit is erased immediately. Sag Detection Level Setting 31 24 23 0000 0000 0 24-BIT NUMBER For example, if a peak value is identified on the Phase A current, Bit 24 (IPPHASE[0]) in the IPEAK register is set to 1. If a new peak value is then measured on Phase B, Bit 24 (IPPHASE[0]) of the IPEAK register is cleared to 0, and Bit 25 (IPPHASE[1]) is set to 1. Figure 62 shows the composition of the IPEAK and VPEAK registers. IPPHASE/VPPHASE BITS 31 27 26 25 24 23 00000 Figure 61. 24-Bit SAGLVL Register Transmitted as a 32-Bit Word The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words. The SAGLVL register is transmitted as a 32-bit register with the eight MSBs padded with 0s (see Figure 61). 0 24-BIT UNSIGNED NUMBER PEAK DETECTED ON PHASE C PEAK DETECTED ON PHASE A PEAK DETECTED ON PHASE B Figure 62. Composition of IPEAK[31:0] and VPEAK[31:0] Registers Figure 63 shows how the ADE7978 records the peak value on the current channel when measurements on Phase A and Phase B are enabled (PEAKSEL[2:0] bits in the MMODE register are set to 011). PEAK VALUE WRITTEN INTO IPEAK AT THE END OF FIRST PEAKCYC PERIOD END OF FIRST PEAKCYC = 16 PERIOD END OF SECOND PEAKCYC = 16 PERIOD PHASE A CURRENT 11116-053 The contents of the sag level register (SAGLVL[23:0]) are compared to the absolute value of the output from the HPF. Writing 5,320,000 to the SAGLVL register sets the sag detection level to full scale (see the Voltage Channel ADC section); therefore, the sag event is triggered continuously. Writing 0x00 or 0x01 to the SAGLVL register sets the sag detection level to 0; therefore, the sag event is never triggered. Selecting more than one phase to monitor the peak values decreases proportionally the measurement period specified in the PEAKCYC register because zero crossings from more than one phase are involved in the process. When a new peak value is determined, Bits[26:24] (IPPHASE[2:0]) in the IPEAK register or Bits[26:24] (VPPHASE[2:0]) in the VPEAK register identify the phase that triggered the peak detection event. 11116-054 If Bit 16 (sag) in the MASK1 register is set and a sag event occurs, the IRQ1 interrupt pin is driven low at the same time that Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1. The sag bit in the STATUS1 register and the IRQ1 pin are returned high by writing a 1 to Bit 16 in the STATUS1 register. BIT 24 OF IPEAK CLEARED TO 0 AT THE END OF SECOND PEAKCYC PERIOD BIT 24 OF IPEAK PHASE B CURRENT The ADE7978 records the maximum absolute values reached by the phase current and voltage channels over a specified number of half line cycles and stores them in the least significant 24 bits of the 32-bit IPEAK and VPEAK registers (Address 0xE500 and Address 0xE501). The PEAKCYC register (Address 0xE703) contains the number of half line cycles used as a time base for the measurement. The circuit uses the zero-crossing points identified by the zero-crossing detection circuit. Bits[4:2] (PEAKSEL[2:0]) in the MMODE register (Address 0xE700) select the phases on which the peak measurement is performed. Bit 2 selects Phase A, Bit 3 selects Phase B, and Bit 4 selects Phase C. BIT 25 OF IPEAK PEAK VALUE WRITTEN INTO IPEAK AT THE END OF SECOND PEAKCYC PERIOD BIT 25 OF IPEAK SET TO 1 AT THE END OF SECOND PEAKCYC PERIOD Figure 63. Peak Level Detection In this example, PEAKCYC is set to 16, meaning that the peak measurement cycle is four line periods. The maximum absolute value of Phase A is greatest during the first four line periods (PEAKCYC = 16); therefore, the maximum absolute value is written to the least significant 24 bits of the IPEAK register, and Bit 24 (IPPHASE[0]) of the IPEAK register is set to 1 at the end of the period. This bit remains set to 1 for the duration of the second PEAKCYC period of four line cycles. Rev. 0 | Page 46 of 120 11116-055 PEAK DETECTION Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 The maximum absolute value of Phase B is greatest during the second PEAKCYC period; therefore, the maximum absolute value is written to the least significant 24 bits of the IPEAK register, and Bit 25 (IPPHASE[1]) in the IPEAK register is set to 1 at the end of the period. Note that the internal zero-crossing counter is always active. When Bits[4:2] (PEAKSEL[2:0]) are set in the MMODE register, the first peak detection result is, therefore, not executed across a full PEAKCYC period. Writing to the PEAKCYC register when the PEAKSEL[2:0] bits are already initialized resets the zerocrossing counter, thereby ensuring that the first peak detection result is obtained across a full PEAKCYC period. OVERVOLTAGE AND OVERCURRENT DETECTION The ADE7978 detects when the instantaneous absolute value measured on the phase voltage and current channels becomes greater than the thresholds set in the 24-bit unsigned OVLVL and OILVL registers (Address 0xE508 and Address 0xE507). OVLVL[23:0] BIT 18 (OV) OF STATUS1 STATUS1[18] AND PHSTATUS[9] CANCELLED BY A WRITE OF STATUS1 WITH OV BIT SET. BIT 9 (OVPHASE) OF PHSTATUS Figure 64. Overvoltage Detection The recommended procedure to manage overvoltage events is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Overvoltage Detection If Bit 18 (OV) in the MASK1 register is set, the IRQ1 interrupt pin is driven low if an overvoltage event occurs. Two status flags are set when an overvoltage event occurs: Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register and one of Bits[11:9] (OVPHASE[2:0]) in the PHSTATUS register (Address 0xE600). The OVPHASE[2:0] bits identify the phase that generated the overvoltage. Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register and Bits[11:9] (OVPHASE[2:0]) in the PHSTATUS register are cleared and the IRQ1 pin is set high by writing a 1 to Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register. Figure 64 shows overvoltage detection in the Phase A voltage. When the absolute instantaneous value of the voltage goes above the threshold set in the OVLVL register, Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register and Bit 9 (OVPHASE[0]) in the PHSTATUS register are set to 1. Bit 18 (OV) of the STATUS1 register and Bit 9 (OVPHASE[0]) in the PHSTATUS register are cleared when a 1 is written to Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register. OVERVOLTAGE DETECTED 11116-056 At the end of the peak detection period in the current channel, Bit 23 (PKI) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1; if Bit 23 (PKI) in the MASK1 register is set, the IRQ1 interrupt pin is driven low at the end of the PEAKCYC period. In a similar way, at the end of the peak detection period in the voltage channel, Bit 24 (PKV) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1; if Bit 24 (PKV) in the MASK1 register is set, the IRQ1 interrupt pin is driven low at the end of the PEAKCYC period. To identify the phase that triggered the interrupt, the IPEAK or VPEAK register is read immediately after reading the STATUS1 register. After identifying the phase that triggered the interrupt, the status bits are cleared and the IRQ1 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to Bit 23 (PKI) or Bit 24 (PKV) in the STATUS1 register. PHASE A VOLTAGE CHANNEL Enable overvoltage interrupts in the MASK1 register by setting Bit 18 (OV) to 1. When an overvoltage event occurs, the IRQ1 interrupt pin goes low and Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1. Read the STATUS1 register to verify that Bit 18 is set to 1. Read the PHSTATUS register (Bits[11:9]) to identify the phase or phases on which the overvoltage event occurred. Write a 1 to Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register to clear Bit 18 and Bits[11:9] (OVPHASE[2:0]) of the PHSTATUS register. The IRQ1 interrupt pin returns high. Overcurrent Detection If Bit 17 (OI) in the MASK1 register is set, the IRQ1 interrupt pin is driven low when an overcurrent event occurs. Two status flags are set when an overcurrent event occurs: Bit 17 (OI) in the STATUS1 register and one of Bits[5:3] (OIPHASE[2:0]) in the PHSTATUS register. The OIPHASE[2:0] bits identify the phase that generated the overcurrent. The recommended procedure to manage overcurrent events is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rev. 0 | Page 47 of 120 Enable overcurrent interrupts in the MASK1 register by setting Bit 17 (OI) to 1. When an overcurrent event occurs, the IRQ1 interrupt pin goes low and Bit 17 (OI) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1. Read the STATUS1 register to verify that Bit 17 is set to 1. Read the PHSTATUS register (Bits[5:3]) to identify the phase or phases on which the overcurrent event occurred. Write a 1 to Bit 17 (OI) in the STATUS1 register to clear Bit 17 and Bits[5:3] (OIPHASE[2:0]) of the PHSTATUS register. The IRQ1 interrupt pin returns high. ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Overvoltage and Overcurrent Level Setting The contents of the 24-bit unsigned overvoltage (OVLVL) and overcurrent (OILVL) registers are compared to the absolute value of the voltage and current channels. The maximum value of these registers is the maximum value of the HPF outputs: 5,320,000. When the OVLVL or OILVL register is equal to this value, the overvoltage or overcurrent conditions are never detected. Writing 0x0 to these registers signifies that the overvoltage or overcurrent condition is continuously detected, and the corresponding interrupt is permanently triggered. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words. Like the SAGLVL register, the OILVL and OVLVL registers are transmitted as 32-bit registers with the eight MSBs padded with 0s (see Figure 61). NEUTRAL CURRENT MISMATCH In 3-phase systems, the neutral current is equal to the algebraic sum of the phase currents. IN(t) = IA(t) + IB(t) + IC(t) If there is a mismatch between these two quantities, a tamper situation may have occurred in the system. The ADE7978 computes the sum of the phase currents by adding the contents of the IAWV, IBWV, and ICWV registers (Address 0xE50C to Address 0xE50E) and storing the result in the 28-bit signed ISUM register (Address 0x43CA). ISUM(t) = IA(t) + IB(t) + IC(t) The ISUM value is computed every 125 µs (8 kHz frequency), the rate at which the current samples are available. Bit 17 (DREADY) in the STATUS0 register is used to signal when the ISUM register can be read. For more information about the DREADY bit, see the Digital Signal Processor section. To recover the ISUM(t) value from the ISUM register, use the following equation: ISUM[27:0] ADC MAX × I FS The ADE7978 computes the difference between the absolute values of ISUM and the neutral current from the INWV register, takes the absolute value, and compares it against the threshold configured in the ISUMLVL register (Address 0x4398). If ||ISUM| − |INWV|| ≤ |ISUMLVL|, it is assumed that the neutral current is equal to the sum of the phase currents and that the system is functioning properly. If ||ISUM| − |INWV|| > |ISUMLVL|, a tamper situation may have occurred, and Bit 20 (MISMTCH) in the STATUS1 register is set to 1. An interrupt attached to the flag can be enabled by setting Bit 20 (MISMTCH) in the MASK1 register. If the interrupt is enabled, the IRQ1 pin is set low when the MISMTCH status bit is set to 1. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ1 pin returns high by writing a 1 to Bit 20 (MISMTCH) in the STATUS1 register. If ||ISUM| − |INWV|| ≤ |ISUMLVL|, the MISMTCH bit = 0. If ||ISUM| − |INWV|| > |ISUMLVL|, the MISMTCH bit = 1. ISUMLVL, the positive threshold used in the process, is a 24-bit signed register. Because it is used in a comparison with an absolute value, always set ISUMLVL to a positive value from 0x00000 to 0x7FFFFF. ISUMLVL uses the same scale as the outputs of the current ADCs; therefore, writing 5,320,000 to the ISUMLVL register sets the mismatch detection level to full scale (see the Current Channel ADC section for more information). Writing 0x000000 (the default value) or a negative value to the ISUMLVL register signifies that the MISMTCH event is always triggered. Write the correct value for the application to the ISUMLVL register after power-up or after a hardware or software reset to avoid continuously triggering MISMTCH events. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. The 28-bit signed ISUM register is transmitted as a 32-bit register with the four MSBs padded with 0s (see Figure 65). where: ADCMAX = 5,320,000, the ADC output when the input is at full scale. IFS is the full-scale ADC phase current. 31 Note that the ADE7978 also computes the rms of ISUM and stores it in the NIRMS register (Address 0x43C9) when Bit 14 (INSEL) in the CONFIG register is set to 1. For more information, see the Current RMS Calculation section. 28 27 0000 BIT 27 IS A SIGN BIT 0 28-BIT SIGNED NUMBER 11116-057 I SUM (t ) = When Bits[5:4] (CONSEL[1:0]) in the ACCMODE register are set to 01 (meter functions in a 3-wire delta configuration), the Phase B ADE7933/ADE7932 is not connected, and the IBWV value output by the HPF is 0. In this case, ISUM represents a negative estimate of the Phase B current (−IBWV). The NIRMS register contains the rms value of the Phase B current if Bit 14 (INSEL) in the CONFIG register is set to 1. Figure 65. 28-Bit ISUM Register Transmitted as a 32-Bit Word Like the xIGAIN registers shown in Figure 44, the ISUMLVL register is sign extended to 28 bits and padded with four 0s for transmission as a 32-bit register. Rev. 0 | Page 48 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 ROOT MEAN SQUARE MEASUREMENT Root mean square (rms) is a measurement of the magnitude of an ac signal. Its definition can be both practical and mathematical. Defined practically, the rms value assigned to an ac signal is the amount of dc required to produce an equivalent amount of power in the load. Mathematically, the rms value of a continuous signal f(t) is defined as f 2 t dt (18) For time sampled signals, rms calculation involves squaring the signal, taking the average, and obtaining the square root. 1 f rms N 27 CURRENT SIGNAL FROM HPF x2 N f 2 n 0x512D40 = +5,320,000 (19) N 1 Equation 19 implies that for signals containing harmonics, the rms calculation contains the contribution of all harmonics, not only the fundamental. The method used by the ADE7978 to compute the rms values is to low-pass filter (LPF) the square of the input signal and take the square root of the result (see Figure 66). If the input signal f(t) is written as a sum of harmonic components, then f (t ) Fk 2 sinkωt γ k k 1 (20) The square of f(t) is k 1 k 1 f 2 (t ) Fk2 Fk2 cos(2kt 2 k ) 2 2 Fk Fm sinkt k sinmt m (21) k ,m 1 k m After the LPF and the execution of the square root, the rms value of f(t) is obtained by f xIRMS[23:0] LPF Fk2 (22) k 1 The rms calculation based on this method is simultaneously processed on all current and voltage input channels. The results are available in the following 24-bit registers: AIRMS, AVRMS, AV2RMS, BIRMS, BVRMS, BV2RMS, CIRMS, CVRMS, CV2RMS, and NIRMS (Address 0x43C0 to Address 0x43C9) and NVRMS and NV2RMS (Address 0xE530 and Address 0xE531). In addition, the ADE7978 computes the fundamental rms value of the phase currents and voltages and makes them available in the following 24-bit registers: AFIRMS, BFIRMS, CFIRMS, AFVRMS, BFVRMS, and CFVRMS (Address 0xE537 to Address 0xE53C). CURRENT RMS CALCULATION This section describes how the rms values of all phase and neutral currents are computed. Figure 66 shows the signal processing chain for the rms calculation on one phase of the current channel. The current channel rms value is processed from the samples used in the current channel. 0V 11116-060 t t 0 xIRMSOS[23:0] 0xAED2C0 = –5,320,000 Figure 66. Current RMS Signal Processing When Bit 14 (INSEL) of the CONFIG register is cleared to 0 (the default value), the NIRMS register contains the rms value of the neutral current. When the INSEL bit is set to 1, the NIRMS register contains the rms value of the sum of the instantaneous values of the phase currents. Note that in 3-phase, 3-wire delta configuration, the Phase B current is not measured, and its estimated rms value is equal to NIRMS when the INSEL bit is set to 1. See the Neutral Current Mismatch section for more information. With the specified full-scale analog input signal of 31.25 mV, the ADC produces an output code that is approximately 5,320,000. The equivalent rms value of a full-scale sinusoidal signal is 3,761,808, independent of the line frequency. The accuracy of the current rms is typically 0.1% error from the full-scale input down to 1/1000 of the full-scale input. This measurement has a bandwidth of 3.3 kHz. To ensure rms measurement stability, follow these steps: 1. 2. Read the rms registers at least once per line cycle over 1 sec. Average the readings to obtain the rms value. The settling time for the current rms measurement is 580 ms for both 50 Hz and 60 Hz input signals. The current rms measurement settling time is the time it takes for the rms register to reflect the value at the input to the current channel when starting from 0. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. The 24-bit signed xIRMS and xFIRMS registers are transmitted as 32-bit registers with the eight MSBs padded with 0s (see Figure 67). 31 24 23 0000 0000 0 24-BIT NUMBER 11116-061 1 f rms The current rms values are signed 24-bit values and are stored in the AIRMS, BIRMS, CIRMS, and NIRMS registers. The rms values of the fundamental components are stored in the AFIRMS, BFIRMS, and CFIRMS registers. The update rate of the current rms measurement is 8 kHz. Figure 67. 24-Bit xIRMS and xFIRMS Registers Transmitted as 32-Bit Words Rev. 0 | Page 49 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Current RMS Offset Compensation The ADE7978 incorporates current rms offset compensation registers for each phase: AIRMSOS, AFIRMSOS, BIRMSOS, BFIRMSOS, CIRMSOS, CFIRMSOS, and NIRMSOS. These 24-bit signed registers are used to remove offsets in the current rms calculations. An offset can exist in the rms calculation due to input noises that are integrated in the dc component of I2(t). The current rms offset compensation register is shifted left by seven bits and then added to the squared current rms before the square root is executed. Assuming that the maximum value from the current rms calculation is 3,761,808 with full-scale ac inputs (50 Hz or 60 Hz), one LSB of the current rms offset represents the following value of the rms measurement at 60 dB down from full scale: 37612 + 128 0.00045% = − 1 × 100 3761 Conduct offset calibration at low current; avoid using currents equal to zero for calibration purpose. I rms = I rms 02 + 128 × IRMSOS (23) where I rms0 is the rms measurement without offset correction. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the xIGAIN registers shown in Figure 44, the 24-bit xIRMSOS and xFIRMSOS registers are sign extended to 28 bits and padded with four 0s for transmission as 32-bit registers. VOLTAGE RMS CALCULATION Figure 68 shows the signal processing chain for the rms calculation on one phase of the voltage channels. The voltage channel rms value is processed from the samples used in the voltage channel. The voltage rms values are signed 24-bit values and are stored in the AVRMS, AV2RMS, BVRMS, BV2RMS, CVRMS, CV2RMS, NVRMS, and NV2RMS registers. The rms values of the fundamental components are stored in the AFVRMS, BFVRMS, and CFVRMS registers. The update rate of the voltage rms measurement is 8 kHz. xVRMSOS[23:0] The accuracy of the voltage rms is typically 0.1% error from the full-scale input down to 1/1000 of the full-scale input. This measurement has a bandwidth of 3.3 kHz. To ensure rms measurement stability, follow these steps: 1. 2. Read the rms registers at least once per line cycle over 1 sec. Average the readings to obtain the rms value. The settling time for the voltage rms measurement is 580 ms for both 50 Hz and 60 Hz input signals. The voltage rms measurement settling time is the time it takes for the rms register to reflect the value at the input to the voltage channel when starting from 0. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. The 24-bit signed AVRMS, AFVRMS, AV2RMS, BVRMS, BFVRMS, BV2RMS, CVRMS, CFVRMS, CV2RMS, NVRMS, and NV2RMS registers are transmitted as 32-bit registers with the eight MSBs padded with 0s (see Figure 67). Voltage RMS Offset Compensation The ADE7978 incorporates voltage rms offset compensation registers for each phase: AVRMSOS, AFVRMSOS, AV2RMSOS, BVRMSOS, BFVRMSOS, BV2RMSOS, CVRMSOS, CFVRMSOS, CV2RMSOS, NVRMSOS, and NV2RMSOS. These 24-bit signed registers are used to remove offsets in the voltage rms calculations. An offset can exist in the rms calculation due to input noises that are integrated in the dc component of V2(t). The voltage rms offset compensation register is shifted left by seven bits and then added to the squared voltage rms before the square root is executed. Assuming that the maximum value from the voltage rms calculation is 3,761,808 with full-scale ac inputs (50 Hz or 60 Hz), one LSB of the voltage rms offset represents the following value of the rms measurement at 60 dB down from full scale: 37612 + 128 0.00045% = − 1 × 100 3761 Conduct offset calibration at low current; avoid using voltages equal to zero for calibration purposes. 27 V rms = x2 xVRMS[23:0] (24) The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the xIGAIN registers shown in Figure 44, the 24-bit xVRMSOS, xV2RMSOS, and xFVRMSOS registers are sign extended to 28 bits and padded with four 0s for transmission as 32-bit registers. 0x512D40 = +5,320,000 0V 0xAED2C0 = –5,320,000 V rms 02 + 128 × VRMSOS where V rms0 is the rms measurement without offset correction. LPF 11116-062 VOLTAGE SIGNAL FROM HPF With the specified full-scale analog input signal of 0.5 V, the ADC produces an output code that is approximately 5,320,000. The equivalent rms value of a full-scale sinusoidal signal is 3,761,808, independent of the line frequency. Figure 68. Voltage RMS Signal Processing Rev. 0 | Page 50 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 VOLTAGE RMS IN DELTA CONFIGURATIONS The BVGAIN, BPHCAL, BVRMSOS, and BFVRMSOS registers can be used to calibrate the BVRMS and BFVRMS registers computed in this configuration. In 3-phase, 3-wire delta configurations, Phase B is considered the ground of the system, and the Phase A and Phase C voltages are measured relative to it (see Figure 105). This configuration is selected by setting Bits[5:4] (CONSEL[1:0]) equal to 01 in the ACCMODE register (Address 0xE701). Table 22 lists all configurations where the ADE7978 can be used. In 3-phase, 4-wire delta configurations, the Phase B voltage is not sensed, and the Phase A and Phase C voltages are measured relative to the neutral line (see Figure 106). This configuration is selected by setting Bits[5:4] (CONSEL[1:0]) equal to 11 in the ACCMODE register. In the 3-phase, 3-wire delta configuration (see Figure 69), all Phase B active, reactive, and apparent powers are 0. The ADE7978 subtracts the uncompensated and unfiltered instantaneous values of the Phase A and Phase C voltages and sends them to the regular Phase B datapath: VB = VA − VC. The rms value of the result—that is, the line voltage between Phase A and Phase C— is computed and stored in the BVRMS register. The BFVRMS register contains the rms of the fundamental component of the BVRMS line voltage. AVGAIN[23:0] PHASE A ADE7933 DIGITAL LPF In the 3-phase, 4-wire delta configuration (see Figure 70), the ADE7978 calculates the opposite of the uncompensated and unfiltered instantaneous value of the Phase A voltage and sends the value to the regular Phase B datapath: VB = −VA. HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] ADE7978 HPF BVGAIN[23:0] HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] FUNDAMENTAL VOLTAGE RMS (BFVRMS) CALCULATION HPF PHASE C ADE7933 DIGITAL LPF VOLTAGE RMS (BVRMS) CALCULATION 11116-063 CVGAIN[23:0] HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] HPF Figure 69. Phase B Voltage Calculation in 3P3W Delta Configuration (CONSEL = 01 in the ACCMODE Register) AVGAIN[23:0] DIGITAL LPF HPF BVGAIN[23:0] –1 ADE7978 HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] FUNDAMENTAL VOLTAGE RMS (BFVRMS) CALCULATION HPF VOLTAGE RMS (BVRMS) CALCULATION 11116-064 PHASE A ADE7933 HPFEN BIT CONFIG[4] Figure 70. Phase B Voltage Calculation in 3P4W Delta Configuration (CONSEL = 11 in the ACCMODE Register) Rev. 0 | Page 51 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet ACTIVE POWER CALCULATION The ADE7978 computes the total active power on every phase. The calculation of total active power includes all fundamental and harmonic components of the voltages and currents. The ADE7978 also computes the fundamental active power, that is, the power determined only by the fundamental components of the voltages and currents. If the phase currents and voltages contain only the fundamental component, are in phase (that is, φ1 = γ1 = 0), and correspond to full-scale ADC inputs, then multiplying them results in an instantaneous power signal that has a dc component, V1 × I1, and a sinusoidal component, V1 × I1 × cos(2ωt). Figure 72 shows the corresponding waveforms. TOTAL ACTIVE POWER CALCULATION INSTANTANEOUS POWER SIGNAL Electrical power is defined as the rate of energy flow from source to load and is given by the product of the voltage and current waveforms. The resulting waveform is called the instantaneous power signal, and it is equal to the rate of energy flow at every instant of time. The unit of power is the watt or joules/sec. If an ac system is supplied by a voltage, v(t), and consumes the current, i(t), and the voltage and current contain harmonics, then ∞ v(t ) = ∑ Vk 2 sin(kωt + ϕ k ) INSTANTANEOUS ACTIVE POWER SIGNAL: V rms × I rms V rms × I rms = 26,991,271 0 (25) k =1 i(t ) = ∑ I k 2 sin(kωt + γ k ) Figure 72. Active Power Calculation k =1 Because LPF2 does not have an ideal brick wall frequency response, the active power signal has some ripple due to the instantaneous power signal. This ripple is sinusoidal and has a frequency equal to twice the line frequency. Because the ripple is sinusoidal in nature, it is removed when the active power signal is integrated over time to calculate the energy. The total active power is equal to the dc component of the instantaneous power signal, that is, ∞ ∑Vk I k cos(φk − γk) k =1 This equation represents the total active power calculated in the ADE7978 for each phase. The equation for fundamental active power is FP = V1I1 cos(φ1 − y1) (26) Figure 71 shows how the ADE7978 computes the total active power on each phase. The ADE7978 first multiplies the current and voltage signals in each phase. It then extracts the dc component of the instantaneous power signal in each phase (A, B, and C) using the LPF2 low-pass filter. 0 –5 INSTANTANEOUS PHASE A ACTIVE POWER 24 Figure 71. Total Active Power Datapath –15 AWATT –25 0.1 1 FREQUENCY (Hz) 10 11116-068 : –10 –20 11116-065 LPF2 VOLTAGE SIGNAL FROM HPF AWATTOS LPFSEL BIT CONFIG[5] Bit 5 (LPFSEL) of the CONFIG register (Address 0xE618) selects the LPF2 strength. When LPFSEL is cleared to 0 (the default value), the settling time is 650 ms, and the ripple attenuation is 65 dB. When LPFSEL is set to 1, the settling time is 1300 ms, and the ripple attenuation is 128 dB. Figure 73 shows the frequency response of LPF2 when LPFSEL is cleared to 0. Figure 74 shows the frequency response of LPF2 when LPFSEL is set to 1. MAGNITUDE (dB) where: Vk, Ik are the rms voltage and current, respectively, of each harmonic. φk, γk are the phase delays of each harmonic. APGAIN 11116-066 i(t) = √2 × I rms × sin(ωt) v(t) = √2 × V rms × sin(ωt) ∞ CURRENT SIGNAL FROM HPF p(t) = V rms × I rms – V rms × I rms × cos(2ωt) 53,982,544 Figure 73. Frequency Response of the LPF Used to Filter Instantaneous Power in Each Phase: LPFSEL Bit of CONFIG Register Set to 0 (Default) Rev. 0 | Page 52 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 20 provides the settling time for the fundamental active power measurement. The settling time is the time required for the power to reflect the value at the input of the ADE7978. Table 20. Settling Time for Fundamental Active Power –10 Input Signal 63% PMAX 100% PMAX –20 –40 0.1 1 FREQUENCY (Hz) 10 11116-069 –30 The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. The 28-bit signed VLEVEL register is transmitted as a 32-bit register with the four most significant bits padded with 0s (see Figure 75). 31 ∞ xWATT = ∑ Vk k =1 V × FS Ik I FS × cos(φk − γk) × PMAX × 1 24 (27) where: VFS and IFS are the rms values of the phase voltage and current when the ADC inputs are at full scale. PMAX = 26,991,271, the instantaneous power computed when the ADC inputs are at full scale and in phase. The xWATT[23:0] waveform registers can be accessed using any of the serial port interfaces. For more information, see the Waveform Sampling Mode section. FUNDAMENTAL ACTIVE POWER CALCULATION The ADE7978 computes the fundamental active power using a proprietary algorithm that requires initialization of the network frequency and of the nominal voltage measured in the voltage channel. Bit 14 (SELFREQ) in the COMPMODE register (Address 0xE60E) must be set according to the frequency of the network in which the ADE7978 is connected. If the network frequency is 50 Hz, clear this bit to 0 (the default value). If the network frequency is 60 Hz, set this bit to 1. To initialize the nominal voltage measured in the voltage channel, configure the 28-bit signed VLEVEL register (Address 0x43A2) with a positive value based on the following equation: VLEVEL = VFS Vn × 4 × 10 6 (28) 28 27 0000 Figure 74. Frequency Response of the LPF Used to Filter Instantaneous Power in Each Phase: LPFSEL Bit of CONFIG Register Set to 1 The ADE7978 stores the instantaneous total phase active powers in the 24-bit AWATT, BWATT, and CWATT registers (Address 0xE518 to Address 0xE51A). To calculate the value of these registers, use the following equation: Settling Time (ms) 375 875 0 28-BIT NUMBER 11116-067 MAGNITUDE (dB) 0 Figure 75. 28-Bit VLEVEL Register Transmitted as a 32-Bit Word ACTIVE POWER GAIN CALIBRATION The average active power result from the LPF2 output in each phase can be scaled by ±100% by writing to the 24-bit watt gain register for each phase: APGAIN, BPGAIN, or CPGAIN (Address 0x4399 to Address 0x439B). Because all power datapaths have identical overall gains, the xPGAIN registers are used with the datapaths of all powers computed by the ADE7978: total active and reactive powers, fundamental active and reactive powers, and apparent powers. Therefore, to compensate the gain errors in the datapaths of various powers, it is sufficient to analyze only one power datapath (for example, the total active power) and calculate the corresponding APGAIN, BPGAIN, and CPGAIN register values. The power gain registers are twos complement signed registers with a resolution of 2−23/LSB. Equation 29 describes mathematically the function of the power gain registers. Average Power Data = (29) Power Gain Register LPF2 Output × 1 + 2 23 The output is decreased by 50% by writing 0xC00000 to the watt gain registers; the output is increased by 50% by writing 0x400000 to the watt gain registers. These registers are used to calibrate the active, reactive, and apparent power (or energy) calculation for each phase. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the xIGAIN registers shown in Figure 44, the 24-bit APGAIN, BPGAIN, and CPGAIN registers are sign extended to 28 bits and padded with four 0s for transmission as 32-bit registers. where: VFS is the rms value of the phase voltages when the ADC inputs are at full scale. Vn is the rms nominal value of the phase voltage. Rev. 0 | Page 53 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet ACTIVE POWER OFFSET CALIBRATION Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register (Address 0xE700) specifies the type of active power that is monitored. When REVAPSEL is cleared to 0 (the default value), the total active power is monitored. When REVAPSEL is set to 1, the fundamental active power is monitored. The ADE7978 includes a 24-bit watt offset register for each phase and each active power. The AWATTOS, BWATTOS, and CWATTOS registers (Address 0x439C to Address 0x439E) compensate offsets in the total active power calculations. The AFWATTOS, BFWATTOS, and CFWATTOS registers (Address 0x43A3 to Address 0x43A5) compensate offsets in the fundamental active power calculations. These signed twos complement registers are used to remove offsets in the active power calculations. Bits[8:6] (REVAPC, REVAPB, and REVAPA) in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502) are set when a sign change occurs in the power selected by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register. Bits[2:0] (CWSIGN, BWSIGN, and AWSIGN) in the PHSIGN register are set simultaneously with the REVAPC, REVAPB, and REVAPA bits in the STATUS0 register. The xWSIGN bits indicate the sign of the power. When these bits are set to 0, the corresponding power is positive. When the bits are set to 1, the corresponding power is negative. An offset can exist in the power calculation due to crosstalk between channels on the PCB or in the chip itself. One LSB in the active power offset register is equivalent to 1 LSB in the active power multiplier output. With full-scale current and voltage inputs, the LPF2 output is PMAX = 26,991,271. At −80 dB down from full scale (active power scaled down 104 times), one LSB of the active power offset register represents 0.037% of PMAX. The REVAPx bits in the STATUS0 register and the xWSIGN bits in the PHSIGN register refer to the total active power of Phase x and the power type selected by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the xIGAIN registers shown in Figure 44, the 24-bit xWATTOS and xFWATTOS registers are sign extended to 28 bits and padded with four 0s for transmission as 32-bit registers. Interrupts attached to Bits[8:6] (REVAPC, REVAPB, and REVAPA) in the STATUS0 register can be enabled by setting Bits[8:6] in the MASK0 register. When enabled, the IRQ0 pin goes low and the status bit is set to 1 when a change of sign occurs. To identify the phase that triggered the interrupt, read the PHSIGN register immediately after reading the STATUS0 register. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ0 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to the appropriate bits in the STATUS0 register. SIGN OF ACTIVE POWER CALCULATION The average active power is a signed calculation. If the phase difference between the current and voltage waveforms is more than 90°, the average power becomes negative. Negative power indicates that energy is being injected back onto the grid. The ADE7978 has sign detection circuitry for active power calculations; this circuitry can monitor the total active powers or the fundamental active powers. ACTIVE ENERGY CALCULATION Active energy is defined as the integral of active power. Energy = As described in the Active Energy Calculation section, the active energy accumulation is performed in two stages. Each time a sign change is detected in the energy accumulation at the end of the first stage—that is, after the energy accumulated in the internal accumulator reaches the WTHR register threshold—a dedicated interrupt is triggered. The sign of each phase active power can be read in the PHSIGN register (Address 0xE617). ∫ p(t) dt (30) The ADE7978 achieves the integration of the active power signal in two stages (see Figure 76). The process is identical for total active power and fundamental active power. The first stage accumulates the instantaneous phase total or fundamental active power at 1.024 MHz (the DSP computes these values at an 8 kHz rate). Each time a threshold is reached, a pulse is generated, and the threshold is subtracted from the internal register. The sign of the energy at this moment is considered the sign of the active power (see the Sign of Active Power Calculation section for more information). WATTACC BITS IN ACCMODE[7:0] REVAPA BIT IN STATUS0[31:0] AWATTHR[31:0] INSTANTANEOUS PHASE A ACTIVE POWER COMPUTED IN DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR INTERNAL ACCUMULATOR 32-BIT REGISTER 34 0 27 26 WTHR 0 Figure 76. Total Active Energy Accumulation Rev. 0 | Page 54 of 120 11116-070 THRESHOLD Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 The fundamental phase active powers are accumulated in the 32-bit signed AFWATTHR, BFWATTHR, and CFWATTHR registers (Address 0xE403 to Address 0xE405). The active energy register contents can roll over to full-scale negative (0x80000000) and continue to increase in value when the active power is positive. Conversely, if the active power is negative, the energy register underflows to full-scale positive (0x7FFFFFFF) and continues decreasing in value. The second stage consists of accumulating the pulses generated at the first stage into internal 32-bit accumulation registers. The contents of these registers are transferred to the watthour registers, xWATTHR and xFWATTHR, when these registers are accessed. Figure 77 shows this process. THRESHOLD FIRST STAGE OF ACTIVE POWER ACCUMULATION The ADE7978 provides a status flag to indicate that one of the xWATTHR registers is half full. Bit 0 (AEHF) in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502) is set when Bit 30 of one of the xWATTHR registers changes, signifying that one of these registers is half full. 11116-071 PULSES GENERATED AFTER FIRST STAGE 1 PULSE = 1LSB OF WATTHR[31:0] • Figure 77. Active Power Accumulation Inside the DSP The threshold is formed by concatenating the 8-bit unsigned WTHR register (Address 0xEA02) to 27 bits equal to 0. The WTHR register is configured by the user and is the same for total active and fundamental powers on all phases. Its value depends on how much energy is assigned to one LSB of the watthour registers. For example, if a derivative of Wh (10n Wh, where n is an integer) is desired as one LSB of the xWATTHR register, WTHR is calculated using the following equation: WTHR = PMAX × f S × 3600 × 10 n (31) VFS × I FS × 2 27 where: PMAX = 26,991,271 = 0x19BDAA7, the instantaneous power computed when the ADC inputs are at full scale. fS = 1.024 MHz, the frequency at which every instantaneous power computed by the DSP at 8 kHz is accumulated. VFS and IFS are the rms values of the phase voltages and currents when the ADC inputs are at full scale. The WTHR register is an 8-bit unsigned number, so its maximum value is 28 − 1. Its default value is 0x3. Avoid using values lower than 3, that is, 2 or 1; never use the value 0 because the threshold must be a non-zero value. This discrete time accumulation or summation is equivalent to integration in continuous time, as shown in Equation 32. ∞ Energy = ∫ p (t ) dt = Lim ∑ p (nT ) × T T→0 n=0 (32) • If the active power is positive, the watthour register becomes half full when it increments from 0x3FFFFFFF to 0x40000000. If the active power is negative, the watthour register becomes half full when it decrements from 0xC0000000 to 0xBFFFFFFF. Similarly, Bit 1 (FAEHF) in the STATUS0 register is set when Bit 30 of one of the xFWATTHR registers changes, signifying that one of these registers is half full. Setting Bits[1:0] in the MASK0 register enables the FAEHF and AEHF interrupts. When enabled, the IRQ0 pin goes low and the status bit is set to 1 when one of the energy registers (xWATTHR for the AEHF interrupt, or xFWATTHR for the FAEHF interrupt), becomes half full. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ0 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to the appropriate bit in the STATUS0 register. Setting Bit 6 (RSTREAD) in the LCYCMODE register (Address 0xE702) enables a read with reset for all watthour accumulation registers, that is, the registers are reset to 0 after a read operation. INTEGRATION TIME UNDER STEADY LOAD The discrete time sample period (T) for the accumulation registers is 976.5625 ns (1.024 MHz frequency). With full-scale sinusoidal signals on the analog inputs and the watt gain registers set to 0x00000, the average word value from each LPF2 is PMAX = 26,991,271. If the WTHR register threshold is set to 3 (its minimum recommended value), the first stage accumulator generates a pulse that is added to the watthour registers at intervals of 3 × 2 27 where: n is the discrete time sample number. T is the sample period. PMAX × 1.024 × 10 6 In the ADE7978, the total phase active powers are accumulated in the 32-bit signed AWATTHR, BWATTHR, and CWATTHR registers (Address 0xE400 to Address 0xE402). = 14.5683 µs The maximum value that can be stored in the watthour accumulation register before it overflows is 231 − 1 or 0x7FFFFFFF. The integration time is calculated as Time = 0x7FFFFFFF × 14.5683 μs = 8 hr, 41 min, 25 sec Rev. 0 | Page 55 of 120 (33) ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet The active power is accumulated in each 32-bit watthour accumulation register (AWATTHR, BWATTHR, CWATTHR, AFWATTHR, BFWATTHR, and CFWATTHR) according to the configuration of Bits[5:4] (CONSEL[1:0] bits) in the ACCMODE register (see Table 21). Table 21. Inputs to Watthour Accumulation Registers CONSEL[1:0] 00 01 AWATTHR AFWATTHR VA × IA VA × IA 10 11 Reserved VA × IA 1 BWATTHR BFWATTHR VB × IB VB × IB VB = VA − VC1 CWATTHR CFWATTHR VC × IC VC × IC VB × IB VB = −VA VC × IC See the BWATTHR and BFWATTHR Accumulation Register in 3-Phase, 3-Wire Configurations section. LINE CYCLE ACTIVE ENERGY ACCUMULATION MODE In line cycle energy accumulation mode, the energy accumulation is synchronized to the voltage channel zero crossings such that active energy is accumulated over an integral number of half line cycles. The advantage of summing the active energy over an integer number of line cycles is that the sinusoidal component in the active energy is reduced to 0. This eliminates any ripple in the energy calculation and allows the energy to be accumulated accurately over a shorter time. The line cycle energy accumulation mode greatly simplifies the energy calibration and significantly reduces the time required to calibrate the meter. In line cycle energy accumulation mode, the ADE7978 transfers the active energy accumulated in the 32-bit internal accumulation registers to the xWATTHR or xFWATTHR registers after an integral number of line cycles (see Figure 78). The number of half line cycles is specified in the LINECYC register (Address 0xE60C). ZXSEL[0] IN LCYCMODE[7:0] Depending on the polyphase meter service, choose the appropriate formula to calculate the active energy. The ANSI C12.10 standard defines the different configurations of the meter. Table 22 describes which mode to choose in these various configurations. ZEROCROSSING DETECTION (PHASE A) ZXSEL[1] IN LCYCMODE[7:0] Table 22. Meter Form Configuration ANSI Meter Form 5S/13S 8S/15S 9S/16S Configuration 3-wire delta 4-wire delta 4-wire wye CONSEL[1:0] Bits 01 11 00 LINECYC[15:0] ZEROCROSSING DETECTION (PHASE B) Figure Figure 105 Figure 106 Figure 103 Bits[1:0] (WATTACC[1:0]) in the ACCMODE register determine how the active power is accumulated in the watthour registers and how the CF frequency output can be generated as a function of the total and fundamental active powers. For more information, see the Energy-to-Frequency Conversion section. CALIBRATION CONTROL ZXSEL[2] IN LCYCMODE[7:0] ZEROCROSSING DETECTION (PHASE C) APGAIN AWATTOS AWATTHR[31:0] OUTPUT FROM LPF2 INTERNAL ACCUMULATOR BWATTHR and BFWATTHR Accumulation Register in 3-Phase, 3-Wire Configurations 34 27 26 WTHR In a 3-phase, 3-wire configuration (CONSEL[1:0] = 01), the ADE7978 computes the rms value of the line voltage between Phase A and Phase C and stores the result in the BVRMS register (see the Voltage RMS in Delta Configurations section). The Phase B current value provided after the HPF is 0; therefore, the powers associated with Phase B are 0. To avoid any errors in the frequency output pins (CF1, CF2, or CF3) related to the powers associated with Phase B, disable the contribution of Phase B to the energy-to-frequency converters by setting the TERMSEL1[1], TERMSEL2[1], or TERMSEL3[1] bit to 0 in the COMPMODE register (Address 0xE60E). For more information, see the Energy-to-Frequency Conversion section. 32-BIT REGISTER THRESHOLD 0 0 Figure 78. Line Cycle Active Energy Accumulation Mode The line cycle active energy accumulation mode is activated by setting Bit 0 (LWATT) in the LCYCMODE register (Address 0xE702). The total active energy accumulated over an integer number of half line cycles (or zero crossings) is written to the watthour accumulation registers after the number of half line cycles specified by the LINECYC register is detected. When using the line cycle accumulation mode, set Bit 6 (RSTREAD) of the LCYCMODE register to Logic 0 because a read with reset of the watthour registers outside the LINECYC period resets the energy accumulation. Rev. 0 | Page 56 of 120 11116-072 ENERGY ACCUMULATION MODES Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C zero crossings are included when counting the number of half line cycles by setting Bits[5:3] (ZXSEL[x]) in the LCYCMODE register. Any combination of zero crossings from all three phases can be used to count the zero crossings. Select only one phase at a time for inclusion in the count of zero crossings during calibration. The number of zero crossings is specified by the 16-bit unsigned LINECYC register. The ADE7978 can accumulate active power for up to 65,535 combined zero crossings. Note that the internal zero-crossing counter is always active. By setting Bit 0 (LWATT) in the LCYCMODE register, the first energy accumulation result is, therefore, incorrect. Writing to the LINECYC register when the LWATT bit is set resets the zero-crossing counter, thus ensuring that the first energy accumulation result is accurate. At the end of an energy calibration cycle, Bit 5 (LENERGY) in the STATUS0 register is set. When the corresponding mask bit in the MASK0 register is enabled, the IRQ0 pin is set low. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ0 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to Bit 5 (LENERGY) in the STATUS0 register. Because the active power is integrated on an integer number of half line cycles in line cycle accumulation mode, the sinusoidal components are reduced to 0, eliminating any ripple in the energy calculation. Therefore, total energy accumulated using the line cycle accumulation mode is e = t +nT ∫ p (t )dt t ∞ = nT ∑ Vk I k cos(φk − γk) k =1 (34) where nT is the accumulation time. Note that line cycle active energy accumulation uses the same signal path as active energy accumulation. The LSB size of these two methods is equivalent. Rev. 0 | Page 57 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet REACTIVE POWER CALCULATION The ADE7978 can compute the total reactive power on every phase. The calculation of total reactive power includes all fundamental and harmonic components of the voltages and currents. The ADE7978 also computes the fundamental reactive power, that is, the power determined only by the fundamental components of the voltages and currents. TOTAL REACTIVE POWER CALCULATION A load that contains a reactive element (inductor or capacitor) produces a phase difference between the applied ac voltage and the resulting current. The power associated with reactive elements is called reactive power, and its unit is VAR. Reactive power is defined as the product of the voltage and current waveforms when all harmonic components of one of these signals are phase shifted by 90°. ∞ Q = ∑ Vk I k sin(φk − γk) (35) k =1 where: Vk, Ik are the rms voltage and current, respectively, of each harmonic. φk, γk are the phase delays of each harmonic. The ADE7978 stores the instantaneous total phase reactive powers in the AVAR, BVAR, and CVAR registers (Address 0xE51B to Address 0xE51D). The instantaneous total phase reactive powers are expressed by Vk k =1 V FS × Ik I FS × sin(φk − γk) × PMAX × FQ = V1I1 sin(φ1 − γ1) The ADE7978 computes the fundamental reactive power using a proprietary algorithm that requires initialization of the network frequency and of the nominal voltage measured in the voltage channel. The required initialization is the same as for the fundamental active powers and is described in the Fundamental Active Power Calculation section. Table 23 provides the settling time for the fundamental reactive power measurement. The settling time is the time required for the power to reflect the value at the input of the ADE7978. 1 24 (36) where: VFS and IFS are the rms values of the phase voltage and current when the ADC inputs are at full scale. PMAX = 26,991,271, the instantaneous power computed when the ADC inputs are at full scale and in phase. The xVAR[23:0] waveform registers can be accessed using any of the serial port interfaces. For more information, see the Waveform Sampling Mode section. Input Signal 63% PMAX 100% PMAX Settling Time (ms) 375 875 REACTIVE POWER GAIN CALIBRATION This relationship is used to calculate the total reactive power in the ADE7978 for each phase. The instantaneous reactive power signal is generated by multiplying each harmonic of the voltage signals by the corresponding 90° phase-shifted harmonic of the current in each phase. ∞ The expression of fundamental reactive power is obtained from Equation 35 with k = 1, as follows: Table 23. Settling Time for Fundamental Reactive Power The total reactive power is equal to xVAR = ∑ FUNDAMENTAL REACTIVE POWER CALCULATION The average reactive power in each phase can be scaled by ±100% by writing to the 24-bit VAR gain register for each phase: APGAIN, BPGAIN, or CPGAIN (Address 0x4399 to Address 0x439B). The same registers are used to compensate the other powers computed by the ADE7978. For more information about these registers, see the Active Power Gain Calibration section. REACTIVE POWER OFFSET CALIBRATION The ADE7978 includes a 24-bit reactive power offset register for each phase and each reactive power. The AVAROS, BVAROS, and CVAROS registers (Address 0x439F to Address 0x43A1) compensate offsets in the total reactive power calculations. The AFVAROS, BFVAROS, and CFVAROS registers (Address 0x43A6 to Address 0x43A8) compensate offsets in the fundamental reactive power calculations. These signed twos complement registers are used to remove offsets in the reactive power calculations. An offset can exist in the power calculation due to crosstalk between channels on the PCB or in the chip itself. One LSB in the reactive power offset register is equivalent to 1 LSB in the reactive power multiplier output. With full-scale current and voltage inputs, the LPF2 output is PMAX = 26,991,271. At −80 dB down from full scale (active power scaled down 104 times), one LSB of the reactive power offset register represents 0.037% of PMAX. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the xIGAIN registers shown in Figure 44, the 24-bit xVAROS and xFVAROS registers are sign extended to 28 bits and padded with four 0s for transmission as 32-bit registers. Rev. 0 | Page 58 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 SIGN OF REACTIVE POWER CALCULATION The REVRPx bits in the STATUS0 register and the xVARSIGN bits in the PHSIGN register refer to the reactive power of Phase x and the power type selected by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register. The reactive power is a signed calculation. Table 24 summarizes the relationship between the phase difference between the voltage and the current and the sign of the resulting reactive power calculation. Interrupts attached to Bits[12:10] (REVRPC, REVRPB, and REVRPA) in the STATUS0 register can be enabled by setting Bits[12:10] in the MASK0 register. When enabled, the IRQ0 pin goes low and the status bit is set to 1 when a change of sign occurs. To identify the phase that triggered the interrupt, read the PHSIGN register immediately after reading the STATUS0 register. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ0 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to the appropriate bits in the STATUS0 register. Table 24. Sign of Reactive Power Calculation 1 Sign of Reactive Power Positive Negative Φ is defined as the phase angle of the voltage signal minus the current signal; that is, Φ is positive if the load is inductive and negative if the load is capacitive. REACTIVE ENERGY CALCULATION The ADE7978 has sign detection circuitry for reactive power calculations; this circuitry can monitor the total reactive powers or the fundamental reactive powers. As described in the Reactive Energy Calculation section, the reactive energy accumulation is performed in two stages. Each time a sign change is detected in the energy accumulation at the end of the first stage—that is, after the energy accumulated in the internal accumulator reaches the VARTHR register threshold—a dedicated interrupt is triggered. The sign of each phase reactive power can be read in the PHSIGN register (Address 0xE617). Reactive energy is defined as the integral of reactive power. Reactive Energy = ∫ q(t) dt Similar to active power, the ADE7978 achieves the integration of the reactive power signal in two stages (see Figure 79). The process is identical for total reactive power and fundamental reactive power. The first stage accumulates the instantaneous phase total or fundamental reactive power at 1.024 MHz (the DSP computes these values at an 8 kHz rate). Each time a threshold is reached, a pulse is generated, and the threshold is subtracted from the internal register. The sign of the energy at this moment is considered the sign of the reactive power (see the Sign of Reactive Power Calculation section for more information). Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register (Address 0xE700) specifies the type of reactive power that is monitored. When REVRPSEL is cleared to 0 (the default value), the total reactive power is monitored. When REVRPSEL is set to 1, the fundamental reactive power is monitored. Bits[12:10] (REVRPC, REVRPB, and REVRPA) in the STATUS0 register are set when a sign change occurs in the power selected by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register. The second stage consists of accumulating the pulses generated at the first stage into internal 32-bit accumulation registers. The contents of these registers are transferred to the var-hour registers (xVARHR and xFVARHR) when these registers are accessed. AVARHR, BVARHR, CVARHR, AFVARHR, BFVARHR, and CFVARHR represent phase total and fundamental reactive powers. Figure 79 shows this process. Bits[6:4] (CVARSIGN, BVARSIGN, and AVARSIGN) in the PHSIGN register are set simultaneously with the REVRPC, REVRPB, and REVRPA bits in the STATUS0 register. The xVARSIGN bits indicate the sign of the reactive power. When these bits are set to 0, the reactive power is positive. When the bits are set to 1, the reactive power is negative. CURRENT SIGNAL FROM HPF APGAIN AVAROS VARACC BITS IN ACCMODE[7:0] TOTAL REACTIVE POWER ALGORITHM VOLTAGE SIGNAL FROM HPF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR (37) REVRPA BIT IN STATUS0[31:0] AVARHR[31:0] INTERNAL ACCUMULATOR : 32-BIT REGISTER AVAR THRESHOLD 24 34 27 26 VARTHR Figure 79. Total Reactive Energy Accumulation Rev. 0 | Page 59 of 120 0 0 11116-073 Φ1 From 0 to +180 From −180 to 0 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet The threshold is formed by concatenating the 8-bit unsigned VARTHR register (Address 0xEA03) to 27 bits equal to 0. The VARTHR register is configured by the user and is the same for the total reactive and fundamental powers on all phases. Its value depends on how much energy is assigned to one LSB of the var-hour registers. For example, if a derivative of a volt ampere reactive hour, varh (10n varh, where n is an integer) is desired as one LSB of the xVARHR register, the VARTHR register is calculated using the following equation: VARTHR = PMAX × f s × 3600 × 10 n VFS × I FS × 2 27 • • (38) where: PMAX = 26,991,271 = 0x19BDAA7, the instantaneous power computed when the ADC inputs are at full scale. fS = 1.024 MHz, the frequency at which every instantaneous power computed by the DSP at 8 kHz is accumulated. VFS and IFS are the rms values of the phase voltages and currents when the ADC inputs are at full scale. The VARTHR register is an 8-bit unsigned number, so its maximum value is 28 − 1. Its default value is 0x3. Avoid using values lower than 3, that is, 2 or 1; never use the value 0 because the threshold must be a non-zero value. This discrete time accumulation or summation is equivalent to integration in continuous time, as shown in Equation 39: ∞ Reactive Energy = ∫ q(t)dt = Lim ∑ q(nT) × T T →0 n = 0 The ADE7978 provides a status flag to indicate that one of the xVARHR registers is half full. Bit 2 (REHF) in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502) is set when Bit 30 of one of the xVARHR registers changes, signifying that one of these registers is half full. (39) where: n is the discrete time sample number. T is the sample period. In the ADE7978, the total phase reactive powers are accumulated in the 32-bit signed registers AVARHR, BVARHR, and CVARHR (Address 0xE406 to Address 0xE408). The fundamental phase reactive powers are accumulated in the 32-bit signed registers AFVARHR, BFVARHR, and CFVARHR (Address 0xE409 to Address 0xE40B). The reactive energy register contents can roll over to full-scale negative (0x80000000) and continue to increase in value when the reactive power is positive. Conversely, if the reactive power is negative, the energy register underflows to fullscale positive (0x7FFFFFFF) and continues to decrease in value. If the reactive power is positive, the var-hour register becomes half full when it increments from 0x3FFFFFFF to 0x40000000. If the reactive power is negative, the var-hour register becomes half full when it decrements from 0xC0000000 to 0xBFFFFFFF. Similarly, Bit 3 (FREHF) in the STATUS0 register is set when Bit 30 of one of the xFVARHR registers changes, signifying that one of these registers is half full. Setting Bits[3:2] in the MASK0 register enables the FREHF and REHF interrupts. When enabled, the IRQ0 pin goes low and the status bit is set to 1 when one of the energy registers (xVARHR for the REHF interrupt or xFVARHR for the FREHF interrupt), becomes half full. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ0 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to the appropriate bit in the STATUS0 register. Setting Bit 6 (RSTREAD) in the LCYCMODE register (Address 0xE702) enables a read with reset for all var-hour accumulation registers, that is, the registers are reset to 0 after a read operation. INTEGRATION TIME UNDER STEADY LOAD The discrete time sample period (T) for the accumulation registers is 976.5625 ns (1.024 MHz frequency). With full-scale sinusoidal signals on the analog inputs and a 90° phase difference between the voltage and current signals (the largest possible reactive power), the average word value representing the reactive power is PMAX = 26,991,271. If the VARTHR register threshold is set to 3 (its minimum recommended value), the first stage accumulator generates a pulse that is added to the var-hour registers at intervals of 3 × 2 27 PMAX × 1.024 × 10 6 = 14.5683 µs The maximum value that can be stored in the var-hour accumulation register before it overflows is 231 − 1 or 0x7FFFFFFF. The integration time is calculated as Time = 0x7FFFFFFF × 14.5683 μs = 8 hr, 41 min, 25 sec Rev. 0 | Page 60 of 120 (40) Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 ENERGY ACCUMULATION MODES The reactive power is accumulated in each 32-bit var-hour accumulation register (AVARHR, BVARHR, CVARHR, AFVARHR, BFVARHR, and CFVARHR) according to the configuration of Bits[5:4] (CONSEL[1:0] bits) in the ACCMODE register (see Table 25). Note that IA’, IB’, and IC’ are the phase-shifted current waveforms. Table 25. Inputs to Var-Hour Accumulation Registers AVARHR, AFVARHR VA × IA’ VA × IA’ 10 11 Reserved VA × IA’ 1 BVARHR, BFVARHR VB × IB’ VB × IB’ VB = VA − VC1 CVARHR, CFVARHR VC × IC’ VC × IC’ VB × IB’ VB = −VA VC × IC’ ZXSEL[0] IN LCYCMODE[7:0] ZEROCROSSING DETECTION (PHASE A) ZXSEL[1] IN LCYCMODE[7:0] LINECYC[15:0] ZEROCROSSING DETECTION (PHASE B) CALIBRATION CONTROL ZXSEL[2] IN LCYCMODE[7:0] ZEROCROSSING DETECTION (PHASE C) See the BWATTHR and BFWATTHR Accumulation Register in 3-Phase, 3-Wire Configurations section. Bits[3:2] (VARACC[1:0]) in the ACCMODE register determine how the reactive power is accumulated in the var-hour registers and how the CF frequency output can be generated as a function of total and fundamental active and reactive powers. For more information, see the Energy-to-Frequency Conversion section. APGAIN AVAROS AVARHR[31:0] INTERNAL ACCUMULATOR OUTPUT FROM TOTAL REACTIVE POWER ALGORITHM 34 0 27 26 VARTHR BWATTHR and BFWATTHR Accumulation Register in 3-Phase, 3-Wire Configurations 32-BIT REGISTER THRESHOLD 0 11116-074 CONSEL[1:0] 00 01 In line cycle energy accumulation mode, the ADE7978 transfers the reactive energy accumulated in the 32-bit internal accumulation registers to the xVARHR or xFVARHR registers after an integral number of line cycles (see Figure 80). The number of half line cycles is specified in the LINECYC register (Address 0xE60C). Figure 80. Line Cycle Total Reactive Energy Accumulation Mode In a 3-phase, 3-wire configuration (CONSEL[1:0] = 01), the ADE7978 computes the rms value of the line voltage between Phase A and Phase C and stores the result in the BVRMS register (see the Voltage RMS in Delta Configurations section). The Phase B current value provided after the HPF is 0; therefore, the powers associated with Phase B are 0. To avoid any errors in the frequency output pins (CF1, CF2, or CF3) related to the powers associated with Phase B, disable the contribution of Phase B to the energy-to-frequency converters by setting the TERMSEL1[1], TERMSEL2[1], or TERMSEL3[1] bit to 0 in the COMPMODE register (Address 0xE60E). For more information, see the Energy-to-Frequency Conversion section. LINE CYCLE REACTIVE ENERGY ACCUMULATION MODE In line cycle energy accumulation mode, the energy accumulation is synchronized to the voltage channel zero crossings such that reactive energy is accumulated over an integral number of half line cycles. The advantage of summing the reactive energy over an integer number of line cycles is that the sinusoidal component in the reactive energy is reduced to 0. This eliminates any ripple in the energy calculation and allows the energy to be accumulated accurately over a shorter time. The line cycle energy accumulation mode greatly simplifies the energy calibration and significantly reduces the time required to calibrate the meter. The line cycle reactive energy accumulation mode is activated by setting Bit 1 (LVAR) in the LCYCMODE register (Address 0xE702). The total reactive energy accumulated over an integer number of half line cycles (or zero crossings) is written to the var-hour accumulation registers after the number of half line cycles specified by the LINECYC register is detected. When using the line cycle accumulation mode, set Bit 6 (RSTREAD) of the LCYCMODE register to Logic 0 because a read with reset of the var-hour registers outside the LINECYC period resets the energy accumulation. Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C zero crossings are included when counting the number of half line cycles by setting Bits[5:3] (ZXSEL[x]) in the LCYCMODE register. Any combination of zero crossings from all three phases can be used to count the zero crossings. Select only one phase at a time for inclusion in the count of zero crossings during calibration. For more information about setting the LINECYC register and Bit 5 (LENERGY) in the MASK0 register associated with the line cycle accumulation mode, see the Line Cycle Active Energy Accumulation Mode section. Rev. 0 | Page 61 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet APPARENT POWER CALCULATION Apparent power is defined as the maximum active power that can be delivered to a load. One way to obtain the apparent power is by multiplying the voltage rms value by the current rms value (also called the arithmetic apparent power). S = V rms × I rms (41) where: S is the apparent power. V rms and I rms are the rms voltage and current, respectively. The ADE7978 computes the arithmetic apparent power on each phase. Figure 81 illustrates the signal processing in each phase for the calculation of the apparent power in the ADE7978. Because V rms and I rms contain all harmonic information, the apparent power computed by the ADE7978 is total apparent power. The ADE7978 does not compute fundamental apparent power. The ADE7978 stores the instantaneous phase apparent powers in the AVA, BVA, and CVA registers (Address 0xE51E to Address 0xE520). The equation for apparent power is xVA = V VFS × I I FS × PMAX × 1 2 4 (42) where: V and I are the rms values of the phase voltage and current. VFS and IFS are the rms values of the phase voltage and current when the ADC inputs are at full scale. PMAX = 26,991,271, the instantaneous power computed when the ADC inputs are at full scale and in phase. The xVA[23:0] waveform registers can be accessed using any of the serial port interfaces. For more information, see the Waveform Sampling Mode section. APPARENT POWER GAIN CALIBRATION The average apparent power in each phase can be scaled by ±100% by writing to the appropriate 24-bit phase gain registers: APGAIN, BPGAIN, or CPGAIN (Address 0x4399 to Address 0x439B). The same registers are used to compensate the other powers computed by the ADE7978. For more information about these registers, see the Active Power Gain Calibration section. APPARENT POWER OFFSET CALIBRATION Each rms measurement includes an offset compensation register to calibrate and eliminate the dc component in the rms value (see the Root Mean Square Measurement section). The voltage and current rms values are multiplied together in the apparent power signal processing. Because no additional offsets are created in the multiplication of the rms values, there is no specific offset compensation for the apparent power signal processing. The offset compensation of the apparent power measurement in each phase is accomplished by calibrating each individual rms measurement. APPARENT POWER CALCULATION USING VNOM The ADE7978 can compute the apparent power by multiplying the phase rms current by an rms voltage introduced externally in the 24-bit signed VNOM register (Address 0xE533). When one of Bits[13:11] (VNOMCEN, VNOMBEN, or VNOMAEN) in the COMPMODE register (Address 0xE60E) is set to 1, the apparent power in the specified phase (Phase x for VNOMxEN) is computed in this way. When the VNOMxEN bits are cleared to 0 (the default value), the arithmetic apparent power is computed. The VNOM register value can be calculated as follows: The ADE7978 can also compute the apparent power by multiplying the phase rms current by an rms voltage that is introduced externally. For more information, see the Apparent Power Calculation Using VNOM section. VNOM = V/VFS × 3,761,808 (43) where: V is the nominal phase rms voltage. VFS is the rms value of the phase voltage when the ADC inputs are at full scale. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the SAGLVL register, the VNOM register is transmitted as a 32-bit register with the eight MSBs padded with 0s (see Figure 61). Rev. 0 | Page 62 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 APPARENT ENERGY CALCULATION The VATHR register is an 8-bit unsigned number, so its maximum value is 28 − 1. Its default value is 0x3. Avoid using values lower than 3, that is, 2 or 1; never use the value 0 because the threshold must be a non-zero value. Apparent energy is defined as the integral of apparent power. Apparent Energy = ∫ s(t) dt (44) This discrete time accumulation or summation is equivalent to integration in continuous time, as shown in Equation 46. The ADE7978 achieves the integration of the apparent power signal in two stages (see Figure 81). The first stage accumulates the instantaneous apparent power at 1.024 MHz (the DSP computes these values at an 8 kHz rate). Each time a threshold is reached, a pulse is generated, and the threshold is subtracted from the internal register. The second stage consists of accumulating the pulses generated at the first stage into internal 32-bit accumulation registers. The contents of these registers are transferred to the VA-hour registers, xVAHR, when these registers are accessed. Figure 81 illustrates this process. ∞ Apparent Energy = ∫ s(t)dt = Lim ∑ s(nT) × T T →0 n = 0 where: n is the discrete time sample number. T is the sample period. In the ADE7978, the phase apparent powers are accumulated in the 32-bit signed registers AVAHR, BVAHR, and CVAHR (Address 0xE40C to Address 0xE40E). The apparent energy register contents can roll over to full-scale negative (0x80000000) and continue to increase in value when the apparent power is positive. The threshold is formed by concatenating the 8-bit unsigned VATHR register (Address 0xEA04) to 27 bits equal to 0. The VATHR register is configured by the user. Its value depends on how much energy is assigned to one LSB of the VA-hour registers. For example, if a derivative of the apparent energy, VAh (10n VAh, where n is an integer) is desired as one LSB of the xVAHR register, VATHR is calculated using the following equation: PMAX × f s × 3600 × 10 n The ADE7978 provides a status flag to indicate that one of the xVAHR registers is half full. Bit 4 (VAEHF) in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502) is set when Bit 30 of one of the xVAHR registers changes, signifying that one of these registers is half full. Because the apparent power is always positive and the xVAHR registers are signed, the VA-hour registers become half full when they increment from 0x3FFFFFFF to 0x40000000. (45) VFS × I FS × 2 27 where: PMAX = 26,991,271 = 0x19BDAA7, the instantaneous power computed when the ADC inputs are at full scale. fS = 1.024 MHz, the frequency at which every instantaneous power computed by the DSP at 8 kHz is accumulated. VFS and IFS are the rms values of the phase voltages and currents when the ADC inputs are at full scale. Setting Bit 4 (VAEHF) in the MASK0 register enables the VAEHF interrupt. When enabled, the IRQ0 pin goes low and the status bit is set to 1 when one of the apparent energy registers (xVAHR) becomes half full. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ0 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to Bit 4 (VAEHF) in the STATUS0 register. Setting Bit 6 (RSTREAD) in the LCYCMODE register (Address 0xE702) enables a read with reset for all xVAHR accumulation registers, that is, the registers are reset to 0 after a read operation. APGAIN AIRMS AVAHR[31:0] INTERNAL ACCUMULATOR : AVRMS DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR 32-BIT REGISTER AVA THRESHOLD 24 34 27 26 VATHR 0 0 Figure 81. Apparent Power Data Flow and Apparent Energy Accumulation Rev. 0 | Page 63 of 120 11116-075 VATHR = (46) ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet INTEGRATION TIME UNDER STEADY LOAD The discrete time sample period (T) for the accumulation registers is 976.5625 ns (1.024 MHz frequency). With full-scale pure sinusoidal signals on the analog inputs, the average word value representing the apparent power is PMAX. If the VATHR threshold register is set to 3 (its minimum recommended value), the first stage accumulator generates a pulse that is added to the xVAHR registers at intervals of PMAX × 1.024 × 10 6 = 14.5683 µs In line cycle energy accumulation mode, the energy accumulation is synchronized to the voltage channel zero crossings, allowing apparent energy to be accumulated over an integral number of half line cycles. In line cycle energy accumulation mode, the ADE7978 transfers the apparent energy accumulated in the 32-bit internal accumulation registers to the xVAHR registers after an integral number of line cycles (see Figure 82). The number of half line cycles is specified in the LINECYC register (Address 0xE60C). The maximum value that can be stored in the xVAHR accumulation register before it overflows is 231 − 1 or 0x7FFFFFFF. The integration time is calculated as follows: Time = 0x7FFFFFFF × 14.5683 μs = 8 hr, 41 min, 25 sec ZXSEL[0] IN LCYCMODE[7:0] ZEROCROSSING DETECTION (PHASE A) (47) ENERGY ACCUMULATION MODE ZEROCROSSING DETECTION (PHASE B) The apparent power is accumulated in each 32-bit VA-hour accumulation register (AVAHR, BVAHR, and CVAHR) according to the configuration of Bits[5:4] (CONSEL[1:0] bits) in the ACCMODE register (see Table 26). 1 CVAHR CVRMS × CIRMS CVRMS × CIRMS CALIBRATION CONTROL ZXSEL[2] IN LCYCMODE[7:0] ZEROCROSSING DETECTION (PHASE C) Table 26. Inputs to VA-Hour Accumulation Registers CONSEL[1:0] AVAHR BVAHR 00 AVRMS × AIRMS BVRMS × BIRMS 01 AVRMS × AIRMS BVRMS × BIRMS VB = VA − VC1 10 Reserved 11 AVRMS × AIRMS BVRMS × BIRMS VB = −VA LINECYC[15:0] ZXSEL[1] IN LCYCMODE[7:0] AIRMS APGAIN AVAHR[31:0] INTERNAL ACCUMULATOR 32-BIT REGISTER AVRMS THRESHOLD CVRMS × CIRMS 34 BWATTHR and BFWATTHR Accumulation Register in 3-Phase, 3-Wire Configurations In a 3-phase, 3-wire configuration (CONSEL[1:0] = 01), the ADE7978 computes the rms value of the line voltage between Phase A and Phase C and stores the result in the BVRMS register (see the Voltage RMS in Delta Configurations section). The Phase B current value provided after the HPF is 0; therefore, the powers associated with Phase B are 0. To avoid any errors in the frequency output pins (CF1, CF2, or CF3) related to the powers associated with Phase B, disable the contribution of Phase B to the energy-to-frequency converters by setting the TERMSEL1[1], TERMSEL2[1], or TERMSEL3[1] bit to 0 in the COMPMODE register (Address 0xE60E). For more information, see the Energy-to-Frequency Conversion section. 27 26 VATHR See the BWATTHR and BFWATTHR Accumulation Register in 3-Phase, 3-Wire Configurations section. 0 0 Figure 82. Line Cycle Apparent Energy Accumulation Mode The line cycle apparent energy accumulation mode is activated by setting Bit 2 (LVA) in the LCYCMODE register (Address 0xE702). The apparent energy accumulated over an integer number of half line cycles (or zero crossings) is written to the xVAHR accumulation registers after the number of half line cycles specified in the LINECYC register is detected. When using the line cycle accumulation mode, set Bit 6 (RSTREAD) of the LCYCMODE register to Logic 0 because a read with reset of the xVAHR registers outside the LINECYC period resets the energy accumulation. Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C zero crossings are included when counting the number of half line cycles by setting Bits[5:3] (ZXSEL[x]) in the LCYCMODE register. Any combination of zero crossings from all three phases can be used to count the zero crossings. Select only one phase at a time for inclusion in the count of zero crossings during calibration. For more information about setting the LINECYC register and Bit 5 (LENERGY) in the MASK0 register associated with the line cycle accumulation mode, see the Line Cycle Active Energy Accumulation Mode section. Rev. 0 | Page 64 of 120 11116-076 3 × 2 27 LINE CYCLE APPARENT ENERGY ACCUMULATION MODE Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 POWER FACTOR CALCULATION AND TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION CALCULATION POWER FACTOR CALCULATION The ADE7978 provides a direct power factor measurement simultaneously on all phases. Power factor in an ac circuit is defined as the ratio of the total active power flowing to the load to the apparent power. The absolute power factor measurement is defined in terms of leading or lagging, referring to whether the current waveform is leading or lagging the voltage waveform. When the current waveform is leading the voltage waveform, the load is capacitive and is defined as a negative power factor. When the current waveform is lagging the voltage waveform, the load is inductive and is defined as a positive power factor. Figure 83 illustrates the relationship of the current waveform to the voltage waveform. ACTIVE (+) REACTIVE (–) PF (–) ACTIVE (–) REACTIVE (–) PF (+) CAPACITIVE: CURRENT LEADS VOLTAGE θ = +60° PF = –0.5 θ = –60° PF = +0.5 To use the line cycle accumulation mode to determine the power factor, the ADE7978 must be configured as follows: • 11116-077 INDUCTIVE: CURRENT LAGS VOLTAGE ACTIVE (+) REACTIVE (+) PF (+) ACTIVE (–) REACTIVE (+) PF (–) By default, the instantaneous total phase active and apparent powers are used to calculate the power factor; the registers are updated at a rate of 8 kHz. The sign bit is taken from the instantaneous total phase reactive energy measurement on each phase. If a power factor measurement with more averaging is required, the ADE7978 can use the line cycle accumulation measurement on the active and apparent energies to determine the power factor. This option provides a more stable power factor reading. V I The ADE7978 provides a power factor measurement on all phases simultaneously. These readings are stored in three 16-bit signed twos complement registers: APF (Address 0xE902) for Phase A, BPF (Address 0xE903) for Phase B, and CPF (Address 0xE904) for Phase C. The MSB of these registers indicates the polarity of the power factor. Each LSB of the APF, BPF, and CPF registers equates to a weight of 2−15. Therefore, the maximum register value of 0x7FFF equates to a power factor value of 1, and the minimum register value of 0x8000 corresponds to a power factor of −1. If the power factor is outside the −1 to +1 range (because of offset and gain calibrations), the result is set to −1 or +1, depending on the sign of the fundamental reactive power. • Figure 83. Capacitive and Inductive Loads As shown in Figure 83, the reactive power measurement is negative when the load is capacitive and positive when the load is inductive. The sign of the reactive power can therefore be used to reflect the sign of the power factor. The ADE7978 uses the sign of the total reactive power as the sign of the absolute power factor. If the total reactive power is in a no load state, the sign of the power factor is the sign of the total active power. Equation 48 shows the mathematical definition of power factor. Power Factor = (Sign Total Reactive Power) × Total Active Power Apparent Power (48) Set the PFMODE bit (Bit 7) to 1 in the LCYCMODE register (Address 0xE702). Enable line cycle accumulation mode on both the active and apparent energies by setting the LWATT and LVA bits to 1 in the LCYCMODE register. The update rate of the power factor measurement is now an integral number of half line cycles that can be programmed in the LINECYC register (Address 0xE60C). For complete information about configuring line cycle accumulation mode, see the Line Cycle Active Energy Accumulation Mode and Line Cycle Apparent Energy Accumulation Mode sections. Note that the power factor measurement is affected by the no load condition if no load detection is enabled (see the No Load Condition section). If the apparent energy no load condition is true, the power factor measurement is set to 1. If the no load condition based on total active and reactive energies is true, the power factor measurement is set to 0. Rev. 0 | Page 65 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION CALCULATION The ADE7978 computes the total harmonic distortion (THD) on all phase currents and voltages. The THD expressions are shown in the following equations: THD I = THDV = I 2 − I 12 I1 (49) V 2 − V12 The THD calculations are stored in the AVTHD, AITHD, BVTHD, BITHD, CVTHD, and CITHD registers (Address 0xE521 to Address 0xE526). These registers are 24-bit registers in 3.21 signed format. This means the ratios are limited to +3.9999 and all greater results are clamped to it. Like the xIRMS and xFIRMS registers, the 24-bit signed xITHD and xVTHD registers are transmitted as 32-bit registers with the eight MSBs padded with 0s (see Figure 67). V1 where: I and V are the rms values of the phase currents and voltages stored in the AIRMS, AVRMS, BIRMS, BVRMS, CIRMS, and CVRMS registers. I1 and V1 are the fundamental rms values stored in the AFIRMS, AFVRMS, BFIRMS, BFVRMS, CFIRMS, and CFVRMS registers. Rev. 0 | Page 66 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 WAVEFORM SAMPLING MODE The current and voltage waveform samples, as well as the active, reactive, and apparent power outputs and the total harmonic distortion values, are stored every 125 µs (8 kHz rate) in 24-bit signed registers that can be accessed using any of the serial port interfaces of the ADE7978. Table 27 lists these registers. Bit 17 (DREADY) in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502) can be used to signal when the registers listed in Table 27 can be read using the I2C or SPI serial port. An interrupt attached to the flag can be enabled by setting Bit 17 (DREADY) in the MASK0 register (Address 0xE50A). For more information about the DREADY bit, see the Digital Signal Processor section. In addition, if Bits[1:0] (ZX_DREADY) in the CONFIG register (Address 0xE618) are set to 00, the DREADY functionality is selected at the ZX/DREADY pin. In this case, the ZX/DREADY pin goes low approximately 70 ns after the DREADY bit is set to 1 in the STATUS0 register. The ZX/DREADY pin stays low for 10 µs and then returns high. The low to high transition of the ZX/DREADY pin can be used to initiate a burst read of the waveform sample registers. For more information, see the I2C Burst Read Operation and the SPI Burst Read Operation sections. The ADE7978 includes a high speed data capture (HSDC) port that is specially designed to provide fast access to the following waveform sample registers: IAWV, IBWV, ICWV, INWV, VAWV, VBWV, VCWV, AWATT, BWATT, CWATT, AVAR, BVAR, CVAR, AVA, BVA, and CVA. For more information about the HSDC interface, see the HSDC Interface section. The serial ports of the ADE7978 work with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit words, whereas the DSP works with 28-bit words. Like the xIGAIN registers shown in Figure 44, the registers listed in Table 27 are sign extended to 28 bits and padded with four 0s for transmission as 32-bit registers. Table 27. Waveform Sample Registers Register IAWV IBWV ICWV INWV VAWV VBWV VCWV VA2WV VB2WV VC2WV VNWV VN2WV AVA BVA CVA AWATT BWATT CWATT AVAR BVAR CVAR AVTHD AITHD BVTHD BITHD CVTHD CITHD Rev. 0 | Page 67 of 120 Description Phase A current Phase B current Phase C current Neutral current Phase A voltage Phase B voltage Phase C voltage Phase A auxiliary voltage Phase B auxiliary voltage Phase C auxiliary voltage Neutral line voltage Neutral line auxiliary voltage Phase A apparent power Phase B apparent power Phase C apparent power Phase A total active power Phase B total active power Phase C total active power Phase A total reactive power Phase B total reactive power Phase C total reactive power Phase A voltage total harmonic distortion Phase A current total harmonic distortion Phase B voltage total harmonic distortion Phase B current total harmonic distortion Phase C voltage total harmonic distortion Phase C current total harmonic distortion ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet ENERGY-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERSION Two sets of bits specify the powers that are converted on the CFx pins: the TERMSELx[2:0] bits and the CFxSEL[2:0] bits. The ADE7978 provides three frequency output pins: CF1, CF2, and CF3. The CF3 pin is multiplexed with the HSCLK pin of the HSDC interface. When HSDC is enabled, the CF3 functionality is disabled at the pin. The CF1 and CF2 pins are always available. TERMSELx[2:0] BITS Bits[2:0] (TERMSEL1[2:0]), Bits[5:3] (TERMSEL2[2:0]), and Bits[8:6] (TERMSEL3[2:0]) of the COMPMODE register (Address 0xE60E) specify which phases are summed in the energy-to-frequency conversion. After initial calibration at manufacturing, the manufacturer or end customer verifies the energy meter calibration. One convenient way to verify the meter calibration is to provide an output frequency proportional to the active, reactive, or apparent power under steady load conditions. This output frequency can provide a simple, single-wire, optically isolated interface to external calibration equipment. Figure 84 illustrates the energy-to-frequency conversion in the ADE7978. • • • The TERMSEL1[2:0] bits configure the CF1 pin. The TERMSEL2[2:0] bits configure the CF2 pin. The TERMSEL3[2:0] bits configure the CF3 pin. The TERMSELx[0] bits manage Phase A. When these bits are set to 1, Phase A power is included in the sum of powers at the CFx converter; when these bits are cleared to 0, Phase A power is not included in the sum of powers. The TERMSELx[1] bits manage Phase B, and the TERMSELx[2] bits manage Phase C. The DSP computes the instantaneous values of all phase powers: total active, fundamental active, total reactive, fundamental reactive, and apparent. For information about how the energy is sign accumulated in the xWATTHR, xFWATTHR, xVARHR, xFVARHR, and xVAHR registers, see the Active Energy Calculation, Reactive Energy Calculation, and Apparent Energy Calculation sections. Setting all TERMSELx[2:0] bits to 1 means that the powers from all three phases are added at the CFx converter. Clearing all TERMSELx[2:0] bits to 0 means that no phase power is added at the CFx converter and no CF pulse is generated. In the energy-to-frequency conversion process, the instantaneous powers generate signals at the frequency output pins (CF1, CF2, and CF3). One energy-to-frequency converter is used for every CFx pin. Each converter sums certain phase powers and generates a signal proportional to the sum. CFxSEL[2:0] BITS Bits[2:0] (CF1SEL[2:0]), Bits[5:3] (CF2SEL[2:0]), and Bits[8:6] (CF3SEL[2:0]) in the CFMODE register (Address 0xE610) specify what type of power is used at the inputs of the CF1, CF2, and CF3 converters, respectively (see Table 28). TERMSELx BITS IN COMPMODE INSTANTANEOUS PHASE B ACTIVE POWER INSTANTANEOUS PHASE C ACTIVE POWER CFxSEL BITS IN CFMODE VA 27 WATT REVPSUMx BIT OF STATUS0[31:0] VAR INTERNAL ACCUMULATOR FWATT FVAR FREQUENCY DIVIDER CFx PULSE OUTPUT THRESHOLD CFxDEN DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR 27 34 27 26 WTHR 0 0 Figure 84. Energy-to-Frequency Conversion Table 28. Description of the CFxSEL[2:0] Bits in the CFMODE Register CFxSEL[2:0] 000 001 010 011 100 101 to 111 CFx Signal Proportional to the Sum of Total phase active powers Total phase reactive powers Phase apparent powers Fundamental phase active powers Fundamental phase reactive powers Reserved Registers Latched When CFxLATCH = 1 AWATTHR, BWATTHR, CWATTHR AVARHR, BVARHR, CVARHR AVAHR, BVAHR, CVAHR AFWATTHR, BFWATTHR, CFWATTHR AFVARHR, BFVARHR, CFVARHR Rev. 0 | Page 68 of 120 11116-078 INSTANTANEOUS PHASE A ACTIVE POWER Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 The CF1 converter produces signals proportional to the sum of the total active powers on all three phases. The CF2 converter produces signals proportional to the sum of the total reactive powers on all three phases. The CF3 converter produces signals proportional to the sum of the apparent powers on all three phases. ENERGY-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERSION PROCESS The energy-to-frequency conversion is accomplished in two stages. The first stage is the same as for the energy accumulation processes described in the Active Energy Calculation, Reactive Energy Calculation, and Apparent Energy Calculation sections. The second stage uses the frequency divider implemented by the 16-bit unsigned registers CF1DEN, CF2DEN, and CF3DEN (Address 0xE611 to Address 0xE613). The values of the CFxDEN registers depend on the meter constant (MC), measured in impulses/kWh, and how much energy is assigned to one LSB of the various energy registers (xWATTHR, xVARHR, and so on). For example, if a derivative of Wh (10n Wh, where n is an integer) is desired as one LSB of the xWATTHR register, CFxDEN is calculated using the following equation: CFxDEN 103 MC [impulses/kW h] 10n (50) The derivative of Wh must be selected to obtain a CFxDEN register value greater than 1. If CFxDEN = 1, the CFx pin stays active low for only 1 μs. For this reason, do not set the CFxDEN register to 1. The frequency converter cannot accommodate fractional results; the result of the division must be rounded to the nearest integer. If CFxDEN is set equal to 0, the ADE7978 considers it to be equal to 1. The CFx pulse output stays low for 80 ms if the pulse period is greater than 160 ms (6.25 Hz). If the pulse period is less than 160 ms and CFxDEN is an even number, the duty cycle of the pulse output is exactly 50%. If the pulse period is less than 160 ms and CFxDEN is an odd number, the duty cycle of the pulse output is (1 + 1/CFxDEN) × 50% The maximum pulse frequency at the CF1, CF2 or CF3 pins is 68.8 kHz and is obtained on one phase under the following conditions: WTHR, VARTHR, and VATHR registers are set to 3. CF1DEN, CF2DEN, and CF3DEN registers are set to 1. Phase is supplied with in-phase full-scale currents and voltages. The CFx pulse output is active low. It is recommended that the pin be connected to an LED, as shown in Figure 85. No transistor is required to supplement the drive strength of the CFx pin. CFx PIN Figure 85. CFx Pin Recommended Connection Bits[11:9] (CF3DIS, CF2DIS, and CF1DIS) of the CFMODE register (Address 0xE610) specify whether the frequency converter output is generated at the CF3, CF2, or CF1 pin. When Bit CFxDIS is set to 1 (the default value), the CFx pin is disabled and the pin stays high. When Bit CFxDIS is cleared to 0, the corresponding CFx pin output generates an active low signal. Bits[16:14] (CF3, CF2, and CF1) in the MASK0 register (Address 0xE50A) manage the CF3, CF2, and CF1 interrupts. If the CFx bits are set and a high to low transition at the corresponding frequency converter output occurs, the IRQ0 interrupt is triggered and the appropriate bit in the STATUS0 register is set to 1. The interrupts are available even if the CFx outputs are not enabled by the CFxDIS bits in the CFMODE register. SYNCHRONIZING ENERGY REGISTERS WITH THE CFx OUTPUTS The ADE7978 allows the contents of the phase energy accumulation registers to be synchronized with the generation of a CFx pulse. When a high to low transition at one frequency converter output occurs, the contents of all internal phase energy registers that relate to the power being output at the CFx pin are latched into the hour registers and then reset to 0. See Table 28 for the list of registers that are latched based on the CFxSEL[2:0] bits in the CFMODE register. All three phase registers are latched independent of the setting of the TERMSELx[2:0] bits of the COMPMODE register. Figure 86 shows this process for CF1SEL[2:0] = 010 (apparent powers contribute at the CF1 pin) and CFCYC = 2. CF1 PULSE BASED ON PHASE A AND PHASE B APPARENT POWERS CFCYC = 2 AVAHR, BVAHR, CVAHR LATCHED ENERGY REGISTERS RESET AVAHR, BVAHR, CVAHR LATCHED ENERGY REGISTERS RESET 11116-080 11116-079 VDD By default, the TERMSELx[2:0] bits are set to 1, the CF1SEL[2:0] bits are set to 000, the CF2SEL[2:0] bits are set to 001, and the CF3SEL[2:0] bits are set to 010. Therefore, the default configuration for the energy-to-frequency converters is as follows: Figure 86. Synchronizing AVAHR and BVAHR with CF1 The 8-bit unsigned CFCYC register (Address 0xE705) contains the number of high to low transitions at the frequency converter output between two consecutive latches. Avoid writing a new value to the CFCYC register during a high to low transition at any CFx pin. Bits[14:12] (CF3LATCH, CF2LATCH, and CF1LATCH) of the CFMODE register enable the latching of the phase energy accumulation registers when the bits are set to 1. When these bits are cleared to 0 (the default state), no latching occurs. The latching process can be used even if the CFx outputs are not enabled by the CFxDIS bits in the CFMODE register. Rev. 0 | Page 69 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet ENERGY REGISTERS AND CFx OUTPUTS FOR VARIOUS ACCUMULATION MODES ACTIVE ENERGY NO LOAD THRESHOLD ACTIVE POWER NO LOAD THRESHOLD When WATTACC[1:0] = 00 (the default value), the active powers are sign accumulated in the watthour energy registers before entering the energy-to-frequency converter. Figure 87 shows how signed active power accumulation works. In this mode, the CFx pulses synchronize perfectly with the active energy accumulated in the xWATTHR and xFWATTHR registers because the powers are sign accumulated in both datapaths. REVAPx BIT IN STATUS0 xWSIGN BIT IN PHSIGN APNOLOAD SIGN = POSITIVE POS NEG POS NEG 11116-082 Bits[1:0] (WATTACC[1:0]) in the ACCMODE register (Address 0xE701) specify the accumulation mode of the total and fundamental active powers when signals proportional to the active powers are selected at the CFx pins (the CFxSEL[2:0] bits in the CFMODE register are set to 000 or 011). These bits also specify the accumulation mode of the watthour energy registers (AWATTHR, BWATTHR, CWATTHR, AFWATTHR, BFWATTHR, and CFWATTHR). Figure 88. Active Power Positive Only Accumulation Mode The WATTACC[1:0] = 10 setting is reserved, and the ADE7978 behaves identically to the case when WATTACC[1:0] = 00. ACTIVE ENERGY When WATTACC[1:0] = 11, the active powers are accumulated in absolute mode. When the powers are negative, they change sign and are accumulated together with the positive power in the watthour registers before entering the energy-to-frequency converter. NO LOAD THRESHOLD ACTIVE POWER In this mode, the CFx pulses synchronize perfectly with the active energy accumulated in the xWATTHR and xFWATTHR registers because the powers are accumulated in the same way in both datapaths. Figure 89 shows how absolute active power accumulation works. NO LOAD THRESHOLD REVAPx BIT IN STATUS0 APNOLOAD SIGN = POSITIVE POS NEG POS NEG 11116-081 xWSIGN BIT IN PHSIGN Figure 87. Active Power Signed Accumulation Mode When WATTACC[1:0] = 01, the active powers are accumulated in positive only mode. When the powers are negative, the watthour energy registers do not accumulate them. The CFx pulses are generated based on signed accumulation mode. When WATTACC[1:0] = 01, the CFx pulses do not synchronize perfectly with the active energy accumulated in the xWATTHR and xFWATTHR registers because the powers are accumulated differently in each datapath. Figure 88 shows how positive only active power accumulation works. ACTIVE ENERGY NO LOAD THRESHOLD ACTIVE POWER NO LOAD THRESHOLD REVAPx BIT IN STATUS0 APNOLOAD SIGN = POSITIVE POS NEG POS NEG Figure 89. Active Power Absolute Accumulation Mode Rev. 0 | Page 70 of 120 11116-083 xWSIGN BIT IN PHSIGN Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Bits[3:2] (VARACC[1:0]) in the ACCMODE register specify the accumulation mode of the total and fundamental reactive powers when signals proportional to the reactive powers are selected at the CFx pins (the CFxSEL[2:0] bits in the CFMODE register are set to 001 or 100). These bits also specify the accumulation mode of the var-hour energy registers (AVARHR, BVARHR, CVARHR, AFVARHR, BFVARHR, and CFVARHR). NO LOAD THRESHOLD REACTIVE POWER NO LOAD THRESHOLD NO LOAD THRESHOLD ACTIVE POWER REVRPx BIT IN STATUS0 xVARSIGN BIT IN PHSIGN VARNOLOAD SIGN = POSITIVE POS NEG POS 11116-085 When VARACC[1:0] = 00 (the default value), the reactive powers are sign accumulated in the var-hour energy registers before entering the energy-to-frequency converter. Figure 90 shows how signed reactive power accumulation works. In this mode, the CFx pulses synchronize perfectly with the reactive energy accumulated in the xVARHR and xFVARHR registers because the powers are sign accumulated in both datapaths. REACTIVE ENERGY Figure 91. Reactive Power Sign Adjusted Mode REACTIVE ENERGY When VARACC[1:0] = 11, the reactive powers are accumulated in absolute mode. When the powers are negative, they change sign and are accumulated together with the positive power in the var-hour registers before entering the energy-to-frequency converter. In this mode, the CFx pulses synchronize perfectly with the reactive energy accumulated in the xVARHR and xFVARHR registers. Figure 92 shows how absolute reactive power accumulation works. NO LOAD THRESHOLD REACTIVE POWER NO LOAD THRESHOLD REVRPx BIT IN STATUS0 POS NEG POS NEG REACTIVE ENERGY Figure 90. Reactive Power Signed Accumulation Mode The VARACC[1:0] = 01 setting is reserved, and the ADE7978 behaves identically to the case when VARACC[1:0] = 00. When VARACC[1:0] = 10, the reactive powers are accumulated depending on the sign of the corresponding active power in the var-hour energy registers before entering the energy-to-frequency converter. If the active power is positive or considered 0 when lower than the no load threshold APNOLOAD, the reactive power is accumulated as is. If the active power is negative, the sign of the reactive power is changed for accumulation. NO LOAD THRESHOLD REACTIVE POWER Figure 91 shows how the sign adjusted reactive power accumulation mode works. In this mode, the CFx pulses synchronize perfectly with the reactive energy accumulated in the xVARHR and xFVARHR registers because the powers are accumulated in the same way in both datapaths. Rev. 0 | Page 71 of 120 NO LOAD THRESHOLD REVRPx BIT IN STATUS0 xVARSIGN BIT IN PHSIGN VARNOLOAD SIGN = POSITIVE POS NEG POS NEG Figure 92. Reactive Power Absolute Accumulation Mode 11116-086 VARNOLOAD SIGN = POSITIVE 11116-084 xVARSIGN BIT IN PHSIGN ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet SIGN OF SUM OF PHASE POWERS IN THE CFx DATAPATH The ADE7978 has sign detection circuitry for the sum of phase powers that are used in the CFx datapath. As described in the Energy-to-Frequency Conversion Process section, the energy accumulation in the CFx datapath is executed in two stages. Each time a sign change is detected in the energy accumulation at the end of the first stage—that is, after the energy accumulated in the accumulator reaches one of the WTHR, VARTHR, or VATHR thresholds—a dedicated interrupt can be triggered synchronously with the corresponding CFx pulse. The sign of each sum can be read in the PHSIGN register (Address 0xE617). Bit 18, Bit 13, and Bit 9 (REVPSUM3, REVPSUM2, and REVPSUM1, respectively) of the STATUS0 register are set to 1 when a sign change of the sum of powers in the CF3, CF2, or CF1 datapaths occurs. To correlate these events with the pulses generated at the CFx pins after a sign change occurs, the REVPSUM3, REVPSUM2, or REVPSUM1 bit is set when a high to low transition occurs at the CF3, CF2, or CF1 pin, respectively. Bit 8, Bit 7, and Bit 3 (SUM3SIGN, SUM2SIGN, and SUM1SIGN, respectively) of the PHSIGN register are set to 1 when the REVPSUM3, REVPSUM2, and REVPSUM1 bits are set to 1. The SUMxSIGN bits indicate the sign of the sum of phase powers. When these bits are cleared to 0, the sum is positive. When the bits are set to 1, the sum is negative. Interrupts attached to Bit 18, Bit 13, and Bit 9 (REVPSUM3, REVPSUM2, and REVPSUM1, respectively) in the STATUS0 register are enabled by setting Bit 18, Bit 13, and Bit 9 in the MASK0 register. If enabled, the IRQ0 pin is set low and the status bit is set to 1 when a change of sign occurs. To identify the phase that triggered the interrupt, read the PHSIGN register immediately after reading the STATUS0 register. Then clear the status bit by writing a 1 to the appropriate bit in the STATUS0 register; the IRQ0 pin is set high again. Rev. 0 | Page 72 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 NO LOAD CONDITION The no load condition is defined in metering equipment standards as a condition where voltage is applied to the meter but no current flows in the current circuit. To eliminate any creep effects in the meter, the ADE7978 contains three separate no load detection circuits: one related to the total active and reactive powers, one related to the fundamental active and reactive powers, and one related to the apparent power. NO LOAD DETECTION BASED ON TOTAL ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWERS The no load condition based on the total active and reactive powers is triggered when no LSBs are accumulated in the total active and reactive energy registers on one phase (xWATTHR and xVARHR, x = A, B, or C) for the time specified in the APNOLOAD and VARNOLOAD registers. In the no load condition, the total active and reactive energies of the phase are not accumulated, and no CFx pulses are generated based on these energies. The equations used to compute the values of the 16-bit unsigned registers APNOLOAD and VARNOLOAD are as follows: APNOLOAD = 216 − 1 − Y × WTHR × 217 VARNOLOAD = 216 − 1 − PMAX (51) Y × VARTHR × 217 PMAX where: Y is the required no load current threshold computed relative to full scale. For example, if the no load threshold current is set 10,000 times lower than the full-scale value, Y = 10,000. WTHR and VARTHR are the values stored in the WTHR and VARTHR registers. These values are used as the thresholds in the first stage energy accumulators for active and reactive energy, respectively (see the Active Energy Calculation and Reactive Energy Calculation sections). PMAX = 26,991,271, the instantaneous active power computed when the ADC inputs are at full scale. The VARNOLOAD register (Address 0xE909) usually contains the same value as the APNOLOAD register (Address 0xE908). When both the APNOLOAD and VARNOLOAD registers are set to 0x0, the no load detection circuit is disabled. If the APNOLOAD or VARNOLOAD threshold is set to 0 and the other threshold is set to a non-zero value, the no load circuit is disabled, and the total active and reactive powers are accumulated without any restriction. Bit 0 (NLOAD) in the STATUS1 register (Address 0xE503) is set when a no load condition based on the total active or reactive power is detected on one of the three phases. Bits[2:0] (NLPHASE[2:0]) in the PHNOLOAD register (Address 0xE608) indicate the state of all phases relative to a no load condition and are set simultaneously with the NLOAD bit in the STATUS1 register. NLPHASE[0] indicates the state of Phase A, NLPHASE[1] indicates the state of Phase B, and NLPHASE[2] indicates the state of Phase C. When the NLPHASE[x] bit is cleared to 0, Phase x is not in a no load condition. When the bit is set to 1, Phase x is in a no load condition. An interrupt attached to Bit 0 (NLOAD) in the STATUS1 register can be enabled by setting Bit 0 in the MASK1 register (Address 0xE50B). When enabled, the IRQ1 pin goes low and the status bit is set to 1 when any of the three phases enters or exits the no load condition. To identify the phase that triggered the interrupt, read the PHNOLOAD register immediately after reading the STATUS1 register. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ1 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to Bit 0 in the STATUS1 register. NO LOAD DETECTION BASED ON FUNDAMENTAL ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWERS The no load condition based on the fundamental active and reactive powers is triggered when no LSBs are accumulated in the fundamental active and reactive energy registers on one phase (xFWATTHR and xFVARHR, x = A, B, or C) for the time specified in the 16-bit unsigned APNOLOAD and VARNOLOAD registers. In the no load condition, the fundamental active and reactive energies of the phase are not accumulated, and no CFx pulses are generated based on these energies. APNOLOAD and VARNOLOAD are the same no load thresholds set for the total active and reactive energies. When both the APNOLOAD and VARNOLOAD registers are set to 0x0, the no load detection circuit is disabled. If the APNOLOAD or VARNOLOAD threshold is set to 0 and the other threshold is set to a non-zero value, the no load circuit is disabled, and the fundamental active and reactive powers are accumulated without any restriction. Bit 1 (FNLOAD) in the STATUS1 register is set when a no load condition based on the fundamental active or reactive power is detected on one of the three phases. Bits[5:3] (FNLPHASE[2:0]) in the PHNOLOAD register indicate the state of all phases relative to a no load condition and are set simultaneously with the FNLOAD bit in the STATUS1 register. FNLPHASE[0] indicates the state of Phase A, FNLPHASE[1] indicates the state of Phase B, and FNLPHASE[2] indicates the state of Phase C. When the FNLPHASE[x] bit is cleared to 0, Phase x is not in a no load condition. When the bit is set to 1, Phase x is in a no load condition. An interrupt attached to Bit 1 (FNLOAD) in the STATUS1 register can be enabled by setting Bit 1 in the MASK1 register. When enabled, the IRQ1 pin goes low and the status bit is set to 1 when any of the three phases enters or exits the no load condition. To identify the phase that triggered the interrupt, read the PHNOLOAD register immediately after reading the STATUS1 register. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ1 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to Bit 1 in the STATUS1 register. Rev. 0 | Page 73 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet NO LOAD DETECTION BASED ON APPARENT POWER When the VANOLOAD register (Address 0xE90A) is set to 0x0, the no load detection circuit is disabled. The no load condition based on the apparent power is triggered when no LSBs are accumulated in the apparent energy register on one phase (xVAHR, x = A, B, or C) for the time specified in the VANOLOAD register. In the no load condition, the apparent energy of the phase is not accumulated, and no CFx pulses are generated based on this energy. Bit 2 (VANLOAD) in the STATUS1 register is set when a no load condition based on apparent power is detected on one of the three phases. Bits[8:6] (VANLPHASE[2:0]) in the PHNOLOAD register indicate the state of all phases relative to a no load condition and are set simultaneously with the VANLOAD bit in the STATUS1 register. The equation used to compute the value of the 16-bit unsigned VANOLOAD register is as follows: VANLPHASE[0] indicates the state of Phase A, VANLPHASE[1] indicates the state of Phase B, and VANLPHASE[2] indicates the state of Phase C. When the VANLPHASE[x] bit is cleared to 0, Phase x is not in a no load condition. When the bit is set to 1, Phase x is in a no load condition. VANOLOAD = 216 − 1 − Y × VATHR × 217 PMAX (52) where: Y is the required no load current threshold computed relative to full scale. For example, if the no load threshold current is set 10,000 times lower than the full-scale value, Y = 10,000. VATHR is the value stored in the VATHR register. This value is used as the threshold in the first stage energy accumulator for apparent energy (see the Apparent Energy Calculation section). PMAX = 26,991,271, the instantaneous active power computed when the ADC inputs are at full scale. An interrupt attached to Bit 2 (VANLOAD) in the STATUS1 register can be enabled by setting Bit 2 in the MASK1 register. When enabled, the IRQ1 pin goes low and the status bit is set to 1 when any of the three phases enters or exits the no load condition. To identify the phase that triggered the interrupt, read the PHNOLOAD register immediately after reading the STATUS1 register. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ1 pin is returned high by writing a 1 to Bit 2 in the STATUS1 register. Rev. 0 | Page 74 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 INTERRUPTS The ADE7978 has two interrupt pins, IRQ0 and IRQ1. Each pin is managed by a 32-bit interrupt mask register, MASK0 (Address 0xE50A) and MASK1 (Address 0xE50B), respectively. To enable an interrupt, the appropriate bit in the MASKx register must be set to 1. To disable an interrupt, the bit must be cleared to 0. Two 32-bit status registers, STATUS0 (Address 0xE502) and STATUS1 (Address 0xE503), are associated with the interrupts. When an interrupt event occurs in the ADE7978, the corresponding flag in the status register is set to Logic 1 (see Table 43 and Table 44). If the mask bit for the interrupt in the interrupt mask register is Logic 1, the IRQx output goes active low. The flag bits in the status registers are set regardless of the state of the mask bits. To determine the source of the interrupt, the microcontroller (MCU) reads the corresponding STATUSx register to identify which bit is set to 1. To clear the flag in the status register, the MCU writes back to the STATUSx register with the flag set to 1. After an interrupt pin goes low, the status register is read and the source of the interrupt is identified. A 1 is written back to the status register to clear the status flag to 0. The IRQx pin remains low until the status flag is cleared. By default, all interrupts are disabled with the exception of the RSTDONE interrupt. This interrupt cannot be disabled (masked) and, therefore, Bit 15 (RSTDONE) in the MASK1 register has no function. The IRQ1 pin always goes low and Bit 15 (RSTDONE) in the STATUS1 register is always set to 1 when a power-up or a hardware/software reset ends. To cancel the status flag, the STATUS1 register must be written with Bit 15 (RSTDONE) set to 1. Certain interrupts are used in conjunction with other status registers. When the STATUSx register is read and one of the bits listed in Table 29 to Table 33 is set to 1, the status register associated with the bit is immediately read to identify the phase that triggered the interrupt. Only after reading the associated status register can the STATUSx register be written back with the bit set to 1. Table 30 lists the bits in the MASK1 register that work with bits in the PHNOLOAD register (Address 0xE608). Table 30. MASK1 Register Bits and PHNOLOAD Register Bits MASK1 Register (Address 0xE50B) Bits Bit Name 0 NLOAD 1 FNLOAD 2 VANLOAD Table 31 lists the bits in the MASK1 register that work with bits in the PHSTATUS register (Address 0xE600). Table 31. MASK1 Register Bits and PHSTATUS Register Bits MASK1 Register (Address 0xE50B) Bits Bit Name 16 Sag 17 OI 18 OV PHSTATUS Register (Address 0xE600) Bits Bit Name [14:12] VSPHASE[2:0] [5:3] OIPHASE[2:0] [11:9] OVPHASE[2:0] Table 32 and Table 33 list the bits in the MASK1 register that work with bits in the IPEAK register (Address 0xE500) and the VPEAK register (Address 0xE501). Table 32. MASK1 Register Bits and IPEAK Register Bits MASK1 Register (Address 0xE50B) Bits Bit Name 23 PKI IPEAK Register Register (Address 0xE500) Bits Bit Name [26:24] IPPHASE[2:0] Table 33. MASK1 Register Bits and VPEAK Register Bits MASK1 Register (Address 0xE50B) Bits Bit Name 24 PKV Table 29 lists the bits in the MASK0 register that work with bits in the PHSIGN register (Address 0xE617). Table 29. MASK0 Register Bits and PHSIGN Register Bits MASK0 Register (Address 0xE50A) Bits Bit Name [8:6] REVAPx [12:10] REVRPx 9 REVPSUM1 13 REVPSUM2 18 REVPSUM3 PHNOLOAD Register (Address 0xE608) Bits Bit Name [2:0] NLPHASE[2:0] [5:3] FNLPHASE[2:0] [8:6] VANLPHASE[2:0] PHSIGN Register (Address 0xE617) Bits Bit Name [2:0] xWSIGN[2:0] [6:4] xVARSIGN[2:0] 3 SUM1SIGN 7 SUM2SIGN 8 SUM3SIGN Rev. 0 | Page 75 of 120 VPEAK Register (Address 0xE501) Bits Bit Name [26:24] VPPHASE[2:0] ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet If a subsequent interrupt event occurs during the ISR (t3), that event is indicated by the MCU external interrupt flag being set again. USING THE INTERRUPTS WITH AN MCU Figure 93 shows a timing diagram for a suggested implementation of ADE7978 interrupt management using an MCU. At Time t1, the IRQx pin goes low, indicating that one or more interrupt events have occurred in the ADE7978. After the IRQx pin goes low, the following steps take place: 3. 4. 5. t1 t2 t3 MCU INTERRUPT FLAG SET IRQx PROGRAM SEQUENCE JUMP TO ISR GLOBAL INTERRUPT MASK CLEAR MCU INTERRUPT FLAG READ STATUSx WRITE BACK STATUSx ISR ACTION (BASED ON STATUSx CONTENTS) ISR RETURN GLOBAL INTERRUPT MASK RESET JUMP TO ISR 11116-089 2. Figure 94 shows a recommended timing diagram when the status bits in the STATUSx registers work in conjunction with bits in other registers. When the IRQx pin goes low, the STATUSx register is read, and if one of these bits is set to 1, a second status register is read immediately to identify the phase that triggered the interrupt. In Figure 94, PHx denotes the PHNOLOAD, PHSTATUS, IPEAK, VPEAK, or PHSIGN register. After reading the PHx register, the STATUSx register is written back to clear the status flags. Tie the IRQx pin to a negative edge triggered external interrupt on the MCU. Configure the MCU to start executing its interrupt service routine (ISR) when it detects the negative edge. When the MCU starts executing the ISR, disable all interrupts using the global interrupt mask bit. The MCU external interrupt flag can now be cleared to capture interrupt events that occur during the current ISR. When the MCU interrupt flag is cleared, read STATUSx, the interrupt status register. The interrupt status register contents are used to determine the source of the interrupts and, therefore, the appropriate action to take. Write back the same STATUSx contents to the ADE7978 to clear the status flags and reset the IRQx line to logic high (t2). Figure 93. Interrupt Management t1 t2 t3 MCU INTERRUPT FLAG SET IRQx PROGRAM SEQUENCE JUMP TO ISR GLOBAL INTERRUPT MASK CLEAR MCU INTERRUPT FLAG READ STATUSx READ PHx WRITE BACK STATUSx ISR RETURN ISR ACTION JUMP (BASED ON STATUSx CONTENTS) GLOBAL INTERRUPT TO ISR MASK RESET Figure 94. Interrupt Management When PHSTATUS, IPEAK, VPEAK, or PHSIGN Register Is Involved Rev. 0 | Page 76 of 120 11116-090 1. On returning from the ISR, the global interrupt mask bit is cleared in the same instruction cycle, and the external interrupt flag uses the MCU to jump to its ISR again. This action ensures that the MCU does not miss any external interrupts. Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 POWER MANAGEMENT The dc-to-dc converter section of the ADE7933/ADE7932 works on principles that are common to most modern power supply designs. VDD power is supplied to an oscillating circuit that switches current into a chip scale air core transformer. Power is transferred to the secondary side, where it is rectified to a 3.3 V dc voltage. This voltage is then supplied to the ADC section of the ADE7933/ADE7932 through a 2.5 V LDO regulator. The PWM control block operates at a frequency of 1.024 MHz (CLKIN/4). Every other half period, the control block generates a PWM pulse to the ac source based on the state of the EMI_CTRL pin (see Figure 96). PWM CONTROL PULSE WHEN EMI_CTRL = VDD PWM CONTROL PULSE WHEN EMI_CTRL = GND The state of the internal dc-to-dc converter in the ADE7933/ ADE7932 is controlled by the VDD input. In normal operational mode, maintain VDD at a voltage from 2.97 V to 3.63 V. Figure 95 is a block diagram of the ADE7933/ADE7932 isolated dc-to-dc converter. The primary supply voltage input (VDD) supplies an ac source. The ac signal passes through a chip scale air core transformer and is transferred to the secondary side. A rectifier then produces the isolated power supply, VDDISO. Using another chip scale air core transformer, a feedback circuit measures VDDISO and passes the information back to the VDD domain, where a PWM control block controls the ac source to maintain VDDISO at 3.3 V. ISOLATION BARRIER VDDISO RECTIFIER AC SOURCE FEEDBACK CIRCUIT PWM CONTROL VDD = 3.3V Figure 95. Isolated DC-to-DC Converter Block Diagram 11116-025 TO ADC BLOCK 1.024MHz CLOCK 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 11116-026 DC-TO-DC CONVERTER Figure 96. PWM Control Block Generates Pulses Based on 1.024 MHz Clock Each time a PWM pulse is generated, the ac source transmits very high frequency signals across the isolation barrier to allow efficient power transfer through the small chip scale transformers. This transfer creates high frequency currents that can propagate in circuit board ground and power planes, causing edge and dipole radiation. To manage electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues, attention must be paid to proper PCB layout. The Layout Guidelines section describes the best approach to PCB layout. In addition to creating a well-designed PCB layout, the designer can use the EMI_CTRL pin to help reduce the emissions generated by the dc-to-dc converter of the ADE7933/ADE7932. Every four periods of the clock that manages the PWM control block are divided into eight slots, Slot 0 to Slot 7 (see Figure 96). When the EMI_CTRL pin is connected to GND, the PWM control block generates pulses during Slot 0, Slot 2, Slot 4, and Slot 6. When the EMI_CTRL pin is connected to VDD, the PWM control block generates pulses during Slot 1, Slot 3, Slot 5, and Slot 7. Table 34 describes the recommended connections for the EMI_CTRL pin in all configurations of a 3-phase energy meter. Table 34. Connection of EMI_CTRL Pins No. of ADE7933/ ADE7932 Devices 1 2 3 4 Rev. 0 | Page 77 of 120 EMI_CTRL Pin Connections Connect the pin to GND Connect the pin to GND on one device; connect the pin to VDD on the other device Connect the pin to GND on two devices; connect the pin to VDD on the third device Connect the pin to GND on two devices; connect the pin to VDD on the other devices ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet The pulses at the transformer output have an amplitude greater than 1.0 V. The decoder has a sensing threshold at approximately 0.5 V, thus establishing a 0.5 V margin within which induced voltages can be tolerated. The voltage induced across the receiving coil is given by dβ ∑ πrn2 V = − dt n = 1 N (53) where: β is the ac magnetic field: β(t) = B × sin(ωt). N is the number of turns in the receiving coil. rn is the radius of the nth turn in the receiving coil. Given the geometry of the receiving coil in the ADE7933/ ADE7932 and an imposed requirement that the induced voltage (VTHR) be, at most, 50% of the 0.5 V margin at the decoder, a maximum allowable magnetic field (B) is calculated, as shown in Figure 97 and Equation 54. B = VTHR (54) N 2πf × ∑ πrn2 n =1 where f is the frequency of the magnetic field. 10 I= B µ0 × 2πd = V ×d (55) N µ 0 × f × ∑ πrn2 n =1 where µ0 is 4π × 10 H/m, the magnetic permeability of air. −7 Figure 98 shows the allowable current magnitudes as a function of frequency for selected distances. As shown in Figure 98, the ADE7933/ADE7932 are extremely immune and can be affected only by extremely large currents operated at high frequency very close to the component. For the 10 kHz example, a current with a magnitude of 69 kA must be placed 5 mm away from the ADE7933/ADE7932 to affect the operation of the component. 1000 100 0.005m 0.1m 1m 10 1 0.1 0.01 1k 1 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 98. Maximum Allowable Current for Various Current-toADE7933/ADE7932 Spacings 0.1 0.01 0.001 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M FREQUENCY (Hz) 11116-027 MAGNETIC FIELD MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE (T) 100 The preceding magnetic field values correspond to specific current magnitudes at given distances from the ADE7933/ADE7932 transformers. 11116-028 Because the ADE7933/ADE7932 use air core transformers, the devices are immune to dc magnetic fields. The limitation on the ac magnetic field immunity of the ADE7933/ADE7932 is set by the condition in which the induced voltage in the receiving coil of the transformer is sufficiently large to either falsely set or reset the decoder. The following analysis defines the conditions under which this can occur. The 3.3 V operating condition is examined because it is the nominal supply of the ADE7933/ADE7932. For example, at a magnetic field frequency of 10 kHz, the maximum allowable magnetic field of 2.8 T induces a voltage of 0.25 V at the receiving coil. This voltage is approximately 50% of the sensing threshold and does not cause a faulty output transition. Similarly, if such an event occurs during a transmitted pulse (and is of the worst-case polarity), the received pulse is reduced from more than 1.0 V to 0.75 V, still well above the 0.5 V sensing threshold of the decoder. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CURRENT (kA) MAGNETIC FIELD IMMUNITY Note that at combinations of strong magnetic field and high frequency, any loops formed by PCB traces can induce error voltages sufficiently large to trigger the thresholds of succeeding circuitry. Exercise care in the layout of such traces to avoid this possibility (see the Layout Guidelines section). Figure 97. Maximum Allowable External Magnetic Field Rev. 0 | Page 78 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 7. POWER-UP PROCEDURE The ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 chipset contains on-chip power supply monitors that supervise the power supply (VDD). The ADE7933/ADE7932 have a monitor with a threshold at 2.0 V ± 10% and a timeout timer of 23 ms. The ADE7978 has a monitor with a threshold between 2.5 V and 2.6 V and a timeout timer of 32 ms. Because the ADE7933/ADE7932 are fully managed by the ADE7978, the power supply monitor of the ADE7978 determines the power-up of the chipset. After a successful power-up of the chipset, follow the instructions in the Initializing the Chipset section. If the supply voltage, VDD, falls below 2 V ± 10%, the ADE7978 and the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices enter an inactive state, which means that no measurements or computations are executed. The ADE7978 is in an inactive state until VDD reaches the threshold of 2.5 V to 2.6 V. The ADE7933/ADE7932 are also in an inactive state. Before the chipset is powered up, make sure that the power supply for the ADE7978 ensures a transition from around 2.5 V or 2.6 V to 3.3 V − 10% in less than 32 ms. Figure 99 shows the power-up procedure, which follows these steps: 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. INITIALIZING THE CHIPSET After the ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 are powered up, initialize the chipset as follows. 1. When VDD crosses the 2.5 V to 2.6 V threshold, the ADE7978 power supply monitor keeps the chip in the inactive state for an additional 32 ms, allowing VDD to reach 3.3 V − 10%, the minimum recommended supply voltage. The ADE7978 starts to function and generates a 4.096 MHz clock signal for the ADE7933/ADE7932 at the CLKOUT pin. The ADE7933/ADE7932 devices begin to function. After 20 μs, the ADE7978 resets the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices by setting the RESET_EN pin low. The ADE7978 toggles the following pins eight times from high to low at a 4.096 MHz frequency (CLKIN/4): VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N. The ADE7933/ADE7932 devices begin to function at default conditions. When the ADE7978 and the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices become fully functional, the IRQ1 interrupt pin is set low, and Bit 15 (RSTDONE) in the STATUS1 register (Address 0xE503) is set to 1. This bit is cleared to 0 during power-up and is set to 1 when the power-up is completed. 2. 3. Monitor the IRQ1 pin until it goes low, indicating that the RSTDONE interrupt is triggered. When the ADE7978 starts functioning after power-up, the I2C port is the active serial port. If SPI communication is to be used, toggle the SS/HSA pin three times from high to low to select the SPI interface. For more information about changing the communication port to SPI, see the Serial Interface Selection section. Read the STATUS1 register (Address 0xE503) to verify that Bit 15 (RSTDONE) is set to 1, and then write a 1 to the bit to clear it. The IRQ1 pin returns high. Because RSTDONE is an unmaskable interrupt, Bit 15 (RSTDONE) must be reset to 0 for the IRQ1 pin to return high. It is recommended that all other flags in the STATUS1 and STATUS0 registers also be reset by writing a 1 to all bits in the registers. 3.3V – 10% 2.5V TO 2.6V ADE7978 AND ADE7933/ADE7932s READY. 0V 32ms ADE7978 AND ADE7933/ADE7932s POWERED UP. ADE7978 POR TIMER TURNED ON. 20µs 50ms ADE7978 STARTS FUNCTIONING. ADE7978 CLOCKS ADE7933/ADE7932s. RSTDONE INTERRUPT TRIGGERED. ADE7978 RESETS ADE7933/ADE7932s. ADE7933/ADE7932s START FUNCTIONING. Figure 99. Power-Up Procedure Rev. 0 | Page 79 of 120 MICROPROCESSOR MAKES THE CHOICE BETWEEN I2C AND SPI. 11116-029 1. After a power-up of the ADE7978, the I2C serial port is active. For information about changing the serial port to SPI and about locking in the selected serial port (I2C or SPI), see the Serial Interface Selection section. Immediately after power-up, the ADE7978 resets all registers to their default values. ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet 4. If I2C communication is used, lock the port by writing a 1 to Bit 0 (I2C_LOCK) of the CONFIG2 register (Address 0xEA00). If SPI communication is used, lock the port by writing any value to the CONFIG2 register. After the serial port is locked to I2C or SPI, the communication protocol can be changed only after a power-down or hardware reset operation. 5. Initialize the AIGAIN, BIGAIN, CIGAIN, and NIGAIN registers (Address 0x4380, Address 0x4383, Address 0x4386, and Address 0x4389, respectively). 6. Start the DSP by writing 0x0001 to the run register (Address 0xE228). For more information, see the Digital Signal Processor section. 7. Initialize the DSP RAM-based registers located at Address 0x4380 to Address 0x43BF. Write the last register in the queue three times. 8. Initialize the hardware-based configuration registers located at Address 0xE507 to Address 0xEA04 with the exception of the CFMODE register (see Step 11). 9. Enable the DSP RAM write protection by writing 0xAD to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7FE. Then write 0x80 to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7E3. For more information, see the Digital Signal Processor section. 10. Read the energy registers xWATTHR, xVARHR, xFWATTHR, xFVARHR, and xVAHR to erase their contents and start energy accumulation from a known state. 11. Clear Bit 9 (CF1DIS), Bit 10 (CF2DIS), and Bit 11 (CF3DIS) in the CFMODE register (Address 0xE610) to enable pulses at the CF1, CF2, and CF3 pins. 12. Read back all ADE7978 registers to ensure that they are initialized with the desired values. • • During a hardware reset, the ADE7978 generates signals to reset the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. When the ADE7978 RESET pin is toggled high again after at least 10 µs, the ADE7978 RESET_EN pin goes low, and the VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins toggle eight times from high to low at a frequency of 4.096 MHz (CLKIN/4). These actions reset the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. When the RESET_EN pin is taken high, the ADE7978 starts generating 4.096 MHz (CLKIN/4) at the CLKOUT pin. This signal clocks the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices and they become operational. The ADE7978 signals the end of a reset by pulling the IRQ1 interrupt pin low and by setting Bit 15 (RSTDONE) in the STATUS1 register (Address 0xE503) to 1. This bit is set to 0 during the reset and is set to 1 when the reset ends. Write a 1 to the RSTDONE status bit to clear the bit. The IRQ1 pin returns high, and the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 devices are operational. Because the I2C port is the default serial port of the ADE7978, it becomes active after a reset. If SPI is the port used by the external microprocessor, the procedure to enable SPI must be repeated immediately after the RESET pin is toggled back to high (for more information, see the Serial Interface Selection section). After a hardware reset, all registers in the ADE7978 are reset to their default values, and the DSP is in idle mode. Reinitialize all ADE7978 registers, enable the DSP RAM write protection, and start the DSP, as described in the Initializing the Chipset section (Step 5 to Step 12). For more information about data memory RAM protection and the run register, see the Digital Signal Processor section. HARDWARE RESET When the RESET pin of the ADE7978 is set low, the ADE7978 enters the hardware reset state (see Figure 100). In the hardware reset state, the following events take place: The CLKOUT pin of the ADE7978 stops generating the clock and is set high. The SYNC, RESET_EN, VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins are set high. AT LEAST 10µs 50ms ADE7978 RESET PIN 10ms •ADE7978 ENTERS RESET •ADE7978 CLKOUT, SYNC, RESET_EN, VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, VT_N PINS SET HIGH •ADE7933/ADE7932s DC-TO-DC CONVERTERS, Σ-Δ MODULATORS STOP WORKING •RSTDONE INTERRUPT TRIGGERED •ADE7978, ADE7933/ADE7932s READY ADE7933/ADE7932s START WORKING •ADE7978 RESET_EN PIN SET LOW •ADE7978 VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, VT_N PINS TOGGLE HIGH TO LOW 8 TIMES AT 4.096MHz •ADE7933/ADE7932s ARE RESET •ADE7978 RESET_EN PIN SET HIGH •ADE7978 GENERATES 4.096MHz CLOCK AT CLKOUT PIN Figure 100. ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Chipset During Hardware Reset Rev. 0 | Page 80 of 120 11116-030 • The dc-to-dc converter of the ADE7933/ADE7932 stops working because the clock signal at the ADE7933/ ADE7932 XTAL1 pin is high. The Σ-Δ modulators on the isolated side of the ADE7933/ ADE7932 are not powered and stop working. Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 CHIPSET SOFTWARE RESET ADE7933/ADE7932 SOFTWARE RESET Bit 7 (SWRST) in the CONFIG register (Address 0xE618) manages the software reset functionality of the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. The default value of this bit is 0. If this bit is set to 1, the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 devices enter the software reset state. In this state, all internal registers are reset to their default values. However, the serial port selection, I2C or SPI, remains unchanged if the lock-in procedure was executed before the reset (see the Serial Interface Selection section for more information). The ADE7978 signals the end of the reset by pulling the IRQ1 interrupt pin low and setting Bit 15 (RSTDONE) in the STATUS1 register (Address 0xE503) to 1. This bit is set to 0 during the reset and is set to 1 when the reset ends. Write a 1 to the RSTDONE status bit to clear the bit; the IRQ1 pin returns high. After a software reset, all registers in the ADE7978 are reset to their default values, the DSP is in idle mode, and Bit 7 (SWRST) is cleared to 0. Reinitialize all ADE7978 registers, enable the DSP RAM write protection, and start the DSP, as described in the Initializing the Chipset section (Step 5 to Step 12). For more information about data memory RAM protection and the run register, see the Digital Signal Processor section. During a software reset of the ADE7978, the ADE7978 resets the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices while continuing to generate the clock at the CLKOUT pin. The ADE7978 RESET_EN pin goes low, and the VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins toggle eight times from high to low at a frequency of 4.096 MHz (CLKIN/4). The RESET_EN, VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins are then taken high, and the reset ends. To reset only the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices without resetting the ADE7978, use Bit 7 (ADE7933_SWRST) in the CONFIG3 register (Address 0xE708). This bit resets the ADE7933/ ADE7932 devices by setting the RESET_EN pin low and toggling the VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins from high to low eight times at 4.096 MHz (CLKIN/4). When the reset ends, the ADE7933_SWRST bit is cleared to 0. The recommended procedure to perform a software reset of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices only is as follows: 1. 2. Write to the CONFIG3 register with Bit 7 (ADE7933_ SWRST) set to 1. Read back the CONFIG3 register until Bit 7 reads as 0, indicating that the reset has ended. LOW POWER MODE Under certain conditions, it may be desirable to lower the current consumption of the chipset; in this case, the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 can be set to a low power mode. To enter low power mode, set Bit 6 (CLKOUT_DIS) and Bit 7 (ADE7933_SWRST) in the CONFIG3 register (Address 0xE708) to 1. The ADE7978 stops generating the clock to the ADE7933/ ADE7932 devices and places them in the reset state. To exit the low power mode, clear Bit 6 (CLKOUT_DIS) and Bit 7 (ADE7933_SWRST) in the CONFIG3 register to 0. During low power mode, the ADE7978 registers maintain their configurations, so they do not need to be reinitialized. Rev. 0 | Page 81 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet APPLICATIONS INFORMATION The ADE7978 is not the only chip capable of managing multiple ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. Any microcontroller that conforms to the ADE7933/ADE7932 serial interface can manage the devices correctly. (For more information, see the Bit Stream Communication Between the ADE7978 and the ADE7933/ADE7932 section). However, similar devices, such as the ADE7913/ADE7912 3-channel, isolated, Σ-Δ ADCs with an SPI interface, may be more suitable for direct interfacing with a microcontroller. For more information about the ADE7913/ ADE7912 ADCs, see the product pages for these devices. Figure 101 shows Phase A of a 3-phase energy meter. The Phase A current, IA, is sensed with a shunt. A pole of the shunt is connected to the IM pin of the ADE7933/ADE7932 and becomes the ground of the isolated side of the ADE7933/ADE7932, GNDISO. The Phase A to neutral voltage, VAN, is sensed with a resistor divider, and the VM pin is also connected to the IM and GNDISO pins. Note that the voltages measured by the ADCs of the ADE7933/ ADE7932 are opposite to VAN and IA, a classic approach in singlephase metering. The other ADE7933/ADE7932 devices, which monitor Phase B and Phase C, are connected in a similar way. NEUTRAL PHASE A PHASE A VAN ADE7932/ ADE7933 Figure 102 shows how to connect the ADE7933/ADE7932 inputs when the neutral line of a 3-phase system is monitored. The neutral current is sensed using a shunt, and the voltage across the shunt is measured at the fully differential inputs IP and IM. The neutral to earth voltage is sensed with a voltage divider at the single-ended inputs V1P and VM. NEUTRAL LINE VN V1P VM IM GNDISO IP IN EARTH Figure 102. Neutral Line and Neutral to Earth Voltage Monitoring with the ADE7933/ADE7932 ADE7978 AND ADE7933/ADE7932 IN POLYPHASE ENERGY METERS A polyphase energy meter must manage three phases and an optional neutral line. Figure 103 shows an example of a 3-phase meter built for a 4-wire wye configuration. Three ADE7933/ ADE7932 devices read the phase currents and voltages. The fourth ADE7933/ADE7932 manages the neutral line measurements. If the neutral line measurements are not required, only three ADE7933/ADE7932 devices are used (see Figure 104); in this configuration, the DATA_N pin of the ADE7978 is connected to VDD. V1P IP 11116-017 VM GNDISO IM IA ADE7932/ ADE7933 NEUTRAL 11116-018 The ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 chipset was designed for use in 3-phase energy metering systems in which one master device, usually a microcontroller, manages the ADE7978 through an I2C or SPI interface. The ADE7978 then manages two, three, or four ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. Figure 101. Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932 Current and Voltage Sensing Rev. 0 | Page 82 of 120 PHASE C PHASE A PHASE B ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 NEUTRAL Data Sheet ISOLATION BARRIER V1P VM DATA V2/TEMP 3.3V DATA_A VT_A 3.3V IM PHASE A ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P GNDISO_A SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 ADE7978 GNDMCU V1P VM DATA V2/TEMP 3.3V IM PHASE B IP 3.3V DATA_B VT_B ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P GNDISO_B SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 I2C/HSDC OR SPI IRQ0, IRQ1 GNDMCU V1P VM DATA V2/TEMP 3.3V DATA_C VT_C SYSTEM MICROCONTROLLER IP IM PHASE C IP ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P GNDISO_C SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 SYNC RESET_EN CLKOUT GNDMCU V1P VM DATA V2/TEMP 3.3V DATA_N VT_N IM NEUTRAL LINE ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P LOAD EARTH GNDMCU SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 11116-019 IP GNDMCU GNDISO_N PHASE C PHASE B PHASE A NEUTRAL Figure 103. 3-Phase, 4-Wire Wye Meter with One ADE7978 and Four ADE7933 Devices ISOLATION BARRIER V1P VM DATA V2/TEMP 3.3V DATA_A VT_A 3.3V IM PHASE A ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 ADE7978 GNDMCU GNDISO_A V1P VM DATA V2/TEMP 3.3V IP 3.3V DATA_B VT_B IM PHASE B ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 I2C/HSDC OR SPI IRQ0, IRQ1 GNDMCU GNDISO_B V1P VM DATA V2/TEMP 3.3V DATA_C VT_C SYSTEM MICROCONTROLLER IP IM PHASE C LOAD ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P GNDISO_C SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 GNDMCU SYNC RESET_EN CLKOUT 3.3V DATA_N GNDMCU Figure 104. 3-Phase, 4-Wire Wye Meter with One ADE7978 and Three ADE7933/ADE7932 Devices Rev. 0 | Page 83 of 120 11116-020 IP ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet If the meter is built for a 4-wire delta configuration, three ADE7933/ADE7932 devices are required (see Figure 106). The voltage dividers measure the Phase A and Phase C to neutral voltages. The shunts measure the Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C currents. In this configuration, the DATA_N pin of the ADE7978 is connected to VDD. PHASE C ISOLATION BARRIER 3.3V V1P DATA_A VT_A DATA V2/TEMP VM IM PHASE A IP 3.3V ADE7932/ ADE7933 SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 V2P GNDISO_A ADE7978 GNDMCU 3.3V V1P 3.3V DATA_C VT_C DATA V2/TEMP VM IM PHASE C IP ADE7932/ ADE7933 SYNC RESET_EN CLKOUT SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 V2P GNDISO_C I2C/HSDC OR SPI 3.3V GNDMCU IRQ0, IRQ1 11116-021 DATA_B DATA_N SYSTEM MICROCONTROLLER PHASE A PHASE B A meter built for a 3-wire delta configuration requires only two ADE7933/ADE7932 devices (see Figure 105): one for Phase A and one for Phase C. The voltage dividers measure the Phase A to Phase B and the Phase C to Phase B voltages. The shunts measure the Phase A and Phase C currents. In this configuration, the DATA_N and DATA_B pins of the ADE7978 are connected to VDD. GNDMCU PHASE C PHASE B PHASE A NEUTRAL Figure 105. 3-Phase, 3-Wire Delta Meter with One ADE7978 and Two ADE7933/ADE7932 Devices ISOLATION BARRIER V1P VM 3.3V DATA_A VT_A DATA V2/TEMP 3.3V IM PHASE A ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P GNDISO_A SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 ADE7978 GNDMCU V1P VM 3.3V 3.3V DATA_B VT_B DATA V2/TEMP IM PHASE B IP ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P GNDISO_B SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 I2C/HSDC OR SPI IRQ0, IRQ1 GNDMCU V1P VM 3.3V DATA_C VT_C DATA V2/TEMP SYSTEM MICROCONTROLLER IP IM PHASE C IP LOAD ADE7932/ ADE7933 V2P GNDISO_C SYNC RESET_EN CLKOUT SYNC RESET_EN XTAL1 GNDMCU 3.3V GNDMCU Figure 106. 3-Phase, 4-Wire Delta Meter with One ADE7978 and Three ADE7933/ADE7932 Devices Rev. 0 | Page 84 of 120 11116-022 DATA_N Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 If only two or three ADE7933/ADE7932 devices are used, the DATA_B and/or DATA_N pins are connected to VDD. The waveform samples computed by the ADE7978 that correspond to these unconnected ADE7933/ADE7932 devices are set to full scale. After passing through the high-pass filter, the waveform samples are set to 0, and all quantities computed by the ADE7978 using these samples are 0. Bits[5:4] (CONSEL[1:0]) in the ACCMODE register (Address 0xE701) determine the way that the phase powers are computed in the ADE7978, based on the meter configuration. For more information, see the Energy Accumulation Modes section. The ADE7933/ADE7932 receive a 4.096 MHz clock at the XTAL1 pin from the ADE7978 CLKOUT pin; the XTAL2 pin of the ADE7933/ADE7932 is left open. Do not clock the ADE7933/ ADE7932 using a crystal connected between the XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins because the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices must function synchronously with the ADE7978; using the CLKOUT clock of the ADE7978 ensures this synchronization. The ADE7978 RESET_EN pin is connected to the RESET_EN pins of all ADE7933/ADE7932 devices in the system. The ADE7978 VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins are connected to the corresponding V2/TEMP pin of each ADE7933/ADE7932 in the system. For example, the VT_A pin of the ADE7978 is connected to the V2/TEMP pin of the ADE7933/ADE7932 that monitors Phase A. If the schematic does not monitor certain phases, leave the corresponding VT_x pin of the ADE7978 unconnected. For example, the meter in the configuration shown in Figure 105 does not monitor Phase B or the neutral current. Therefore, the VT_B and VT_N pins are left open. When the RESET pin of the ADE7978 is set low for at least 10 µs and then brought high again, the RESET_EN pin is set low, and the VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins toggle eight times from high to low at a frequency of 4.096 MHz, resetting the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. When the RESET_EN, VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins are set high again, the reset of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices ends (see the Hardware Reset section for more information). The VT_A, VT_B, VT_C, and VT_N pins of the ADE7978 select the signal measured by the V2 voltage ADC of the ADE7933: either the second voltage input or the internal temperature sensor. (The ADE7932 always measures the internal temperature sensor.) If the VT_x signal is low, the ADC measures the input signal at the V2P pin. If the VT_x signal is high, the ADC measures the internal temperature sensor. The ADE7978 reads the outputs of the ADE7933/ADE7932 using a bit stream communication composed of two signals, SYNC and DATA. The SYNC pin of the ADE7978 is connected to the SYNC pin of each ADE7933/ADE7932 device. The DATA pin of each ADE7933/ADE7932 is connected to the corresponding DATA_x pin of the ADE7978 (x = A, B, C, or N). For example, the DATA pin of the Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932 is connected to the DATA_A pin of the ADE7978. If the schematic does not monitor certain phases, connect the corresponding DATA_x pin of the ADE7978 to VDD. For example, the meter in the configuration shown in Figure 105 does not monitor Phase B or the neutral current. Therefore, the DATA_B and DATA_N pins of the ADE7978 are tied to VDD. The SYNC pin of the ADE7978 generates a 1.024 MHz serial clock to the ADE7933/ADE7932 slaves. Each ADE7933/ADE7932 responds with a bit stream generated by the first stage of the ADE7933/ADE7932 ADCs (see the Bit Stream Communication Between the ADE7978 and the ADE7933/ADE7932 section). ADE7978 QUICK SETUP AS AN ENERGY METER An energy meter is usually characterized by the nominal current (In), nominal voltage (Vn), nominal frequency (fn), and the meter constant (MC). To quickly set up the ADE7978, follow these steps: 1. 2. If fn = 60 Hz, set Bit 14 (SELFREQ) to 1 in the COMPMODE register (Address 0xE60E). If fn = 50 Hz, leave the SELFREQ bit at 0, the default value. Initialize the CF1DEN, CF2DEN, and CF3DEN registers (Address 0xE611 to Address 0xE613) based on the following equation: CFxDEN = 10 3 MC [imp/kwh] × 10 n For more information, see the Energy-to-Frequency Conversion section. 3. Initialize the WTHR, VARTHR, and VATHR registers (Address 0xEA02 to Address 0xEA04) based on the following equation: WTHR, VARTHR, and VATHR = PMAX × f s × 3600 × 10 n VFS × I FS × 2 27 For more information, see the Active Energy Calculation section, the Reactive Energy Calculation, and the Apparent Energy Calculation section. 4. Initialize the VLEVEL register (Address 0x43A2) based on the following equation: VLEVEL = VFS/Vn × 4 × 106 For more information, see the Fundamental Active Power Calculation section. 5. 6. 7. Rev. 0 | Page 85 of 120 Initialize the VNOM register based on the following equation: VNOM = V/VFS × 3,761,808 For more information, see the Apparent Power Calculation Using VNOM section. Enable the data memory RAM protection by writing 0xAD to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7FE, followed by a write of 0x80 to the internal 8-bit register located at Address 0xE7E3. Start the DSP by writing 0x0001 to the run register (Address 0xE228). ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet BIT STREAM COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE ADE7978 AND THE ADE7933/ADE7932 The ADE7978 extracts information from the ADE7933/ ADE7932 devices of the system using the bit stream communication shown in Figure 107. The ADE7978 generates a 1.024 MHz clock signal at the SYNC pin. This clock signal is equal to 1/16 of the ADE7978 internal clock, CLKIN (CLKIN/16 = 1.024 MHz for XTALIN = 16.384 MHz) and one-fourth of the ADE7933/ ADE7932 XTAL1 clock (CLKIN/4). The duty cycle of this clock is 25%. The low to high transition of SYNC is generated one-fourth of a cycle before a high to low transition of the CLKIN/4 clock. SYNC stays high for one CLKIN/4 cycle and stays low for the rest of the period. After the first high to low transition of SYNC, the ADE7978 CLKIN/4 transitions from high to low four times. At each high to low transition of CLKIN/4, the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices place these bits on the DATA pin: the bits coming from the first stage of the ADCs and the bits of the temperature offset stored in the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. The order of the bits on the Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932 is VA bit, VA2 bit, temperature offset bit, and IA bit. The other ADE7933/ADE7932 devices follow the same pattern. The ADE7978 receives these bits at its DATA_A, DATA_B, DATA_C, and DATA_N pins. The process is repeated when a new high to low transition takes place on SYNC. The delimiters identifying the 8-bit signed number representing the temperature offset are shown in Figure 108. Any master device that can generate a 1.024 MHz SYNC signal like the one shown in Figure 107 and can filter the bit streams coming from the DATA pins of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices can replace the ADE7978. ADE7978 CLKIN/4 DATA_A IA BIT VA BIT VA2 BIT TEMP OFFSET IA BIT DATA_B IB BIT VB BIT VB2 BIT TEMP OFFSET IB BIT DATA_C IC BIT VC BIT VC2 BIT TEMP OFFSET IC BIT DATA_N IN BIT VN1 BIT VN2 BIT TEMP OFFSET IN BIT 11116-023 SYNC Figure 107. Bit Stream Communication Between the ADE7978 and the ADE7933/ADE7932 Devices 0 0 0 0 0 1 BIT 7 BIT 6 BIT 5 BIT 4 4 LEAST SIGNIFICANT BITS OF TEMPERATURE OFFSET 1 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0 Figure 108. Temperature Offset Bit Stream Communication Rev. 0 | Page 86 of 120 1 11116-220 4 MOST SIGNIFICANT BITS OF TEMPERATURE OFFSET Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 ADE7978 AND ADE7933/ADE7932 CLOCKS Provide a digital clock signal at the XTALIN pin to clock the ADE7978. The ADE7978 is clocked at the frequency provided at this pin; this frequency is referred to as CLKIN throughout this data sheet. The ADE7978 is specified for a CLKIN value of 16.384 MHz, but frequencies of 16.384 MHz ± 1% are acceptable. Alternatively, a 16.384 MHz crystal with a typical drive level of 0.5 mW and equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 20 Ω can be connected across the XTALIN and XTALOUT pins to provide a clock source for the ADE7978 (see Figure 109). CP1 ADE7978 C1 C2 XTALOUT CP2 11116-024 TC Figure 109. ADE7978 Crystal Circuitry The total capacitance (TC) at the XTALIN and XTALOUT pins is as follows: TC = C1 + CP1 = C2 + CP2 where: C1 and C2 are the ceramic capacitors between the XTALIN and GND pins and between the XTALOUT and GND pins (C1 = C2). CP1 and CP2 are the parasitic capacitors of the wires connecting the crystal to the ADE7978 (CP1 = CP2). The load capacitance (LC) of the crystal is equal to half the total capacitance TC because it is the capacitance of the series circuit composed by C1 + CP1 and C2 + CP2. LC = C1 + CP1 2 = C2 + CP2 2 = TC 2 INSULATION LIFETIME All insulation structures eventually break down when subjected to voltage stress over a sufficiently long period. The rate of insulation degradation is dependent on the characteristics of the voltage waveform applied across the insulation. In addition to the testing performed by the regulatory agencies, Analog Devices carries out an extensive set of evaluations to determine the lifetime of the insulation structure within the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices. Analog Devices performs accelerated life testing using voltage levels higher than the rated continuous working voltage. Acceleration factors for several operating conditions are determined. These factors allow calculation of the time to failure at the actual working voltage. The values shown in Table 12 summarize the peak voltage for 50 years of service life for a bipolar ac operating condition and the maximum CSA/VDE approved working voltages. In many cases, the approved working voltage is higher than the 50-year service life voltage. Operation at these high working voltages can lead to shortened insulation life in some cases. The insulation lifetime of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices depends on the voltage waveform type imposed across the isolation barrier. The iCoupler insulation structure degrades at different rates depending on whether the waveform is bipolar ac, unipolar ac, or dc. Figure 110, Figure 111, and Figure 112 illustrate these different isolation voltage waveforms. RATED PEAK VOLTAGE Therefore, the value of Capacitors C1 and C2 as a function of the load capacitance of the crystal is 0V 11116-102 TC XTALIN The ADE7933/ADE7932 clock circuit does not need a crystal when it is used in conjunction with the ADE7978 because the ADE7978 generates the 4.096 MHz clock used by the ADE7933/ ADE7932. However, if the ADE7933/ADE7932 are used as standalone chips, a 4.096 MHz crystal with a typical drive level of 0.5 mW and ESR of 20 Ω can be connected across the ADE7933/ ADE7932 XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins to provide a clock source. The values of the ceramic capacitors (C1 and C2) are calculated in the same way as for the clock circuitry of the ADE7978. C1 = C2 = 2 × LC − CP1 = 2 × LC − CP2 Figure 110. Bipolar AC Waveform For the ADE7978, the typical total capacitance TC of the XTALIN and XTALOUT pins is 40 pF (see Table 2). RATED PEAK VOLTAGE Select a crystal with a load capacitance of For example, if the parasitic capacitances of CP1 and CP2 are equal to 20 pF, select Capacitors C1 and C2 equal to 20 pF. 11116-103 LC = TC/2 = 20 pF 0V Figure 111. Unipolar AC Waveform 11116-104 RATED PEAK VOLTAGE 0V Figure 112. DC Waveform Rev. 0 | Page 87 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Bipolar ac voltage is the most stringent environment. The goal of a 50-year operating lifetime under the bipolar ac condition determines the maximum working voltage recommended by Analog Devices. In the case of unipolar ac or dc voltage, the stress on the insulation is significantly lower. This allows operation at higher working voltages while still achieving a 50-year service life. The working voltages listed in Table 12 can be applied while maintaining the 50-year minimum lifetime, provided that the voltage conforms to either the unipolar ac or dc voltage cases. Treat any cross-insulation voltage waveform that does not conform to Figure 111 or Figure 112 as a bipolar ac waveform, and limit its peak voltage to the 50-year lifetime voltage value listed in Table 12. The voltage presented in Figure 111 is shown as sinusoidal for illustration purposes only. It is meant to represent any voltage waveform varying between 0 V and some limiting value. The limiting value can be positive or negative, but the voltage cannot cross 0 V. LAYOUT GUIDELINES Figure 34 shows the test circuit of the ADE7978/ADE7933/ ADE7932 chipset. The test circuit contains four ADE7933 devices and one ADE7978, together with the circuitry required to sense the phase currents and voltages in a 3-phase system. The chipset is managed by a microcontroller using the SPI interface. (The microcontroller is not shown in the schematic.) Figure 34 replicates the schematic of the ADE7978/ADE7933 evaluation board (see the ADE7978 and ADE7933/ADE7932 Evaluation Board section). Figure 113 and Figure 114 show a recommended layout for a printed circuit board (PCB) with two layers; in this layout, the components are placed only on the top side of the board. Following these layout guidelines helps to create a low noise design with higher immunity to EMC influences. Note that Figure 113 and Figure 114 show layout images that were cropped from images of a board containing other circuitry besides the ADE7978 and ADE7933 devices. The layout of a meter using the ADE7932 is very similar to the one designed for the ADE7933. The only difference is the absence of the voltage channel V2P and its related circuitry: the resistor divider and the protection diodes. The primary supply voltage is supplied at VDD (Pin 19) of the ADE7933. Two decoupling capacitors are placed between VDD and GND (Pin 20): a 10 µF capacitor and a 100 nF ceramic capacitor. The ceramic capacitor must be placed closest to the ADE7933/ADE7932 because it decouples the high frequency noise; the 10 µF capacitor must be placed in close proximity to the ADE7933/ADE7932. The ADE7933 VDDISO pin (Pin 1) is decoupled from GNDISO (Pin 2) using two capacitors: a 10 µF capacitor and a 100 nF ceramic capacitor. Place the ceramic capacitor closest to the ADE7933/ADE7932; place the 10 µF capacitor in close proximity to the ADE7933/ADE7932. The ADE7933 LDO and REF pins (Pin 8 and Pin 9) are each decoupled from GNDISO (Pin 10) using two capacitors: a 4.7 µF capacitor and a 100 nF ceramic capacitor. Place the ceramic capacitor closest to the ADE7933/ADE7932; place the 4.7 µF capacitor in close proximity to the ADE7933/ADE7932. Note that the ADE7933/ADE7932 isolated ground point is one of the shunt poles. This point is directly connected to Pin 10 (GNDISO). It is not necessary to connect the shunt ground pole to Pin 2; the two GNDISO pins (Pin 2 and Pin 10) are internally connected to each other. Note that the top layer components placed on the isolated secondary side of the ADE7933 are surrounded by a ground plane connected to GNDISO. The bottom layer extends the ground of the primary side below the ADE7933 and the related circuitry, creating a stitching capacitor. This capacitance has an important role in reducing the emissions generated by the dc-to-dc converter of the ADE7933/ADE7932. Note that a distance of at least 8 mm is maintained on both sides between the input pins on the board and the ground planes. Rev. 0 | Page 88 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 11116-215 8mm 11116-216 Figure 113. ADE7978 and ADE7933 Circuit Board, Top Layer Figure 114. ADE7978 and ADE7933 Circuit Board, Bottom Layer Rev. 0 | Page 89 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet If 4-layer PCBs are used, additional stitching capacitors can be created. The top and bottom layers remain unchanged (see Figure 113 and Figure 114). Layer 2 of the 4-layer PCB replicates the bottom layer, extending the ground of the primary side below the ADE7933 and the related circuitry. Layer 3 replicates the ground plane of the top layer. Figure 115 shows the structure of the stitching capacitors created by a 4-layer PCB. The isolated ground plane of the top layer creates the 10 pF capacitor (C12) with the primary side ground plane placed on Layer 2. In a similar manner, the 400 pF capacitor (C23) is created between Layer 2 and Layer 3. These capacitances play an important role in reducing the emissions generated by the ADE7933/ADE7932 dc-to-dc converter. 28MILS = 0.7112mm ADE7978 DIE VERSION The version register identifies the version of the ADE7978 die. This 8-bit, read-only register is located at Address 0xE707. PRIMARY SIDE GROUND PLANE ON TOP LAYER C12 C23 4MILS = 0.1016mm PRIMARY SIDE GROUND PLANE ON LAYER 2 1mm 8mm Figure 115. Stitching Capacitors Created by 4-Layer PCB Rev. 0 | Page 90 of 120 PRIMARY SIDE GROUND PLANE ON BOTTOM LAYER 11116-217 28MILS = 0.7112mm An evaluation board built upon the ADE7978 and ADE7933 chipset configuration is available (see the Ordering Guide). This board is used in conjunction with the system demonstration platform (EVAL-SDP-CB1Z). Order both the ADE7978/ ADE7933 evaluation board and the system demonstration platform to evaluate the ADE7978 and ADE7933. For more information, see the ADE7978 product page. ADE7932/ADE7933 ISOLATED SIDE GROUND PLANE ON TOP LAYER ISOLATED SIDE GROUND PLANE ON LAYER 3 ADE7978 AND ADE7933/ADE7932 EVALUATION BOARD Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 SERIAL INTERFACES The ADE7978 has three serial port interfaces: one fully licensed I2C interface, one serial peripheral interface (SPI), and one high speed data capture (HSDC) port. The SPI pins are multiplexed with pins for the I2C and HSDC ports; therefore, the ADE7978 accepts two configurations: one using the SPI port only and one using the I2C port in conjunction with the HSDC port. SERIAL INTERFACE SELECTION After a reset of the ADE7978, the HSDC port is always disabled. After power-up or after a hardware reset, select the I2C or SPI port by manipulating the SS/HSA pin (Pin 16). • • If the SS/HSA pin is pulled high, the ADE7978 uses the I2C port until another hardware reset is executed. If the SS/HSA pin is toggled high to low three times, the ADE7978 uses the SPI port until another hardware reset is executed. The manipulation of the SS/HSA pin can be accomplished in two ways. • • Use the SS pin of the master device (that is, the microcontroller) as a regular I/O pin and toggle it three times. Execute three SPI write operations to a location in the address space that is not allocated to a specific ADE7978 register (for example, Address 0xEBFF, where writes to 8-bit registers can be executed). These writes cause the SS/HSA pin to toggle three times. For more information about the write protocol involved, see the SPI Write Operation section. After the serial port selection is completed, the selection must be locked. In this way, the active port remains enabled until a hardware reset or a power-down operation is performed. If the active serial port is I2C, Bit 0 (I2C_LOCK) of the CONFIG2 register (Address 0xEA00) must be set to 1 to lock it in. After the write to this bit is done, the ADE7978 ignores spurious toggling of the SS/HSA pin, and a switch to the SPI port is no longer possible. If the active serial port is SPI, any write to the CONFIG2 register locks the port. After this write, a switch to the I2C port is no longer possible. The functionality of the ADE7978 is configurable via several on-chip registers. The contents of these registers can be updated or read using the I2C or SPI interface. The HSDC port provides the state of up to 16 registers that contain the instantaneous values of phase voltages and neutral currents, as well as active, reactive, and apparent powers. COMMUNICATION VERIFICATION The ADE7978 includes a set of three registers that allow any communication via I2C or SPI to be verified. The LAST_OP (Address 0xEA01), LAST_ADD (Address 0xE9FE), and LAST_ RWDATA registers record the nature, address, and data of the last successful communication, respectively. The LAST_RWDATA register has three separate addresses depending on the length of the successful communication (see Table 35). Table 35. LAST_RWDATA Register Locations Communication Type 8-Bit Read/Write 16-Bit Read/Write 32-Bit Read/Write Address 0xE7FD 0xE9FF 0xE5FF After each successful communication with the ADE7978, the address of the register that was last accessed is stored in the 16-bit LAST_ADD register (Address 0xE9FE). This read-only register stores the value until the next successful read or write operation is completed. The LAST_OP register (Address 0xEA01) stores the nature of the operation; that is, it indicates whether a read or a write was performed. If the last operation was a write, the LAST_OP register stores the value 0xCA. If the last operation was a read, the LAST_OP register stores the value 0x35. The LAST_RWDATA register stores the data that was written to or read from the register. An unsuccessful read or write operation is not stored in these registers. When the LAST_OP, LAST_ADD, and LAST_RWDATA registers are read, their values remain unchanged. I2C-COMPATIBLE INTERFACE The ADE7978 supports a fully licensed I2C interface. The I2C interface is implemented as a full hardware slave. The maximum serial clock frequency supported by the I2C interface is 400 kHz. SDA is the data I/O pin, and SCL is the serial clock. These two pins are shared with the MOSI and SCLK pins of the on-chip SPI interface. The SDA and SCL pins are configured in a wire-AND format that allows arbitration in a multimaster system. The transfer sequence of an I2C system consists of a master device initiating a transfer by generating a start condition while the bus is idle. The master transmits the address of the slave device and the direction of the data transfer in the initial address transfer. If the slave acknowledges the master, the data transfer is initiated. Data transfer continues until the master issues a stop condition, and the bus becomes idle. Rev. 0 | Page 91 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet I2C Write Operation As shown in Figure 117, the first stage begins when the master generates a start condition, which consists of one byte representing the slave address of the ADE7978 followed by the 16-bit address of the target register. The ADE7978 acknowledges each byte received. The address byte is similar to the address byte for a write operation and is equal to 0x70 (see the I2C Write Operation section). 2 A write operation using the I C interface of the ADE7978 is initiated when the master generates a start condition, which consists of one byte representing the slave address of the ADE7978 followed by the 16-bit address of the target register and by the value of the register (see Figure 116). The addresses and the register contents are sent with the most significant bit first. I2C Read Operation START A read operation using the I2C interface of the ADE7978 is accomplished in two stages. The first stage sets the pointer to the address of the register. The second stage reads the contents of the register. 15 8 7 0 31 24 23 16 15 8 7 STOP After the last byte of the register address is sent and acknowledged by the ADE7978, the second stage begins with the master generating a new start condition followed by the address byte. The most significant seven bits of this address byte contain the address of the ADE7978, which is equal to 0111000. Bit 0 of the address byte is the read/write bit. For a read operation, Bit 0 must be set to 1; therefore, the first byte of the read operation is 0x71. After this byte is received, the ADE7978 generates an acknowledge. The ADE7978 then sends the value of the register, and, after each byte is received, the master generates an acknowledge. All bytes are sent with the most significant bit first. Registers can have 8, 16, or 32 bits; after the last bit of the register is received, the master does not acknowledge the transfer but generates a stop condition. The most significant seven bits of the address byte contain the address of the ADE7978, which is equal to 0111000. Bit 0 of the address byte is the read/write bit. For a write operation, Bit 0 must be cleared to 0; therefore, the first byte of the write operation is 0x70. The ADE7978 acknowledges each byte received. Registers can have 8, 16, or 32 bits; after the last bit of the register is transmitted and the ADE7978 acknowledges the transfer, the master generates a stop condition. 0 BYTE 1 OF REGISTER BYTE 0 (LEAST SIGNIFICANT) OF REGISTER 11116-091 ACK BYTE 2 OF REGISTER ACK BYTE 3 (MOST SIGNIFICANT) OF REGISTER ACK LEAST SIGNIFICANT 8 BITS OF REGISTER ADDRESS ACK ACK MOST SIGNIFICANT 8 BITS OF REGISTER ADDRESS ACK S SLAVE ADDRESS ACK S 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ACK GENERATED BY ADE7978 START Figure 116. I2C Write Operation of a 32-Bit Register 8 15 7 0 MOST SIGNIFICANT 8 BITS OF REGISTER ADDRESS LEAST SIGNIFICANT 8 BITS OF REGISTER ADDRESS ACK ACK SLAVE ADDRESS ACK S 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 SLAVE ADDRESS BYTE 3 (MOST SIGNIFICANT) OF REGISTER BYTE 2 OF REGISTER 7 8 0 BYTE 1 OF REGISTER STOP 15 16 S BYTE 0 (LEAST SIGNIFICANT) OF REGISTER 11116-092 1 23 ACK 1 24 ACK 0 ACK S 31 ACK START ACK GENERATED BY MASTER NO ACK ACK GENERATED BY ADE7978 ACK GENERATED BY ADE7978 Figure 117. I2C Read Operation of a 32-Bit Register Rev. 0 | Page 92 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 I2C Burst Read Operation The registers from Address 0xE50C to Address 0xE526 represent quantities computed by the ADE7978 every 8 kHz. These registers contain the following information: After the address byte is received, the ADE7978 acknowledges the byte and sends the value of the first register located at the pointer. The register is sent with the most significant byte first, and all bytes are sent with the most significant bit first. After every eight bits are received, the master generates an acknowledge. After the bytes of the first register are sent, if the master acknowledges the last byte, the ADE7978 increments the pointer by one location to position it at the next register and begins to send it out byte by byte, most significant byte first. If the master acknowledges the last byte of the second register, the ADE7978 increments the pointer again and begins to send data from the next register. The process continues until the master does not acknowledge the last byte of a register and then generates a stop condition. 2. 3. Waveform samples (IAWV, IBWV, ICWV, INWV, VAWV, VBWV, VCWV, VA2WV, VB2WV, VC2WV, VNWV, and VN2WV) Instantaneous values of various powers (AWATT, BWATT, CWATT, AVAR, BVAR, CVAR, AVA, BVA, and CVA) Total harmonic distortion (AVTHD, AITHD, BVTHD, BITHD, CVTHD, and CITHD) 4. 5. These registers can be read in two ways: one register at a time (see the I2C Read Operation section) or multiple consecutive registers at a time in a burst mode. 6. Burst mode is accomplished in two stages (see Figure 118). The first stage sets the pointer to the address of the first register in the burst and is identical to the first stage executed when only one register is read. Any register from Address 0xE50C to Address 0xE526 can be the first register in the burst. Address 0xE526 is the last location of the memory range allocated to the burst read operation. Do not perform a burst read operation on register locations with addresses greater than 0xE526. The high to low transition of the ZX/DREADY pin can be used to initiate a burst read operation. The pin must be configured for the DREADY functionality (set Bits[1:0], ZX_DREADY, to 00 in the CONFIG register, Address 0xE618). The ZX/DREADY pin goes low approximately 70 ns after Bit 17 (DREADY) in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502) is set to 1. The pin stays low for 10 μs and then goes high again. The second stage reads the contents of the registers. The second stage proceeds as follows (see Figure 118): START The master generates a new start condition followed by an address byte equal to the address byte used when a single register is read, 0x71. 15 8 7 0 LEAST SIGNIFICANT 8 BITS OF REGISTER ADDRESS ACK MOST SIGNIFICANT 8 BITS OF REGISTER ADDRESS ACK SLAVE ADDRESS ACK S 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 BYTE 3 (MOST SIGNIFICANT) OF REGISTER 0 BYTE 0 (LEAST SIGNIFICANT) OF REGISTER 0 7 0 ACK ACK 24 BYTE 3 (MOST SIGNIFICANT) OF REGISTER 1 S BYTE 0 (LEAST SIGNIFICANT) OF REGISTER n 11116-093 SLAVE ADDRESS 31 0 ACK S 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 7 24 ACK 31 STOP ACK GENERATED BY MASTER NO ACK ACK GENERATED BY ADE7978 START 1. ACK GENERATED BY ADE7978 Figure 118. I2C Burst Read of Consecutive Registers Located Between Address 0xE50C and Address 0xE526 Rev. 0 | Page 93 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet SPI-COMPATIBLE INTERFACE The SPI interface of the ADE7978 is always a slave in the communication and consists of four pins (with dual functions): SCLK/SCL, MOSI/SDA, MISO/HSD, and SS/HSA. The functions used in the SPI-compatible interface are SCLK, MOSI, MISO, and SS. The serial clock for a data transfer is applied at the SCLK logic input. All data transfer operations are synchronized to the serial clock. The maximum serial clock frequency supported by the SPI interface is 2.5 MHz. Data shifts into the ADE7978 at the MOSI logic input on the falling edge of SCLK, and the ADE7978 samples it on the rising edge of SCLK. Data shifts out of the ADE7978 at the MISO logic output on the falling edge of SCLK and is sampled by the master device on the rising edge of SCLK. The most significant bit of the word is shifted in and out first. MISO stays in high impedance when no data is transmitted from the ADE7978. Figure 119 shows the connection between the ADE7978 SPI interface and a master device that contains an SPI interface. MOSI MOSI MISO MISO SCLK SCK SS A write operation using the SPI interface of the ADE7978 is initiated when the master sets the SS pin low and begins sending one byte, representing the slave address of the ADE7978, on the MOSI line (see Figure 120). The master sends data on the MOSI line starting with the first high to low transition of SCLK. The SPI interface of the ADE7978 samples the data on the low to high transitions of SCLK. Figure 119. Connecting the ADE7978 SPI Interface to an SPI Device SS SCLK 15 14 MOSI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 31 30 REGISTER ADDRESS REGISTER VALUE Figure 120. SPI Write Operation of a 32-Bit Register Rev. 0 | Page 94 of 120 1 0 11116-097 SS SPI Write Operation The most significant seven bits of the address byte can have any value, but as a good programming practice, these bits should have a value other than 0111000, which is the 7-bit address used in the I2C protocol. Bit 0 of the address byte is the read/write bit. For a write operation, Bit 0 must be cleared to 0. The master then sends the 16-bit address of the register that is to be written followed by the 32-, 16-, or 8-bit value of that register without losing an SCLK cycle. After the last bit is transmitted, the master sets the SS and SCLK lines high at the end of the SCLK cycle, and the communication ends. The data lines, MOSI and MISO, enter a high impedance state. SPI DEVICE 11116-094 ADE7978 The SS logic input is the chip select input. This input is used when multiple devices share the serial bus. Drive the SS input low for the entire data transfer operation. Bringing SS high during a data transfer operation aborts the transfer and places the serial bus in a high impedance state. A new transfer can be initiated by returning the SS logic input low. However, aborting a data transfer before completion leaves the accessed register in a state that cannot be guaranteed. Every time a register is written, its value should be verified by reading it back. The protocol is similar to the protocol used in the I2C interface. Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 SPI Read Operation Burst mode is initiated when the master sets the SS pin low and begins sending one byte, representing the address of the ADE7978, on the MOSI line (see Figure 122). The address is the same address byte used for reading a single register. The master sends data on the MOSI line starting with the first high to low transition of SCLK. The SPI interface of the ADE7978 samples data on the low to high transitions of SCLK. A read operation using the SPI interface of the ADE7978 is initiated when the master sets the SS pin low and begins sending one byte, representing the address of the ADE7978, on the MOSI line (see Figure 121). The master sends data on the MOSI line starting with the first high to low transition of SCLK. The SPI interface of the ADE7978 samples the data on the low to high transitions of SCLK. The most significant seven bits of the address byte can have any value, but as a good programming practice, these bits should have a value other than 0111000, which is the 7-bit address used in the I2C protocol. Bit 0 of the address byte is the read/write bit. For a read operation, Bit 0 must be set to 1. The master then sends the 16-bit address of the register that is to be read. After the ADE7978 receives the last bit of the register address on a low to high transition of SCLK, it begins to transmit the register contents on the MISO line when the next SCLK high to low transition occurs; the master samples the data on a low to high SCLK transition. After the master receives the last bit, it sets the SS and SCLK lines high, and the communication ends. The data lines, MOSI and MISO, enter a high impedance state. The master sends the 16-bit address of the first register in the burst to be read. Any register from Address 0xE50C to Address 0xE526 can be the first register in the burst. After the ADE7978 receives the last bit of the register address on a low to high transition of SCLK, it begins to transmit the register contents on the MISO line when the next SCLK high to low transition occurs; the master samples the data on a low to high SCLK transition. After the master receives the last bit of the first register, the ADE7978 sends the contents of the register placed at the next location. This process is repeated until the master sets the SS and SCLK lines high and the communication ends. The data lines, MOSI and MISO, enter a high impedance state. Address 0xE526 is the last location of the memory range allocated to the burst read operation. Do not perform a burst read operation on register locations with addresses greater than 0xE526. SPI Burst Read Operation The registers from Address 0xE50C to Address 0xE526 represent quantities computed by the ADE7978 every 8 kHz (see the I2C Burst Read Operation section for the list of registers). These registers can be read in two ways: one register at a time (see the SPI Read Operation section) or multiple consecutive registers at a time in a burst mode. The high to low transition of the ZX/DREADY pin can be used to initiate a burst read operation. The pin must be configured for the DREADY functionality (set Bits[1:0], ZX_DREADY, to 00 in the CONFIG register, Address 0xE618). The ZX/DREADY pin goes low approximately 70 ns after Bit 17 (DREADY) in the STATUS0 register (Address 0xE502) is set to 1. The pin stays low for 10 µs and then goes high again. SS SCLK 15 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 REGISTER ADDRESS 31 30 MISO 1 0 11116-095 MOSI REGISTER VALUE Figure 121. SPI Read Operation of a 32-Bit Register SS SCLK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 REGISTER ADDRESS 31 MISO 0 REGISTER 0 VALUE 31 0 REGISTER n VALUE 11116-096 MOSI Figure 122. SPI Burst Read of Consecutive Registers Located Between Address 0xE50C and Address 0xE526 Rev. 0 | Page 95 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet HSDC INTERFACE The high speed data capture (HSDC) interface is disabled by default. It can be used only when the ADE7978 is configured for the I2C interface. The SPI interface of the ADE7978 cannot be used at the same time as the HSDC interface. When Bit 6 (HSDCEN) is set to 1 in the CONFIG register, the HSDC interface is enabled. If the HSDCEN bit is cleared to 0 (the default value), the HSDC interface is disabled. Setting this bit to 1 when the SPI interface is in use has no effect on the part. The HSDC interface is used to send data to an external device (usually a microprocessor or a DSP); this data can consist of up to sixteen 32-bit words. The words represent the instantaneous values of the phase currents and voltages, neutral current, and active, reactive, and apparent powers. The registers transmitted are IAWV, VAWV, IBWV, VBWV, ICWV, VCWV, INWV, AVA, BVA, CVA, AWATT, BWATT, CWATT, AVAR, BVAR, and CVAR. These 24-bit registers are sign extended to 32 bits (see Figure 45). HSDC can interface with SPI or similar interfaces; HSDC is always the master of the communication. The HSDC interface consists of three pins: HSA, HSD, and HSCLK. HSA represents the select signal. It stays active low or high when a word is transmitted and is usually connected to the select pin of the slave. HSD sends data to the slave and is usually connected to the data input pin of the slave. HSCLK is the serial clock line that is generated by the ADE7978; HSCLK is usually connected to the serial clock input of the slave. Figure 123 shows the connections between the ADE7978 HSDC interface and a slave device containing an SPI interface. HSD HSCLK HSA SPI DEVICE MOSI SCK SS 11116-098 ADE7978 Figure 123. Connecting the ADE7978 HSDC Interface to an SPI Slave HSDC communication is managed by the HSDC_CFG register (see Table 58). It is recommended that the HSDC_CFG register be set to the desired value before the HSDC port is enabled using Bit 6 (HSDCEN) in the CONFIG register. In this way, the state of various pins belonging to the HSDC port do not accept levels inconsistent with the desired HSDC behavior. After a hardware reset or after power-up, the HSD and HSA pins are set high. Bit 0 (HCLK) in the HSDC_CFG register determines the serial clock frequency of the HSDC communication. When the HCLK bit is set to 0 (the default value), the clock frequency is 8 MHz. When the HCLK bit is set to 1, the clock frequency is 4 MHz. A bit of data is transmitted at every HSCLK high to low transition. The slave device that receives data from the HSDC interface samples the HSD line on the low to high transition of HSCLK. The words can be transmitted as 32-bit packages or as 8-bit packages. When Bit 1 (HSIZE) in the HSDC_CFG register is set to 0 (the default value), the words are transmitted as 32-bit packages. When the HSIZE bit is set to 1, the registers are transmitted as 8-bit packages. The HSDC interface transmits the words MSB first. When set to 1, Bit 2 (HGAP) introduces a gap of seven HSCLK cycles between packages. When the HGAP bit is cleared to 0 (the default value), no gap is introduced between packages, yielding the shortest communication time. When HGAP is set to 0, the HSIZE bit has no effect on the communication, and a data bit is placed on the HSD line at every HSCLK high to low transition. Bits[4:3] (HXFER[1:0]) specify how many words are transmitted. When HXFER[1:0] is set to 00 (the default value), all 16 words are transmitted. When HXFER[1:0] is set to 01, only the words representing the instantaneous values of phase and neutral currents and phase voltages are transmitted in the following order: IAWV, VAWV, IBWV, VBWV, ICWV, VCWV, and INWV. When HXFER[1:0] is set to 10, only the instantaneous values of phase powers are transmitted in the following order: AVA, BVA, CVA, AWATT, BWATT, CWATT, AVAR, BVAR, and CVAR. The value 11 for HXFER[1:0] is reserved, and writing it is equivalent to writing 00, the default value. Bit 5 (HSAPOL) specifies the polarity of the HSA function on the HSA pin during communication. When the HSAPOL bit is set to 0 (the default value), the HSA pin is active low during the communication; that is, HSA stays high when no communication is in progress. When a communication is executed, HSA is low when the 32-bit or 8-bit packages are transferred and high during the gaps. When the HSAPOL bit is set to 1, the HSA pin is active high during the communication; that is, HSA stays low when no communication is in progress. When a communication is executed, HSA is high when the 32-bit or 8-bit packages are transferred and is low during the gaps. Bits[7:6] of the HSDC_CFG register are reserved. Any value written into these bits has no effect on HSDC behavior. Figure 124 shows the HSDC transfer protocol for HGAP = 0, HXFER[1:0] = 00, and HSAPOL = 0. Note that the HSDC interface sets a data bit on the HSD line at every HSCLK high to low transition; the value of the HSIZE bit is irrelevant. Figure 125 shows the HSDC transfer protocol for HSIZE = 0, HGAP = 1, HXFER[1:0] = 00, and HSAPOL = 0. Note that the HSDC interface introduces a seven-cycle HSCLK gap between every 32-bit word. Figure 126 shows the HSDC transfer protocol for HSIZE = 1, HGAP = 1, HXFER[1:0] = 00, and HSAPOL = 0. Note that the HSDC interface introduces a seven-cycle HSCLK gap between every 8-bit word. Rev. 0 | Page 96 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 58 describes the HCLK, HSIZE, HGAP, HXFER[1:0], and HSAPOL bits in the HSDC_CFG register. Table 36 lists the time it takes to execute an HSDC data transfer for all HSDC_CFG register settings. For some settings, the transfer time is less than 125 μs (8 kHz), which is the update rate of the waveform sample registers. When the transfer time is less than 125 μs, the HSDC port transmits data every sampling cycle. When the transfer time is greater than 125 μs, the HSDC port transmits data only in the first of two consecutive 8 kHz sampling cycles; that is, the port transmits registers at an effective rate of 4 kHz. Table 36. Communication Times for Various HSDC Settings HXFER[1:0] 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 10 10 10 10 10 10 HCLK 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Communication Time (μs) 64 128 77.125 154.25 119.25 238.25 28 56 33.25 66.5 51.625 103.25 36 72 43 86 66.625 133.25 N/A means not applicable. HSCLK 31 HSD 0 31 VAWV (32 BITS) 0 31 IBWV (32 BITS) 0 CFVAR (32 BITS) 11116-099 IAVW (32 BITS) 0 31 HSA Figure 124. HSDC Communication for HGAP = 0, HXFER[1:0] = 00, and HSAPOL = 0; HSIZE Is Irrelevant HSCLK 31 0 IAVW (32 BITS) 31 7 HCLK CYCLES 0 VAWV (32 BITS) 31 7 HCLK CYCLES 0 IBWV (32 BITS) 31 0 CVAR (32 BITS) 11116-100 HSD HSA Figure 125. HSDC Communication for HSIZE = 0, HGAP = 1, HXFER[1:0] = 00, and HSAPOL = 0 HSCLK 31 HSD 24 IAVW (BYTE 3) 23 7 HCLK CYCLES 16 IAVW (BYTE 2) 15 7 HCLK CYCLES IAVW (BYTE 1) 8 7 0 CVAR (BYTE 0) 11116-101 1 HSIZE1 N/A N/A 0 0 1 1 N/A N/A 0 0 1 1 N/A N/A 0 0 1 1 HGAP 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 HSA Figure 126. HSDC Communication for HSIZE = 1, HGAP = 1, HXFER[1:0] = 00, and HSAPOL = 0 Rev. 0 | Page 97 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet All other gi coefficients are equal to 0. CHECKSUM REGISTER The ADE7978 has a 32-bit checksum register (Address 0xE532) to ensure that the configuration registers maintain their desired values. The checksum register verifies all configuration registers of the ADE7978, as well as the reserved internal registers, which always maintain their default values. 0 Figure 127. Checksum Register Calculation The formulas that govern the LFSR generator are as follows: bi(j) = FB(j) AND gi XOR bi − 1(j − 1), i = 1, 2, 3, ..., 31 (60) For more information, see the Hardware Reset and ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Chipset Software Reset sections. bi(0) = 1, i = 0, 1, 2, …, 31, the initial state of the bits that form the CRC. Bit b0 is the least significant bit, and Bit b31 is the most significant bit. gi, i = 0, 1, 2, …, 31 are the coefficients of the generating polynomial defined by the IEEE 802.3 standard as follows: G(x) = (56) x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1 g0 = g1 = g2 = g4 = g5 = g7 = 1 g8 = g10 = g11 = g12 = g16 = g22 = g23 = g26 = 1 g0 (57) g1 g2 g3 g31 FB b0 b1 b2 b31 LFSR a2399, a2398, ..., a2, a1, a0 Figure 128. LFSR Generator Used in Checksum Register Calculation Rev. 0 | Page 98 of 120 11116-088 (59) If the CRC bit in the STATUS1 register is set to 1 when no register was written to, it can be assumed that one of the registers has changed value and, therefore, the configuration of the ADE7978 has changed. The recommended response is to initiate a hardware or software reset to reset all registers, including reserved registers, to their default values, and then to reinitialize the configuration registers. Figure 128 shows how the LFSR generator is used in the CRC calculation. The configuration registers and the reserved internal registers form the bits (a2399, a2398,…, a0) used by the LFSR generator. Bit a0 is the least significant bit of the first register to enter the LFSR generator; Bit a2399 is the most significant bit of the last register to enter the LFSR generator. b0(j) = FB(j) AND g0 Every time a configuration register of the ADE7978 is written to or changes value inadvertently, Bit 25 (CRC) in the STATUS1 register (Address 0xE503) is set to 1 to indicate that the checksum value has changed. If Bit 25 (CRC) in the MASK1 register is set to 1, the IRQ1 interrupt pin is driven low, and the status flag CRC in the STATUS1 register is set to 1. The status bit is cleared and the IRQ1 pin returns high after a 1 is written to the CRC status bit in the STATUS1 register. 11116-087 LFSR GENERATOR ARRAY OF 2400 BITS (58) Equation 58, Equation 59, and Equation 60 must be repeated for j = 1, 2, …, 2400. The value written to the checksum register contains the Bits bi(2400), i = 0, 1, …, 31. The ADE7978 computes the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) based on the IEEE 802.3 standard. The registers are introduced one by one into a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) generator starting with the least significant bit (see Figure 127). The 32-bit result is written to the checksum register. After power-up or after a hardware or software reset, the CRC is computed on the default values of the registers, giving a result equal to 0x6BF87803. 2399 FB(j) = aj − 1 XOR b31(j − 1) Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 REGISTER LIST Table 37. Registers Located in DSP Data Memory RAM Address 0x4380 0x4381 0x4382 0x4383 0x4384 0x4385 0x4386 0x4387 0x4388 0x4389 0x438A 0x438B 0x438C 0x438D 0x438E 0x438F 0x4390 0x4391 0x4392 0x4393 0x4394 0x4395 0x4396 0x4397 0x4398 Register Name AIGAIN AVGAIN AV2GAIN BIGAIN BVGAIN BV2GAIN CIGAIN CVGAIN CV2GAIN NIGAIN NVGAIN NV2GAIN AIRMSOS AVRMSOS AV2RMSOS BIRMSOS BVRMSOS BV2RMSOS CIRMSOS CVRMSOS CV2RMSOS NIRMSOS NVRMSOS NV2RMSOS ISUMLVL R/W 1 R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Bit Length 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Bit Length During Communication 2 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE Type 3 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Default Value 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x4399 0x439A 0x439B 0x439C 0x439D 0x439E 0x439F 0x43A0 0x43A1 0x43A2 APGAIN BPGAIN CPGAIN AWATTOS BWATTOS CWATTOS AVAROS BVAROS CVAROS VLEVEL R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE S S S S S S S S S S 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x43A3 AFWATTOS R/W 24 32 ZPSE S 0x000000 0x43A4 BFWATTOS R/W 24 32 ZPSE S 0x000000 0x43A5 CFWATTOS R/W 24 32 ZPSE S 0x000000 0x43A6 AFVAROS R/W 24 32 ZPSE S 0x000000 0x43A7 BFVAROS R/W 24 32 ZPSE S 0x000000 0x43A8 CFVAROS R/W 24 32 ZPSE S 0x000000 Rev. 0 | Page 99 of 120 Description Phase A current gain adjust. Phase A voltage gain adjust. Phase A V2P channel gain adjust. Phase B current gain adjust. Phase B voltage gain adjust. Phase B V2P channel gain adjust. Phase C current gain adjust. Phase C voltage gain adjust. Phase C V2P channel gain adjust. Neutral current gain adjust. Neutral line V1P channel gain adjust. Neutral line V2P channel gain adjust. Phase A current rms offset. Phase A voltage rms offset. Phase A V2P voltage rms offset. Phase B current rms offset. Phase B voltage rms offset. Phase B V2P voltage rms offset. Phase C current rms offset. Phase C voltage rms offset. Phase C V2P voltage rms offset. Neutral current rms offset. Neutral line V1P voltage rms offset. Neutral line V2P voltage rms offset. Threshold used to compare the absolute sum of phase currents and the neutral current. Phase A power gain adjust. Phase B power gain adjust. Phase C power gain adjust. Phase A total active power offset adjust. Phase B total active power offset adjust. Phase C total active power offset adjust. Phase A total reactive power offset adjust. Phase B total reactive power offset adjust. Phase C total reactive power offset adjust. Register used in the algorithm that computes the fundamental active and reactive powers. See Equation 28. Phase A fundamental active power offset adjust. Phase B fundamental active power offset adjust. Phase C fundamental active power offset adjust. Phase A fundamental reactive power offset adjust. Phase B fundamental reactive power offset adjust. Phase C fundamental reactive power offset adjust. ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Address 0x43A9 0x43AA 0x43AB 0x43AC 0x43AD 0x43AE 0x43AF 0x43B0 Register Name AFIRMSOS BFIRMSOS CFIRMSOS AFVRMSOS BFVRMSOS CFVRMSOS TEMPCO ATEMP0 R/W 1 R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Bit Length 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Bit Length During Communication 2 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE Type 3 S S S S S S S S Default Value 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x43B1 BTEMP0 R/W 24 32 ZPSE S 0x000000 0x43B2 CTEMP0 R/W 24 32 ZPSE S 0x000000 0x43B3 NTEMP0 R/W 24 32 ZPSE S 0x000000 0x43B4 0x43B5 0x43B6 0x43B7 0x43B8 to 0x43BF 0x43C0 0x43C1 0x43C2 0x43C3 0x43C4 0x43C5 0x43C6 0x43C7 0x43C8 0x43C9 0x43CA 0x43CB 0x43CC 0x43CD 0x43CE ATGAIN BTGAIN CTGAIN NTGAIN Reserved R/W R/W R/W R/W N/A 24 24 24 24 N/A 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE 32 ZPSE N/A S S S S N/A 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 0x000000 AIRMS AVRMS AV2RMS BIRMS BVRMS BV2RMS CIRMS CVRMS CV2RMS NIRMS ISUM ATEMP BTEMP CTEMP NTEMP R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 28 24 24 24 24 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0x43CF to 0x43FF Reserved N/A N/A N/A N/A 0x000000 Description Phase A fundamental current rms offset. Phase B fundamental current rms offset. Phase C fundamental current rms offset. Phase A fundamental voltage rms offset. Phase B fundamental voltage rms offset. Phase C fundamental voltage rms offset. Temperature coefficient of the shunt. Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932 ambient temperature at calibration. Phase B ADE7933/ADE7932 ambient temperature at calibration. Phase C ADE7933/ADE7932 ambient temperature at calibration. Neutral line ADE7933/ADE7932 ambient temperature at calibration. Phase A temperature gain adjust. Phase B temperature gain adjust. Phase C temperature gain adjust. Neutral line temperature gain adjust. These memory locations should be kept at 0x000000 for proper operation. Phase A current rms value. Phase A voltage rms value. Phase A V2P voltage rms value. Phase B current rms value. Phase B voltage rms value. Phase B V2P voltage rms value. Phase C current rms value. Phase C voltage rms value. Phase C V2P voltage rms value. Neutral current rms value. Sum of IAWV, IBWV, and ICWV registers. Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932 temperature. Phase B ADE7933/ADE7932 temperature. Phase C ADE7933/ADE7932 temperature. Neutral line ADE7933/ADE7932 temperature. These memory locations should be kept at 0x000000 for proper operation. R = read only; R/W = read and write; N/A = not applicable. 32 ZPSE = 24-bit signed register that is transmitted as a 32-bit word with four MSBs padded with 0s and sign extended to 28 bits. 32 ZP = 28- or 24-bit signed or unsigned register that is transmitted as a 32-bit word with four MSBs or eight MSBs, respectively, padded with 0s. 3 S = signed register in twos complement format. 1 2 Rev. 0 | Page 100 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 38. Internal DSP Memory RAM Registers Address 0xE203 Register Name Reserved R/W 1 R/W Bit Length 16 Type 2 U Default Value 0x0000 0xE228 Run R/W 16 U 0x0000 R/W 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Bit Length 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 Type 2 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Default Value 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 1 2 Description This address should not be written for proper operation. The run register starts and stops the DSP (see the Digital Signal Processor section). R/W = read and write. U = unsigned register. Table 39. Billable Registers Address 0xE400 0xE401 0xE402 0xE403 0xE404 0xE405 0xE406 0xE407 0xE408 0xE409 0xE40A 0xE40B 0xE40C 0xE40D 0xE40E 1 2 Register Name AWATTHR BWATTHR CWATTHR AFWATTHR BFWATTHR CFWATTHR AVARHR BVARHR CVARHR AFVARHR BFVARHR CFVARHR AVAHR BVAHR CVAHR R = read only. S = signed register in twos complement format. Rev. 0 | Page 101 of 120 Description Phase A total active energy accumulation. Phase B total active energy accumulation. Phase C total active energy accumulation. Phase A fundamental active energy accumulation. Phase B fundamental active energy accumulation. Phase C fundamental active energy accumulation. Phase A total reactive energy accumulation. Phase B total reactive energy accumulation. Phase C total reactive energy accumulation. Phase A fundamental reactive energy accumulation. Phase B fundamental reactive energy accumulation. Phase C fundamental reactive energy accumulation. Phase A apparent energy accumulation. Phase B apparent energy accumulation. Phase C apparent energy accumulation. ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Table 40. Configuration and Power Quality Registers Address 0xE500 Register Name IPEAK R/W 1 R Bit Length 32 Bit Length During Communication 2 32 Type 3 U Default Value 4 N/A 0xE501 VPEAK R 32 32 U N/A 0xE502 0xE503 0xE504 to 0xE506 0xE507 0xE508 0xE509 0xE50A 0xE50B 0xE50C 0xE50D 0xE50E 0xE50F 0xE510 0xE511 0xE512 0xE513 0xE514 0xE515 0xE516 STATUS0 STATUS1 Reserved R/W R/W 32 32 32 32 U U N/A N/A OILVL OVLVL SAGLVL MASK0 MASK1 IAWV IBWV ICWV INWV VAWV VBWV VCWV VA2WV VB2WV VC2WV VNWV R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R R R R R R R R R 24 24 24 32 32 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 32 32 SE 32 SE 32 SE 32 SE 32 SE 32 SE 32 SE 32 SE 32 SE 32 SE 32 SE U U U U U S S S S S S S S S S S 0xFFFFFF 0xFFFFFF 0x000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0xE517 VN2WV R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE518 AWATT R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE519 BWATT R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE51A CWATT R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE51B AVAR R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE51C BVAR R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE51D CVAR R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE51E AVA R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE51F BVA R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE520 CVA R 24 32 SE S N/A 0xE521 0xE522 0xE523 0xE524 0xE525 0xE526 AVTHD AITHD BVTHD BITHD CVTHD CITHD R R R R R R 24 24 24 24 24 24 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP S S S S S S N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Rev. 0 | Page 102 of 120 Description Current peak register (see Figure 62 and Table 41 for more information). Voltage peak register (see Figure 62 and Table 42 for more information). Interrupt Status Register 0 (see Table 43). Interrupt Status Register 1 (see Table 44). These addresses should not be written for proper operation. Overcurrent threshold. Overvoltage threshold. Voltage sag level threshold. Interrupt Enable Register 0 (see Table 45). Interrupt Enable Register 1 (see Table 46). Instantaneous value of Phase A current. Instantaneous value of Phase B current. Instantaneous value of Phase C current. Instantaneous value of neutral current. Instantaneous value of Phase A voltage. Instantaneous value of Phase B voltage. Instantaneous value of Phase C voltage. Instantaneous value of Phase A V2P voltage. Instantaneous value of Phase B V2P voltage. Instantaneous value of Phase C V2P voltage. Instantaneous value of neutral line V1P voltage. Instantaneous value of neutral line V2P voltage. Instantaneous value of Phase A total active power. Instantaneous value of Phase B total active power. Instantaneous value of Phase C total active power. Instantaneous value of Phase A total reactive power. Instantaneous value of Phase B total reactive power. Instantaneous value of Phase C total reactive power. Instantaneous value of Phase A apparent power. Instantaneous value of Phase B apparent power. Instantaneous value of Phase C apparent power. Total harmonic distortion of Phase A voltage. Total harmonic distortion of Phase A current. Total harmonic distortion of Phase B voltage. Total harmonic distortion of Phase B current. Total harmonic distortion of Phase C voltage. Total harmonic distortion of Phase C current. Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Register Name Reserved R/W 1 Bit Length Bit Length During Communication 2 Type 3 Default Value 4 NVRMS NV2RMS CHECKSUM R R R 24 24 32 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 S S U N/A N/A 0x6BF87803 0xE533 VNOM R/W 24 32 ZP S 0x000000 0xE534 to 0xE536 0xE537 0xE538 0xE539 0xE53A 0xE53B 0xE53C 0xE53D to 0xE5FE 0xE5FF Reserved AFIRMS AFVRMS BFIRMS BFVRMS CFIRMS CFVRMS Reserved R R R R R R 24 24 24 24 24 24 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP 32 ZP S S S S S S N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Phase A fundamental current rms value. Phase A fundamental voltage rms value. Phase B fundamental current rms value. Phase B fundamental voltage rms value. Phase C fundamental current rms value. Phase C fundamental voltage rms value. These addresses should not be written for proper operation. R 32 32 U N/A 0xE600 0xE601 LAST_ RWDATA32 PHSTATUS ANGLE0 R R 16 16 16 16 U U N/A N/A 0xE602 ANGLE1 R 16 16 U N/A 0xE603 ANGLE2 R 16 16 U N/A 0xE604 to 0xE607 0xE608 0xE609 to 0xE60B 0xE60C 0xE60D 0xE60E 0xE60F Reserved Contains the data from the last successful 32-bit register communication. Phase peak register (see Table 47). Time Delay 0 (see the Time Interval Between Phases section for more information). Time Delay 1 (see the Time Interval Between Phases section for more information). Time Delay 2 (see the Time Interval Between Phases section for more information). These addresses should not be written for proper operation. PHNOLOAD Reserved R 16 16 U N/A Phase no load register (see Table 48). These addresses should not be written for proper operation. LINECYC ZXTOUT COMPMODE Reserved R/W R/W R/W 16 16 16 16 16 16 U U U 0xFFFF 0xFFFF 0x01FF 0xE610 0xE611 0xE612 0xE613 0xE614 0xE615 0xE616 0xE617 0xE618 0xE619 to 0xE6FF CFMODE CF1DEN CF2DEN CF3DEN APHCAL BPHCAL CPHCAL PHSIGN CONFIG Reserved R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W 16 16 16 16 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 ZP 16 ZP 16 ZP 16 16 U U U U U U U U U 0x0E88 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 N/A 0x0010 Line cycle accumulation mode count. Zero-crossing timeout count. Computation mode register (see Table 49). This address should not be written for proper operation. CFx configuration register (see Table 50). CF1 denominator. CF2 denominator. CF3 denominator. Phase calibration of Phase A (see Table 51). Phase calibration of Phase B (see Table 51). Phase calibration of Phase C (see Table 51). Power sign register (see Table 52). ADE7978 configuration register (see Table 53). These addresses should not be written for proper operation. Address 0xE527 to 0xE52F 0xE530 0xE531 0xE532 Rev. 0 | Page 103 of 120 Description These addresses should not be written for proper operation. Neutral line V1P voltage rms value. Neutral line V2P voltage rms value. Checksum verification (see the Checksum Register section for more information). Nominal phase voltage rms used in the alternative computation of the apparent power. These addresses should not be written for proper operation. ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Address 0xE700 0xE701 0xE702 Register Name MMODE ACCMODE LCYCMODE R/W 1 R/W R/W R/W Bit Length 8 8 8 Bit Length During Communication 2 8 8 8 Type 3 U U U Default Value 4 0x1C 0x00 0x78 0xE703 0xE704 0xE705 PEAKCYC SAGCYC CFCYC R/W R/W R/W 8 8 8 8 8 8 U U U 0x00 0x00 0x01 0xE706 0xE707 0xE708 HSDC_CFG Version CONFIG3 R/W R R/W 8 8 8 8 8 8 U U U 0x00 0xE709 ATEMPOS R 8 8 S 0x00 0xE70A BTEMPOS R 8 8 S 0x00 0xE70B CTEMPOS R 8 8 S 0x00 0xE70C NTEMPOS R 8 8 S 0x00 0xE70D to 0xE7E2 0xE7E3 Reserved R/W 8 8 U N/A 0xE7E4 to 0xE7FC 0xE7FD Reserved Internal register used in conjunction with the internal register at Address 0xE7FE to enable/disable the protection of the DSP RAM-based registers (see the Digital Signal Processor section for more information). These addresses should not be written for proper operation. R 8 8 U N/A R/W 8 8 U N/A Contains the data from the last successful 8-bit register communication. Internal register used in conjunction with the internal register at Address 0xE7E3 to enable/disable the protection of the DSP RAM-based registers (see the Digital Signal Processor section for more information). These addresses should not be written for proper operation. 0xE7FE Reserved LAST_ RWDATA8 Reserved 0x0F 0xE7FF to 0xE901 0xE902 0xE903 0xE904 0xE905 0xE906 0xE907 0xE908 Reserved APF BPF CPF APERIOD BPERIOD CPERIOD APNOLOAD R R R R R R R/W 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 U U U U U U U N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0x0000 0xE909 VARNOLOAD R/W 16 16 U 0x0000 0xE90A VANOLOAD R/W 16 16 U 0x0000 Rev. 0 | Page 104 of 120 Description Measurement mode register (see Table 54). Accumulation mode register (see Table 55). Line accumulation mode behavior (see Table 57). Peak detection half line cycles. Sag detection half line cycles. Number of CF pulses between two consecutive energy latches (see the Synchronizing Energy Registers with the CFx Outputs section). HSDC configuration register (see Table 58). Version of die. ADE7933/ADE7932 configuration register (see Table 59). Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932 temperature sensor offset. Phase B ADE7933/ADE7932 temperature sensor offset. Phase C ADE7933/ADE7932 temperature sensor offset. Neutral line ADE7933/ADE7932 temperature sensor offset. These addresses should not be written for proper operation. Phase A power factor. Phase B power factor. Phase C power factor. Line period on Phase A voltage. Line period on Phase B voltage. Line period on Phase C voltage. No load threshold in the total/fundamental active power datapath. No load threshold in the total/fundamental reactive power datapath. No load threshold in the apparent power datapath. Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Register Name Reserved R/W 1 Bit Length Bit Length During Communication 2 Type 3 Default Value 4 LAST_ADD R 16 16 U N/A R 16 16 U N/A 0xEA00 0xEA01 LAST_ RWDATA16 CONFIG2 LAST_OP R/W R 8 8 8 8 U U 0x00 N/A 0xEA02 WTHR R/W 8 8 U 0x03 0xEA03 VARTHR R/W 8 8 U 0x03 0xEA04 VATHR R/W 8 8 U 0x03 0xEA05 to 0xEBFE 0xEBFF Reserved 8 8 Reserved 8 8 Address 0xE90B to 0xE9FD 0xE9FE 0xE9FF Description These addresses should not be written for proper operation. Contains the address of the register accessed during the last successful read or write operation. Contains the data from the last successful 16-bit register communication. Configuration register (see Table 60). Indicates the type (read or write) of the last successful read or write operation. Threshold used in phase total/fundamental active energy datapath. Threshold used in phase total/fundamental reactive energy datapath. Threshold used in phase apparent energy datapath. These addresses should not be written for proper operation. This address can be used to manipulate the SS/HSA pin when SPI is chosen as the active port. See the Serial Interfaces section for more information. R = read only; R/W = read and write. 32 ZP = 24-bit signed or unsigned register that is transmitted as a 32-bit word with eight MSBs padded with 0s. 32 SE = 24-bit signed register that is transmitted as a 32-bit word sign extended to 32 bits. 16 ZP = 10-bit unsigned register that is transmitted as a 16-bit word with six MSBs padded with 0s. 3 U = unsigned register; S = signed register in twos complement format. 4 N/A = not applicable. 1 2 Table 41. IPEAK Register (Address 0xE500) Bits [23:0] 24 25 26 [31:27] Bit Name IPEAKVAL[23:0] IPPHASE[0] IPPHASE[1] IPPHASE[2] Default Value 0 0 0 0 00000 Description These bits contain the peak value determined in the current channel. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase A current generated the IPEAKVAL[23:0] value. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase B current generated the IPEAKVAL[23:0] value. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase C current generated the IPEAKVAL[23:0] value. These bits are always set to 0. Table 42. VPEAK Register (Address 0xE501) Bits [23:0] 24 25 26 [31:27] Bit Name VPEAKVAL[23:0] VPPHASE[0] VPPHASE[1] VPPHASE[2] Default Value 0 0 0 0 00000 Description These bits contain the peak value determined in the voltage channel. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase A voltage generated the VPEAKVAL[23:0] value. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase B voltage generated the VPEAKVAL[23:0] value. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase C voltage generated the VPEAKVAL[23:0] value. These bits are always set to 0. Rev. 0 | Page 105 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Table 43. STATUS0 Register (Address 0xE502) Bits 0 Bit Name AEHF Default Value 0 1 FAEHF 0 2 REHF 0 3 FREHF 0 4 VAEHF 0 5 LENERGY 0 6 REVAPA 0 7 REVAPB 0 8 REVAPC 0 9 REVPSUM1 0 10 REVRPA 0 11 REVRPB 0 12 REVRPC 0 13 REVPSUM2 0 14 CF1 0 15 CF2 0 16 CF3 0 17 DREADY 0 18 REVPSUM3 0 [31:19] Reserved 0 0000 0000 0000 Description When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that Bit 30 in one of the total active energy registers (AWATTHR, BWATTHR, or CWATTHR) has changed. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that Bit 30 in one of the fundamental active energy registers (FWATTHR, BFWATTHR, or CFWATTHR) has changed. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that Bit 30 in one of the total reactive energy registers (AVARHR, BVARHR, or CVARHR) has changed. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that Bit 30 in one of the fundamental reactive energy registers (AFVARHR, BFVARHR, or CFVARHR) has changed. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that Bit 30 in one of the apparent energy registers (AVAHR, BVAHR, or CVAHR) has changed. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates the end of an integration over the integer number of half line cycles set in the LINECYC register (line cycle energy accumulation mode). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the Phase A active power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register has changed sign. The sign itself is indicated in Bit 0 (AWSIGN) of the PHSIGN register (see Table 52). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the Phase B active power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register has changed sign. The sign itself is indicated in Bit 1 (BWSIGN) of the PHSIGN register (see Table 52). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the Phase C active power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register has changed sign. The sign itself is indicated in Bit 2 (CWSIGN) of the PHSIGN register (see Table 52). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the sum of all phase powers in the CF1 datapath has changed sign. The sign itself is indicated in Bit 3 (SUM1SIGN) of the PHSIGN register (see Table 52). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the Phase A reactive power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register has changed sign. The sign itself is indicated in Bit 4 (AVARSIGN) of the PHSIGN register (see Table 52). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the Phase B reactive power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register has changed sign. The sign itself is indicated in Bit 5 (BVARSIGN) of the PHSIGN register (see Table 52). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the Phase C reactive power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register has changed sign. The sign itself is indicated in Bit 6 (CVARSIGN) of the PHSIGN register (see Table 52). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the sum of all phase powers in the CF2 datapath has changed sign. The sign itself is indicated in Bit 7 (SUM2SIGN) of the PHSIGN register (see Table 52). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a high to low transition has occurred at the CF1 pin; that is, an active low pulse has been generated. This bit is set even if the CF1 output is disabled by setting Bit 9 (CF1DIS) to 1 in the CFMODE register. The type of power used at the CF1 pin is determined by Bits[2:0] (CF1SEL[2:0]) in the CFMODE register (see Table 50). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a high to low transition has occurred at the CF2 pin; that is, an active low pulse has been generated. This bit is set even if the CF2 output is disabled by setting Bit 10 (CF2DIS) to 1 in the CFMODE register. The type of power used at the CF2 pin is determined by Bits[5:3] (CF2SEL[2:0]) in the CFMODE register (see Table 50). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a high to low transition has occurred at the CF3 pin; that is, an active low pulse has been generated. This bit is set even if the CF3 output is disabled by setting Bit 11 (CF3DIS) to 1 in the CFMODE register. The type of power used at the CF3 pin is determined by Bits[8:6] (CF3SEL[2:0]) in the CFMODE register (see Table 50). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that all periodical (8 kHz rate) DSP computations have finished. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the sum of all phase powers in the CF3 datapath has changed sign. The sign itself is indicated in Bit 8 (SUM3SIGN) of the PHSIGN register (see Table 52). Reserved. These bits are always set to 0. Rev. 0 | Page 106 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 44. STATUS1 Register (Address 0xE503) Bits 0 Bit Name NLOAD Default Value 0 1 FNLOAD 0 2 VANLOAD 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ZXTOVA ZXTOVB ZXTOVC ZXTOIA ZXTOIB ZXTOIC ZXVA ZXVB ZXVC ZXIA ZXIB ZXIC RSTDONE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 Sag 0 17 OI 0 18 OV 0 19 SEQERR 0 20 MISMTCH 0 21 22 23 Reserved Reserved PKI 1 0 0 24 PKV 0 25 CRC 0 [31:26] Reserved 00 0000 Description When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that at least one phase entered or exited the no load condition based on the total active and reactive powers. The phase is indicated in Bits[2:0] (NLPHASE[x]) in the PHNOLOAD register (see Table 48). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that at least one phase entered or exited the no load condition based on the fundamental active and reactive powers. The phase is indicated in Bits[5:3] (FNLPHASE[x]) in the PHNOLOAD register (see Table 48). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that at least one phase entered or exited the no load condition based on the apparent power. The phase is indicated in Bits[8:6] (VANLPHASE[x]) in the PHNOLOAD register (see Table 48). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing on the Phase A voltage is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing on the Phase B voltage is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing on the Phase C voltage is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing on the Phase A current is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing on the Phase B current is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing on the Phase C current is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing was detected on the Phase A voltage. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing was detected on the Phase B voltage. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing was detected on the Phase C voltage. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing was detected on the Phase A current. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing was detected on the Phase B current. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a zero crossing was detected on the Phase C current. At the end of a hardware or software reset, this bit is set to 1, and the IRQ1 pin goes low. To clear this interrupt and return the IRQ1 pin high, write a 1 to this bit. The RSTDONE interrupt cannot be masked; therefore, this bit must always be reset to 0 for the IRQ1 pin to return high. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a sag event occurred on the phase indicated by Bits[14:12] (VSPHASE[x]) in the PHSTATUS register (see Table 47). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that an overcurrent event occurred on the phase indicated by Bits[5:3] (OIPHASE[x]) in the PHSTATUS register (see Table 47). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that an overvoltage event occurred on the phase indicated by Bits[11:9] (OVPHASE[x]) in the PHSTATUS register (see Table 47). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that a negative to positive zero crossing on the Phase A voltage was followed by a negative to positive zero crossing on the Phase C voltage instead of on the Phase B voltage. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that ||ISUM| − |INWV|| > |ISUMLVL|, where ISUMLVL is the value of the ISUMLVL register (Address 0x4398). For more information, see the Neutral Current Mismatch section. Reserved. This bit is always set to 1. Reserved. This bit is always set to 0. When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the period used to detect the peak value in the current channel has ended. The IPEAK register contains the peak value and the phase where the peak was detected (see Table 41). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the period used to detect the peak value in the voltage channel has ended. The VPEAK register contains the peak value and the phase where the peak was detected (see Table 42). When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the ADE7978 has computed a checksum value that is different from the checksum value computed when the run register was set to 1. Reserved. These bits are always set to 0. Rev. 0 | Page 107 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Table 45. MASK0 Register (Address 0xE50A) Bits 0 Bit Name AEHF Default Value 0 1 FAEHF 0 2 REHF 0 3 FREHF 0 4 VAEHF 0 5 LENERGY 0 6 REVAPA 0 7 REVAPB 0 8 REVAPC 0 9 REVPSUM1 0 10 REVRPA 0 11 REVRPB 0 12 REVRPC 0 13 REVPSUM2 0 14 CF1 0 15 CF2 0 16 CF3 0 17 DREADY 0 18 REVPSUM3 0 [31:19] Reserved 0 0000 0000 0000 Description When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when Bit 30 changes in any of the total active energy registers (AWATTHR, BWATTHR, or CWATTHR). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when Bit 30 changes in any of the fundamental active energy registers (AFWATTHR, BFWATTHR, or CFWATTHR). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when Bit 30 changes in any of the total reactive energy registers (AVARHR, BVARHR, or CVARHR). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when Bit 30 changes in any of the fundamental reactive energy registers (AFVARHR, BFVARHR, or CFVARHR). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when Bit 30 changes in any of the apparent energy registers (AVAHR, BVAHR, or CVAHR). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt at the end of an integration over the integer number of half line cycles set in the LINECYC register (line cycle energy accumulation mode). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the Phase A active power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register changes sign. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the Phase B active power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register changes sign. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the Phase C active power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register changes sign. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the sum of all phase powers in the CF1 datapath changes sign. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the Phase A reactive power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register changes sign. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the Phase B reactive power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register changes sign. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the Phase C reactive power (total or fundamental) identified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register changes sign. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the sum of all phase powers in the CF2 datapath changes sign. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a high to low transition occurs at the CF1 pin; that is, an active low pulse is generated. The interrupt can be enabled even if the CF1 output is disabled by setting Bit 9 (CF1DIS) to 1 in the CFMODE register. The type of power used at the CF1 pin is determined by Bits[2:0] (CF1SEL[2:0]) in the CFMODE register (see Table 50). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a high to low transition occurs at the CF2 pin; that is, an active low pulse is generated. The interrupt can be enabled even if the CF2 output is disabled by setting Bit 10 (CF2DIS) to 1 in the CFMODE register. The type of power used at the CF2 pin is determined by Bits[5:3] (CF2SEL[2:0]) in the CFMODE register (see Table 50). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a high to low transition occurs at the CF3 pin; that is, an active low pulse is generated. The interrupt can be enabled even if the CF3 output is disabled by setting Bit 11 (CF3DIS) to 1 in the CFMODE register. The type of power used at the CF3 pin is determined by Bits[8:6] (CF3SEL[2:0]) in the CFMODE register (see Table 50). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when all periodical (8 kHz rate) DSP computations finish. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the sum of all phase powers in the CF3 datapath changes sign. Reserved. These bits do not manage any functionality. Rev. 0 | Page 108 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 46. MASK1 Register (Address 0xE50B) Bits 0 Bit Name NLOAD Default Value 0 1 FNLOAD 0 2 VANLOAD 0 3 ZXTOVA 0 4 ZXTOVB 0 5 ZXTOVC 0 6 ZXTOIA 0 7 ZXTOIB 0 8 ZXTOIC 0 9 ZXVA 0 10 ZXVB 0 11 ZXVC 0 12 ZXIA 0 13 ZXIB 0 14 ZXIC 0 15 RSTDONE 0 16 Sag 0 17 OI 0 18 OV 0 19 SEQERR 0 20 MISMTCH 0 [22:21] 23 Reserved PKI 00 0 24 PKV 0 25 CRC 0 [31:26] Reserved 00 0000 Description When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when at least one phase enters the no load condition based on the total active and reactive powers. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when at least one phase enters the no load condition based on the fundamental active and reactive powers. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when at least one phase enters the no load condition based on the apparent power. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing on the Phase A voltage is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing on the Phase B voltage is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing on the Phase C voltage is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing on the Phase A current is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing on the Phase B current is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing on the Phase C current is missing. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing is detected on the Phase A voltage. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing is detected on the Phase B voltage. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing is detected on the Phase C voltage. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing is detected on the Phase A current. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing is detected on the Phase B current. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a zero crossing is detected on the Phase C current. Because the RSTDONE interrupt cannot be disabled, this bit has no function. It can be set to 1 or cleared to 0 with no effect on the device. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a sag event occurs on the phase indicated by Bits[14:12] (VSPHASE[x]) in the PHSTATUS register (see Table 47). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when an overcurrent event occurs on the phase indicated by Bits[5:3] (OIPHASE[x]) in the PHSTATUS register (see Table 47). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when an overvoltage event occurs on the phase indicated by Bits[11:9] (OVPHASE[x]) in the PHSTATUS register (see Table 47). When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when a negative to positive zero crossing on the Phase A voltage is followed by a negative to positive zero crossing on the Phase C voltage instead of on the Phase B voltage. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when ||ISUM| − |INWV|| > |ISUMLVL|, where ISUMLVL is the value of the ISUMLVL register (Address 0x4398). For more information, see the Neutral Current Mismatch section. Reserved. These bits do not manage any functionality. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the period used to detect the peak value in the current channel has ended. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the period used to detect the peak value in the voltage channel has ended. When this bit is set to 1, it enables an interrupt when the latest checksum value is different from the checksum value computed when the run register was set to 1. Reserved. These bits do not manage any functionality. Rev. 0 | Page 109 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Table 47. PHSTATUS Register (Address 0xE600) Bits [2:0] 3 4 5 [8:6] 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bit Name Reserved OIPHASE[0] OIPHASE[1] OIPHASE[2] Reserved OVPHASE[0] OVPHASE[1] OVPHASE[2] VSPHASE[0] VSPHASE[1] VSPHASE[2] Reserved Default Value 000 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Description Reserved. These bits are always set to 0. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase A current generates Bit 17 (OI) in the STATUS1 register. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase B current generates Bit 17 (OI) in the STATUS1 register. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase C current generates Bit 17 (OI) in the STATUS1 register. Reserved. These bits are always set to 0. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase A voltage generates Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase B voltage generates Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase C voltage generates Bit 18 (OV) in the STATUS1 register. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase A voltage generates Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase B voltage generates Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register. When this bit is set to 1, the Phase C voltage generates Bit 16 (sag) in the STATUS1 register. Reserved. This bit is always set to 0. Table 48. PHNOLOAD Register (Address 0xE608) Bits 0 Bit Name NLPHASE[0] Default Value 0 1 NLPHASE[1] 0 2 NLPHASE[2] 0 3 FNLPHASE[0] 0 4 FNLPHASE[1] 0 5 FNLPHASE[2] 0 6 VANLPHASE[0] 0 7 VANLPHASE[1] 0 8 VANLPHASE[2] 0 [15:9] Reserved 000 0000 Description 0: Phase A is out of the no load condition based on the total active and reactive powers. 1: Phase A is in the no load condition based on the total active and reactive powers. This bit is set together with Bit 0 (NLOAD) in the STATUS1 register. 0: Phase B is out of the no load condition based on the total active and reactive powers. 1: Phase B is in the no load condition based on the total active and reactive powers. This bit is set together with Bit 0 (NLOAD) in the STATUS1 register. 0: Phase C is out of the no load condition based on the total active and reactive powers. 1: Phase C is in the no load condition based on the total active and reactive powers. This bit is set together with Bit 0 (NLOAD) in the STATUS1 register. 0: Phase A is out of the no load condition based on the fundamental active and reactive powers. 1: Phase A is in the no load condition based on the fundamental active and reactive powers. This bit is set together with Bit 1 (FNLOAD) in the STATUS1 register. 0: Phase B is out of the no load condition based on the fundamental active and reactive powers. 1: Phase B is in the no load condition based on the fundamental active and reactive powers. This bit is set together with Bit 1 (FNLOAD) in the STATUS1 register. 0: Phase C is out of the no load condition based on the fundamental active and reactive powers. 1: Phase C is in the no load condition based on the fundamental active and reactive powers. This bit is set together with Bit 1 (FNLOAD) in the STATUS1 register. 0: Phase A is out of the no load condition based on the apparent power. 1: Phase A is in the no load condition based on the apparent power. This bit is set together with Bit 2 (VANLOAD) in the STATUS1 register. 0: Phase B is out of the no load condition based on the apparent power. 1: Phase B is in the no load condition based on the apparent power. This bit is set together with Bit 2 (VANLOAD) in the STATUS1 register. 0: Phase C is out of the no load condition based on the apparent power. 1: Phase C is in the no load condition based on the apparent power. This bit is set together with Bit 2 (VANLOAD) in the STATUS1 register. Reserved. These bits are always set to 0. Rev. 0 | Page 110 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 49. COMPMODE Register (Address 0xE60E) Bits 0 Bit Name TERMSEL1[0] Default Value 1 1 TERMSEL1[1] 1 2 TERMSEL1[2] 1 3 TERMSEL2[0] 1 4 TERMSEL2[1] 1 5 TERMSEL2[2] 1 6 TERMSEL3[0] 1 7 TERMSEL3[1] 1 8 TERMSEL3[2] 1 [10:9] ANGLESEL[1:0] 00 11 VNOMAEN 0 12 VNOMBEN 0 13 VNOMCEN 0 14 SELFREQ 0 15 Reserved 0 Description 0: Phase A is not included in the CF1 output calculations. 1: Phase A is included in the CF1 output calculations. Setting the TERMSEL1[2:0] bits to 111 specifies that the sum of all three phases is included in the CF1 output. 0: Phase B is not included in the CF1 output calculations. 1: Phase B is included in the CF1 output calculations. Setting the TERMSEL1[2:0] bits to 111 specifies that the sum of all three phases is included in the CF1 output. 0: Phase C is not included in the CF1 output calculations. 1: Phase C is included in the CF1 output calculations. Setting the TERMSEL1[2:0] bits to 111 specifies that the sum of all three phases is included in the CF1 output. 0: Phase A is not included in the CF2 output calculations. 1: Phase A is included in the CF2 output calculations. Setting the TERMSEL2[2:0] bits to 111 specifies that the sum of all three phases is included in the CF2 output. 0: Phase B is not included in the CF2 output calculations. 1: Phase B is included in the CF2 output calculations. Setting the TERMSEL2[2:0] bits to 111 specifies that the sum of all three phases is included in the CF2 output. 0: Phase C is not included in the CF2 output calculations. 1: Phase C is included in the CF2 output calculations. Setting the TERMSEL2[2:0] bits to 111 specifies that the sum of all three phases is included in the CF2 output. 0: Phase A is not included in the CF3 output calculations. 1: Phase A is included in the CF3 output calculations. Setting the TERMSEL3[2:0] bits to 111 specifies that the sum of all three phases is included in the CF3 output. 0: Phase B is not included in the CF3 output calculations. 1: Phase B is included in the CF3 output calculations. Setting the TERMSEL3[2:0] bits to 111 specifies that the sum of all three phases is included in the CF3 output. 0: Phase C is not included in the CF3 output calculations. 1: Phase C is included in the CF3 output calculations. Setting the TERMSEL3[2:0] bits to 111 specifies that the sum of all three phases is included in the CF3 output. 00: delays between the voltages and currents of the same phase are measured. 01: delays between the phase voltages are measured. 10: delays between the phase currents are measured. 11: no delays are measured. 0: the apparent power on Phase A is computed normally by multiplying the voltage rms value by the current rms value. 1: the apparent power on Phase A is computed by multiplying the phase rms current by an rms voltage written to the VNOM register (Address 0xE533). 0: the apparent power on Phase B is computed normally by multiplying the voltage rms value by the current rms value. 1: the apparent power on Phase B is computed by multiplying the phase rms current by an rms voltage written to the VNOM register (Address 0xE533). 0: the apparent power on Phase C is computed normally by multiplying the voltage rms value by the current rms value. 1: the apparent power on Phase C is computed by multiplying the phase rms current by an rms voltage written to the VNOM register (Address 0xE533). 0: ADE7978 is connected to a 50 Hz network. 1: ADE7978 is connected to a 60 Hz network. This bit is set to 0 by default and does not manage any functionality. Rev. 0 | Page 111 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Table 50. CFMODE Register (Address 0xE610) Bits [2:0] Bit Name CF1SEL[2:0] Default Value 000 [5:3] CF2SEL[2:0] 001 [8:6] CF3SEL[2:0] 010 9 CF1DIS 1 10 CF2DIS 1 11 CF3DIS 1 12 CF1LATCH 0 13 CF2LATCH 0 14 CF3LATCH 0 15 Reserved 0 Description 000: CF1 frequency is proportional to the sum of the total active powers on each phase identified by Bits[2:0] (TERMSEL1[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 001: CF1 frequency is proportional to the sum of the total reactive powers on each phase identified by Bits[2:0] (TERMSEL1[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 010: CF1 frequency is proportional to the sum of the apparent powers on each phase identified by Bits[2:0] (TERMSEL1[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 011: CF1 frequency is proportional to the sum of the fundamental active powers on each phase identified by Bits[2:0] (TERMSEL1[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 100: CF1 frequency is proportional to the sum of the fundamental reactive powers on each phase identified by Bits[2:0] (TERMSEL1[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 101, 110, 111: reserved. The CF1 signal is not generated. 000: CF2 frequency is proportional to the sum of the total active powers on each phase identified by Bits[5:3] (TERMSEL2[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 001: CF2 frequency is proportional to the sum of the total reactive powers on each phase identified by Bits[5:3] (TERMSEL2[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 010: CF2 frequency is proportional to the sum of the apparent powers on each phase identified by Bits[5:3] (TERMSEL2[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 011: CF2 frequency is proportional to the sum of the fundamental active powers on each phase identified by Bits[5:3] (TERMSEL2[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 100: CF2 frequency is proportional to the sum of the fundamental reactive powers on each phase identified by Bits[5:3] (TERMSEL2[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 101, 110, 111: reserved. The CF2 signal is not generated. 000: CF3 frequency is proportional to the sum of the total active powers on each phase identified by Bits[8:6] (TERMSEL3[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 001: CF3 frequency is proportional to the sum of the total reactive powers on each phase identified by Bits[8:6] (TERMSEL3[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 010: CF3 frequency is proportional to the sum of the apparent powers on each phase identified by Bits[8:6] (TERMSEL3[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 011: CF3 frequency is proportional to the sum of the fundamental active powers on each phase identified by Bits[8:6] (TERMSEL3[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 100: CF3 frequency is proportional to the sum of the fundamental reactive powers on each phase identified by Bits[8:6] (TERMSEL3[x]) in the COMPMODE register. 101, 110, 111: reserved. The CF3 signal is not generated. 0: CF1 output is enabled. 1: CF1 output is disabled. The energy-to-frequency converter remains enabled. 0: CF2 output is enabled. 1: CF2 output is disabled. The energy-to-frequency converter remains enabled. 0: CF3 output is enabled. 1: CF3 output is disabled. The energy-to-frequency converter remains enabled. 0: no latching of energy registers occurs when a CF1 pulse is generated. 1: the contents of the corresponding energy registers are latched when a CF1 pulse is generated. See the Synchronizing Energy Registers with the CFx Outputs section. 0: no latching of energy registers occurs when a CF2 pulse is generated. 1: the contents of the corresponding energy registers are latched when a CF2 pulse is generated. See the Synchronizing Energy Registers with the CFx Outputs section. 0: no latching of energy registers occurs when a CF3 pulse is generated. 1: the contents of the corresponding energy registers are latched when a CF3 pulse is generated. See the Synchronizing Energy Registers with the CFx Outputs section. Reserved. This bit does not manage any functionality. Rev. 0 | Page 112 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 51. APHCAL, BPHCAL, CPHCAL Registers (Address 0xE614, Address 0xE615, Address 0xE616) Bits [9:0] Bit Name PHCALVAL Default Value 0000000000 [15:10] Reserved 000000 Description If current channel compensation is necessary, these bits can be set to a value from 0 to 383. If voltage channel compensation is necessary, these bits can be set to a value from 512 to 895. If the PHCALVAL bits are set to values from 384 to 511, the compensation behaves in the same way as when the PHCALVAL bits are set to values from 0 to 127. If the PHCALVAL bits are set to values from 896 to 1023, the compensation behaves in the same way as when the PHCALVAL bits are set to values from 512 and 639. Reserved. These bits do not manage any functionality. Table 52. PHSIGN Register (Address 0xE617) Bits 0 Bit Name AWSIGN Default Value 0 1 BWSIGN 0 2 CWSIGN 0 3 SUM1SIGN 0 4 AVARSIGN 0 5 BVARSIGN 0 6 CVARSIGN 0 7 SUM2SIGN 0 8 SUM3SIGN 0 [15:9] Reserved 000 0000 Description 0: the Phase A active power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register) is positive. 1: the Phase A active power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register) is negative. 0: the Phase B active power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register) is positive. 1: the Phase B active power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register) is negative. 0: the Phase C active power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register) is positive. 1: the Phase C active power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 0 (REVAPSEL) in the MMODE register) is negative. 0: the sum of all phase powers in the CF1 datapath is positive. 1: the sum of all phase powers in the CF1 datapath is negative. Phase powers in the CF1 datapath are identified by Bits[2:0] (TERMSEL1[x]) of the COMPMODE register and by Bits[2:0] (CF1SEL[2:0]) of the CFMODE register. 0: the Phase A reactive power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register) is positive. 1: the Phase A reactive power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register) is negative. 0: the Phase B reactive power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register) is positive. 1: the Phase B reactive power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register) is negative. 0: the Phase C reactive power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register) is positive. 1: the Phase C reactive power (total or fundamental, as specified by Bit 1 (REVRPSEL) in the MMODE register) is negative. 0: the sum of all phase powers in the CF2 datapath is positive. 1: the sum of all phase powers in the CF2 datapath is negative. Phase powers in the CF2 datapath are identified by Bits[5:3] (TERMSEL2[x]) of the COMPMODE register and by Bits[5:3] (CF2SEL[2:0]) of the CFMODE register. 0: the sum of all phase powers in the CF3 datapath is positive. 1: the sum of all phase powers in the CF3 datapath is negative. Phase powers in the CF3 datapath are identified by Bits[8:6] (TERMSEL3[x]) of the COMPMODE register and by Bits[8:6] (CF3SEL[2:0]) of the CFMODE register. Reserved. These bits are always set to 0. Rev. 0 | Page 113 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Table 53. CONFIG Register (Address 0xE618) Bits [1:0] Bit Name ZX_DREADY Default Value 00 2 3 Reserved Swap 0 0 4 HPFEN 1 5 LPFSEL 0 6 HSDCEN 0 7 [9:8] SWRST VTOIA[1:0] 0 00 [11:10] VTOIB[1:0] 00 [13:12] VTOIC[1:0] 00 14 INSEL 0 15 Reserved 0 Description This bit manages the output signal at the ZX/DREADY pin. For more information about the zero-crossing function, see the Zero-Crossing Detection section. 00: DREADY functionality is enabled (see the Digital Signal Processor section). 01: ZX functionality is generated by the Phase A voltage. 10: ZX functionality is generated by the Phase B voltage. 11: ZX functionality is generated by the Phase C voltage. Reserved. This bit is always set to 0. 1: the voltage channel outputs VA, VB, VC, and VN are swapped with the current channel outputs IA, IB, IC, and IN, respectively. Thus, the current channel information is present in the phase voltage channel registers and vice versa. 0: all high-pass filters in the voltage and current channels are disabled. 1: all high-pass filters in the voltage and current channels are enabled. This bit specifies the settling time introduced by the low-pass filter in the total active power datapath. 0: settling time = 650 ms. 1: settling time = 1300 ms. 0: HSDC serial port is disabled and CF3 functionality is configured on the CF3/HSCLK pin. 1: HSDC serial port is enabled and HSCLK functionality is configured on the CF3/HSCLK pin. When this bit is set to 1, a software reset is initiated. These bits select the phase voltage that is considered together with the Phase A current in the power path. 00: Phase A voltage. 01: Phase B voltage. 10: Phase C voltage. 11: reserved (same as VTOIA[1:0] = 00). These bits select the phase voltage that is considered together with the Phase B current in the power path. 00: Phase B voltage. 01: Phase C voltage. 10: Phase A voltage. 11: reserved (same as VTOIB[1:0] = 00). These bits select the phase voltage that is considered together with the Phase C current in the power path. 00: Phase C voltage. 01: Phase A voltage. 10: Phase B voltage. 11: reserved (same as VTOIC[1:0] = 00). 0: the NIRMS register (Address 0x43C9) contains the rms value of the neutral current. 1: the NIRMS register contains the rms value of ISUM, the instantaneous value of the sum of all three phase currents, IA, IB, and IC. Reserved. This bit does not manage any functionality. Rev. 0 | Page 114 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 54. MMODE Register (Address 0xE700) Bits 0 Bit Name REVAPSEL Default Value 0 1 REVRPSEL 0 2 PEAKSEL[0] 1 3 PEAKSEL[1] 1 4 PEAKSEL[2] 1 [7:5] Reserved 000 Description This bit specifies whether the total active power or the fundamental active power on Phase A, Phase B, or Phase C is used to trigger a bit in the STATUS0 register. Phase A triggers Bit 6 (REVAPA), Phase B triggers Bit 7 (REVAPB), and Phase C triggers Bit 8 (REVAPC). 0: The total active power is used to trigger the bits in the STATUS0 register. 1: The fundamental active power is used to trigger the bits in the STATUS0 register. This bit specifies whether the total reactive power or the fundamental reactive power on Phase A, Phase B, or Phase C is used to trigger a bit in the STATUS0 register. Phase A triggers Bit 10 (REVRPA), Phase B triggers Bit 11 (REVRPB), and Phase C triggers Bit 12 (REVRPC). 0: The total reactive power is used to trigger the bits in the STATUS0 register. 1: The fundamental reactive power is used to trigger the bits in the STATUS0 register. 0: Phase A is not included in the voltage and current peak detection. 1: Phase A is included in the voltage and current peak detection. 0: Phase B is not included in the voltage and current peak detection. 1: Phase B is included in the voltage and current peak detection. 0: Phase C is not included in the voltage and current peak detection. 1: Phase C is included in the voltage and current peak detection. Reserved. These bits do not manage any functionality. Table 55. ACCMODE Register (Address 0xE701) Bits [1:0] Bit Name WATTACC[1:0] Default Value 00 [3:2] VARACC[1:0] 00 [5:4] CONSEL[1:0] 00 6 SAGCFG 0 7 Reserved 0 Description These bits determine how the active power is accumulated in the watthour registers and how the CFx frequency output is generated as a function of the total and fundamental active powers. 00: signed accumulation mode of the total and fundamental active powers. The active energy registers and the CFx pulses are generated in the same way. 01: positive only accumulation mode of the total and fundamental active powers. The total and fundamental active energy registers are accumulated in positive only mode, but the CFx pulses are generated in signed accumulation mode. 10: reserved (same as WATTACC[1:0] = 00). 11: absolute accumulation mode of the total and fundamental active powers. The total and fundamental active energy registers and the CFx pulses are generated in the same way. These bits determine how the reactive power is accumulated in the var-hour registers and how the CFx frequency output is generated as a function of the total and fundamental active and reactive powers. 00: signed accumulation mode of the total and fundamental reactive powers. The reactive energy registers and the CFx pulses are generated in the same way. 01: reserved (same as VARACC[1:0] = 00). 10: the total and fundamental reactive powers are accumulated depending on the sign of the total and fundamental active powers. If the active power is positive, the reactive power is accumulated as is; if the active power is negative, the reactive power is accumulated with a reversed sign. The total and fundamental reactive energy registers and the CFx pulses are generated in the same way. 11: absolute accumulation mode of the total and fundamental reactive powers. The total and fundamental reactive energy registers and the CFx pulses are generated in the same way. These bits select the inputs to the energy accumulation registers. IA’, IB’, and IC’ are IA, IB, and IC shifted by −90° (see Table 56). 00: 3-phase, 4-wire with three voltage sensors. 01: 3-phase, 3-wire delta connection. 10: reserved. 11: 3-phase, 4-wire delta connection. This bit manages how the sag flag status bit in the STATUS1 register is generated. 0: the flag is set to 1 when any phase voltage is below the SAGLVL threshold. 1: the flag is set to 1 when any phase voltage goes below and then above the SAGLVL threshold. Reserved. This bit does not manage any functionality. Rev. 0 | Page 115 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet Table 56. CONSEL[1:0] Bits in Energy Registers1 Energy Registers AWATTHR, AFWATTHR BWATTHR, BFWATTHR CONSEL[1:0] = 00 VA × IA VB × IB CWATTHR, CFWATTHR AVARHR, AFVARHR BVARHR, BFVARHR VC × IC VA × IA’ VB × IB’ CVARHR, CFVARHR AVAHR BVAHR VC × IC’ VA rms × IA rms VB rms × IB rms CVAHR VC rms × IC rms 1 CONSEL[1:0] = 01 VA × IA VB = VA − VC VB × IB1 VC × IC VA × IA’ VB = VA − VC VB × IB’1 VC × IC’ VA rms × IA rms VB rms × IB rms1 VB = VA − VC VC rms × IC rms CONSEL[1:0] = 11 VA × IA VB = −VA VB × IB VC × IC VA × IA’ VB = −VA VB × IB’ VC × IC’ VA rms × IA rms VB rms × IB rms VB = −VA VC rms × IC rms In a 3-phase, 3-wire configuration (CONSEL[1:0] = 01), the ADE7978 computes the rms value of the line voltage between Phase A and Phase C and stores the result in the BVRMS register (see the Voltage RMS in Delta Configurations section). The Phase B current value provided after the HPF is 0. Consequently, the powers associated with Phase B are 0. To avoid any errors in the frequency output pins (CF1, CF2, or CF3) related to the powers associated with Phase B, disable the contribution of Phase B to the energy-to-frequency converters by setting the TERMSEL1[1], TERMSEL2[1], or TERMSEL3[1] bit to 0 in the COMPMODE register. For more information, see the Energy-to-Frequency Conversion section. Table 57. LCYCMODE Register (Address 0xE702) Bits 0 Bit Name LWATT Default Value 0 1 LVAR 0 2 LVA 0 3 ZXSEL[0] 1 4 ZXSEL[1] 1 5 ZXSEL[2] 1 6 RSTREAD 1 7 PFMODE 0 Description 0: the watthour accumulation registers (AWATTHR, BWATTHR, CWATTHR, AFWATTHR, BFWATTHR, and CFWATTHR) are configured for regular accumulation mode. 1: the watthour accumulation registers (AWATTHR, BWATTHR, CWATTHR, AFWATTHR, BFWATTHR, and CFWATTHR) are configured for line cycle accumulation mode. 0: the var-hour accumulation registers (AVARHR, BVARHR, CVARHR, AFVARHR, BFVARHR, and CFVARHR) are configured for regular accumulation mode. 1: the var-hour accumulation registers (AVARHR, BVARHR, CVARHR, AFVARHR, BFVARHR, and CFVARHR) are configured for line cycle accumulation mode. 0: the VA-hour accumulation registers (AVAHR, BVAHR, and CVAHR) are configured for regular accumulation mode. 1: the VA-hour accumulation registers (AVAHR, BVAHR, and CVAHR) are configured for line cycle accumulation mode. 0: Phase A is not selected for zero-crossing counts in line cycle accumulation mode. 1: Phase A is selected for zero-crossing counts in line cycle accumulation mode. If more than one phase is selected for zero-crossing detection, the accumulation time is shortened accordingly. 0: Phase B is not selected for zero-crossing counts in line cycle accumulation mode. 1: Phase B is selected for zero-crossing counts in line cycle accumulation mode. If more than one phase is selected for zero-crossing detection, the accumulation time is shortened accordingly. 0: Phase C is not selected for zero-crossing counts in line cycle accumulation mode. 1: Phase C is selected for zero-crossing counts in line cycle accumulation mode. If more than one phase is selected for zero-crossing detection, the accumulation time is shortened accordingly. 0: disables read with reset of all xWATTHR, xVARHR, xVAHR, xFWATTHR, and xFVARHR registers. Clear this bit to 0 when Bits[2:0] (LVA, LVAR, and LWATT) are set to 1. 1: enables read with reset of all xWATTHR, xVARHR, xVAHR, xFWATTHR, and xFVARHR registers. When this bit is set to 1, a read of these registers resets them to 0. 0: power factor calculation uses instantaneous values of various phase powers used in its expression. 1: power factor calculation uses phase energy values calculated using line cycle accumulation mode. The LWATT and LVA bits (Bit 0 and Bit 2) must be enabled for the power factors to be computed correctly. The update rate of the power factor measurement is the integral number of half line cycles that is programmed in the LINECYC register. Rev. 0 | Page 116 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Table 58. HSDC_CFG Register (Address 0xE706) Bits 0 Bit Name HCLK Default Value 0 1 HSIZE 0 2 HGAP 0 [4:3] HXFER[1:0] 00 5 HSAPOL 0 [7:6] Reserved 00 Description 0: HSCLK is 8 MHz. 1: HSCLK is 4 MHz. 0: HSDC transmits the 32-bit registers in 32-bit packages, most significant bit first. 1: HSDC transmits the 32-bit registers in 8-bit packages, most significant bit first. 0: no gap is introduced between packages. 1: a gap of seven HCLK cycles is introduced between packages. 00: HSDC transmits sixteen 32-bit words in the following order: IAWV, VAWV, IBWV, VBWV, ICWV, VCWV, INWV, AVA, BVA, CVA, AWATT, BWATT, CWATT, AVAR, BVAR, and CVAR. 01: HSDC transmits seven instantaneous values of currents and voltages in the following order: IAWV, VAWV, IBWV, VBWV, ICWV, VCWV, and INWV. 10: HSDC transmits nine instantaneous values of phase powers in the following order: AVA, BVA, CVA, AWATT, BWATT, CWATT, AVAR, BVAR, and CVAR. 11: reserved (same as HXFER[1:0] = 00). 0: SS/HSA output pin is active low. 1: SS/HSA output pin is active high. Reserved. These bits do not manage any functionality. Table 59. CONFIG3 Register (Address 0xE708) Bits 0 Bit Name VA2_EN Default Value 1 1 VB2_EN 1 2 VC2_EN 1 3 VN2_EN 1 [5:4] 6 Reserved CLKOUT_DIS 00 0 7 ADE7933_ SWRST 0 Description This bit configures V2P or temperature measurement on the Phase A ADE7933/ADE7932. 0: temperature sensor is measured on the second voltage channel of the Phase A ADE7933/ ADE7932. On the ADE7932, the temperature sensor is always sensed by the second voltage channel, but this bit must still be cleared to 0 to enable the temperature measurement. 1: V2P input is sensed on the second voltage channel of the Phase A ADE7933. This bit configures V2P or temperature measurement on the Phase B ADE7933/ADE7932. 0: temperature sensor is measured on the second voltage channel of the Phase B ADE7933/ ADE7932. On the ADE7932, the temperature sensor is always sensed by the second voltage channel, but this bit must still be cleared to 0 to enable the temperature measurement. 1: V2P input is sensed on the second voltage channel of the Phase B ADE7933. This bit configures V2P or temperature measurement on the Phase C ADE7933/ADE7932. 0: temperature sensor is measured on the second voltage channel of the Phase C ADE7933/ ADE7932. On the ADE7932, the temperature sensor is always sensed by the second voltage channel, but this bit must still be cleared to 0 to enable the temperature measurement. 1: V2P input is sensed on the second voltage channel of the Phase C ADE7933. This bit configures V2P or temperature measurement on the neutral line ADE7933/ADE7932. 0: temperature sensor is measured on the second voltage channel of the neutral line ADE7933/ ADE7932. On the ADE7932, the temperature sensor is always sensed by the second voltage channel, but this bit must still be cleared to 0 to enable the temperature measurement. 1: V2P input is sensed on the second voltage channel of the neutral line ADE7933. Reserved. These bits do not manage any functionality. 0: ADE7933/ADE7932 CLKOUT pin is enabled. 1: ADE7933/ADE7932 CLKOUT pin is set high and no clock is generated. When this bit is set to 1, a software reset of the ADE7933/ADE7932 devices is initiated. See the ADE7933/ADE7932 Software Reset section for more information. Table 60. CONFIG2 Register (Address 0xEA00) Bits 0 Bit Name I2C_LOCK Default Value 0 [7:1] Reserved 000 0000 Description When this bit is set to 0, the SS/HSA pin can be toggled three times to activate the SPI serial port. If I2C is the selected serial port, set this bit to 1 to lock the selection. After a 1 is written to this bit, the ADE7978 ignores spurious toggling of the SS/HSA pin. If SPI is the selected serial port, any write to the CONFIG2 register locks the selection. The communication protocol can be changed only after a power-down or hardware reset operation. Reserved. These bits do not manage any functionality. Rev. 0 | Page 117 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet OUTLINE DIMENSIONS 0.30 0.25 0.18 5.10 5.00 SQ 4.90 22 0.50 BSC 1 21 EXPOSED PAD 3.40 3.30 SQ 3.20 15 0.50 0.40 0.30 TOP VIEW 0.80 0.75 0.70 7 14 8 0.20 MIN BOTTOM VIEW 0.05 MAX 0.02 NOM COPLANARITY 0.08 0.203 REF SEATING PLANE PIN 1 INDICATOR 28 FOR PROPER CONNECTION OF THE EXPOSED PAD, REFER TO THE PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS SECTION OF THIS DATA SHEET. 05-23-2012-B PIN 1 INDICATOR COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-220-WHHD-3. Figure 129. 28-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_WQ] 5 mm × 5 mm Body, Very Very Thin Quad (CP-28-6) Dimensions shown in millimeters 15.40 15.30 15.20 1.93 REF 20 11 7.60 7.50 7.40 10.51 10.31 10.11 PIN 1 MARK 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.44 2.24 0.30 0.20 0.10 COPLANARITY 0.1 0.71 0.50 0.31 0.25 BSC GAGE PLANE 45° SEATING PLANE 1.27 BSC 1.01 0.76 0.51 0.46 0.36 COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-013 0.32 0.23 8° 0° 11-15-2011-A 10 1 Figure 130. 20-Lead Standard Small Outline Package, with Increased Creepage [SOIC_IC] Wide Body (RI-20-1) Dimensions shown in millimeters ORDERING GUIDE Model 1, 2 ADE7978ACPZ ADE7978ACPZ-RL ADE7933ARIZ ADE7933ARIZ-RL ADE7932ARIZ ADE7932ARIZ-RL EVAL-ADE7978EBZ EVAL-SDP-CB1Z 1 2 Temperature Range −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C Package Description 28-Lead LFCSP_WQ 28-Lead LFCSP_WQ, 13” Tape and Reel 20-Lead SOIC_IC 20-Lead SOIC_IC, 13” Tape and Reel 20-Lead SOIC_IC 20-Lead SOIC_IC, 13” Tape and Reel Evaluation Board Evaluation System Controller Board Package Option CP-28-6 CP-28-6 RI-20-1 RI-20-1 RI-20-1 RI-20-1 Z = RoHS Compliant Part. The EVAL-SDP-CB1Z is the controller board that manages the EVAL-ADE7978EBZ evaluation board. Both boards must be ordered together. Rev. 0 | Page 118 of 120 Data Sheet ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 NOTES Rev. 0 | Page 119 of 120 ADE7978/ADE7933/ADE7932 Data Sheet NOTES I2C refers to a communications protocol originally developed by Philips Semiconductors (now NXP Semiconductors). ©2013 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. D11116-0-11/13(0) Rev. 0 | Page 120 of 120