ISL8502 ® Data Sheet June 29, 2010 2A Synchronous Buck Regulator with Integrated MOSFETs FN6389.2 Features • Up to 2A Continuous Output Current The ISL8502 is a synchronous buck controller with internal MOSFETs packaged in a small 4mmx4mm QFN package. The ISL8502 can support a continuous load of 2A and has a very wide input voltage range. With the switching MOSFETs integrated into the IC, the complete regulator footprint can be very small and provide a much more efficient solution than a linear regulator. • Integrated MOSFETs for Small Regulator Footprint • Adjustable Switching Frequency, 500kHz to 1.2MHz • Tight Output Voltage Regulation, ±1% Over-Temperature • Wide Input Voltage Range, 5V ±10% or 5.5V to 14V • Wide Output Voltage Range, from 0.6V The ISL8502 is capable of stand alone operation or it can be used in a master slave combination for multiple outputs that are derived from the same input rail. Multiple slave channels (up to six) can be synchronized. This method minimizes the EMI and beat frequencies effect with multi-channel operation. • Simple Single-Loop Voltage-Mode PWM Control Design The switching PWM controller drives two internal N-Channel MOSFETs in a synchronous-rectified buck converter topology. The synchronous buck converter uses voltage-mode control with fast transient response. The switching regulator provides a maximum static regulation tolerance of ±1% over line, load, and temperature ranges. The output is user-adjustable by means of external resistors down to 0.6V. • Undervoltage Detection The output is monitored for undervoltage events. The switching regulator also has overcurrent protection. Thermal shutdown is integrated. The ISL8502 features a bi-directional Enable pin that allows the part to pull the enable pin low during fault detection. Applications • Input Voltage Feed-Forward for Constant Modulator Gain • Fast PWM Converter Transient Response • Lossless rDS(ON) High Side and Low Side Overcurrent Protection • Integrated Thermal Shutdown Protection • Power-Good Indication • Adjustable Soft-Start • Start-Up with Pre-Bias Output • Pb-free (RoHS Compliant) • Point of Load Applications • Graphics Cards - GPU and Memory Supplies • ASIC Power Supplies Pinout • Embedded Processor and I/O supplies ISL8502 (24 LD QFN) TOP VIEW VCC PVCC BOOT VIN VIN VIN • DSP Supplies 24 23 22 21 20 19 Ordering Information PART NUMBER (Note) PART MARKING TEMP. RANGE (°C) PACKAGE (Pb-free) PKG. DWG. # PGOOD 1 18 VIN SGND 2 17 PHASE ISL8502IRZ* EN 3 16 PHASE SYNCH 4 M/S 5 14 PHASE FS 6 13 PGND *Add “-T” suffix for tape and reel. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications. NOTE: These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets, molding compounds/die attach materials, and 100% matte tin plate plus anneal (e3 termination finish, which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations). Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020. FB SS 10 11 12 PGND 9 PGND 8 15 PHASE PGND 7 COMP GND 25 1 85 02IRZ -40 to +85 24 Ld 4x4 QFN L24.4x4D CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures. 1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc. Copyright © Intersil Americas Inc. 2007, 2008, 2010. All Rights Reserved All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. Block Diagram VCC PVCC SS PGOOD VIN (x4) VIN OC MONITOR PVCC 2 SERIES REGULATOR 30μA POR MONITOR BIAS SGND PVCC BOOT EN FAULT MONITORING FS ISL8502 VOLTAGE MONITOR SYNCH M/S GATE DRIVE AND ADAPTIVE SHOOT THRU PROTECTION PHASE (x4) CLOCK AND OSCILLATOR GENERATOR OC MONITOR 0.6V REFERENCE FB COMP PGND (x4) FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Typical Application Schematics POWER GOOD PGOOD ENABLE VIN + EN VIN 5.5V TO 14V SYNCH BOOT M/S VCC PVCC ISL8502 VOUT PHASE SS + PGND FS FB COMP SGND FIGURE 1. STAND ALONE REGULATOR: VIN 5.5V TO 14V VIN 4.5V TO 5.5V POWER GOOD PGOOD ENABLE VIN EN + PVCC BOOT VCC SS ISL8502 VOUT PHASE + SYNCH M/S PGND FS FB SGND COMP FIGURE 2. STAND ALONE REGULATOR: VIN 4.5V TO 5.5V 3 FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 ISL8502 With Multiple Slaved Channels VIN MASTER M/S SS PVCC FS SYNCH RT VIN VOUT1 PHASE EN + GND ISL8502 ENABLE M/S VIN FS 5k RT VOUT2 SYNCH PHASE EN + GND ISL8502 SLAVE M/S VIN FS 5k RT VOUTN SYNCH PHASE EN + GND ISL8502 SLAVE 4 FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Information VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to +16.5V VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to +6.0V Absolute Boot Voltage, VBOOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +22.0V Upper Driver Supply Voltage, VBOOT - VPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . +6.0V All other Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V Thermal Resistance θJA (°C/W) θJC (°C/W) QFN Package (Notes 1, 2) . . . . . . . . . 39 2.5 Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . +150°C Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . -65°C to +150°C Pb-free Reflow Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .see link below http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp Recommended Operating Conditions Supply Voltage on VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5V to 14V Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40°C to +85°C Junction Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40°C to +125°C CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and result in failures not covered by warranty. NOTES: 1. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See Tech Brief TB379. 2. For θJC, the “case temp” location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside. 3. Minimum VIN can operate below 5.5V as long as VCC is greater than 4.5V. 4. Maximum VIN can be higher than 14V voltage stress across the upper and lower do not exceed 15.5V in all conditions. 5. Circuit requires 150ns minimum on time to detect overcurrent condition. 6. Limits established by characterization and are not production tested. 7. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are 100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization and are not production tested. Electrical Specifications Refer to Block and Simplified Power System Diagrams and Typical Application Schematics. Operating Conditions Unless Otherwise Noted: VIN = 12V, or VCC = 5V ±10%, TA = -40°C to +85°C. Typical are at TA = +25°C. PARAMETER SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN (Note 7) TYP MAX (Note 7) UNITS VIN SUPPLY Input Voltage Range VIN VIN tied to VCC Input Operating Supply Current IQ 5.5 (Note 3) 14 (Note 4) V 4.5 5.5 V 7 mA 1.25 2 mA 5.0 5.5 V VFB = 1.0V IQ_SBY EN tied to GND, VIN = 14V VCC Voltage VPVCC VIN > 5.6V 4.5 Maximum Output Current IPVCC VIN = 12V 50 Input Standby Supply Current SERIES REGULATOR VCC Current Limit VIN = 12V, VCC shorted to PGND mA 300 mA POWER-ON RESET Rising VCC POR Threshold 4.2 4.4 4.49 V Falling VCC POR Threshold 3.85 4.0 4.10 V ENABLE Rising Enable Threshold Voltage VEN_Rising 2.7 V Falling Enable Threshold Voltage VEN_Fall 2.3 V Enable Sinking Current IEN 500 µA OSCILLATOR 5 FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Electrical Specifications Refer to Block and Simplified Power System Diagrams and Typical Application Schematics. Operating Conditions Unless Otherwise Noted: VIN = 12V, or VCC = 5V ±10%, TA = -40°C to +85°C. Typical are at TA = +25°C. (Continued) PARAMETER MIN (Note 7) TYP RT = 96kΩ 400 500 600 kHz RT = 40kΩ 960 1200 1440 kHz SYMBOL PWM Frequency fOSC TEST CONDITIONS MAX (Note 7) UNITS FS pin tied to VCC 800 kHz Ramp Amplitude ΔVOSC VIN = 14V 1.0 V Ramp Amplitude ΔVOSC VIN = 5V 0.470 V Modulator Gain VVIN/ΔVOSC 8 - By Design Maximum Duty Cycle DMAX fOSC = 500kHz 88 % Maximum Duty Cycle DMAX fOSC = 1.2MHz 76 % REFERENCE VOLTAGE Reference Voltage VREF 0.600 System Accuracy -1.0 V +1.0 % ±80 ±200 nA 20 30 40 µA 0.8 1.0 1.2 V FB Pin Bias Current SOFT-START Soft-Start Current ISS Enable Soft-Start Threshold Enable Soft-Start Threshold Hysteresis 12 Enable Soft-Start Voltage High 2.8 3.2 mV 3.8 V ERROR AMPLIFIER DC Gain Gain-Bandwidth Product GBWP Maximum Output Voltage 3.9 Slew Rate SR 88 dB 15 MHz 4.4 V 5 V/µs INTERNAL MOSFETS Upper MOSFET rDS(ON) rDS_Upper VCC = 5V 180 mΩ Lower MOSFET rDS(ON) rDS_Lower VCC = 5V 90 mΩ VFB/VREF Rising Edge Hysteresis 1% 107 111 115 % Falling Edge Hysteresis 1% 86 90 93 % PGOOD PGOOD Threshold PGOOD Rising Delay tPGOOD_DELAY PGOOD Leakage Current fOSC = 500kHz 250 VPGOOD = 5.5V PGOOD Low Voltage VPGOOD PGOOD Sinking Current IPGOOD ms 5 0.10 µA V 0.5 mA PROTECTION Positive Current Limit IPOC_peak 6 IOC from VIN to PHASE (Notes 5, 6) (TA = 0°C to +85°C) 2.1 3.5 4.5 A IOC from VIN to PHASE (Notes 5, 6) (TA = -40°C to +0°C) 2.0 3.4 4.0 A FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Electrical Specifications Refer to Block and Simplified Power System Diagrams and Typical Application Schematics. Operating Conditions Unless Otherwise Noted: VIN = 12V, or VCC = 5V ±10%, TA = -40°C to +85°C. Typical are at TA = +25°C. (Continued) PARAMETER MIN (Note 7) TYP IOC from PHASE to PGND (Notes 5, 6) (TA = 0°C to +85°C) 2.2 3.0 3.5 A IOC from PHASE to PGND (Notes 5, 6) (TA = -40°C to +85°C) 1.9 2.8 3.7 A 76 80 84 % SYMBOL Negative Current Limit INOC_peak TEST CONDITIONS VFB/VREF Undervoltage Level MAX (Note 7) UNITS Thermal Shutdown Setpoint TSD 150 °C Thermal Recovery Setpoint TSR 130 °C VIN = 12V, VOUT = 2.5V, IO = 2A, fs = 500kHz, L = 4.7µH, CIN = 20µF, COUT = 100µF + 22µF, TA = +25° C, unless otherwise noted. 100 100 90 90 80 80 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) Typical Performance Curves VOUT = 2.5V 70 VOUT = 1.8V VOUT = 3.3V 60 50 VOUT = 5.0V 70 VOUT = 3.3V VOUT = 2.5V 60 VOUT = 1.8V 50 40 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 40 0.0 2.5 0.5 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 OUTPUT LOAD (A) FIGURE 3. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (VIN = 5V) FIGURE 4. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (VIN = 12V) 0.6026 1.206 14VIN 1.205 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.6025 0.6024 0.6023 14VIN 0.6022 0.6021 9VIN 0.6020 0.6019 9VIN 1.203 1.202 5VIN 1.201 5VIN 0 1.204 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 2 FIGURE 5. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 0.6V, 500kHz) 7 1.200 0 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 2 FIGURE 6. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 1.2V, 500kHz) FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Typical Performance Curves VIN = 12V, VOUT = 2.5V, IO = 2A, fs = 500kHz, L = 4.7µH, CIN = 20µF, COUT = 100µF + 22µF, TA = +25° C, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) 1.520 1.815 1.815 5VIN 1.814 5VIN 1.516 1.514 9VIN 14VIN OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.518 1.512 1.814 1.813 1.813 14VIN 1.812 9VIN 1.812 1.811 1.811 1.510 0 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 1.810 2 FIGURE 7. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 1.5V, 500kHz) 0 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 2 FIGURE 8. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 1.8V, 500kHz) 3.355 2.515 3.354 3.353 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2.513 14VIN 2.511 2.509 5VIN 9VIN 3.352 5VIN 3.351 14VIN 3.350 3.349 3.348 3.347 2.507 9VIN 3.346 2.505 0 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 3.345 2 FIGURE 9. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 2.5V, 500kHz) 0 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 2 FIGURE 10. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 3.3V, 500kHz) 5.030 2.0 1.8 1.6 POWER DISSIPATION (W) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 5.028 7VIN 5.026 5.024 5.022 14VIN 1.2 14VIN 1.0 0.8 0.6 5VIN 0.4 9VIN 0.2 9VIN 5.020 0 1.4 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 2 FIGURE 11. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 5V, 500kHz) 8 0.0 0 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 2 FIGURE 12. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 0.6V, 500kHz) FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Typical Performance Curves VIN = 12V, VOUT = 2.5V, IO = 2A, fs = 500kHz, L = 4.7µH, CIN = 20µF, COUT = 100µF + 22µF, TA = +25° C, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) 2.5 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.0 14VIN 0.8 0.6 5VIN POWER DISSIPATION (W) POWER DISSIPATION (W) 1.6 0.4 14VIN 0.5 5VIN 9VIN 0.0 0.0 0 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 2 2.0 2.0 POWER DISSIPATION (W) 2.5 1.5 14VIN 1.0 5VIN 0 1 OUTPUT LOAD (A) 1.5 14VIN 1.0 0.5 5VIN 0.0 0 2 1 2 OUTPUT LOAD (A) FIGURE 15. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 1.8V, 500kHz) FIGURE 16. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 2.5V, 500kHz) 2.5 2.0 2.0 POWER DISSIPATION (W) 2.5 14VIN 1.5 2 9VIN 9VIN 0.0 1 FIGURE 14. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 1.5V, 500kHz) 2.5 0.5 0 OUTPUT LOAD (A) FIGURE 13. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 1.2V, 500kHz) POWER DISSIPATION (W) 1.0 9VIN 0.2 POWER DISSIPATION (W) 1.5 1.0 0.5 14VIN 1.5 1.0 0.5 7VIN 5VIN 9VIN 0.0 9VIN 0.0 0 1 2 OUTPUT LOAD (A) FIGURE 17. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 3.3V, 500kHz) 9 0 1 2 OUTPUT LOAD (A) FIGURE 18. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD (VOUT = 5V, 500kHz) FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Typical Performance Curves VIN = 12V, VOUT = 2.5V, IO = 2A, fs = 500kHz, L = 4.7µH, CIN = 20µF, COUT = 100µF + 22µF, TA = +25° C, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) 5.5 5.2 5.4 NO LOAD 5.1 5.3 5.2 VCC (V) VCC (V) 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.1 5.0 4.9 100mA LOAD 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.5 0 50 100 150 I VCC (mA) 200 250 300 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 VIN (V) 11 12 13 14 15 FIGURE 20. VCC REGULATION vs VIN FIGURE 19. VCC LOAD REGULATION PHASE1 5V/DIV PHASE1 0.5µs 5V 5V/DIV PHASE2 5V/DIV VOUT1 RIPPLE 20mV/DIV VOUT2 RIPPLE 20mV/DIV VOUT1 RIPPLE 20mV/DIV IL1 0.5A/DIV SYNCH1 2V/DIV FIGURE 21. MASTER TO SLAVE OPERATION FIGURE 22. MASTER OPERATION AT NO LOAD PHASE1 10V/DIV PHASE1 5V/DIV VOUT1 RIPPLE 20mV/DIV VOUT1 RIPPLE 20mV/DIV IL1 1A/DIV IL1 1A/DIV SYNCH1 5V/DIV FIGURE 23. MASTER OPERATION WITH FULL LOAD 10 SYNCH1 5V/DIV FIGURE 24. MASTER OPERATION WITH NEGATIVE LOAD FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Typical Performance Curves VIN = 12V, VOUT = 2.5V, IO = 2A, fs = 500kHz, L = 4.7µH, CIN = 20µF, COUT = 100µF + 22µF, TA = +25° C, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) EN1 5V/DIV EN1 5V/DIV VOUT1 1V/DIV VOUT1 0.5V/DIV 2V PRE-BIASED IL1 1A/DIV IL1 2A/DIV SS1 2V/DIV FIGURE 25. SOFT-START AT NO LOAD SS1 2V/DIV FIGURE 26. START-UP WITH PRE-BIASED PHASE1 10V/DIV EN1 5V/DIV VOUT1 1V/DIV VOUT1 1V/DIV IL1 1A/DIV IL1 1A/DIV SS1 2V/DIV FIGURE 27. SOFT-START AT FULL LOAD PGOOD1 5V/DIV FIGURE 28. POSITIVE OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT PHASE1 10V/DIV VOUT1 2V/DIV PHASE1 10V/DIV VOUT1 2V/DIV IL1 2A/DIV IL1 2A/DIV SS1 2V/DIV PGOOD1 5V/DIV FIGURE 29. POSITIVE OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT (HICCUP MODE) 11 FIGURE 30. NEGATIVE OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Typical Performance Curves PHASE1 10V/DIV VIN = 12V, VOUT = 2.5V, IO = 2A, fs = 500kHz, L = 4.7µH, CIN = 20µF, COUT = 100µF + 22µF, TA = +25° C, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) VOUT1 1V/DIV PHASE1 5V/DIV IL1 1A/DIV VOUT1 RIPPLE 50mV/DIV IL1 2A/DIV IOUT1 2A/DIV PGOOD1 5V/DIV FIGURE 31. RECOVER FROM POSITIVE SHORT CIRCUIT FIGURE 32. LOAD TRANSIENT Functional Pin Descriptions PGOOD (Pin 1) PGOOD is an open drain output that will pull to low if the output goes out of regulation or a fault is detected. PGOOD is equipped with a fixed delay upon output power-up. The delay is approximately 250ms at switching frequency 500kHz and 108ms at 1.2MHz. As a master or a stand alone device, tie this pin directly to the VCC pin. Do not short M/S pin to GND. FS (Pin 6) SGND (Pin 2) This pin provides oscillator switching frequency adjustment. By placing a resistor (RT) from this pin to GND, the switching frequency can be programmed as desired between 500kHz and 1.2MHz as shown in Equation 1. The SGND terminal of the ISL8502 provides the return path for the control and monitor portions of the IC. 48000 R T [ kΩ ] = -----------------------------f OSC [ kHz ] EN (Pin 3) The Enable pin is a bi-directional pin. If the voltage on this pin exceeds the enable threshold voltage, the part is enabled. If a fault is detected, the EN pin will be pulled low via internal circuitry for a duration of 4 soft-start periods. For automatic start-up, use 10kΩ to 100kΩ pull-up resistor connecting to VCC. SYNCH (Pin 4) This is a bi-directional pin that is used to synchronize slave devices to the Master device. As a Master device, this pin outputs the clock signal to which the slave devices synchronize. As a slave device, this pin is an input to receive the clock signal from the master device. If configured as a slave device, the ISL8502 will be disabled if there is no clock signal from the master device on the SYNCH pin. Leave this pin unconnected if the IC is used in stand alone operation. M/S (Pin 5) As a slave device, tie a 5kΩ resistor between this pin and ground. 12 (EQ. 1) Tying the FS pin to the VCC pin will force the switching frequency to 800kHz. Using resistors with values below 40kΩ (1.2MHz) or with values higher than 97kΩ (500kHz) may damage the ISL8502. COMP (Pin 7) and FB (Pin 8) The switching regulator employs a single voltage control loop. FB is the negative input to the voltage loop error amplifier. The output voltage is set by an external resistor divider connected to FB. With a properly selected divider, the output voltage can be set to any voltage between the power rail (reduced by converter losses) and the 0.6V reference. Loop compensation is achieved by connecting an AC network across COMP and FB. The FB pin is also monitored for undervoltage events. SS (Pin 9) Connect a capacitor from this pin to ground. This capacitor, along with an internal 30µA current source, sets the soft-start interval of the converter, tSS as shown in Equation 2. C SS [ μF ] = 50 ⋅ t SS [ S ] (EQ. 2) FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 PGND (Pins 10-13) These pins are used as the ground connection of the power train. PHASE (Pins 14-17) These pins are the PHASE node connections to the inductor. These pins are connected to the source of the control MOSFET and the drain of the synchronous MOSFET. VIN (Pins 18-21) Connect the input rail to these pins. These pins are the input to the regulator as well as the source for the internal linear regulator that supplies the bias for the IC. It is recommended that the DC voltage applied to the VIN pins does not exceed 14V. This recommendation allows for transient spikes and voltage ringing to occur while not exceeding Absolute Maximum Ratings. BOOT (Pin 22) This pin provides ground referenced bias voltage to the upper MOSFET driver. A bootstrap circuit is used to create a voltage suitable to drive the internal N-channel MOSFET. The boot diode is included within the ISL8502. PVCC (Pin 23) This pin is the output of the internal linear regulator that supplies the bias and gate voltage for the IC. A minimum 4.7µF decoupling capacitor is recommended. VCC (Pin 24) This pin supplies the bias voltage for the IC. This pin should be tied to the PVCC pin through an RC low pass filter. A 10Ω resistor and 0.1µF capacitor is recommended. Functional Description Initialization The ISL8502 automatically initializes upon receipt of input power. The Power-On Reset (POR) function continually monitors the voltage on the VCC pin. If the voltage on the EN pin exceeds its rising threshold, then the POR function initiates soft-start operation after the bias voltage has exceeded the POR threshold. If the input voltage is 5V ±10%, then tie the VIN pins and the VCC pin to the input rail. The ISL8502 will use the 5V rail as the bias. A decoupling capacitor should be placed as close as possible to the VCC pin. Multi-Channel (Master/Slave) Operation The ISL8502 can be configured to function in a multi-channel system. The “ISL8502 With Multiple Slaved Channels” on page 4 shows a typical configuration for the multi-channel system. In the multi-channel system, each ISL8502 IC regulates a separate rail while sharing the same input rail. By configuring the devices in a master/slave configuration, the clocks of each IC can be synchronized. There can only be one master IC in a multi-channel system. To configure an IC as the master, the M/S pin must be shorted to the VCC pin. The SYNCH pins of all the ISL8502 controller ICs in the multi-channel system must be tied together. The frequency set resistor value (RT) used on the master device must be used on every slave device. Each slave device must have a 5kΩ resistor connecting it from M/S pin to ground. The master device and all the slave devices can have their EN pins tied to an enable ‘bus’. Since the EN pin is bi-directional, this allows for options on how each IC is tied to the enable ‘bus’. If the EN pin of any ISL8502 is tied directly to the enable bus, then that device will be capable of disabling all the other devices that have their EN pins tied directly to the enable bus. If the EN pin of an ISL8502 is tied to the enable bus through a diode (anode tied to ISL8502 EN pin, cathode tied to enable bus) then this part will not disable other devices on the enable bus if it disables itself for any reason. If the Master device is disabled via the EN pin, it will continue to send the clock signal from the SYNCH pin. This allows slave devices to continue operating. Fault Protection The ISL8502 monitors the output of the regulator for overcurrent and undervoltage events. The ISL8502 also provides protection from excessive junction temperatures. Stand Alone Operation OVERCURRENT PROTECTION The ISL8502 can be configured to function as a stand alone single channel voltage mode synchronous buck PWM voltage regulator. The “Typical Application Schematics” on page 3 show the two configurations for stand alone operation. The overcurrent function protects the switching converter from a shorted output by monitoring the current flowing through both the upper and lower MOSFETs. The internal series linear regulator requires at least 5.5V to create the proper bias for the IC. If the input voltage is between 5.5V and 15V, simply connect the VIN pins to the input rail and the series linear regulator will create the bias for the IC. The VCC pin should be tied to a capacitor for decoupling. 13 Upon detection of any overcurrent condition, the upper MOSFET will be immediately turned off and will not be turned on again until the next switching cycle. Upon detection of the initial overcurrent condition, the Overcurrent Fault Counter is set to 1 and the Overcurrent Condition Flag is set from LOW to HIGH. If, on the subsequent cycle, another overcurrent condition is detected, the OC Fault Counter will be incremented. If there are eight sequential OC fault detections, the regulator will be shut down under an FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Overcurrent Fault Condition and the EN pin will be pulled LOW. An Overcurrent Fault Condition will result with the regulator attempting to restart in a hiccup mode with the delay between restarts being 4 soft-start periods. At the end of the fourth soft-start wait period, the fault counters are reset, the EN pin is released, and soft-start is attempted again. If the overcurrent condition goes away prior to the OC Fault Counter reaching a count of four, the Overcurrent Condition Flag will set back to LOW. If the Overcurrent Condition Flag is HIGH and the Overcurrent Fault Counter is less than four and an undervoltage event is detected, the regulator will be shut down immediately. UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION If the voltage detected on the FB pin falls 18% below the internal reference voltage and the overcurrent condition flag is LOW, then the regulator will be shutdown immediately under an Undervoltage Fault Condition and the EN pin will be pulled LOW. An Undervoltage Fault Condition will result with the regulator attempting to restart in a hiccup mode with the delay between restarts being 4 soft-start periods. At the end of the fourth soft-start wait period, the fault counters are reset, the EN pin is released, and soft-start is attempted again. THERMAL PROTECTION If the ISL8502 IC junction temperature reaches a nominal temperature of +150°C, the regulator will be disabled. The ISL8502 will not re-enable the regulator until the junction temperature drops below +130°C. SHOOT-THROUGH PROTECTION A shoot-through condition occurs when both the upper and lower MOSFETs are turned on simultaneously, effectively shorting the input voltage to ground. To protect from a shoot-through condition, the ISL8502 incorporates specialized circuitry, which insures that the complementary MOSFETs are not ON simultaneously. Application Guidelines output voltage of the regulator. The value for the feedback resistor is typically between 1kΩ and 10kΩ. R 1 × 0.6V R 4 = ---------------------------------V OUT – 0.6V (EQ. 4) If the output voltage desired is 0.6V, then R4 is left unpopulated. Output Capacitor Selection An output capacitor is required to filter the inductor current and supply the load transient current. The filtering requirements are a function of the switching frequency and the ripple current. The load transient requirements are a function of the slew rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the transient load current. These requirements are generally met with a mix of capacitors and careful layout. High frequency capacitors initially supply the transient and slow the current load rate seen by the bulk capacitors. The bulk filter capacitor values are generally determined by the ESR (Effective Series Resistance) and voltage rating requirements rather than actual capacitance requirements. High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on specific decoupling requirements. The shape of the output voltage waveform during a load transient that represents the worst case loading conditions will ultimately determine the number of output capacitors and their type. When this load transient is applied to the converter, most of the energy required by the load is initially delivered from the output capacitors. This is due to the finite amount of time required for the inductor current to slew up to the level of the output current required by the load. This phenomenon results in a temporary dip in the output voltage. At the very edge of the transient, the Equivalent Series Inductance (ESL) of each capacitor induces a spike that adds on top of the existing voltage drop due to the Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR). Operating Frequency The ISL8502 can operate at switching frequencies from 500kHz to 1.2MHz. A resistor tied from the FS pin to ground is used to program the switching frequency Equation 3. VOUT DVHUMP DVESR 48000 R T [ kΩ ] = -----------------------------f OSC [ kHz ] (EQ. 3) DVSAG DVESL Output Voltage Selection The output voltage of the regulator can be programmed via an external resistor divider that is used to scale the output voltage relative to the internal reference voltage and feed it back to the inverting input of the error amplifier. Refer to Figure 34. The output voltage programming resistor, R4, will depend on the value chosen for the feedback resistor and the desired 14 IOUT ITRAN FIGURE 33. TYPICAL TRANSIENT RESPONSE FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 After the initial spike, attributable to the ESR and ESL of the capacitors, the output voltage experiences sag. This sag is a direct consequence of the amount of capacitance on the output. During the removal of the same output load, the energy stored in the inductor is dumped into the output capacitors. This energy dumping creates a temporary hump in the output voltage. This hump, as with the sag, can be attributed to the total amount of capacitance on the output. Figure 33 shows a typical response to a load transient. The amplitudes of the different types of voltage excursions can be approximated using Equation 5. dI tran ΔV ESL = ESL • --------------dt ΔV ESR = ESR • I tran 2 L out • I tran ΔV SAG = -------------------------------------------------C out • ( V in – V out ) 2 L out • I tran ΔV HUMP = -------------------------------C out • V out (EQ. 5) where: Itran = Output Load Current Transient and Cout = Total Output Capacitance In a typical converter design, the ESR of the output capacitor bank dominates the transient response. The ESR and the ESL are typically the major contributing factors in determining the output capacitance. The number of output capacitors can be determined by using Equation 6, which relates the ESR and ESL of the capacitors to the transient load step and the voltage limit (DVo): ESL • dI tran --------------------------------+ ESR • I tran dt Number of Capacitors = ----------------------------------------------------------------------ΔV o (EQ. 6) The ESL of the capacitors, which is an important parameter in the previous equations, is not usually listed in databooks. Practically, it can be approximated using Equation 7 if an Impedance vs Frequency curve is given for a specific capacitor: (EQ. 7) where: fres is the frequency where the lowest impedance is achieved (resonant frequency). The ESL of the capacitors becomes a concern when designing circuits that supply power to loads with high rates of change in the current. 15 The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage ripple requirements and minimize the converter’s response time to the load transient. The inductor value determines the converter’s ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are approximated by using Equation 8: ΔI = VIN - VOUT Fs x L x VOUT VIN ΔVOUT = ΔI x ESR (EQ. 8) Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current and voltage. However, the large inductance values reduce the converter’s response time to a load transient. One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to a load transient is the time required to change the inductor current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the ISL8502 will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in response to a load transient. The response time is the time required to slew the inductor current from an initial current value to the transient current level. During this interval the difference between the inductor current and the transient current level must be supplied by the output capacitor. Minimizing the response time can minimize the output capacitance required. The response time to a transient is different for the application of load and the removal of load. Equation 9 gives the approximate response time interval for application and removal of a transient load: tRISE = If DVSAG and/or DVHUMP are found to be too large for the output voltage limits, then the amount of capacitance may need to be increased. In this situation, a trade-off between output inductance and output capacitance may be necessary. 1 ESL = ---------------------------------------2 C ( 2 • π • f res ) Output Inductor Selection L x ITRAN VIN - VOUT tFALL = L x ITRAN VOUT (EQ. 9) where: ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the response time to the removal of load. The worst case response time can be either at the application or removal of load. Be sure to check both of these equations at the minimum and maximum output levels for the worst case response time. Input Capacitor Selection Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use small ceramic capacitors for high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors to supply the current needed each time the upper MOSFET turns on. Place the small ceramic capacitors physically close to the MOSFETs and between the drain of the upper MOSFET and the source of the lower MOSFET. The important parameters for the bulk input capacitance are the voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable operation, select bulk capacitors with voltage and current ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS current required by the circuit. Their voltage rating should be at least 1.25x greater than the maximum input voltage, while FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 a voltage rating of 1.5x is a conservative guideline. For most cases, the RMS current rating requirement for the input capacitor of a buck regulator is approximately 1/2 the DC load current. The maximum RMS current through the input capacitors may be closely approximated using Equation 10: 2 V OUT ⎛ V OUT 2 ⎛ 1 ⎛ V IN – V OUT V OUT⎞ ⎞ -------------- × ⎜ I OUT × 1 – --------------⎞ + ------ × ⎜ ----------------------------- × --------------⎟ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ V IN V × V L f 12 MAX ⎝ ⎝ IN IN ⎠ ⎠ OSC (EQ. 10) For a through-hole design, several electrolytic capacitors may be needed. For surface mount designs, solid tantalum capacitors can be used, but caution must be exercised with regard to the capacitor surge current rating. These capacitors must be capable of handling the surge-current at power-up. Some capacitor series available from reputable manufacturers are surge current tested. PWM COMPARATOR The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer function of VOUT/VE/A . This function is dominated by a DC Gain and the output filter (LO and CO), with a double pole break frequency at FLC and a zero at FESR . The DC Gain of the modulator is simply the input voltage (VIN) divided by the peak-to-peak oscillator voltage DVOSC . The ISL8502 incorporates a feed forward loop that accounts for changes in the input voltage. This maintains a constant modulator gain. LO - ΔVOSC DRIVER + PHASE VOUT CO ESR (PARASITIC) ZFB VE/A ZIN - + REFERENCE ERROR AMP DETAILED COMPENSATION COMPONENTS ZFB C1 C2 VOUT ZIN C3 R2 R3 R1 COMP Feedback Compensation Figure 34 highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a synchronous-rectified buck converter. The output voltage (VOUT) is regulated to the Reference voltage level. The error amplifier output (VE/A) is compared with the oscillator (OSC) triangular wave to provide a pulse-width modulated (PWM) wave with an amplitude of VIN at the PHASE node. The PWM wave is smoothed by the output filter (LO and CO). VIN DRIVER OSC FB + R4 ISL8502 REFERENCE R ⎞ ⎛ V OUT = 0.6 × ⎜ 1 + ------1-⎟ R 4⎠ ⎝ FIGURE 34. VOLTAGE-MODE BUCK CONVERTER COMPENSATION DESIGN AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE SELECTION Modulator Break Frequency Equations 1 f LC = ------------------------------------------2π x L O x C O 1 f ESR = -------------------------------------------2π x ESR x C O (EQ. 11) The compensation network consists of the error amplifier (internal to the ISL8502) and the impedance networks ZIN and ZFB. The goal of the compensation network is to provide a closed loop transfer function with the highest 0dB crossing frequency (f0dB) and adequate phase margin. Phase margin is the difference between the closed loop phase at f0dB and 180°. Equation 12 relates the compensation network’s poles, zeros and gain to the components (R1 , R2 , R3 , C1 , C2 and C3) in Figure 34. Use these guidelines for locating the poles and zeros of the compensation network: 1. Pick Gain (R2/R1) for desired converter bandwidth. 2. Place 1st Zero Below Filter’s Double Pole (~75% FLC). 3. Place 2nd Zero at Filter’s Double Pole. 4. Place 1st Pole at the ESR Zero. 5. Place 2nd Pole at Half the Switching Frequency. 6. Check Gain against Error Amplifier’s Open-Loop Gain. 7. Estimate Phase Margin - Repeat if Necessary. 16 FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 100 fZ1 fZ2 fP1 fP2 80 OPEN LOOP ERROR AMP GAIN GAIN (dB) 60 40 20 20LOG (R2/R1) 20LOG (VIN/ΔVOSC) 0 -40 -60 COMPENSATION GAIN CLOSED LOOP GAIN MODULATOR GAIN -20 fLC 10 100 1k fESR 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) 1M 10M FIGURE 35. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN Compensation Break Frequency Equations 1 f Z1 = -----------------------------------2π x R 2 x C 1 1 f P1 = --------------------------------------------------------⎛ C 1 x C 2⎞ 2π x R 2 x ⎜ ----------------------⎟ ⎝ C1 + C2 ⎠ 1 f Z2 = ------------------------------------------------------2π x ( R 1 + R 3 ) x C 3 1 f P2 = -----------------------------------2π x R 3 x C 3 (EQ. 12) Figure 35 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC/DC converter’s gain vs frequency. The actual Modulator Gain has a high gain peak due to the high Q factor of the output filter and is not shown in Figure 35. Using the guidelines provided should give a Compensation Gain similar to the curve plotted. The open loop error amplifier gain bounds the compensation gain. Check the compensation gain at FP2 with the capabilities of the error amplifier. The Closed Loop Gain is constructed on the graph of Figure 35 by adding the Modulator Gain (in dB) to the Compensation Gain (in dB). This is equivalent to multiplying the modulator transfer function to the compensation transfer function and plotting the gain. The compensation gain uses external impedance networks ZFB and ZIN to provide a stable, high bandwidth (BW) overall loop. A stable control loop has a gain crossing with -20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than +45°. Include worst case component variations when determining phase margin. A more detailed explanation of voltage mode control of a buck regulator can be found in Tech Brief TB417, entitled “Designing Stable Compensation Networks for Single Phase Voltage Mode Buck Regulators.” Layout Considerations Layout is very important in high frequency switching converter design. With power devices switching efficiently between 500kHz and 1.2MHz, the resulting current transitions from one device to another cause voltage spikes across the interconnecting impedances and parasitic circuit elements. These voltage spikes can degrade efficiency, radiate noise into the circuit, and lead to device overvoltage stress. Careful component layout and printed circuit board design minimizes these voltage spikes. 17 As an example, consider the turn-off transition of the control MOSFET. Prior to turn-off, the MOSFET is carrying the full load current. During turn-off, current stops flowing in the MOSFET and is picked up by the lower MOSFET. Any parasitic inductance in the switched current path generates a large voltage spike during the switching interval. Careful component selection, tight layout of the critical components, and short, wide traces minimizes the magnitude of voltage spikes. There are two sets of critical components in the ISL8502 switching converter. The switching components are the most critical because they switch large amounts of energy, and therefore tend to generate large amounts of noise. Next, are the small signal components, which connect to sensitive nodes or supply critical bypass current and signal coupling. A multi-layer printed circuit board is recommended. Figure 36 shows the connections of the critical components in the converter. Note that capacitors CIN and COUT could each represent numerous physical capacitors. Dedicate one solid layer (usually a middle layer of the PC board) for a ground plane and make all critical component ground connections with vias to this layer. Dedicate another solid layer as a power plane and break this plane into smaller islands of common voltage levels. Keep the metal runs from the PHASE terminals to the output inductor short. The power plane should support the input power and output power nodes. Use copper filled polygons on the top and bottom circuit layers for the phase nodes. Use the remaining printed circuit layers for small signal wiring. The wiring traces from the GATE pins to the MOSFET gates should be kept short and wide enough to easily handle the 1A of drive current. In order to dissipate heat generated by the internal VTT LDO, the ground pad, pin 29, should be connected to the internal ground plane through at least five vias. This allows the heat to move away from the IC and also ties the pad to the ground plane through a low impedance path. The switching components should be placed close to the ISL8502 first. Minimize the length of the connections between the input capacitors, CIN, and the power switches by placing them nearby. Position both the ceramic and bulk input capacitors as close to the upper MOSFET drain as possible. Position the output inductor and output capacitors between the upper and lower MOSFETs and the load. Make the PGND and the output capacitors as short as possible. The critical small signal components include any bypass capacitors, feedback components, and compensation components. Place the PWM converter compensation components close to the FB and COMP pins. The feedback resistors should be located as close as possible to the FB pin with vias tied straight to the ground plane as required. FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 VIN PVCC 5V VIN CIN CBP1 ISL8502 L1 RBP CBP2 VOUT1 PGND LOAD VCC PHASE COUT1 COMP C2 C1 R2 R1 FB R4 C3 R3 GND PAD KEY ISLAND ON POWER PLANE LAYER ISLAND ON CIRCUIT AND/OR POWER PLANE LAYER VIA CONNECTION TO GROUND PLANE FIGURE 36. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER PLANES AND ISLANDS All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems. Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries. For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com 18 FN6389.2 June 29, 2010 ISL8502 Package Outline Drawing L24.4x4D 24 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE Rev 2, 10/06 4X 2.5 4.00 A 20X 0.50 B PIN 1 INDEX AREA PIN #1 CORNER (C 0 . 25) 24 19 1 4.00 18 2 . 50 ± 0 . 15 13 0.15 (4X) 12 7 0.10 M C A B 0 . 07 24X 0 . 23 +- 0 . 05 4 24X 0 . 4 ± 0 . 1 TOP VIEW BOTTOM VIEW SEE DETAIL "X" 0.10 C C 0 . 90 ± 0 . 1 BASE PLANE ( 3 . 8 TYP ) SEATING PLANE 0.08 C SIDE VIEW ( 2 . 50 ) ( 20X 0 . 5 ) C 0 . 2 REF 5 ( 24X 0 . 25 ) 0 . 00 MIN. 0 . 05 MAX. ( 24X 0 . 6 ) DETAIL "X" TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN NOTES: 1. Dimensions are in millimeters. Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only. 2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994. 3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal ± 0.05 4. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip. 5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature. 6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 indentifier may be either a mold or mark feature. 19 FN6389.2 June 29, 2010