LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 40V 400mA Synchronous Step-Down Battery Charger FEATURES DESCRIPTION Wide Input Voltage Range: 4.4V to 40V nn Temperature Compensated Input Voltage Regulation for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) nn Adjustable Float Voltage 3.5V to 18V (LTC4121) nn Fixed 4.2V Float Voltage Option (LTC4121-4.2) nn High Efficiency: Up to 95% nn 50mA to 400mA Programmable Charge Current nn ±1% Feedback Voltage Accuracy nn Programmable 5% Accurate Charge Current nn Thermally Enhanced, Low Profile (0.75mm) 16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) QFN Package The LTC®4121 is a 400mA constant-current/constantvoltage (CC/CV) synchronous step-down battery charger. In addition to CC/CV operation, the LTC4121 regulates its input voltage to a programmable percentage of the input open-circuit voltage. This technique maintains maximum power transfer with high impedance input sources such as solar panels. nn APPLICATIONS Handheld Instruments Solar Powered Devices nn Industrial/Military Sensors and Devices nn nn L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology, the Linear logo and Burst Mode are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. An external resistor programs the charge current up to 400mA. The LTC4121-4.2 is suitable for charging Li-Ion/ Polymer batteries, while the programmable float voltage of the LTC4121 is suitable for several battery chemistries. The LTC4121 and LTC4121-4.2 include an accurate RUN pin threshold, low voltage battery preconditioning and bad battery fault detection, timer termination, auto-recharge, and NTC temperature qualified charging. The FAULT pin provides an indication of bad battery or temperature faults. Once charging is terminated, the LTC4121 signals end-ofcharge via the CHRG pin, and enters a low current SLEEP mode. An auto-restart feature starts a new charging cycle if the battery voltage drops by 2.2%. TYPICAL APPLICATION High Efficiency, Wide Input Voltage Range Charging with LTC4121 10k INTVCC RUN BOOST MPPT + – LTC4121 SW 97 BAT 1.96M PROG FREQ 22µF FB 787k RPROG 95 22nF SLF6025T-470MR48 CHGSNS VIN VBAT + 200mV TO 40V GND FBG 200mA, RPROG = 6.04k 400mA, RPROG = 3.01k 2.2µF + EFFICIENCY (%) 10µF IN LTC4121 Efficiency vs VIN at VFLOAT = 8.4V 93 91 89 Li-Ion 87 4121 TA01a VBAT = 8.3V 5 10 15 20 25 VIN (V) 30 35 40 4121 TA01b 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 1 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Note 1) IN, RUN, CHRG, FAULT, MPPT.................... –0.3V to 43V BOOST.................................... VSW – 0.3V to (VSW + 6V) SW (DC)......................................... –0.3V to (VIN + 0.3V) SW (Pulsed <100ns).......................–1.5V to (VIN + 1.5V) CHGSNS, BAT, FB/BATSNS, FBG................. –0.3V to 18V FREQ, NTC, PROG, INTVCC........................... –0.3V to 6V ICHGSNS, IBAT...................................................... ±600mA ICHRG , IFAULT, .........................................................±5mA IFB, IFBG (LTC4121)..................................................±5mA IBATSNS (LTC4121-4.2)............................................±5mA IINTVCC................................................................... –5mA Operating Junction Temperature Range (Note 2)................................................... –40°C to 125°C Storage Temperature Range..................... –65°C to 150° PIN CONFIGURATION LTC4121 LTC4121-4.2 12 NTC INTVCC 1 BOOST 2 11 FBG BOOST 2 10 FB 7 8 GND FREQ CHGSNS 10 BATSNS SW 4 UD PACKAGE 16-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC QFN 9 5 6 7 8 CHGSNS 6 BAT FREQ 5 MPPT 9 11 NC GND IN 3 GND SW 4 12 NTC MPPT GND PROG 16 15 14 13 INTVCC 1 IN 3 CHRG RUN 16 15 14 13 FAULT TOP VIEW PROG CHRG FAULT RUN TOP VIEW BAT UD PACKAGE 16-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC QFN TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 54°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB TO OBTAIN θJA TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 54°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB TO OBTAIN θJA ORDER INFORMATION (http://www.linear.com/product/LTC4121#orderinfo) LTC4121 Options PART NUMBER FLOAT VOLTAGE LTC4121 Programmable LTC4121-4.2 4.2V Fixed LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC4121EUD#PBF LTC4121EUD#TRPBF LGHC 16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C LTC4121IUD#PBF LTC4121IUD#TRPBF LGHC 16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C LTC4121EUD-4.2#PBF LTC4121EUD-4.2#TRPBF LGMV 16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C LTC4121IUD-4.2#PBF LTC4121IUD-4.2#TRPBF 16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C LGMV Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/. Some packages are available in 500 unit reels through designated sales channels with #TRMPBF suffix. 2 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = VRUN = 15V, VCHGSNS = VBAT = 4V, RPROG = 3.01k, VFB = 2.29V (LTC4121), VBATSNS = 4V (LTC4121-4.2). Current into a pin is positive out of a pin is negative. (Note 2) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS IIN DC Supply Current UNITS 40 V 0 18 V LTC4121-4.2 0 Switching: FREQ = GND 4.2 3.5 V mA l 142 260 µA l 60 110 µA Disabled Mode: VSD < VRUN < VEN (Note 4) l 37 80 µA Shutdown Mode: (Note 4) l 20 40 µA Differential Undervoltage Lockout VIN – VBAT Falling, VIN = 5V (LTC4121) VIN – VBATSNS Falling, VIN = 5V (LTC4121-4.2) l 80 160 mV Hysteresis VIN – VBAT Rising, VIN = 5V (LTC4121) VIN – VBATSNS Rising, VIN = 5V (LTC4121-4.2) INTVCC Undervoltage Lockout (Note 5) INTVCC Rising, VIN = INTVCC + 100mV Hysteresis INTVCC Falling Sleep Mode: (Note 4) LTC4121-4.2: VBATSNS = 4.4V LTC4121: VFB = 2.51V (Note 6) UVINTVCC MAX 4.4 l Standby Mode: (Note 4) ∆VDUVLO TYP LTC4121 (Note 3) Operating Input Supply Range Battery Voltage Range MIN 20 115 l 4.00 4.15 mV 4.26 220 V mV Battery Charger IBAT BAT Standby Current Standby Mode (LTC4121) (Notes 4, 8, 9) Standby Mode (LTC4121-4.2) (Notes 4, 8, 9) l l 2.5 50 4.5 1000 µA nA BAT Shutdown Current Shutdown Mode (LTC4121) (Notes 4, 8, 9) Shutdown Mode (LTC4121-4.2) (Notes 4, 8, 9) l l 1100 10 2000 1000 nA nA BATSNS Standby Current (LTC4121-4.2) Standby Mode (Notes 4, 8, 9) l 5.4 10 µA BATSNS Shutdown Current (LTC4121-4.2) Shutdown Mode (Notes 4, 8, 9) l 1100 2000 nA IFB Feedback Pin Bias Current (LTC4121) VFB = 2.5V (Note 6) l 25 60 nA IFBG_LEAK Feedback Ground Leakage Current (LTC4121) Shutdown Mode (Note 4) l 1 µA RFBG Feedback Ground Return Resistance (LTC4121) 1000 2000 Ω VFB(REG) Feedback Pin Regulation Voltage (LTC4121) 2.400 2.407 V 2.418 V 4.212 V IBATSNS VFLOAT Regulated Float Voltage (LTC4121-4.2) ICHG Battery Charge Current VRCHG Battery Recharge Threshold VRCHG_4.2 hPROG Ratio of BAT Current to PROG Current VPROG PROG Pin Servo Voltage RSNS CHGSNS-BAT Sense Resistor l (Note 6) 2.393 l 2.370 4.188 4.200 l 4.148 RPROG = 3.01k l 383 402 421 mA RPROG = 24.3k l 45 50 55 mA VFB Falling Relative to VFB(REG) (LTC4121) l –38 –49 –62 mV VBATSNS Falling Relative to VFLOAT (LTC4121-4.2) l –70 –93 –114 mV VTRKL < VFB < VFB(REG) (LTC4121), VTRKL_42 < VBATSNS < VFLOAT (LTC4121-4.2) 988 l IBAT = –100mA 4.231 1.206 1.227 300 V mA/mA 1.248 V mΩ 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 3 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = VRUN = 15V, VCHGSNS = VBAT = 4V, RPROG = 3.01k, VFB = 2.29V (LTC4121), VBATSNS = 4V (LTC4121-4.2). Current into a pin is positive out of a pin is negative. (Note 2) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS ILOWBAT Low Battery Linear Charge Current VFB < VTRKL, VBAT = 2.6V (LTC4121) (Note 6) MIN TYP MAX 6 9 16 2.15 2.21 2. 28 UNITS mA VBATSNS < VTRKL_4.2, VBAT = 2.6V (LTC4121-4.2) VLOWBAT Low Battery Threshold Voltage VBAT Rising (LTC4121) VBATSNS Rising (LTC4121-4.2) l Hysteresis ITRKL Switch Mode Trickle Charge Current VLOWBAT < VBAT, VFB < VTRKL (LTC4121) (Note 6) V 147 mV ICHG /10 mA 122 mV VLOWBAT < VBATSNS < VTRKL_42 (LTC4121-4.2) PROG Pin Servo Voltage in Trickle Charge VLOWBAT < VBAT, VFB > VTRKL (LTC4121) (Note 6) VTRKL Trickle Charge Threshold (LTC4121) VFB Rising (Note 6) Hysteresis (LTC4121) VFB Falling (Note 6) VTRKL_4.2 Trickle Charge Threshold (LTC4121-4.2) VBATSNS Rising Hysteresis (LTC4121-4.2) VBATSNS Falling End of Charge Indication Current Ratio (Note 7) VLOWBAT < VBATSNS < VTRKL_42 (LTC4121-4.2) hC/10 l 1.65 1.68 l 2.86 2.91 1.71 50 V mV 2.98 88 V mV 0.1 mA/mA Safety Timer Termination Period 1.3 2.0 2.8 hrs Bad Battery Termination Timeout 19 30 42 min Switcher fOSC Switching Frequency tMIN_ON Minimum Controllable On-Time FREQ = INTVCC l 1.0 1.5 2.0 MHz FREQ = GND l 0.5 0.75 1.0 MHz 120 Duty Cycle Maximum ns 94 % Top Switch RDSON ISW = –100mA 0.8 Ω Bottom Switch RDSON ISW = 100mA 0.5 Ω IPEAK Peak Inductor Current Limit Measured Across RSNS with a 15µH Inductor in Series with RSNS (Note 10) ISW Switch Pin Current (Note 9) 585 1050 1250 mA IN Open-Circuit, VBAT = VSW = 4.2V (LTC4121-4.2) l 7 15 µA IN Open-Circuit, VBAT = VSW = 8.4V (LTC4121) 15 30 µA l Status Pins FAULT, CHRG Pin Output Voltage Low I = 2mA Pin Leakage Current V = 43V, Pin High-Impedance Cold Temperature VNTC /VINTVCC Fault Rising VNTC Threshold 550 mV 0 1 µA 74 75 NTC l 73 Falling VNTC Threshold Hot Temperature VNTC /VINTVCC Fault Falling VNTC Threshold 72 l 35.5 l 1 Rising VNTC Threshold NTC Disable Voltage Falling VNTC Threshold 4 VNTC = VINTVCC 37.5 37.5 Rising VNTC Threshold NTC Input Leakage Current 36.5 2 %INTVCC %INTVCC 3 3 –50 %INTVCC %INTVCC %INTVCC %INTVCC 50 nA 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = VRUN = 15V, VCHGSNS = VBAT = 4V, RPROG = 3.01k, VFB = 2.29V (LTC4121), VBATSNS = 4V (LTC4121-4.2). Current into a pin is positive out of a pin is negative. (Note 2) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS Enable Threshold VRUN Rising Hysteresis VRUN Falling MIN TYP MAX UNITS 2.35 2.45 2.55 V RUN VEN VSD Run Pin Input Current VRUN = 40V Shutdown Threshold VRUN Falling l 200 0.01 l 0.4 Hysteresis mV 0.1 µA 1.2 V 220 mV FREQ FREQ Pin Input Low l FREQ Pin Input High 0.4 V l FREQ Pin Input Current 0 < VFREQ < VINTVCC IMPPT MPPT Pin Leakage Current VMPPT = 4.2V TMP MPPT Sample Period Period Between Charger Disabled Events PWMP MPPT Sample Pulse Width Charger Disabled Pulse Width KF Internal Divider Gain Internal DAC Voltage as a Ratio to VIN VMP(OS) MPPT Error Amp Gain Offset VMPPT – VDAC, IBAT = 50%• ICHG 3.6 V ±1 µA 1000 nA MPPT Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LTC4121 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that TJ ≈ TA. The LTC4121E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications for junction temperatures from 0°C to 85°C. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC4121I is guaranteed over the full –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range. Note that the maximum ambient temperature consistent with these specifications is determined by specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated package thermal impedance, and other environmental factors. Note 3: If a battery voltage greater than 11V can be hot plugged to the LTC4121 a reverse blocking diode is required in series with the BAT pin to prevent large inrush current into the low impedance BAT pin. 15 l 28 s 36 ms 0.098 0.1 0.102 V/V 10 –45 –100 mV Note 4: Standby mode occurs when the LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 stops switching due to an NTC fault, MPPT pause, or when the charge current has dropped low enough to enter Burst Mode operation. Disabled mode occurs when VRUN is between VSD and VEN. Shutdown mode occurs when VRUN is below VSD or when the differential undervoltage lockout is engaged. Sleep mode occurs after a timeout while the battery voltage remains above the VRCHG or VRCHG_42 threshold. Note 5: The internal supply INTVCC should only be used for the NTC divider, it should not be used for any other loads Note 6: For the LTC4121, the FB pin is measured with a resistance of 588k in series with the pin. Note 7: hC/10 is expressed as a fraction of measured full charge current as measured at the PROG pin voltage when the CHRG pin de-asserts. Note 8: In an application circuit with an inductor connected from SW to CHGSNS, the total battery leakage current when disabled is the sum of IBATSNS and ISW (LTC4121-4.2) or IBAT and IFBG_LEAK and ISW (LTC4121). Note 9: When no supply is present at IN, the SW powers IN through the body diode of the top side switch. This may cause additional SW pin current depending on the load present at IN. Note 10: Guaranteed by design and/or correlation to static test. 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 5 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Typical VFB(REG) vs Temperature 4.24 4.23 2.41 4.22 2.40 4.21 VFLOAT (V) 2.39 2.38 HIGH LIMIT DUT1 DUT2 DUT3 DUT4 LOW LIMIT 2.37 2.36 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3 UNITS TESTED LTC4121-4.2 VIN = 5V HIGH LIMIT DUT1 VFLOAT DUT2 VFLOAT DUT3 VFLOAT LOW LIMIT 4.20 4.19 90 4.15 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 80 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) STANDBY FREQ HIGH STANDBY FREQ LOW 4121 G03 BAT Pin Sleep/Shutdown Current vs Temperature 8 Feedback Pin Standby or Sleep/ Disabled Current vs Temperature 60 LTC4121 7 LTC4121 50 STANDBY VFB = 2.51V SLEEP/DIS VFB = 2.51V 6 IBAT (µA) IIN (µA) 120 4.16 VIN = 15V 50 40 5 4 SLEEP VBAT = 8.4V SLEEP VBAT = 4.2V SHUTDOWN VBAT = 8.4V SHUTDOWN VBAT = 4.2V 40 3 30 20 2 20 SLEEP DIS SD 10 10 1 0 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4121 G06 4121 G05 4121 G04 BATSNS Pin Sleep/Standby or Shutdown/Disabled Current vs Temperature BAT Pin Standby/Sleep/Shutdown Current vs Temperature 800 LTC4121-4.2 7 700 6 600 5 500 SLEEP/STANDBY VBATSNS = 4.25V SHUTDOWN/DIS VBATSNS = 4.25V 3 IBAT (nA) IBATSNS (µA) 130 4121 G02 30 1 100 4121 G07 1120 1100 1080 3 UNITS TESTED DUT1 DUT2 DUT3 1040 300 200 Typical RSNS Current Limit IPEAK vs Temperature LTC4121-4.2 SHUTDOWN VBAT = 4.25V STANDBY VBAT = 4.25V SLEEP VBAT = 4.25V 400 2 0 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 6 140 100 60 4 150 4.17 70 8 160 110 IN Pin Sleep/Disabled/Shutdown Current vs Temperature 80 VIN = 15V 4.18 4121 G01 90 170 IFB (nA) VFB(REG) (V) 2.42 180 4.25 LTC4121 VIN = 15V IIN (µA) 4 UNITS TESTED IN Pin Standby Current vs Temperature Typical VFLOAT vs Temperature IPEAK (mA) 2.43 TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 1020 1000 980 960 940 0 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4121 G08 920 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4121 G09 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Typical Battery Charge Current vs Temperature Efficiency vs IBAT 450 100 400 VIN = 15V VBAT = 3.8V RPROG = 3.01k RPROG = 6.04k RPROG = 12.1k RPROG = 24.3k 350 300 80 ICHG (mA) EFFICIENCY (%) 90 VIN = 9V VIN = 14V VIN = 19V VIN = 24V 70 60 100 0 200 IBAT (mA) 300 250 200 150 LTC4121-42 VBAT = 4.2V FREQ = LOW LSW = SLF12575T-470M2R7 50 40 TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 100 50 0 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 400 4121 G11 4121 G10 Burst Mode Trigger Current Typical Solar Charging Cycle VBAT 350 IBAT 300 4.0 90 3.5 80 3.0 2.5 250 200 BAT = 500mAHr LSW = TDK SLF7045 47µH RFB1 = 732k, RFB2 = 976k RPROG = 3.01k 150 100 50 0 100 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 TIME (HR) 2.0 VCHRG 1.5 2.5 3 VBAT, VCHRG (V) BATTERY CURRENT (mA) 400 4.5 70 IBAT (mA) 450 60 50 40 30 1.0 20 0.5 10 0 0 3.5 RPROG = 3.01kΩ RPROG = 6.04kΩ 5 10 15 20 25 VIN (V) 30 35 4121 G13 4121 G12 IN Pin Shutdown Current vs Input Voltage Typical Burst Mode Waveforms 80 VPROG 200mV/DIV ISW 200mA/DIV VIN = 15V VBAT = 4.2V IBAT = 38mA FREQ = GND 4µs/DIV 4121 G14 80 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 VIN (V) DISABLED 130°C DISABLED 25°C DISABLED –45°C 70 IIN (µA) IIN (µA) VSW 5V/DIV IN Pin Disabled Current vs Input Voltage SHUTDOWN 130°C SHUTDOWN 25°C SHUTDOWN –45°C 70 40 30 35 40 4121 G15 0 5 10 15 20 25 VIN (V) 30 35 40 4121 G16 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 7 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS IN Pin Switching Current vs Input Voltage 7 IN Pin Sleep Current vs Input Voltage 140 IBAT = 0 180 170 160 100 3 2 150 80 IIIN (µA) FREQ = INTVCC 4 60 130°C 25°C –45°C 1 5 10 15 20 25 VIN (V) 30 35 0 130 120 100 20 40 140 110 40 FREQ = GND 0 IN Pin Standby Current vs Input Voltage SLEEP 130°C SLEEP 25°C SLEEP –45°C 120 IIIN (µA) IIN(SWITCHING) (mA) 6 5 TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. STANDBY FREQ HIGH 25°C STANDBY FREQ LOW 25°C 90 5 10 15 4121 G17 20 25 VIN (V) 30 35 40 4121 G18 80 5 10 15 20 25 VIN (V) 30 35 40 4121 G19 PIN FUNCTIONS INTVCC (Pin 1): Internal Low Drop Out (LDO) Regulator Output Pin. This pin is the output of an internal linear regulator that generates the internal INTVCC supply from IN. It also supplies power to the switch gate drivers and the low battery linear charge current ILOWBAT. Connect a 2.2µF low ESR capacitor from INTVCC to GND. Do not place any external load on INTVCC other than the NTC bias network. Overloading this pin can disrupt internal operation. When the RUN pin is above VEN, and INTVCC rises above the UVLO threshold and IN rises above BAT by ∆VDUVLO and its hysteresis, the charger is enabled. BOOST (Pin 2): Boosted Supply Pin. Connect a 22nF boost capacitor from this pin to the SW pin. IN (Pin 3): Positive Input Power Supply. Decouple to GND with a 10µF or larger low ESR capacitor. The input supply impedance and the input decoupling capacitor form an RC network that must settle during the MPPT sample pulse width of about 36ms. This allows the LTC4121 to sample the open-circuit voltage. SW (Pin 4): Switch Pin. The SW pin delivers power from IN to BAT via the step-down switching regulator. An inductor should be connected from SW to CHGSNS. See the Applications Information section for a discussion of inductor selection. 8 GND (Pin 5, Exposed Pad Pin 17): Ground Pin. Connect to Exposed Pad. The Exposed Pad must be soldered to PCB GND to provide a low electrical and thermal impedance connection to ground. MPPT (Pin 6): Maximum Power Point Tracking Pin. This pin is used to program an input voltage regulation loop. Connect an external resistive divider from VIN to MPPT to GND. This divider programs the maximum power point voltage as percentage of the input open-circuit voltage. For more information on programming the MPPT resistive divider refer to the Application Information section. If the input voltage regulation feature is not used, connect MPPT to either INTVCC or IN with a minimum 10k resistor. Keep parasitic capacitance at the MPPT pin to a minimum as capacitance at this pin forms a pole that may interfere with switching regulator stability. FREQ (Pin 7): Step-Down Regulator Switching Frequency Select Input Pin. Connect to INTVCC to select a 1.5MHz switching frequency or GND to select a 750kHz switching frequency. Do not float. CHGSNS (Pin 8): Battery Charge Current Sense Pin. An internal current sense resistor between CHGSNS and BAT pins monitors battery charge current. An inductor should be connected from SW to CHGSNS. 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 PIN FUNCTIONS BAT (Pin 9): Battery Output Pin. Battery charge current is delivered from this pin through the internal charge current sense resistor. In low battery conditions a small linear charge current, ILOWBAT, is sourced from this pin to precondition the battery. Decouple the BAT pin with a low ESR 22µF ceramic capacitor to GND. BATSNS (Pin 10, LTC4121-4.2 Only): Battery Voltage Sense Pin. For proper operation, this pin must always be connected physically close to the positive battery terminal. FB (Pin 10, LTC4121 Only): Battery Voltage Feedback Reference Pin. The charge function operates to achieve a final float voltage of 2.4V at this pin. Battery float voltage is programmed using a resistive divider from BAT to FB to FBG, and can be programmed from 3.5V up to 18V. The feedback pin input bias current, IFB, is 25nA. Using a resistive divider with a Thevenin equivalent resistance of 588k compensates for input bias current error. FBG (Pin 11, LTC4121 Only): Feedback Ground Pin. This pin disconnects the external FB divider load from the battery when it is not needed. When sensing the battery voltage this pin presents a low resistance, RFBG, to GND. When in disabled or shutdown modes this pin is high impedance. NTC (Pin 12): Input to the Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor Monitoring Circuit. The NTC pin connects to a negative temperature coefficient thermistor which is typically co-packaged with the battery to determine if the battery is too hot or too cold to charge. If the battery’s temperature is out of range, the LTC4121 enters STANDBY mode and charging is paused until the battery temperature re-enters the valid range. A low drift bias resistor is required from INTVCC to NTC and a thermistor is required from NTC to GND. Tie the NTC pin to GND, and omit the NTC resistive divider to disable NTC qualified charging if NTC functionality is not required. PROG (Pin 13): Charge Current Program and Charge Current Monitor Pin. Connect a 1% resistor between 3.01k (400mA) and 24.3k (50mA) from PROG to ground to program the charge current. While in constant-current mode, this pin regulates to 1.227V. The voltage at this pin represents the average charge current using the following formula: ICHG = hPROG • VPROG RPROG where hPROG is typically 988. Keep parasitic capacitance on the PROG pin to a minimum. If monitoring charge current via the voltage at the PROG pin add a series resistor of at least 2k to isolate stray capacitance from this node. CHRG (Pin 14): Open-drain Charge Status Output Pin. Typically pulled up through a resistor to a reference voltage, the CHRG pin indicates the status of the battery charger. The pin can be pulled up to voltages as high as IN when disabled, and can sink currents up to 5mA when enabled. When the battery is being charged, the CHRG pin is pulled low. When the termination timer expires or the charge current drops below 10% of the programmed value, the CHRG pin is forced to a high impedance state. FAULT (Pin 15): Open-drain Fault Status Output Pin. Typically pulled up through a resistor to a reference voltage, this status pin indicates fault conditions during a charge cycle. The pin can be pulled up to voltages as high as IN when disabled, and can sink currents up to 5mA when enabled. An NTC temperature fault causes this pin to be pulled low. A bad battery fault also causes this pin to be pulled low. If no fault conditions exist, the FAULT pin remains high impedance. RUN (Pin 16): Run Pin. When RUN is pulled below VEN and its hysteresis, the device is disabled. In disabled mode, battery charge current is zero and the CHRG and FAULT pins assume high impedance states. If the voltage at RUN is pulled below VSD, the device is in SHUTDOWN mode. When the voltage at the RUN pin rises above VEN, the INTVCC LDO turns on. When the INTVCC LDO rises above its UVLO threshold the charger is enabled. The RUN pin should be tied to a resistive divider from VIN to program the input voltage at which charging is enabled. Do not float the RUN pin. 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 9 10 + + + D1 KR • VIN CIN 10µF For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 RMPPT2 RMPPT1 RRUN2 RRUN1 KF • VIN MPPT NTC CHRG FAULT IN R TMP IN-80mV 9R + – 0.9 FREQ + – 2.45V BAT + – RUN IN LTC4121 + – IMPPT NTC INTVCC CNTRL INTVCC DAC INTVCC HOT COLD DISABLE LOWBAT + – KF • VIN +VMP(OS) INTVCC gm 2.21V BAT ITH PWM INTVCC Figure 1. Block Diagram – + SHUTDOWN ENABLE DUVLC ENABLE INTVCC DZ V-EA + – INTVCC C-EA + – INTVCC ENABLE ENABLE 588k LDO FBG FB BAT PROG VFB(REG) RSNS 0.3Ω CHGSNS GND SW BOOST INTVCC RPROG 3.01k RFB2 RFB1 LSW 22µH CBST 22nF CBAT 22µF T CINTVCC 2.2µF 4121 F01 10k RNOM 10k LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 4121fc LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM LTC4121-4.2 INTVCC ITH BATSNS IN-80mV VIN RMPPT1 KR • VIN IN + – R TMP + – CBAT 22µF INTVCC + – 588k Li-Ion 2.4V V-EA INTVCC 9R BAT BATSNS IMPPT KF • VIN RSNS 0.3Ω C-EA DUVLO INTVCC gm MPPT RMPPT2 + – CHGSNS + – ENABLE KF • VIN +VMP(OS) DAC PROG LOWBAT – + BATSNS DZ 2.21V 4121 F02 Figure 2. LTC4121-4.2 BATSNS Connections 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 11 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 OPERATION Overview The LTC4121 is a synchronous step-down (buck) monolithic battery charger with maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) control of the source voltage. The LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 serves as a constant-current/ constant-voltage battery charger with the following built-in charger functions: programmable charge current, battery precondition with ½ hour timeout, precision shutdown/ run control, NTC thermal protection, a 2-hour safety termination timer, and automatic recharge. The LTC4121/ LTC4121-4.2 also provides output pins to indicate state of charge and fault status. demanded charge current. When the input voltage drops to VMP, the charge current is reduced so as to maintain VIN at VMP. VOC VIN RECOVERS VIN TIME TMP = 30s ICHG IBAT PAUSE CHARGER PWMP = 36ms TIME SAMPLE VIN(OC) STORE IN DAC: 23µs 4121 F03 Figure 3. MPPT Timing Diagram Maximum Power Point Tracking The LTC4121 employs an MPPT algorithm that compares a stored open-circuit input voltage measurement against the instantaneous input voltage while charging. The LTC4121 automatically reduces the charge current if the input voltage falls below the user defined percentage of the open-circuit voltage. This algorithm lets the LTC4121 optimize power transfer for a variety of different input sources including first order temperature compensation of a solar panel. The LTC4121 periodically pauses charging to measure the open-circuit voltage allowing the LTC4121 to track fluctuations in the available power. About once every 30 seconds the LTC4121 pauses charging and waits about 36ms (PWMP) for the input voltage to recover to its open-circuit potential. At the end of this recovery time, the LTC4121 samples the input voltage divided by 10 (1/ KF), and stores this value on a digital to analog converter (DAC). When charging resumes, the DAC voltage is compared against the MPPT pin voltage that is programmed with a resistive divider. If the MPPT voltage falls below the DAC voltage, the charge current is reduced to regulate the input voltage at that level. This regulation loop serves to maintain the input voltage at or above a user defined level that corresponds to the peak power available from the applied source. A timing diagram illustrating the sampling of the opencircuit voltage is shown below. The charge current drops to zero and the LTC4121 waits PWMP and then samples the open-circuit voltage. When charging resumes the input voltage collapses if the source cannot support the 12 VMP Connect the MPPT pin to a resistive input voltage divider, as shown in Figure 4, to program the fraction (KR) of the input voltage where the input voltage regulation loop reduces available charge current. The LTC4121 reduces charge current if the MPPT pin voltage falls below the fixed fraction (KF) of the open-circuit voltage (VOC). The ratio of (KF/KR) defines the maximum power voltage (VMP) of the applied power source as a ratio to the open-circuit voltage (VOC) following the relation: VMP KF 0.1 0.1• (RMPPT1 +RMPPT2 ) = = = VOC KR KR RMPPT2 where the MPPT pin resistive divider gain is KR = RMPPT2/ (RMPPT1 + RMPPT2). These equations can be rearranged to solve for RMPPT2 in terms of KF (0.1) and the maximum power voltage divided by the open circuit voltage, (VMP/VOC) as: RMPPT2 = 0.1 • RMPPT1 V MP − 0.1 VOC This function serves to maintain the input voltage at or above the peak power voltage while the LTC4121 charges a battery. Because MPPT operation involves large changes of input voltage, it is important to ensure that the programmed maximum power voltage does not violate minimum input operating conditions: 4.4V or 160mV above the battery voltage, whichever is higher. 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 OPERATION IN CMPPT (OPTIONAL) LTC4121 LTC4121 RFB1 RMPPT1 IMPPT VFLOAT BAT IFB MPPT FB FBG RMPPT2 22µF + Li-Ion RFB2 ENABLE GND 4121 F05 4121 F04 Figure 4. MPPT Resistive Divider When no power source is applied to VIN, for example when using a solar panel source and the panel is in the dark, the MPPT pin divider drains power from the battery through the body diode of the top side switch of the switching regulator. To eliminate this leakage path, the MPPT divider may be connected to the anode of the Schottky diode that is in series with the panel, for examples see Figures 1, 9, or 10. For example, consider charging a battery from a source with an open-circuit voltage of 30V and a source impedance of 120Ω. This resistive supply has a short circuit current of 250mA, and the peak available power of 1.875W occurs with a load of 125mA at 50% of VOC. To program the LTC4120 to optimize the available power for this source simply program VMP /VOC to 50% by selecting the MPPT resistive divider gain KR = 0.2. This is obtained with a resistive divider as shown in Figure 4 with RMPPT2 = RMPPT1 /4. With standard 1% resistors this is approximated with RMPPT1 = 402k, and RMPPT2 = 100k. If the MPPT pin sees excess capacitance to GND, this may affect switching regulator stability. In such cases, one may optionally add a 50pF to 150pF lead capacitor (CMPPT) as shown in Figure 4. The sampling of VOC is done at an extremely low duty cycle so as to have minimum impact on the average charge current. The time between sample events, TMP, is typically about 30 seconds, with an idle time, PWMP, of about 36ms to allow the source to recover to its open-circuit voltage through the time constant associated with the input decoupling capacitor CIN. The time constant for the source to recover to its open-circuit voltage must be kept below the idle period. Limit the Figure 5. Programming the Float Voltage with LTC4121 input capacitor to 10µF to avoid increasing the source recovery time. Programming the Battery Float Voltage For the LTC4121, the battery float voltage is programmed by placing a resistive divider from the battery to FB and FBG as shown in Figure 5. The battery float voltage is programmable anywhere from 3.5V up to 18V. The programmable battery float voltage, VFLOAT, is then governed by the following equation: VFLOAT = VFB(REG) • (RFB1 +RFB2 ) RFB2 where VFB(REG) is typically 2.4V. Due to the input bias current (IFB) of the voltage error amp (V-EA), care must also be taken to select the Thevenin equivalent resistance of RFB1//RFB2 close to 588kΩ. Start by calculating RFB1 to satisfy the following relations: RFB1 = VFLOAT • 588k VFB(REG) Find the closest 0.1% or 1% resistor to the calculated value. With RFB1 calculate: RFB2 = VFB(REG) • RFB1 VFLOAT − VFB(REG) − 1000Ω Where 1000Ω represent the typical value of RFBG. This is the resistance of the FBG pin which serves as the ground return for the battery float voltage divider. Once RFB1 and RFB2 are selected re-calculate the value of VFLOAT obtained with the resistors available. If the error 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 13 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 OPERATION is too large substitute another standard resistor value for RFB1 and recalculate RFB2. Repeat until the float voltage error is acceptable. PROG resistor sets the maximum charge current, or the current delivered while the charger is operating in constant-current (CC) mode. Table 1 and Table 2 below list recommended standard 0.1% and 1% resistor values for common battery float voltages. Analog Charge Current Monitor Table 1. Recommended 0.1% Resistors for Common VFLOAT VFLOAT (V) RFB1 (kΩ) RFB2 (kΩ) TYPICAL ERROR (%) 3.6 887 1780 –0.13 4.1 1010 1420 0.15 4.2 1010 1350 –0.13 7.2 1800 898 0.08 8.2 2000 825 0.14 8.4 2050 816 0.27 Table 2 Recommended 1% Resistors for Common VFLOAT VFLOAT (V) RFB1 (kΩ) RFB2 (kΩ) TYPICAL ERROR (%) 3.6 887 1780 –0.13 4.1 1000 1430 0.26 4.2 1020 1370 –0.34 7.2 1780 887 0.16 8.2 2000 825 0.14 8.4 2100 845 –0.50 The PROG pin provides a voltage signal proportional to the actual charge current. Care must be exercised in measuring this voltage as any capacitance at the PROG pin forms a pole that may cause loop instability. If observing the PROG pin voltage, add a series resistor of at least 2k and limit stray capacitance at this node to less than 50pF. In the event that the input voltage cannot support the demanded charge current, the PROG pin voltage may not represent the actual charge current. In cases such as this, the PWM switch frequency drops as the charger enters dropout operation where the top switch remains on for more than one clock cycle as the inductor current attempts to ramp up to the desired current. If the top switch remains on in dropout for 8 clock cycles a dropout detector forces the bottom switch on for the remainder of the 8th cycle. In such a case, the PROG pin voltage remains at 1.227V, but the charge current may not reach the desired level. Programming the Charge Current NTC Thermal Battery Protection The current-error amp (C-EA) measures the current through an internal 0.3Ω current sense resistor between the CHGSNS and BAT pins. The C-EA outputs a fraction of the charge current, 1/hPROG, to the PROG pin. The voltage-error amp (V-EA) and PWM control circuitry can limit the PROG pin voltage to control charge current. An internal clamp (DZ) limits the PROG pin voltage to VPROG, which in turn limits the charge current to: The LTC4121 monitors battery temperature using a thermistor during the charging cycle. If the battery temperature moves outside a safe charging range, the IC suspends charging and signals a fault condition until the tempera- h •V 1212V ICHG = PROG PROG = RPROG RPROG ICHG _ TRKL = 120V RPROG where hPROG is typically 988, VPROG is either 1.227V or 122mV during trickle charge, and RPROG is the resistance of the grounded resistor applied to the PROG pin. The LTC4121 BAT INTVCC RBIAS TOO COLD + – TOO HOT + – IGNORE NTC + – NTC RADJ OPT 74% INTVCC 37% INTVCC RNTC + T Li-Ion 2% INTVCC 4121 F06 Figure 6. NTC Connection 14 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 OPERATION ture returns to the safe charging range. The safe charging range is determined by two comparators that monitor the voltage at the NTC pin. NTC qualified charging is disabled if the NTC pin is pulled below about 85mV (VDIS). Thermistor manufacturers usually include either a temperature lookup table identified with a characteristic curve number, or a formula relating temperature to the resistor value. Each thermistor is also typically designated by a thermistor gain value B25/85. The NTC pin should be connected to a voltage divider from INTVCC to GND as shown in Figure 6. In the simple application (RADJ = 0) a 1% resistor, RBIAS, with a value equal to the resistance of the thermistor at 25°C is connected from INTVCC to NTC, and a thermistor is connected from NTC to GND. With this setup, the LTC4121 pauses charging when the resistance of the thermistor increases to 285% the RBIAS resistor as the temperature drops. For a Vishay Curve 2 thermistor with B25/85 = 3490 and 25°C resistance of 10kΩ, this corresponds to a temperature of about 0°C. The LTC4121 also pauses charging if the thermistor resistance decreases to 58.8% of the RBIAS resistor. For the same Vishay Curve 2 thermistor, this corresponds to approximately 40°C. With a Vishay Curve 2 thermistor, the hot and cold comparators both have about 2°C of hysteresis to prevent oscillations about the trip points. The NTC comparator trip points are ratio metric to the INTVCC voltage, so NTC trip points are defined as a percentage of INTVCC. The HOT threshold is calculated as 285%/385% = 74% of INTVCC and the COLD threshold is calculated as 58.8%/158% = 37% of INTVCC. The hot and cold trip points may be adjusted using a different type of thermistor, or a different RBIAS resistor, or by adding a desensitizing resistor, RADJ, or by a combination of these measures as shown in Figure 6. For example, by increasing RBIAS to 12.4kΩ, with the same thermistor as before, the cold trip point moves down to –5°C, and the hot trip point moves down to 34°C. If a Vishay Curve 1 thermistor with B25/85 = 3964 and resistance of 100kΩ at 25°C is used, a 1% RBIAS resistor of 118kΩ and a 1% RADJ resistor of 12.1kΩ results in a cold trip point of 0°C, and a hot trip point of 39°C. End-of-Charge Indication and Safety Timeout The LTC4121 uses a safety timer to terminate charging. Whenever the LTC4121 is in constant current mode the timer is paused, and when FB rises or falls through the VRCHG threshold the timer is reset. When the battery voltage reaches the float voltage, the safety timer begins counting down a 2-hour timeout. If charge current falls below one tenth of the programmed maximum charge current (hC/10), the CHRG status pin rises, but top-off charge current continues to flow until the timer finishes. After the timeout, the LTC4121 enters a low-power sleep mode. Automatic Recharge In sleep mode, the IC continues to monitor battery voltage. If the battery falls 2.2% (VRCHG or VRCHG_42) from the fullcharge float voltage, the LTC4121 engages an automatic recharge cycle as the safety timer is reset. Automatic recharge has a built in delay of about 0.5ms to prevent triggering a new charge cycle if a load transient causes the battery voltage to drop temporarily. State of Charge and Fault Status Pins The LTC4121 contains two open-drain outputs which provide charge status and signal fault indications. The CHRG pin pulls low to indicate charging at a rate higher than C/10. The FAULT pin pulls low to indicate a bad battery timeout, or to indicate an NTC thermal fault condition. During NTC faults the CHRG pin remains low, but when a bad-battery timeout occurs the CHRG pin de-asserts. When the open drain outputs are pulled up with a resistor, Table 3 summarizes the charger state that is indicated by the pin voltages. Table 3 LTC4121 Open-Drain Indicators with Resistor Pull-Ups FAULT CHRG CHARGER STATE High High Off or Topping-Off Charge at a Rate Less Than C/10. High Low Charging at Rate Higher Than C/10 Low High Bad Battery Fault Low Low NTC Thermal Fault, Charging Paused Low Battery Voltage Operation The LTC4121 automatically preconditions heavily discharged batteries. If the battery voltage is below VLOWBAT minus its hysteresis (typically 2.05V - e.g. battery pack 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 15 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 OPERATION protection has been engaged) a DC current, ILOWBAT, is applied to the BAT pin from the INTVCC supply. When the battery voltage rises above VLOWBAT, the switching regulator is enabled and charges the battery at a trickle charge level of 10% of the full scale charge current (in addition to the DC ILOWBAT current). Trickle charging of the battery continues until the sensed battery voltage rises above the trickle charge threshold, VTRKL, or VTRKL_42. When the battery rises above the trickle charge threshold the full scale charge current is applied and the DC trickle charge current is turned off. If the battery remains below the trickle charge threshold for more than 30 minutes, charging terminates and the fault status pin is asserted to indicate a bad battery. After a bad battery fault, the LTC4121 automatically restarts a new charge cycle once the failed battery is removed and replaced with another battery. The LTC4121-4.2 monitors the BATSNS pin voltage to sense LOWBAT and TRKL conditions. Precision Run/Shutdown Control The LTC4121 remains in a low power disabled mode until the RUN pin is driven above VEN (typically 2.45V). While the LTC4121 is in disabled mode, current drain from the battery is reduced to extend battery lifetime, the status pins are both de-asserted, and the FBG pin is high impedance. Charging can be stopped at any time by pulling the RUN pin below 2.25V. The LTC4121 also offers an extremely low operating current shutdown mode when the RUN pin is pulled below VSD (typically about 0.7V). In this condition less than 20µA is pulled from the supply at IN. Tie the RUN pin to a resistive divider from the IN supply to program the voltage where the LTC4121 turns on. Examples are shown in Figures 9 and 10. Differential Under Voltage Lockout The LTC4121 monitors the difference between the battery voltage, VBAT, and the input supply voltage, VIN. If the difference (VIN – VBAT) falls to ∆VDUVLO, all functions are disabled and the part is forced into shutdown mode until (VIN – VBAT) rises above the ∆VDUVLO rising threshold. The LTC4121-4.2 monitors the VBATSNS and VIN pin voltages to sense DUVLO condition. 16 User Selectable Switching Regulator Operating Frequency The LTC4121 uses a constant-frequency synchronous step-down switching regulator architecture to produce high operating efficiency. The nominal operating frequency, fOSC, is programmed by pulling the FREQ pin to either INTVCC or to GND to obtain a switching frequency of 1.5MHz or 750kHz, respectively. The high operating frequency allows the use of smaller external components. Selection of the operating frequency is a trade-off between efficiency, component size, and margin from the minimum on-time of the switcher. Operation at lower frequency improves efficiency by reducing internal gate charge and switching losses, but requires larger inductance values to maintain low output ripple. Operation at higher frequency allows the use of smaller components, but may require sufficient margin from the minimum on-time at the lowest duty cycle if fixed-frequency switching is required. PWM Dropout Detector If the input voltage approaches the battery voltage, the LTC4121 may require duty cycles approaching 100%. This mode of operation is known as dropout. In dropout, the operating frequency may fall well below the programmed fOSC value. If the top switch remains on for eight clock cycles, the dropout detector activates and forces the bottom switch on for the remainder of that clock cycle or until the inductor current decays to zero. This avoids a potential source of audible noise when using ceramic input or output capacitors and prevents the boost supply capacitor for the top gate drive from discharging. In dropout operation, the actual charge current may not be able to reach the full-scale programmed value. In such a scenario the analog charge current monitor function does not represent actual charge current being delivered. Burst Mode® Operation At low charge currents, for example during constantvoltage mode, the LTC4121 automatically enters Burst Mode operation. In Burst Mode operation the switcher is periodically forced into standby mode in order to improve 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 OPERATION efficiency. The LTC4121 automatically enters Burst Mode operation after it exits constant-current (CC) mode and as the charge current drops below about 80mA. Burst Mode operation is triggered at lower currents for larger PROG resistors, and depends on the input supply voltage, the battery voltage, and the selected inductor. Refer to the Burst Mode Trigger Current and Typical Burst Mode Waveforms graphs in the Typical Performance Characteristics section for more information on Burst Mode operation. Burst Mode operation has some hysteresis and remains engaged for battery current up to about 150mA, depending on LSW,VIN and VBAT. When operating in Burst Mode, the PROG pin voltage to average charge current relationship is not well defined. This may cause the CHRG pin to de-assert early depending on the amplitude of the burst ripple. Boost Supply Refresh The BOOST supply for the top gate drive in the LTC4121 switching regulator is generated by bootstrapping the BOOST flying capacitor to INTVCC whenever the bottom switch is turned on. This technique provides a voltage of INTVCC from the BOOST pin to the SW pin. In the event that the bottom switch remains off for a prolonged period of time, e.g. during Burst Mode operation, the BOOST supply may require a refresh. Similar to the PWM dropout timer, the LTC4121 counts the number of clock cycles since the last BOOST refresh. When this count reaches 32 the next PWM cycle begins by turning on the bottom side switch first. This pulse refreshes the BOOST flying capacitor to INTVCC and ensures that the top-side gate driver has sufficient voltage to turn on the top side switch at the beginning of the next cycle. Operation without an Input Supply or Shaded Panel When a battery is the only available power source, care should be taken to eliminate loading of the IN pin. Load current on IN drains the battery voltage through the body diode of the top side power switch as VIN falls below VSW. A diode inserted in series with the solar panel, as shown on the front page schematic, eliminates this discharge path. Alternatively, a diode may be placed in series with the BAT pin (as shown in Figure 8). 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 17 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION MPPT Programming The maximum power-point tracking loop is programmed by selecting a resistive divider from IN to MPPT to GND as shown in Figure 4. This user programmable voltage divider (KR) serves to define a fraction of the input voltage that appears at the MPPT pin: KR = RMPPT2 V = MPPT RMPPT1 +RMPPT2 VIN Using the schematic of Figure 4, this ratio is obtained by selecting: K 1− F 75% RMPPT1 = • RMPPT2 KF 75% RMPPT1 = 6.5 • RMPPT2 This fraction of VIN is continuously compared against a fixed fraction of the open-circuit input voltage that is stored within the LTC4121. A fixed internal resistive divider (0.1•VIN) is periodically sampled to compare the opencircuit input voltage against the user defined fraction of the loaded input voltage (KR • VIN). On an interval of TMP, the LTC4121 turns off all charger functions reverting to STANDBY mode. The LTC4121 then waits for a delay, of about 36ms, PWMP, after turning off the charge current to allow the input supply to recover to its open-circuit voltage. Finally, the LTC4121 samples the open-circuit input voltage VOC through a fixed internal divider; KF = 1/10. After sampling the open-circuit voltage, the LTC4121 turns on all functions and reverts to normal operation. During normal operation, the stored 0.1•VOC voltage is compared against the instantaneous MPPT pin voltage: KR • VIN. If the MPPT voltage falls below the stored level, the charge current is reduced to maintain the input voltage. The ratio of 0.1/KR defines the percentage below the open-circuit voltage where charge current is reduced to maintain the maximum input power. Because MPPT operation involves large changes of input voltage, it is important to ensure that the programmed maximum power voltage does not violate minimum input operating conditions: 4.4V or 160mV above the battery voltage, whichever is higher. Using standard 1% resistors, this is obtained with: RMPPT1 = 787k and RMPPT2 = 121k. MPPT Error Terms Uncertainty in programming the MPPT set point is bound by three error terms: MPPT pin leakage, DAC quantization error, and the finite offset error in the MPPT error amp. All error terms are lumped into VMP(OS), with a typical value of –45mV. This offset at the input to the MPPT error amp is multiplied by 1/KR when observed at the IN regulation point, VMP. For example, with the same KR = 0.1333 (RMPPT1 = 787k and RMPPT2 = 121k) the –45mV VMP(OS) error gets amplified to –45mV/0.1333 = –338mV at VIN from the VMP set point of 75% of VOC. If VOC is 30V, the minimum VMP regulation point is about 22.16V, or 73.9% of the opencircuit voltage. For solar panel sources, the available power drops off quickly on the high side, and relatively slowly on the low side, this is illustrated in the curve in Figure 7. For these types of sources, it is usually better to err on the low side when programming the VMP voltage. This is what the LTC4121 does normally, so most users can simply design for a VMP voltage at (or just below) the level specified by the solar panel manufacturer. For more information on solar panels, refer to the panel’s data sheet. For example, to select an MPPT set point, VMP, at 75% of the open-circuit voltage, VOC, select ratio KR using the following relation: KR = 18 KF 0.1 = = 0.1333 75% 0.75 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION The maximum input voltage allowed to maintain constant frequency operation is: 4 25°C POWER (W) 3 VIN(MAX) = where VLOWBAT, is the lowest battery voltage where the switcher is enabled. 50°C 1 0 75°C 2 0 5 20 15 10 PANEL VOLTAGE (V) 25 4121 F07 Figure 7. Typical 3W Panel Power vs Voltage Input Voltage and Minimum On-Time The LTC4121 maintains constant frequency operation under most operating conditions. Under certain situations with high input voltage and high switching frequency selected and a low battery voltage, the LTC4121 may not be able to maintain constant frequency operation. These factors, combined with the minimum on-time of the LTC4121, impose a minimum limit on the duty cycle to maintain fixed-frequency operation. The on-time of the top switch is related to the duty cycle (VBAT/VIN) and the switching frequency, fOSC in Hz: tON = VLOWBAT fOSC • tMIN(ON) VBAT fOSC • VIN When operating from a high input voltage with a low battery voltage, the PWM control algorithm may attempt to enforce a duty cycle which requires an on-time lower than the LTC4121 minimum, tMIN(ON). This minimum duty cycle is approximately 18% for 1.5MHz operation or 9% for 750kHz operation. If this occurs, the charge current and battery voltage remains in regulation, but the switching duty cycle may not remain fixed, or the switching frequency may decreases to an integer fraction of its programmed value. Exceeding the minimum on-time constraint does not affect charge current or battery float voltage, so it may not be of critical importance in most cases and high switching frequencies may be used in the design without any fear of severe consequences. As the sections on Inductor Selection and Capacitor Selection show, high switching frequencies allow the use of smaller board components, thus reducing the footprint of the applications circuit. Fixed-frequency operation may also be influenced by dropout and burst mode operation as discussed previously. Switching Inductor Selection The primary criterion for switching inductor value selection in an LTC4121 charger is the ripple current created in that inductor. Once the inductance value is determined, the saturation current rating for that inductor must be equal to or exceed the maximum peak current in the inductor, IL(PEAK). The peak value of the inductor current is the sum of the programmed charge current, ICHG, plus one half of the ripple current, ∆IL. The peak inductor current must also remain below the current limit of the LTC4121, IPEAK. IL(PEAK) = ICHG + ∆IL 2 < IPEAK The current limit of the LTC4121, IPEAK, is at least 585mA (and at most 1250mA). The typical value of IPEAK is illustrated in a graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics, RSNS Current Limit vs Temperature. 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 19 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION For a given input and battery voltage, the inductor value and switching frequency determines the peak-to-peak ripple current amplitude according to the following formula: ∆IL = ( VIN − VBAT ) • VBAT CIN < PWMP / (5 • RSOURCE), fOSC • VIN • LSW Ripple current is typically set to be within a range of 20% to 40% of the programmed charge current, ICHG. To obtain a ripple current in this range, select an inductor value using the nearest standard inductance value available that obeys the following formula: LSW ≥ ( VIN(MAX) − VFLOAT ) • VFLOAT fOSC • VIN(MAX) • (30% •ICHG ) Reverse Blocking Input Capacitor The LTC4121 charger is biased directly from the input supply at the VIN pin. This supply provides large switched currents, so a high-quality, low ESR decoupling capacitor is recommended to minimize voltage glitches at VIN. Bulk capacitance is a function of the desired input ripple voltage (∆VIN), and follows the relation: CIN(BULK) = VBAT VIN ∆VIN where RSOURCE is the impedance of the power source. For a solar panel this is the impedance of the panel at the open-circuit voltage. Looking at a panel's I-V curve, the source impedance is approximated by (VOC – VMP)/IMP. Typically VMP is about 80% of VOC, so the solar panels source impedance can be approximated as: RSOURCE ≈ VOC / (5 • IMP). Then select an inductor with a saturation current rating greater than IL(PEAK). ICHG • to accurately sample the open-circuit voltage at VIN. Adequate settling is usually achieved in 3 to 5 R-C time constants. To allow the LTC4121 to correctly sample the open-circuit voltage, limit CIN to: (µF) Input ripple voltages (∆VIN) above 0.01V are not recommended. 10µF is typically adequate for most charger applications, with a voltage rating of 40V. When a fully charged battery is suddenly applied to the BAT pin, a large in-rush current charges the CIN capacitor through the body diode of the LTC4121 topside power switch. While the amplitude of this current can exceed several Amps, the LTC4121 will survive provided the battery voltage is below about 11V. To completely eliminate this in-rush current, a blocking P-channel MOSFET should be placed in series with the BAT pin. When the battery is the only source of power, this PMOS also serves to decrease battery drain current due to any load placed at VIN, conducted through the body diode of the topside power switch on the LTC4121. The PMOS body diode shown in Figure 8 serves as the blocking component since CHRG is high impedance when the battery voltage is greater than the input voltage. When CHRG pulls low, i.e. during most of a normal charge cycle, the PMOS is on to reduce power dissipation. The PMOS requires a forward current rating equal to the programmed charge current and a reverse breakdown voltage equal to the programmed float voltage. The input capacitor also forms a pole with the source impedance that supplies power to VIN. This R-C network must settle within the 36ms PWMP period for the LTC4121 20 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION VIN VIN CHRG 4.99k* 49.9k 10µF RUN BAT 4.7µF 2.2µF INTVCC 22µF 470k LTC4121 Li-Ion RFB1 PROG FB RFB2 RPROG GND VIN VIN FBG *ADD 4.99k WHEN MAX BAT VOLTAGE APPROACHES 85% OF VGS LIMIT FOR Si2343. CHRG 49.9k 10µF RUN BAT 4.7µF 2.2µF + SI2343DS INTVCC 22µF 470k SI2343DS LTC4121-4.2 + Li-Ion BATSNS 4121 F08 PROG RPROG GND Figure 8. Reverse Blocking with a P-Channel MOSFET in Series with the BAT Pin BAT Capacitor and Output Ripple: CBAT Boost Supply Capacitor The LTC4121 charger output requires bypass capacitance connected from BAT to GND (CBAT). A 22µF ceramic capacitor is required for all applications. In systems where the battery can be disconnected from the charger output, additional bypass capacitance may be desired. In this type of application, excessive ripple and/or low amplitude oscillations can occur without additional output bulk capacitance. For optimum stability, the additional bulk capacitance should also have a small amount of ESR. For these applications, place a 100µF low ESR non-ceramic capacitor (chip tantalum or organic semiconductor capacitors such as Sanyo OS-CONs or POSCAPs) from BAT to GND, in parallel with the 22µF ceramic bypass capacitor, or use large ceramic capacitors with an additional small series ESR resistor of less than 1Ω. This additional bypass capacitance may also be required in systems where the battery is connected to the charger with long wires. The voltage rating of all capacitors applied to CBAT must meet or exceed the battery float voltage. The BOOST pin provides a bootstrapped supply rail that provides power to the top gate drivers. The operating voltage of the BOOST pin is internally generated from INTVCC whenever the SW pin pulls low. This provides a floating voltage of INTVCC above SW that is held by a capacitor tied from BOOST to SW. A low ESR ceramic capacitor of 10nF to 33nF is sufficient, with a voltage rating of 6V. INTVCC Supply and Capacitor Power for the top and bottom gate drivers and most other internal circuitry is derived from the INTVCC pin. A low ESR ceramic capacitor of 2.2µF is required on the INTVCC pin. The INTVCC supply has a relatively low current limit (about 20mA) that is dialed back when INTVCC is low to reduce power dissipation. Do not use the INTVCC voltage to supply power for any external circuitry except for the NTCBIAS network. When the RUN pin is above VEN, the INTVCC supply is enabled, and when INTVCC rises above UVINTVCC, the charger is enabled. 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 21 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Calculating IC Power Dissipation PCB Layout The user should ensure that the maximum rated junction temperature is not exceeded under all operating conditions. The thermal resistance of the LTC4121 package (θJA) is 54°C/W; provided that the Exposed Pad is in good thermal contact with the PCB. The actual thermal resistance in the application will depend on the forced air cooling and other heat sinking means, especially the amount of copper on the PCB to which the LTC4121 is attached. The actual power dissipation while charging is approximated by the following formula: To prevent magnetic and electrical field radiation and high frequency resonant problems, proper layout of the components connected to the LTC4121 is essential. For maximum efficiency, the switch node rise and fall times should be minimized. The following PCB design priority list will help insure proper topology. Layout the PCB using the guidelines listed below in this specific order: ( ) PD = VIN − VBAT •ITRKL 2.Place the inductor as close as possible to the SW pin. Minimize the surface area of the SW pin node. Make the trace width the minimum needed to support the programmed charge current, and ensure that the spacing to other copper traces be maximized to reduce capacitance from the SW node to any other node. + VIN •IIN(SWITCHING) +RSNS •I 2CHG 1.VIN input capacitor should be placed as close as possible to the IN pin with the shortest copper traces possible. The ground return of the input capacitor should be connected to a solid ground plane. V +RDSON(TOP) • BAT •I 2CHG VIN V +RDSON(BOT) • 1− BAT •I 2CHG VIN 3.Place the BAT capacitor adjacent to the BAT pin and ensure that the ground return feeds to the solid ground plane. During trickle charge (VBAT < VTRKL) the power dissipation may be significant as ITRKL is typically 10mA, however during normal charging the ITRKL term is zero. ITRKL is also zero if VBAT approaches INTVCC, since ITRKL is sourced from the INTVCC LDO. The junction temperature can be estimated using the following formula: TJ = TA + PD • ΘJA. where TA is the ambient operating temperature. 4.Route analog ground (RUN pin divider grounded resistor, the MPPT pin divider, and INTVCC capacitor ground) to the solid ground plane. 5.It is important to minimize parasitic capacitance on the PROG pin. The trace connecting to this pin should be as short as possible with extra wide spacing from adjacent copper traces. 6.Keep the GND capacitance of the MPPT pin to a minimum, and reduce coupling from the MPPT pin to any of the switching pins (SW, BOOST, and CHGSNS) by routing the MPPT trace away from these signals. Maximize the copper area connected to the exposed pad. Place via connections directly under the exposed pad to connect a large copper ground plane to the LTC4121 to improve heat transfer. Example PCB layout files of the LTC4121 are available at the following link: http://www.linear.com/product/LTC4121#demoboards. 22 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES Design Example 1 Consider the design example, shown in Figure 14 on the last page, for the LTC4121-4.2. Input power is from a solar panel that has an open-circuit voltage VOC = 21.6V, and maximum power voltage VMP = 17V, or 79% of the open-circuit voltage. The battery float voltage is 4.2V, and the desired charge current is 400mA. The application has a minimum battery voltage of 2.5V. There is no requirement given for the input voltage where the LTC4121-4.2 should turn on. Given that the MPPT set point, VMP, is at 79% of the open-circuit voltage of 21.6V, one may elect to turn-on the LTC4121-4.2 at an input voltage anywhere below this set point. A level of 60% of the open-circuit voltage is selected, or 13V. This selection results in a RUN pin divider of RRUN1 = 464kΩ, and RRUN2 = 107kΩ. With this RUN pin divider, the LTC4121-4.2 enters DISABLED mode if the input supply drops below 12V. Now select the MPPT resistive divider to obtain a maximum power point of 17V. The maximum power point of 17V is at 79% of the open-circuit voltage. This is used to calculate the ratio 2.5V = 154.3 > tMIN(ON) 750kHz • 21.6V Next, the minimum standard inductance value is found that maintains an inductor ripple current 30% of ICHG, at the peak power input voltage of 17V using the following formula: LSW > (17V − 4.2V) • 4.2V = 35µH 750kHz • 17V • (30% • 400mA) The next largest standard inductance value is 47µH. This inductor selection results in a ripple current of 90mA and peak inductor current IL(PEAK) of: IL(PEAK) = 400mA + (17V − 4.2V) • 4.2V 2 • 750kHz • 17V • 47µH IL(PEAK) = 444mA Now select RPROG for the desired average charge current during constant-current operation. The nearest standard 1% resistor to satisfy the following relation: Select KR = 0.1/0.79 = 0.1266 This ratio is obtained by selecting RMPPT1 and RMPPT2 following: tON = The saturation current of the switch inductor needs to be greater than IL(PEAK). VMP 0.1 = VOC KR RMPPT1 = The switching frequency of 750kHz is selected to achieve an on-time of 154ns which is greater than tMIN(ON) at the maximum input supply, and minimum battery voltage of 2.5V. (1− 0.1266) RMPPT2 = 6.9 • RMPPT2 0.1266 Using standard 1% resistors, select RMPPT1 = 698kΩ and RMPPT2 = 100kΩ to obtain a KR of 0.1253, and an MPPT set point of 17.24V. As described in the MPPT Error Terms section, the actual regulation voltage will vary from the programmed voltage down to 45mV/KR = 359mV below the programmed voltage. In this example, the expected regulation voltage is 16.88V to 17.24V, or 78.2% to 80.1% of the open-circuit voltage. RPROG = hPROG • 1.227V = 3.01kΩ 400mA Select CIN = 10µF for the input decoupling capacitor, achieving an input voltage ripple of 10mV. ∆VIN = 4.2V 17V = 10mV 10µF 400mA • The minimum standard voltage rating for CIN is 50V. Select CINTVCC = 2.2µF, and CBST = 22nF, and finally the battery capacitor should be 22µF. The lowest standard voltage rating for these capacitors is 6V. 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 23 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES In this design example, maximum power dissipation is calculated during trickle charge as: This ratio is obtained by selecting RMPPT1 and RMPPT2 following: PD = (17V − 2.5V) • 10mA (1− 0.1245) RMPPT2 = 7.03 • RMPPT2 0.1245 + 17V • 2.5mA + 0.3Ω • 0.04A 2 Using standard 1% resistors, select RMPPT1 = 715kΩ and RMPPT2 = 102kΩ to obtain a KR of 0.1248 and nominal MPPT set point of 17.94V. Including the effect of MPPT error terms, the expected MPPT regulation voltage will vary between 17.58V to 17.94V or 78.5% to 80.1% of the open-circuit voltage. 4.2V 0.04A 2 17V 2.5V 2 + 0.5Ω • 1− • 0.04A 17V = 0.19W + 0.8Ω • RMPPT1 = Next, the external feedback divider, RFB1/RFB2, is found using standard 1% values listed in Table 2. This dissipated power results in a junction temperature rise of: RFB1 = 2.05MΩ PD • ΘJA = 0.19W • 54C°/W = 10.2°C RFB2 = 845kΩ Estimating IIN(SWITCHING) at 2.5mA from the IIN(SWITCHING) Current vs Input Voltage graph at VIN = 17V, during regular charging with VBAT > VTRKL, the power dissipation reduces to: With these resistors, and including the resistance of the FBG pin, the battery float voltage is 8.22V. PD = 17V • 2.5mA + 0.3Ω • 0.4A 2 Select the RUN pin divider to turn on the charger when the solar-cell output reaches 14.7V. This is obtained by selecting RRUN1 = 536kΩ, and RRUN2 = 107kΩ. This selection turns off the charger if the input falls below 13.52V. The switching frequency is selected at 1.5MHz which meets the minimum on-time requirement for battery voltages as low as 5V. 4.2V + 0.8Ω • 0.4A 2 17V 4.2V 2 + 0.5Ω • 1− • 0.4A 17V = 0.18W This dissipated power results in a junction temperature rise of 9.8°C over ambient. tON = 5V = 186ns > tMIN(ON) 1.5MHz • 17.94V The minimum standard inductance value for a 30% ripple current is LSW > (17.94V − 8.2V) • 8.2V = 24.8µH 1.5MHz • 17.94V • (30% • 400mA) Design Example 2 Consider the design with a 3.5W or greater solar panel with a maximum input voltage of VOC = 22.4V and a maximum power voltage of VMP = 18V or 80.3% of the open-circuit voltage. The minimum battery voltage is 5V, and the float voltage is 8.2V, with a charge current of 400mA. The nearest standard inductor value greater than this is 33µH. With an inductor of 33µH, the peak inductor current is 445mA and the ripple current amplitude, ∆IL, is 90mA. Select an inductor with a saturation current greater than the peak inductor current. The MPPT set point is at 80.3% of the open-circuit voltage. So select Select RPROG = 3.01k, as the nearest standard 1% value to provide a charge current of 403mA during constantcurrent operation. KR = 0.1/0.803 = 0.1245 24 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES Select a 50V rated capacitor for CIN = 10µF to achieve an input voltage ripple of 10mV. And select 6V rated capacitors for CINTVCC = 2.2µF, CBOOST = 22nF, and a 10V rated CBAT = 22µF. Due to the large float voltage diode D7 is placed in series with the BAT pin to prevent exceeding the ABS MAX current rating on the RSNS resistor in the event that a fully charged battery may be connected. This dissipated power results in a junction temperature rise of: PD • ΘJA = 0.077W • 54°C/W = 4.2°C During regular charging with VBAT = 8.2V, and assuming VIN is at the MPPT voltage of 17.94V, the power dissipation increases to: PD = 18V • 4mA In this design example, maximum power dissipation is calculated during trickle charge with the following assumptions: VBAT = 5.7V, VIN is 19V, and IIN(SWITCHING) is estimated from the IIN(SWITCHING) Current vs Input Voltage graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics section at VIN = 19V and FREQ = INTVCC as 4mA. PD = 19V • 4mA + 0.3Ω • 0.04A This dissipated power results in a junction temperature rise of 12°C over ambient. 5.7V 0.04A 2 19V 5.7V 2 + 0.5Ω • 1− • 0.04A 19V = 77mW BAT54 VOC = 22.4V, VMP = 18V CIN 10µF IN INTVCC INTVCC CINTVCC 2.2µF FREQ RRUN1 536k BOOST RUN RMPPT1 715k + 8.2V 0.4A 2 19V 8.2V 2 + 0.5Ω • 1− • 0.4A 19V = 0.22W + 0.8Ω • 2 + 0.8Ω • + 0.3Ω • 0.4A 2 RRUN2 107k LTC4121 CBST LSW 22nF 33µH SW CHGSNS SI2343DS CHRG MPPT 49.9k RMPPT2 102k BAT 4.7µF + IN 470k FB FAULT + RFB1 2.05M PROG CBAT 22µF 470k FBG GND VFLOAT = 8.2V RFB2 845k 10k NTC RPROG 3.01k T + Li-Ion T = NTHS0805N02N1002F 4121 F09 Figure 9. Design Example 2 with LTC4121 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 25 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES Design Example 3 disable NTC qualified charging and highlight the float voltage programming over a wide temperature range. With an NTC pin network connected, as in example 1 or example 4, the charger would be disabled below 0°C or above 40°C. Consider the design of a sealed lead acid charger with temperature compensation of the float voltage. Sealed Lead Acid batteries require the float voltage be decreased as cell temperature rises. With the LTC4121 this is achieved using an NTC thermistor in the feedback pin divider as shown in Figure 10. The sealed lead acid charger of example 3 is configured to charge from a variable supply that can range from 6.2V up to 40V. The switch frequency is selected at 750kHz to meet minimum on time requirements at VBAT = 4.2V. And a 47µH switch inductor is selected to keep ripple current below 30% of ICHG at VIN = 40V. Using the circuit of Figure 10 above, the float voltage automatically decreases with temperature as shown in Figure 11. The NTC pin is grounded in this example to IN INTVCC INTVCC BOOST CIN 10µF RUN CBST 22nF SW LTC4121 CHGSNS VFLOAT = 6V BAT CFF 1nF MPPT VIN NTC RFB1C 102k RFB1B 464k FB PROG RT1 100k + SLA RFB2 698k FREQ GND CBAT 22µF RFB1A 866k RMPPT1 10k + – CINTVCC 2.2µF LSW 47µH FBG RPROG 3.01k RT1 = NTHS0402E3104FHT 4121 F10 Figure 10. Design Example 3, SLA Charging with LTC4121 7.0 6.8 NTC = GND 6.6 VFLOAT (V) 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4121 F11 Figure 11. Sealed Lead Acid Float Voltage 26 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES Design Example 4 VBAT = 4.2V. And above 28.3V, the charger attains the full programmed charge current of 400mA so MPPT regulation lets go. While the LTC4121 regulates VIN, the battery charge current is automatically scaled to track available input power. Figure 13 illustrates the circuit performance measured with VBAT held at 4.0V, showing the ratio of VMP/VOC and IBAT versus VOC with RIN = 100Ω in series with the supply. Consider the design of a Li-Ion charger from a resistive supply. With a resistive supply voltage, the maximum power point is at 50% of the open-circuit voltage. Program a 50% peak power point using KR = 0.199 with RMPPT1 = 332k and RMPPT2 = 82.5k. This network keeps the input voltage at the peak power point for any input resistance so long as the R-C time constant of RIN • CIN does not exceed PWMP/5, here CIN is 22µF. LSW is sized to maintain ripple current below 30% of ICHG at VIN = 16V. The FB pin network is programmed to set VFLOAT = 4.2V. An NTC network is configured to enable charging when the battery temperature is between 0°C and 40°C. With 100Ω of source impedance, the input voltage regulation loop holds the ratio of (VMP/VIN) at about 49% for VIN ranging from 9V up to 28.3V. For lower input voltages than 8.7V, the MPPT set point is below DUVLO when VMP IN INTVCC INTVCC BOOST CIN 22µF RUN SW CHGSNS LTC4121 VFLOAT = 4.2V BAT RFB1 1.01M RMPPT1 332k MPPT RIN + CINTVCC 2.2µF CBST LSW 22nF 33µH CBAT 22µF FB RFB2 1.35M RMPPT2 82.5k 10k FBG VIN – FREQ GND PROG NTC Li-Ion + RPROG 3.01k T = NTCS0402E3103FHT T 4121 F12 Figure 12. Design Example 4, LTC4121 2-Cell Li-Ion Charger with MPPT Tracking for a Resistive Supply 100 90 400 80 350 70 300 60 250 50 200 40 150 30 100 20 50 10 5 10 15 20 25 VIN(OC) (V) 30 35 40 I BAT (mA) VMP / VOC (%) 450 VBAT = 4V RIN = 100Ω 0 4121 F13 Figure 13. VMP/VOC and IBAT vs VIN(OC) 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 27 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION Please refer to http://www.linear.com/product/LTC4121#packaging for the most recent package drawings. UD Package 16-Lead Plastic QFN (3mm × 3mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1691 Rev Ø) 0.70 ±0.05 3.50 ±0.05 1.45 ±0.05 2.10 ±0.05 (4 SIDES) PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS 3.00 ±0.10 (4 SIDES) BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD PIN 1 NOTCH R = 0.20 TYP OR 0.25 × 45° CHAMFER R = 0.115 TYP 0.75 ±0.05 15 PIN 1 TOP MARK (NOTE 6) 16 0.40 ±0.10 1 1.45 ± 0.10 (4-SIDES) 2 (UD16) QFN 0904 0.200 REF 0.00 – 0.05 NOTE: 1. DRAWING CONFORMS TO JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE MO-220 VARIATION (WEED-2) 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 28 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC 4121fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 REVISION HISTORY REV DATE DESCRIPTION A 05/15 Clarified device options. Clarified Note 4. Modified End-of-Charge Indication section. Enhanced Reverse Blocking section. Modified Related Parts list. B C 11/15 02/16 PAGE NUMBER Added Note 5 reference to INTVCC UVLO spec. 1 5 15 20-21 28 3 Expanded INTVCC Pin Function description. 8 Enhanced Figure 8. 21 Enhanced Figure 9. 25 Enhanced Figure 10. 26 Modified Figure 1. 10 Modified Figure 9. Made all GND symbols the same. 25 Modified Figure 14. Added LTC4070 to Related Parts. 30 4121fc Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 29 LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 TYPICAL APPLICATION 470k 470k VOC = 21.6V, VMP = 17V CIN 10µF IN CHRG FAULT RRUN1 464k BOOST RUN + RMPPT1 698k LTC4121-4.2 RRUN2 107k INTVCC INTVCC SW CBST 22nF LSW 47µH CHGSNS BAT BATSNS + MPPT RMPPT1 100k CINTVCC 2.2µF VFLOAT = 4.2V CBAT 22µF 10k NTC GND PROG + FREQ RPROG 3.01k T + Li-Ion T = NTHS0805N02N1002F 4121 TA02 Figure 14. Design Example 1 with LTC4121-4.2 RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT3650-4.1/ LT3650-4.2 Monolithic 2A Switch Mode Non-Synchronous 1-Cell Li-Ion Battery Charger Standalone 4.75V < VIN < 32V (40V Absolute Maximum), 1MHz, 2A Programmable Charge Current, Timer or C/10 Termination, Small and Few External Components 3mm × 3mm DFN-12 Package “-4.1” for 4.1V Float Voltage Batteries, “-4.2” for 4.2V Float Voltage Batteries. LT3652HV Power Tracking 2A Battery Charger Input Supply Voltage Regulation Loop for Peak Power Tracking in (MPPT) Solar Applications, 4.95V < VIN < 34V (40V Absolute Maximum), 1MHz, 2A Charge Current, 3.3V < VOUT < 18V. Timer or C/10 Termination, 3mm × 3mm DFN-12 Package and MSOP-12 Packages. LTC4070 Li-Ion/Polymer Shunt Battery Charger Low 450nA Operating Current, 50mA Internal Shunt Current (500mA with External PFET) LTC4071 Li-Ion/Polymer Shunt Battery Charger System with Low Battery Disconnect Integrated Pack Protection, < 10nA Low Battery Disconnect Protects Battery from Over-Discharge. Low Operating Current (550nA), 1% Float Voltage Accuracy Over Full Temperature and Shunt Current Range, 50mA Maximum Internal Shunt Current, Pin Selectable Float Voltages: 4.0V, 4.1V, 4.2V. Ultralow Power Pulsed NTC Float Conditioning for Li-Ion/ Polymer Protection, 8-Lead (2mm × 3mm) DFN and MSOP. LTC4065/ LTC4065A Standalone Li-Ion Battery Charger in 2mm × 2mm DFN 4.2V ±0.6% Float Voltage, Up to 750mA Charge Current; “A” Version Has /ACPR Function. 2mm × 2mm DFN Package. LTC4079 60V 250mA Multi-Chemistry Linear Battery Charger 2.7V – 60V Input Voltage range, 1.2V – 60V Adjustable Battery Voltage Range and 10mA – 250mA Charge Current Range. Low 4µA Quiescent Current. Input Voltage and Thermal Regulation. 10-pin 3mm x 3mm DFN package. LTC4015 Multi-Chemistry Buck Battery Charger Multi-Chemistry Li-Ion/Polymer, LiFePO4, or Lead-Acid Battery Charger with Termination, Digital Controller with Digital Telemetry System Telemetry System Monitors VBAT, IBAT, RBAT,NTC Ratio (Battery Temperature), VIN, IIN, VSYSTEM, Die Temperature, Coulomb Counter and Integrated 14-Bit ADC, Wide Charging Input Voltage Range: 4.5V to 35V, Wide Battery Voltage Range: Up to 35V, 5mm × 7mm QFN-38 Package LTC4020 55V Buck-Boost Multi-Chemistry Battery Wide Voltage Range: 4.5V to 55V Input, Up to 55V Output (60V Absolute Maximums), Charger Synchronous Buck-Boost DC/DC Controller, Li-Ion and Lead-Acid Charge Algorithms, Input Voltage Regulation for High Impedance Input Supplies and Solar Panel Peak Power Operation, Low Profile (0.75mm) 38-Pin 5mm × 7mm QFN Package LTC4001 2A Synchronous Buck Li-Ion Charger Low Power Dissipation, 2A Maximum Charge Current, No External MOSFETs, Sense Resistor or Blocking Diode Required, Programmable Charge Termination Timer, Preset 4.2V Float Voltage with ±0.5% Accuracy, Low Profile 16-Lead (4mm × 4mm) QFN Package 30 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com/LTC4121 4121fc LT 0216 REV C • PRINTED IN USA LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2014